498:
1428:, Estonia, with an expected output of 110,000 tons of pellet / year. Different types of wood will be used in the process of pellet making (firewood, woodchips, shavings). The Warmeston OĂ plant started its activity by the end of 2014. In 2013, the main pellet consumers in Europe were the UK, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, Germany and Belgium, as U.E.'s annual report on biofuels states. In Denmark and Sweden, pellets are used by power plants, households and medium scale consumers for district heating, compared to Austria and Italy, where pellets are mainly used as small - scale private residential and industrial boilers for heating. The UK is the single largest consuming market for industrial wood pellets, in large part due to its major biomass-fueled power stations such as
4221:
691:
boilers emit more wood smoke and associated pollutants than other wood-burning appliances. This is due to design characteristics such as the water-filled jacket surrounding the firebox, which acts to cool the fire and leads to incomplete combustion. Outdoor wood boilers also typically have short stack heights in comparison to other wood-burning appliances, contributing to ambient levels of particulates at ground level. An increasingly popular alternative is the wood gasification boiler, which burns wood at very high efficiencies (85-91%) and can be placed indoors or in an outbuilding.
1478:
272:
1295:
364:
1120:. However, in many countries, for example in Europe and Canada, the forest residues are being collected and turned into useful wood fuels with minimal impact on the environment. Consideration is given to soil nutrition as well as erosion. The environmental impact of using wood as a fuel depends on how it is burnt. Higher temperatures result in more complete combustion and less noxious gases as a result of pyrolysis. Some may regard the burning of wood from a sustainable source as
452:
designs to the edge, with cast ornaments, feet and doors. Wood or coal could be burnt in the stoves and thus they were popular for over one hundred years. The action of the fire, combined with the causticity of the ash, ensured that the stove would eventually disintegrate or crack over time. Thus a steady supply of stoves was needed. The maintenance of stoves, needing to be blacked, their smokiness, and the need to split wood meant that oil or electric heat found favour.
738:, 128 ft (3.62 m), corresponding to a woodpile 8 ft wide Ă 4 ft high of 4 ft-long logs. The cord is legally defined by statute in most U.S. states. A "thrown cord" is firewood that has not been stacked and is defined as 4 ft wide Ă 4 ft tall Ă 10 ft long. The additional volume is to make it equivalent to a standard stacked cord, where there is less void space. It is also common to see wood sold by the "face cord", which is usually
915:
4249:
133:
309:'s "Sylva, or a discourse on forest trees" (1664) advising landowners on the proper management of forest estates. H. L. Edlin, in "Woodland Crafts in Britain", 1949 outlines the extraordinary techniques employed, and range of wood products that have been produced from these managed forests since pre-Roman times. And throughout this time the preferred form of wood fuel was the branches of cut coppice stems bundled into
5035:
4289:
2853:
4207:
261:
708:
4299:
1055:
559:
36:
4277:
4235:
5057:
4193:
441:
660:
5045:
1347:
4263:
829:
1254:
903:, which can be an irritating (and potentially dangerous) by-product of partially burnt wood fuel. A major component of wood smoke is fine particles that may account for a large portion of particulate air pollution in some regions. During cooler months, wood heating accounts for as much as 60% of fine particles in
1147:. Thus, longer pieces - requiring less manual labor, and less chainsaw fuel - are less expensive and only limited by the size of their firebox. Prices also vary considerably with the distance from wood lots, and quality of the wood. Firewood usually relates to timber or trees unsuitable for building or
1076:
The technique of compressing wood pulp into pellets or artificial logs can reduce emissions. The combustion is cleaner, and the increased wood density and reduced water content can eliminate some of the transport bulk. The fossil energy consumed in transport is reduced and represents a small fraction
1302:
Some
European countries produce a significant fraction of their electricity needs from wood or wood wastes. In Scandinavian countries the costs of manual labor to process firewood is very high. Therefore, it is common to import firewood from countries with cheap labor and natural resources. The main
1203:
produced per megawatt-hour (MWh) of delivered energy. Scenario 33 for example, which concerns the production of heat from wood chips produced from UK small roundwood produced from bringing neglected broadleaf forests back into production, shows that burning oil releases 377 kg (831 lb) of
742:
legally defined, and varies from one area to another. For example, in one state a pile of wood 8 feet wide Ă 4 feet high of 16 inch-long logs will often be sold as a "face cord", though its volume is only one-third of a cord. In another state, or even another area of the same state, the volume of a
690:
The mess of wood, bark, smoke, and ashes is kept outside and the risk of fire is reduced. The boilers are large enough to hold a fire all night and can burn larger pieces of wood, thus less cutting and splitting is required. There is no need to retrofit a chimney in the house. However, outdoor wood
340:
policy during that era. Demand for timber resources was on the rise not only for fuel, but also for construction of ships and buildings, and consequently deforestation was widespread. As a result, forest fires occurred, along with floods and soil erosion. Around 1666, the shĆgun made it a policy to
286:
Wood has been used as fuel for millennia. Historically, it was limited in use only by the distribution of technology required to make a spark. Heat derived from wood is still common throughout much of the world. Early examples included a fire constructed inside a tent. Fires were constructed on the
451:
The 1800s became the high point of the cast iron stove. Each local foundry would make their own design, and stoves were built for myriads of purposesâparlour stoves, box stoves, camp stoves, railroad stoves, portable stoves, cooking stoves and so on. Elaborate nickel and chrome edged models took
297:
In contrast to civilizations in relatively arid regions (such as
Mesopotamia and Egypt), the Greeks, Romans, Celts, Britons, and Gauls all had access to forests suitable for using as fuel. Over the centuries there was a partial deforestation of climax forests and the evolution of the remainder to
401:. Stoves were manufactured or constructed pieces of equipment that contained the fire on all sides and provided a means for controlling the draft—the amount of air allowed to reach the fire. Stoves have been made of a variety of materials. Cast iron is among the more common. Soapstone (
1240:
Wood burning advocates claim that properly harvested wood is carbon-neutral, therefore off-setting the negative impact of by-product particles given off during the burning process. In the context of forest wildfires, wood removed from the forest setting for use as wood fuel can reduce overall
518:, a thermostatically controlled stove with an optional perforated steel enclosure that prevented accidental contact with hot surfaces. The decade also saw a number of dual-fuel furnaces and boilers made, which utilized ductwork and piping to deliver heat throughout a house or other building.
1236:
The environmental impact of burning wood fuel is debatable. Several cities have moved towards setting standards of use and/or bans of wood burning fireplaces. For example, the city of Montréal, Québec passed a resolution to ban wood fireplace installation in new construction.
1041:
In some of the most efficient burners, the temperature of the smoke is hot enough to burn itself (e.g. 609 °C (1,128 °F) for igniting carbon monoxide gas). This may significantly reduce smoke hazards while also providing additional heat from the process. By using a
1737:
679:. Wood heat continues to be used in areas where firewood is abundant. For serious attempts at heating, rather than mere ambience (open fireplaces), stoves, fireplace inserts, and furnaces are most commonly used today. In rural, forested parts of the U.S., freestanding
1318:
Many lower- and middle-income countries rely on wood for energy purposes (notably cooking). The largest producers are all in these income groups and have large populations with a high reliance on wood for energy: in 2021, India ranked first with 300 million
320:
As with most of Europe, these managed woodlands continued to supply their markets right up to the end of World War Two. Since then much of these woodlands have been converted to broadscale agriculture. Total demand for fuel increased considerably with the
436:
and heat it before releasing it out the sides. The heat exchanger was never a popular feature and was omitted in later versions. So-called "Franklin" stoves today are made in a great variety of styles, though none resembles the original design.
497:
1451:
are both growing markets for industrial wood pellets, and as of 2017, were expected to become the second and third largest global markets for wood pellets due to government policies favoring the use of biomass in power generation.
694:
There are numerous ways to process wood fuel, and wood is still used today for cooking in many places, either in a stove or an open fire. It is also used as a fuel in many industrial processes, including smoking meat and making
1212:
per MWh of delivered energy. However, in scenario 32 of that same reference, which concerns the production of heat from wood chips that would otherwise be made into particleboard, showed that only 239 kg (527 lb) of
1073:. The conditions in which wood is burnt will greatly influence the content of the emission. Particulate air pollution can contribute to human health problems and increased hospital admissions for asthma & heart diseases.
1931:
Ray, James, "Wood Usage in Rural
Tanzania: An Investigation into the Sources and Accessibility of Fuelwood and Polewood for the Residents of Kizanda Village, West Usambara Mountains" (2011). ISP Collection. Paper 984.
1171:
than biodegradation of wood in a forest (in a given period) because by the time the bark of a dead tree has rotted, the log has already been occupied by other plants and micro-organisms which continue to sequester the
1108:. The collection or harvesting of this wood can have serious environmental implications for the collection area. The concerns are often specific to the particular area, but can include all the problems that regular
513:
would become so expensive as to preclude their use. A period of innovation followed, with many small manufacturers producing stoves based on designs old and new. Notable innovations from that era include the
1756:
Stewart, Gareth J.; Nelson, Beth S.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Hopkins, James R.; Yunus, Siti S. M.; Hewitt, C. Nicholas; Nemitz, Eiko; Mandal, Tuhin K.; Gadi, Ranu; Sahu, Lokesh K. (2021-02-25).
190:
for the purpose of burning wood is regarded as one of humanity's most important advances. The use of wood as a fuel source for heating is much older than civilization and is assumed to have been used by
1847:
Stewart, Gareth J.; Nelson, Beth S.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Farren, Naomi J.; Hopkins, James R.; Ward, Martyn W.; Swift, Stefan J.; Arya, Rahul; Mondal, Arnab; Jangirh, Ritu (2021-02-18).
1155:
provided the consumption rate is controlled to sustainable levels. The shortage of suitable firewood in some places has seen local populations damaging huge tracts of bush possibly leading to further
1798:
Stewart, Gareth J.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Nelson, Beth S.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Hopkins, James R.; Arya, Rahul; Mondal, Arnab; Jangirh, Ritu; Ahlawat, Sakshi; Yadav, Lokesh; Sharma, Sudhir K. (2021-02-18).
1468:
was not a major consumer of industrial wood pellets as of 2017, but has relatively aggressive de-carbonization policies and may become a significant consumer of industrial wood pellets by the 2020s.
1945:
Smith, K.R.; Khalil, M.A.K.; Rasmussen, R.A.; Thorneloe, S.A.; Manegdeg, F.; Apte, M. (1993). "Greenhouse gases from biomass and fossil fuel stoves in developing countries: A Manila pilot study".
3836:
1647:
1358:
About 1.5 million households in
Australia use firewood as the main form of domestic heating. As of 1995, approximately 1.85 million cubic metres of firewood (1mÂł equals approximately one car
526:
The growth in popularity of wood heat also led to the development and marketing of a greater variety of equipment for cutting, splitting and processing firewood. Consumer grade hydraulic
2111:
805:
The
Sustainable Energy Development Office (SEDO), part of the Government of Western Australia states that the energy content of wood is 16.2 megajoules per kilogram (4.5 kWh/kg).
3607:
1241:
emissions by decreasing the quantity of open burned wood and the severity of the burn while combusting the remaining material under regulated conditions. On March 7, 2018, the
302:
woodland as the primary source of wood fuel. These woodlands involved a continuous cycle of new stems harvested from old stumps, on rotations between seven and thirty years.
167:. The particular form used depends upon factors such as source, quantity, quality and application. In many areas, wood is the most easily available form of fuel, requiring no
459:, originally made of steel, allowed greater control of combustion, being more tightly fitted than other stoves of the day. Airtight stoves became common in the 19th century.
294:
were constructed or established—surfaces of stone or another noncombustible material upon which a fire could be built. Smoke escaped through a smoke hole in the roof.
1046:, the temperature for obtaining cleaner smoke can be reduced. Some U.S. jurisdictions prohibit sale or installation of stoves that do not incorporate catalytic converters.
1913:
Manomet Center for
Conservation Science. 2010. Biomass sustainability and Carbon Policy Study: Report to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources.
1224:
as well as an important technique to improve soil conditions for agriculture, particularly in heavily forested regions. It forms the basis of the rich soils known as
743:
face cord may be considerably different. Hence, it is risky to buy wood sold in this manner, as the transaction is not based on a legally enforceable unit of measure.
1673:
2730:
1916:
390:
or stoves went a step further by capturing much of the heat of the fire and exhaust in a large thermal mass, becoming much more efficient than a fireplace alone.
1139:. Standing dead timber is considered better still, as it is both seasoned, and has less rot. Harvesting this form of timber reduces the speed and intensity of
3646:
1199:) has published a comprehensive model comparing the burning of wood (wood chip) and other fuels, based on 33 scenarios. The model's output is kilogram of CO
1740:
854:, burning wood fuel creates numerous by-products, some of which may be useful (heat and steam), and others that are undesirable, irritating or dangerous.
812:, the energy content of wood is more closely related to its moisture content than its species. The energy content improves as moisture content decreases.
3315:
931:
699:. As a sustainable energy source, wood fuel also remains viable for generating electricity in areas with easy access to forest products and by-products.
1759:"Comprehensive organic emission profiles, secondary organic aerosol production potential, and OH reactivity of domestic fuel combustion in Delhi, India"
545:
The magazine "Wood
Burning Quarterly" was published for several years before changing its name to "Home Energy Digest" and, subsequently, disappearing.
3213:
2735:
1900:
1639:
4335:
2244:
1196:
1486:
462:
Use of wood heat declined in popularity with the growing availability of other, less labor-intensive fuels. Wood heat was gradually replaced by
2889:
2197:
1242:
2060:
1065:
Depending on population density, topography, climatic conditions and combustion equipment used, wood heating may substantially contribute to
2803:
2107:
1245:
passed a bill that would delay for three years the implementation of more stringent emission standards for new residential wood heaters.
2390:
1176:
by integrating the hydrocarbons of the wood into their life cycle. Wood harvesting and transport operations produce varying degrees of
3308:
3266:
1411:, in the Southwest of Western Australia. It generates a greater heat than most other available woods and is usually sold by the tonne.
1678:(includes a range of calculators, including one for calculating the energy content of wood, taking into account the moisture content)
3540:
3520:
2084:
1710:
1562:
1388:(the Mid-Murray Forest Management Area, including the Barmah and Gunbower forests, provides about 80% of Victoria's red gum timber).
840:
646:
119:
5060:
4197:
1990:
1593:
627:
3294:
943:
1217:
per MWh was released. Therefore, the relative greenhouse effects of biomass energy production are dependent on the usage model.
599:
501:
A woman uses wood in a fireplace for heat. A newspaper headline before her tells of the community's lack of heating oil in 1973.
4582:
3612:
3203:
1370:. This amount is comparable to the wood consumed by all of Victoria's sawlog and pulplog forestry operations (1.9 million mÂł).
1023:
939:
935:
584:
57:
2137:
606:
3685:
1669:
1180:
pollution. Inefficient and incomplete combustion of wood can result in elevated levels of greenhouse gases other than CO
2487:
535:
489:
used wood as fuel for the first time. The EPA provided information on clean stoves, which burned much more efficiently.
100:
2750:
1914:
4328:
3495:
3301:
2833:
2823:
1477:
72:
4602:
613:
1311:, there is a growing interest in using wood waste as fuel for home and industrial heating, in the form of compacted
4597:
4009:
3651:
3602:
3287:
2882:
1849:"Emissions of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds from domestic fuels used in Delhi, India"
580:
53:
1578:
569:
46:
4973:
4570:
3972:
3792:
3661:
3322:
2808:
2686:
1519:
1185:
1124:. A tree, over the course of its lifetime, absorbs as much carbon (or carbon dioxide) as it releases when burnt.
951:
347:, could authorize the use of wood. By the 18th century, Japan had developed detailed scientific knowledge about
79:
595:
5049:
4938:
4877:
4378:
4111:
3797:
3405:
3370:
2983:
2975:
2919:
2782:
2755:
1377:
1220:
The intentional and controlled charring of wood and its incorporation into the soil is an effective method for
271:
1557:
Diamond, Jared. 2005 Collapse: How
Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. Penguin Books. New York. 294â304 pp.
1131:" managed for that purpose, but in heavily wooded areas it is more often harvested as a byproduct of natural
4958:
4538:
3940:
3831:
3727:
3722:
2998:
2383:
1433:
1035:
1019:
1896:
1294:
417:, since the hottest part of a woodburning fire will burn away steel over the course of several years' use.
171:
in the case of picking up dead wood, or few tools, although as in any industry, specialized tools, such as
86:
5038:
4528:
4523:
4321:
3717:
3712:
3580:
3259:
2740:
1962:
1624:
299:
227:
538:
published a method for producing kiln dried firewood, on the basis that better heat output and increased
4675:
4577:
4473:
4225:
4211:
3882:
2875:
2263:
1398:
1195:
to produce electricity or domestic heating, the United
Kingdom Department of Energy and Climate Change (
735:
539:
398:
363:
322:
2236:
1800:"Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds from combustion of domestic fuels in Delhi, India"
922:
releases organic components over a wide volatility range. Here the organic components emitted from the
683:
are increasingly common. They are installed outdoors, some distance from the house, and connected to a
313:. Larger, bent or deformed stems that were of no other use to the woodland craftsmen were converted to
68:
4423:
4101:
3841:
3782:
3752:
3622:
3410:
2516:
1954:
1860:
1811:
1408:
1363:
1323:(15 percent of total production), followed by China with 156 million m3 and Brazil with 129 million m
1221:
1086:
445:
2185:
1967:
4821:
4302:
3673:
3617:
3490:
3458:
3024:
2838:
1121:
1113:
1043:
874:
515:
341:
reduce logging and increase the planting of trees. This policy decreed that only the shĆgun, or a
5081:
4738:
4253:
3772:
3767:
3597:
3560:
3515:
3468:
3375:
3365:
2856:
2657:
2482:
2470:
2376:
1738:
Environment
Protection Authority (2002) Wood heaters, open fires and air quality. Publication 851
1429:
1402:
1392:
1152:
777:
620:
506:
279:
231:
914:
5086:
5003:
4948:
4768:
4488:
4443:
4292:
4053:
3575:
3555:
3545:
3530:
3435:
3252:
3031:
2777:
2669:
2161:"The Regional Institute - The Sugar Gum Story: the Marketing Success of a Humble Shelter Tree"
2056:
1878:
1829:
1780:
1558:
1359:
999:
987:
425:
337:
336:
of Japan, wood was used for many purposes, and the consumption of wood led Japan to develop a
4993:
4988:
4978:
4943:
4897:
4607:
4463:
4368:
4248:
4168:
4153:
3915:
3872:
3819:
3707:
3565:
3550:
3525:
3172:
2709:
2620:
2460:
2048:
1972:
1868:
1819:
1770:
1331:
1304:
1136:
1015:
967:
482:
1420:
In 2014, the construction of the biggest pellet plant in the Baltic region was started in
287:
ground, and a smoke hole in the top of the tent allowed the smoke to escape by convection.
132:
5008:
4513:
4178:
4036:
4021:
3877:
3824:
3807:
3510:
3478:
3448:
3400:
3385:
3360:
3233:
3218:
2818:
2680:
2630:
2542:
1920:
1534:
1156:
3208:
2294:
2076:
1703:
1490:
2160:
1958:
1864:
1815:
4933:
4912:
4907:
4892:
4783:
4587:
4239:
4163:
4158:
4091:
3999:
3987:
3952:
3910:
3858:
3853:
3777:
3695:
3587:
3430:
3420:
3114:
2133:
1933:
1600:
1524:
1335:
1177:
892:
684:
576:
531:
456:
429:
421:
387:
367:
93:
1104:, however, some wood fuel is gathered from trees planted amongst crops, also known as
5075:
4963:
4882:
4872:
4778:
4733:
4726:
4393:
4267:
4173:
4133:
4086:
3925:
3897:
3762:
3700:
3639:
3634:
3443:
3395:
3142:
3019:
2940:
2828:
2494:
1976:
1461:
1066:
765:
720:
486:
310:
1848:
1799:
413:
have all been used. Metal stoves are often lined with refractory materials such as
329:, which was more compact and more suited to the larger scale of the new industries.
260:
4867:
4816:
4753:
4690:
4503:
4468:
4458:
4433:
4408:
4281:
4116:
3812:
3802:
3787:
3757:
3680:
3656:
3570:
3535:
3500:
3415:
3390:
3346:
3068:
2993:
2950:
2770:
2640:
2477:
2435:
2415:
1482:
1385:
1312:
1283:
1272:
1148:
1117:
1105:
1002:
components over a range of volatilities, over effective saturation concentrations,
676:
672:
527:
348:
219:
160:
2042:
1425:
707:
1592:
Simpson, William T.; Boone, R. Sidney; Chern, Joseph; Mace, Terry (August 1987).
1191:
In an attempt to provide quantitative information about the relative output of CO
5013:
4998:
4983:
4647:
4533:
4388:
4148:
4128:
4121:
4081:
4048:
3629:
3380:
3109:
3094:
3058:
3053:
3003:
2898:
2813:
2765:
2760:
2745:
2553:
2531:
2504:
2465:
2450:
2425:
2348:
2333:
2328:
1448:
1225:
1135:. Deadfall that has not started to rot is preferred, since it is already partly
1070:
1054:
888:
728:
696:
664:
558:
510:
471:
306:
192:
35:
1034:, emissions from fuel wood were around 20 times more toxic than emissions from
4836:
4803:
4685:
4662:
4555:
4478:
4438:
4373:
4143:
4138:
3864:
3485:
3132:
3046:
3041:
2988:
2704:
2674:
2610:
2455:
2420:
2305:
1421:
1093:
1077:
of the fossil fuel consumed in producing and distributing heating oil or gas.
979:
963:
955:
930:
are measured with a range of state-of-the art analytical techniques including
923:
862:
844:
761:
750:, but is commonly advertised as sold by the barrowload (wheelbarrow), bucket (
333:
204:
196:
180:
1882:
1873:
1833:
1824:
1784:
1298:
World production of roundwood by type, comparison of wood fuel to other types
4846:
4841:
4721:
4716:
4670:
4560:
4483:
4428:
4418:
4413:
4004:
3905:
3847:
3747:
3592:
3463:
3329:
3228:
3223:
3177:
3162:
3157:
3137:
3089:
3036:
2798:
2615:
2440:
2399:
1529:
1367:
1346:
1101:
908:
904:
832:
815:
In 2008, wood for fuel cost $ 15.15 per 1 million BTUs (0.041 EUR per kWh).
414:
383:
235:
156:
4276:
2299:
2211:
1574:
1184:, which may result in positive emissions where the byproducts have greater
440:
343:
175:
and hydraulic wood splitters, have been developed to mechanize production.
2314:
2264:"Global pellet market outlook in 2017 | Wood Pellet Association of Canada"
2015:
659:
428:. More a manufactured fireplace than a stove, it had an open front and a
305:
One of the earliest printed books on woodland management, in English, was
5019:
4953:
4862:
4831:
4811:
4793:
4773:
4763:
4743:
4695:
4642:
4625:
4565:
4543:
4493:
4106:
4076:
4071:
4031:
3977:
3967:
3887:
3275:
3167:
3152:
3147:
3063:
2960:
2945:
2909:
2698:
2663:
2588:
2578:
2521:
2338:
2289:
2150:
NRE 2002 Forest Management Plan for the Mid-Murray Forest Management Area
1539:
1514:
1144:
1140:
1027:
1007:
995:
983:
959:
927:
919:
870:
858:
788:
467:
433:
352:
314:
275:
264:
255:
239:
223:
152:
148:
962:. Large quantities of smaller oxygenate species are released during the
17:
4928:
4902:
4826:
4637:
4630:
4592:
4550:
4262:
4096:
3992:
3962:
3957:
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3935:
3920:
3473:
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2914:
2605:
2599:
2548:
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2407:
2343:
1775:
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is principally driven by residential and commercial heating customers.
1308:
1277:
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1128:
1109:
1089:
1059:
991:
900:
896:
836:
587: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
475:
379:
371:
243:
215:
211:
207:
176:
172:
164:
2017:
EPA's Wood Stove / Wood Heater Regulations: Frequently Asked Questions
1143:. Harvesting timber for firewood is normally carried out by hand with
828:
4887:
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4453:
4448:
4363:
4352:
3930:
3668:
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3453:
3352:
2955:
2651:
2583:
2499:
2445:
2302:
A comprehensive and fully referenced list of potentially toxic woods.
2052:
1465:
1381:
1351:
1132:
1097:
971:
866:
799:
784:
680:
291:
200:
1253:
1208:
while burning woodchips releases 1,501 kg (3,309 lb) of CO
4968:
4700:
4680:
4498:
4398:
4383:
3982:
3198:
3182:
3104:
3073:
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747:
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658:
496:
410:
394:
362:
270:
259:
131:
734:
In the United States and Canada, firewood is usually sold by the
325:
but most of this increased demand was met by the new fuel source
4403:
4344:
4313:
4041:
4016:
3690:
2593:
2563:
2358:
2186:"Largest pellet plant in the Baltic region to be build [
878:
851:
463:
406:
402:
326:
187:
168:
4317:
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2871:
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1014:
area of India were shown to be 30 times more reactive with the
505:
A brief resurgence in popularity occurred during and after the
278:, a derivative of wood, was traditionally an important fuel in
4758:
2573:
1492:
World Food and Agriculture â Statistical Yearbook 2023
1330:
In the United States, wood fuel is the second-leading form of
792:
552:
29:
542:
can be achieved with logs containing lower moisture content.
2368:
1096:
wood is rarely used for firewood, as it is more valuable as
3244:
1704:"Wood ash composition as a function of furnace temperature"
530:
were developed to be powered by electricity, gasoline, or
2108:"The Truth about the Australian Home Heating Association"
2014:
McCarthy, James E.; Shouse, Kate C. (December 18, 2018).
1112:
create. The heavy removal of wood from forests can cause
932:
proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry
267:
have been used for ages: fires are integral to humanity.
2044:
World Food and Agriculture â Statistical Yearbook 2023
478:
heating except in rural areas with available forests.
1934:
http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/984
397:
was a technological development concurrent with the
386:
allowed for more effective exhaustion of the smoke.
370:
are traditional in Northern Europe: an 18th-century
4921:
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4709:
4661:
4618:
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3191:
3125:
3082:
3012:
2974:
2928:
2791:
2723:
2639:
2530:
2406:
776:
A common hardwood, red oak, has an energy content (
432:in the back that was designed to draw air from the
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1751:
1749:
723:, firewood is normally sold by the cubic metre or
2023:. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service
1327:(8 percent and 7 percent of global production).
877:(lye). Wood ash can also be used to manufacture
2731:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
2308:All about the health effects of biomass burning
746:In Australia, firewood is normally sold by the
183:also include various forms of lumber tailings.
1249:Potential use in renewable energy technologies
4329:
3260:
2883:
2384:
1373:Species used as sources of firewood include:
1050:Combustion by-product effects on human health
966:process, as well as organics formed from the
8:
1481: This article incorporates text from a
1991:"Biomass Emission and Counterfactual Model"
4336:
4322:
4314:
3267:
3253:
3245:
2890:
2876:
2868:
2391:
2377:
2369:
1670:"Bioenergy Knowledge Centre's Calculators"
1575:"Clean Burning Wood Stoves and Fireplaces"
1405:that usually comes from small plantations.
869:), contributing minerals, but is strongly
3214:Native American use of fire in ecosystems
2736:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
1966:
1872:
1823:
1774:
1733:
1731:
802:recoverable if burned at 70% efficiency.
687:in the house using underground piping.
647:Learn how and when to remove this message
230:. Wood may be used indoors in a furnace,
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1594:"Kiln-Drying Time of Split Oak Firewood"
1485:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 (
1264:: it can be pelletized and used at home.
1167:Wood burning creates more atmospheric CO
1006:*, from 10-10 ÎŒg m. The emissions from
439:
2295:Himalayas. Unique way to store firewood
1550:
899:particulates, including caustic alkali
1716:from the original on 28 September 2011
1366:annually, with half being consumed in
1269:Efficient stove for developing nations
1243:United States House of Representatives
768:-load or bag (roughly 15â20 kg).
675:is an appliance that burns compressed
424:was developed in the United States by
290:In permanent structures and in caves,
2258:
2256:
2254:
2110:. Clean Air Society of Kapiti Coast.
1307:(Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia). In
7:
5044:
2804:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization
1058:Wood-burning fireplace with burning
986:has also been shown to release many
585:adding citations to reliable sources
575:Relevant discussion may be found on
58:adding citations to reliable sources
5056:
4192:
2247:from the original on 8 August 2014.
2200:from the original on 8 August 2014.
2087:from the original on 8 January 2012
1690:Homeowners seek cheaper winter heat
1350:A pile of firewood logged from the
1763:Environmental Science: Atmospheres
1640:"Electric Fireplace Costs Secrets"
940:two-dimensional gas chromatography
936:two-dimensional gas chromatography
857:One by-product of wood burning is
25:
3541:Global Forest Information Service
2237:"Main pellet consumers in Europe"
1853:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
1804:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
1303:exporters to Scandinavia are the
1022:. Furthermore, when comparing 21
861:, which in moderate amounts is a
5055:
5043:
5034:
5033:
4297:
4288:
4287:
4275:
4261:
4247:
4233:
4219:
4205:
4191:
2852:
2851:
2243:. Fordaq S.A. 3 September 2013.
2196:. Fordaq S.A. 13 February 2014.
2140:from the original on 2012-12-31.
2114:from the original on 1 July 2011
1903:from the original on 2015-05-04.
1676:from the original on 2009-07-11.
1581:from the original on 2008-05-15.
1476:
1024:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
944:time-of-flight mass spectrometry
557:
179:waste and construction industry
34:
27:Wood used as fuel for combustion
4583:Oriented structural straw board
4298:
3204:Control of fire by early humans
1650:from the original on 7 May 2018
1127:Some firewood is harvested in "
568:needs additional citations for
218:, and occasionally for fueling
45:needs additional citations for
2077:"Renewables and CO2 Emissions"
810:The Bioenergy Knowledge Centre
534:of farm tractors. In 1987 the
374:stove at ĆaĆcut Castle, Poland
199:of wood is the largest use of
1:
760:of a 1 m bucket of a typical
186:The discovery of how to make
2106:Matthew (26 December 2009).
1977:10.1016/0045-6535(93)90440-g
1897:"Fuel Ignition Temperatures"
1688:Ryan, Matt (June 20, 2008).
1487:license statement/permission
1460:Demand for wood fuel in the
1018:radical than emissions from
536:US Department of Agriculture
210:. Wood fuel can be used for
2834:Issues relating to biofuels
2824:Energy return on investment
1644:electricfireplaceheater.org
1010:samples collected from the
5103:
4974:Non-timber forest products
4598:Structural insulated panel
3652:Growth and yield modelling
1232:Regulation and Legislation
1085:Much wood fuel comes from
998:has been shown to release
952:volatile organic compounds
950:Significant quantities of
509:, when some believed that
253:
238:, or outdoors in furnace,
5029:
4226:Earth sciences portal
4212:Climate change portal
4187:
3793:Great Green Wall (Africa)
3282:
2905:
2847:
2809:Energy content of biofuel
2081:Short-Term Energy Outlook
1186:Carbon dioxide equivalent
4939:Destructive distillation
3798:Great Green Wall (China)
3371:Close to nature forestry
2984:Autoignition temperature
2783:Thermal depolymerization
2756:Industrial biotechnology
1874:10.5194/acp-21-2407-2021
1825:10.5194/acp-21-2383-2021
1709:. Pergamon Press. 1993.
1692:. Burlington Free Press.
1395:, in southern Australia.
895:and other chemicals and
4959:Green building and wood
3832:Million Tree Initiative
2999:Minimum ignition energy
2751:FischerâTropsch process
2741:Biomass heating systems
1899:. Engineering Toolbox.
1625:"Wood heat value (BTU)"
1036:liquefied petroleum gas
1020:liquefied petroleum gas
703:Measurement of firewood
677:wood or biomass pellets
378:The development of the
4603:Woodâplastic composite
4529:Glued laminated timber
4524:Cross-laminated timber
4254:Environment portal
3686:Sustainable management
3581:Trillion Tree Campaign
2136:. birdsaustralia.com.
1355:
1299:
1265:
1062:
1026:emitted from the same
994:phase. The burning of
954:are released from the
947:
847:
824:Combustion by-products
716:
668:
502:
448:
444:Potbelly stove at the
375:
300:coppice with standards
283:
268:
250:Historical development
137:
4676:Corrugated fiberboard
4578:Oriented strand board
4179:Wood process engineer
3883:Urban forest inequity
2083:. US Dept of Energy.
1349:
1297:
1256:
1081:Harvesting operations
1057:
917:
831:
819:Environmental impacts
795:per pound), and 10.4
710:
662:
596:"sustainble forestry"
540:combustion efficiency
500:
485:, many people in the
443:
399:Industrial Revolution
366:
359:Fireplaces and stoves
323:Industrial Revolution
274:
263:
254:Further information:
135:
5061:WikiProject Forestry
3842:Shifting cultivation
3783:Forest fragmentation
3753:Carbon sequestration
3623:Woodland Carbon Code
3588:Forest certification
3496:Even-aged management
3411:Sustainable forestry
1627:. daviddarling.info.
1520:Outdoor wood furnace
1393:Messmate Stringybark
1222:carbon sequestration
581:improve this article
446:Museum of Appalachia
228:generate electricity
147:) is a fuel such as
54:improve this article
4822:Ramial chipped wood
3647:Formally designated
3491:Ecological thinning
3401:Plantation forestry
3309:Research institutes
3025:Solar Spark Lighter
2839:Sustainable biofuel
2165:www.regional.org.au
2047:. FAO. 2023-11-29.
1959:1993Chmsp..26..479S
1865:2021ACP....21.2407S
1816:2021ACP....21.2383S
1489:). Text taken from
1401:, a wood with high
1114:habitat destruction
1044:catalytic converter
990:compounds into the
978:and furanones. The
974:such as phenolics,
875:potassium hydroxide
282:and other processes
4739:Cellulosic ethanol
4240:Ecology portal
3773:Forest degradation
3768:Ecosystem services
3376:Community forestry
1919:2018-01-08 at the
1776:10.1039/D0EA00009D
1403:thermal efficiency
1362:load) was used in
1356:
1300:
1266:
1153:renewable resource
1092:around the world.
1063:
948:
848:
839:after a wildfire,
717:
669:
507:1973 energy crisis
503:
449:
376:
284:
269:
138:
5069:
5068:
5004:Wood preservation
4949:Engineered bamboo
4769:Pyroligneous acid
4311:
4310:
4268:Plants portal
4054:green woodworking
3242:
3241:
2865:
2864:
2778:Sabatier reaction
2367:
2366:
2319:Fuels for heating
2190:] in Estonia"
2062:978-92-5-138262-2
1280:can be pelletized
657:
656:
649:
631:
426:Benjamin Franklin
338:forest management
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
5094:
5059:
5058:
5047:
5046:
5037:
5036:
4994:Timber recycling
4989:Reclaimed lumber
4979:Natural building
4944:Dry distillation
4898:Split-rail fence
4338:
4331:
4324:
4315:
4301:
4300:
4291:
4290:
4282:Trees portal
4280:
4279:
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4265:
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4251:
4238:
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4236:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4195:
4194:
3916:Forest gardening
3873:Timber recycling
3820:Invasive species
3708:Tree measurement
3269:
3262:
3255:
3246:
3192:Related articles
2892:
2885:
2878:
2869:
2855:
2854:
2699:Pongamia pinnata
2393:
2386:
2379:
2370:
2315:
2300:Toxic Woods List
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2260:
2249:
2248:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2216:www.warmeston.ee
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2053:10.4060/cc8166en
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2028:
2022:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1970:
1953:(1â4): 479â505.
1942:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1876:
1859:(4): 2407â2426.
1844:
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1810:(4): 2383â2406.
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1638:Weihe, Wilfred.
1635:
1629:
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1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1599:. Archived from
1598:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1571:
1565:
1555:
1480:
1332:renewable energy
1305:Baltic countries
1260:create and burn
1163:Greenhouse gases
1151:. Firewood is a
968:depolymerisation
759:
758:
754:
652:
645:
641:
638:
632:
630:
589:
561:
553:
483:1967 Oil Embargo
125:
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5009:Wood processing
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4544:parallel strand
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4260:
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4183:
4060:
4037:spruce-pine-fir
4010:Christmas trees
3892:
3808:Illegal logging
3740:
3734:
3449:Controlled burn
3434:
3425:
3406:Social forestry
3386:Energy forestry
3366:Bamboo forestry
3361:Analog forestry
3335:
3278:
3273:
3243:
3238:
3234:Survival skills
3219:Outdoor cooking
3187:
3126:Other equipment
3121:
3083:Modern starters
3078:
3008:
2970:
2924:
2901:
2896:
2866:
2861:
2843:
2819:Energy forestry
2787:
2719:
2681:Jatropha curcas
2642:
2635:
2543:Camelina sativa
2533:
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2063:
2041:
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2036:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1968:10.1.1.558.9180
1944:
1943:
1939:
1930:
1926:
1921:Wayback Machine
1912:
1908:
1895:
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1846:
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1535:Wood-fired oven
1501:
1495:, FAO, FAO.
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1292:
1251:
1234:
1216:
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1194:
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1175:
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1157:desertification
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1069:, particularly
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918:The burning of
873:as it contains
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774:
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752:
751:
705:
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63:
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4936:
4934:Certified wood
4931:
4925:
4923:
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4916:
4915:
4910:
4908:Timber framing
4905:
4900:
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4893:Sawdust brandy
4890:
4885:
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4875:
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4784:Sandalwood oil
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4166:
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4161:
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4066:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4002:
4000:Rail transport
3997:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3941:pulp and paper
3938:
3933:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3911:Forest farming
3908:
3902:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3861:
3859:slash-and-char
3856:
3854:slash-and-burn
3851:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3778:Forest dieback
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3744:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3421:Urban forestry
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3249:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3016:
3014:
3013:Early starters
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2872:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2695:
2684:
2677:
2672:
2670:Chinese tallow
2667:
2660:
2655:
2647:
2645:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2538:
2536:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2517:Water hyacinth
2514:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2292:
2290:Firewood Facts
2285:
2284:External links
2282:
2280:
2279:
2268:www.pellet.org
2250:
2228:
2203:
2177:
2152:
2143:
2125:
2098:
2068:
2061:
2034:
2006:
1982:
1937:
1924:
1906:
1888:
1839:
1790:
1769:(2): 104â117.
1745:
1727:
1695:
1680:
1661:
1630:
1616:
1584:
1566:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1525:Renewable heat
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1473:
1470:
1457:
1454:
1441:
1438:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1406:
1396:
1389:
1343:
1340:
1336:hydro-electric
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1275:
1270:
1250:
1247:
1233:
1230:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1192:
1181:
1178:greenhouse gas
1173:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1122:carbon-neutral
1082:
1079:
1051:
1048:
893:carbon dioxide
825:
822:
820:
817:
773:
772:Energy content
770:
704:
701:
685:heat exchanger
655:
654:
579:. Please help
577:Talk:Wood fuel
565:
563:
556:
550:
547:
523:
520:
494:
491:
457:airtight stove
430:heat exchanger
422:Franklin stove
368:Ceramic stoves
360:
357:
251:
248:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5099:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5062:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5042:
5040:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4964:List of woods
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4873:Billet (wood)
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4734:Hemicellulose
4732:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4511:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4459:Railroad ties
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4345:Wood products
4339:
4334:
4332:
4327:
4325:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4304:
4296:
4294:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4159:Rubber tapper
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4087:Choker setter
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3926:Manufacturing
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:Deforestation
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3739:Environmental
3737:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3640:reforestation
3638:
3636:
3635:afforestation
3633:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3444:Arboriculture
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3396:Permaforestry
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3265:
3263:
3258:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3143:Feather stick
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3020:Burning glass
3018:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2994:Friction fire
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2941:Fire triangle
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2893:
2888:
2886:
2881:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2858:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2829:Food vs. fuel
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2471:vegetable oil
2469:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2306:BurningIssues
2304:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2257:
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1994:(spreadsheet)
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1672:. bkc.co.nz.
1671:
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1620:
1617:
1606:on 2014-12-22
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1563:0-14-303655-6
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1462:United States
1456:North America
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1352:Barmah Forest
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1103:
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1080:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1067:air pollution
1061:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1030:samples from
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
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838:
834:
830:
823:
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808:According to
806:
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801:
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726:
722:
721:metric system
714:
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686:
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651:
648:
640:
637:November 2023
629:
626:
622:
619:
615:
612:
608:
605:
601:
598: â
597:
593:
592:Find sources:
586:
582:
578:
572:
571:
566:This section
564:
560:
555:
554:
548:
546:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:log splitters
521:
519:
517:
516:Ashley heater
512:
508:
499:
492:
490:
488:
487:United States
484:
479:
477:
473:
469:
466:and later by
465:
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220:steam engines
217:
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134:
124:
121:
113:
110:December 2021
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: â
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
5048:
5018:
4913:Wooden masts
4883:Dugout canoe
4868:Bavin (wood)
4817:Black liquor
4754:Liquid smoke
4652:
4504:Utility pole
4489:Timber truss
4409:Log building
4273:
4259:
4245:
4231:
4217:
4203:
4196:
4174:Tree planter
4154:Resin tapper
4134:Truck driver
4129:River driver
4026:
3878:Tree hugging
3863:
3846:
3813:timber mafia
3803:High grading
3788:Ghost forest
3758:Clearcutting
3681:Silviculture
3657:Horticulture
3501:Fire ecology
3416:Urban forest
3391:Mycoforestry
3351:
3347:Agroforestry
3328:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3295:Forest areas
3293:
3286:
3209:Firem'n Chit
3069:Fire striker
2965:
2899:Firelighting
2714:
2697:
2691:
2687:
2679:
2662:
2658:Big bluestem
2650:
2643:energy crops
2598:
2541:
2353:
2318:
2271:. Retrieved
2267:
2240:
2231:
2219:. Retrieved
2215:
2206:
2193:
2187:
2180:
2169:. Retrieved
2164:
2155:
2146:
2128:
2116:. Retrieved
2101:
2089:. Retrieved
2080:
2071:
2043:
2037:
2025:. Retrieved
2016:
2009:
1997:. Retrieved
1985:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1927:
1909:
1891:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1766:
1762:
1741:EPA Victoria
1718:. Retrieved
1698:
1689:
1683:
1664:
1652:. Retrieved
1643:
1633:
1619:
1608:. Retrieved
1601:the original
1587:
1569:
1553:
1491:
1483:free content
1475:
1459:
1443:
1419:
1386:Murray River
1372:
1357:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1301:
1284:Wood pellets
1273:Pellet stove
1239:
1235:
1219:
1190:
1166:
1149:construction
1126:
1118:soil erosion
1106:agroforestry
1084:
1075:
1071:particulates
1064:
1040:
1003:
970:reaction of
949:
883:
856:
850:As with any
849:
814:
809:
807:
804:
775:
745:
739:
733:
718:
693:
689:
673:pellet stove
670:
643:
634:
624:
617:
610:
603:
591:
570:verification
567:
544:
525:
511:fossil fuels
504:
480:
461:
454:
450:
419:
392:
377:
349:silviculture
342:
331:
319:
304:
296:
289:
285:
193:Neanderthals
185:
144:
140:
139:
136:Wood burning
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
5014:Woodworking
4999:Wood drying
4984:Papermaking
4804:By-products
4710:Derivatives
4648:Pellet fuel
4389:Flitch beam
4198:WikiProject
4122:smokejumper
4102:Firefighter
4065:Occupations
4049:Woodworking
3630:Forestation
3561:restoration
3516:informatics
3381:Ecoforestry
3095:Ferrocerium
3059:Fire plough
3054:Fire piston
3004:Smouldering
2814:Energy crop
2761:Pellet fuel
2746:Biorefinery
2710:Switchgrass
2554:Coconut oil
2532:Energy from
2466:Cooking oil
2451:Biogasoline
2426:Babassu oil
2349:Natural gas
2334:Wood pellet
2329:Heating oil
2212:"Warmeston"
2118:26 November
2091:24 December
1947:Chemosphere
1720:26 November
1577:. epa.gov.
1449:South Korea
1354:in Victoria
1226:Terra preta
942:coupled to
889:water vapor
697:maple syrup
665:wood pellet
472:natural gas
332:During the
307:John Evelyn
181:by-products
69:"Wood fuel"
5076:Categories
4856:Historical
4837:Wood flour
4686:Paperboard
4556:Fiberboard
4514:Engineered
4374:Bressummer
4144:Lumberjack
4139:Log scaler
4022:engineered
3973:non-timber
3946:sawmilling
3898:Industries
3865:svedjebruk
3576:transition
3556:protection
3546:old-growth
3531:governance
3486:Dendrology
3436:management
3302:Ministries
3133:Char cloth
3047:Pump drill
3042:Hand drill
3032:Fire drill
2989:Combustion
2929:Components
2724:Technology
2705:Salicornia
2688:Miscanthus
2611:Sugar beet
2483:cellulosic
2456:Bioliquids
2436:Biobutanol
2273:2018-07-19
2171:2023-04-21
2134:"Firewood"
1610:2014-06-09
1546:References
1432:, MGT and
1384:along the
1094:Plantation
996:fuel woods
980:combustion
964:combustion
956:combustion
924:combustion
863:fertilizer
845:California
841:Witch Fire
780:) of 14.9
778:heat value
762:skid-steer
607:newspapers
481:After the
393:The metal
334:Edo period
280:ironmaking
222:and steam
205:solid fuel
159:, sheets,
80:newspapers
5082:Wood fuel
4878:Clapboard
4847:Woodchips
4842:Wood wool
4722:Cellulose
4717:Birch-tar
4671:Cardboard
4653:Wood fuel
4561:hardboard
4464:Reclaimed
4429:Panelling
4419:Log house
4414:Log cabin
4092:Ecologist
4005:Tree farm
3906:Coppicing
3848:chitemene
3748:Acid rain
3696:allometry
3618:SmartWood
3566:secondary
3551:pathology
3526:inventory
3464:driftwood
3330:Arbor Day
3229:Pyromania
3224:Pyrolysis
3178:Tinderbox
3163:Matchbook
3158:Fire ring
3138:Chuckmuck
3090:Blowtorch
3037:Bow drill
2966:Wood fuel
2799:Agflation
2692:giganteus
2621:Sunflower
2616:Sugarcane
2534:foodstock
2441:Biodiesel
2400:Bioenergy
2311:Mike Chen
2027:6 January
1963:CiteSeerX
1883:1680-7316
1834:1680-7316
1785:2634-3606
1530:Woodchips
1434:Lynemouth
1426:SÔmerpalu
1399:Sugar gum
1368:Melbourne
1342:Australia
1188:values.
1145:chainsaws
1141:bushfires
1102:wood pulp
1028:fuel wood
1008:fuel wood
984:fuel wood
960:fuel wood
928:fuel wood
920:fuel wood
909:Australia
905:Melbourne
833:Fireplace
415:firebrick
384:fireplace
265:Campfires
236:fireplace
195:. Today,
141:Wood fuel
5087:Firewood
5039:Category
5020:Yakisugi
4954:Forestry
4922:See also
4863:Axe ties
4832:Tall oil
4812:Barkdust
4794:Wood gas
4774:Pine tar
4764:Methanol
4696:Pulpwood
4643:Firewood
4626:Charcoal
4619:Fuelwood
4566:Masonite
4494:Treenail
4394:Flooring
4293:Category
4107:handcrew
4077:Arborist
4072:Forester
4032:mahogany
3978:palm oil
3968:charcoal
3953:Products
3888:Wildfire
3701:breeding
3662:GM trees
3511:dynamics
3323:Journals
3316:Colleges
3276:Forestry
3168:Matchbox
3153:Fire pit
3148:Fire pan
3115:Electric
3064:Fire-saw
2961:Wood ash
2946:Firewood
2920:Glossary
2910:Campfire
2857:Category
2792:Concepts
2675:Duckweed
2664:Camelina
2641:Non-food
2589:Rapeseed
2579:Palm oil
2522:Wood gas
2495:Methanol
2488:mixtures
2408:Biofuels
2339:Kerosene
2245:Archived
2198:Archived
2138:Archived
2112:Archived
2085:Archived
1999:25 March
1917:Archived
1901:Archived
1711:Archived
1674:Archived
1648:Archived
1579:Archived
1540:Wood gas
1515:Forestry
1499:See also
1391:Box and
1364:Victoria
1334:(behind
1258:Sawmills
1137:seasoned
1129:woodlots
1016:hydroxyl
871:alkaline
865:(mainly
859:wood ash
789:kilogram
711:Stapled
468:fuel oil
382:and the
353:forestry
315:charcoal
276:Charcoal
256:Firewood
240:campfire
224:turbines
173:skidders
153:charcoal
149:firewood
145:fuelwood
18:Woodpile
5050:Commons
4929:Biomass
4903:Tanbark
4827:Sawdust
4638:Firelog
4631:biochar
4593:Plywood
4551:I-joist
4469:Shingle
4424:Molding
4303:Outline
4117:lookout
4112:hotshot
3993:tanbark
3963:biomass
3958:biochar
3936:plywood
3921:Logging
3825:wilding
3474:log jam
3431:Ecology
3100:Lighter
2915:Bonfire
2606:Soybean
2600:Sorghum
2549:Cassava
2478:Ethanol
2461:Biomass
2431:Bagasse
2416:Alcohol
2344:Propane
1955:Bibcode
1861:Bibcode
1812:Bibcode
1510:Biomass
1505:Biofuel
1472:Sources
1422:VÔrumaa
1382:forests
1380:, from
1378:Red Gum
1360:trailer
1313:pellets
1309:Finland
1278:Sawdust
1262:sawdust
1133:forests
1110:logging
1090:forests
1000:organic
992:aerosol
988:organic
901:fly ash
897:aerosol
837:chimney
791:(6,388
755:⁄
719:In the
681:boilers
621:scholar
476:propane
380:chimney
372:faience
311:faggots
292:hearths
244:bonfire
216:heating
212:cooking
208:biomass
197:burning
177:Sawmill
165:sawdust
161:pellets
94:scholar
4888:Potash
4789:Tannin
4749:Lignin
4663:Fibers
4608:lumber
4534:veneer
4474:Siding
4454:Rafter
4449:Purlin
4364:Batten
4357:timber
4353:Lumber
4149:Ranger
4097:Feller
4082:Bucker
3988:rubber
3931:lumber
3741:topics
3728:volume
3723:height
3669:i-Tree
3506:Forest
3459:coarse
3454:Debris
3353:dehesa
2976:Topics
2956:Tinder
2652:Arundo
2584:Potato
2500:Stover
2446:Biogas
2167:. 2012
2059:
1965:
1881:
1832:
1783:
1561:
1466:Canada
1416:Europe
1409:Jarrah
1098:timber
1087:native
976:furans
972:lignin
867:potash
800:joules
785:joules
623:
616:
609:
602:
594:
434:cellar
409:, and
344:daimyĆ
201:energy
163:, and
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
4969:Mulch
4779:Pitch
4701:Rayon
4681:Paper
4499:Truss
4439:Plate
4434:Plank
4399:Joist
4384:Cruck
3983:rayon
3718:girth
3713:crown
3674:urban
3571:stand
3479:slash
3469:large
3340:Types
3288:Index
3199:Arson
3183:Torch
3110:Black
3105:Match
3074:Flint
2951:Spark
2936:Ember
2771:stove
2626:Wheat
2569:Maize
2559:Grape
2512:Straw
2421:Algae
2221:7 May
2021:(PDF)
1714:(PDF)
1707:(PDF)
1654:7 May
1604:(PDF)
1597:(PDF)
1445:Japan
1290:Usage
1032:Delhi
1012:Delhi
885:Smoke
748:tonne
729:cords
725:stere
713:birch
667:stove
628:JSTOR
614:books
549:Today
522:1980s
493:1970s
411:steel
395:stove
242:, or
234:, or
232:stove
226:that
169:tools
157:chips
101:JSTOR
87:books
4744:Dyes
4727:nano
4691:Pulp
4516:wood
4484:Stud
4479:Sill
4444:Post
4404:Lath
4369:Beam
4042:teak
4027:fuel
4017:Wood
3837:REDD
3691:Tree
3608:PEFC
3593:ATFS
3173:Punk
2766:mill
2715:Wood
2594:Rice
2564:Hemp
2505:corn
2359:Coal
2354:Wood
2223:2018
2120:2010
2093:2011
2057:ISBN
2029:2019
2001:2015
1879:ISSN
1830:ISSN
1781:ISSN
1722:2010
1656:2018
1559:ISBN
1447:and
1440:Asia
1430:Drax
1197:DECC
1116:and
938:and
879:soap
852:fire
835:and
797:mega
787:per
782:mega
736:cord
715:wood
600:news
474:and
464:coal
455:The
420:The
407:tile
403:talc
327:coal
214:and
188:fire
143:(or
73:news
4759:Lye
4571:MDF
4539:LVL
4379:CLS
3613:SFI
3603:FSC
3598:CFS
3536:law
3521:IPM
3433:and
2631:Yam
2574:Oat
2241:IHB
2194:IHB
2188:sic
2049:doi
1973:doi
1869:doi
1820:doi
1771:doi
1338:).
1100:or
1060:log
982:of
958:of
926:of
793:BTU
766:ute
764:),
740:not
731:).
583:by
532:PTO
405:),
56:by
5078::
2690:Ă
2266:.
2253:^
2239:.
2214:.
2192:.
2163:.
2079:.
2055:.
1971:.
1961:.
1951:26
1949:.
1877:.
1867:.
1857:21
1855:.
1851:.
1828:.
1818:.
1808:21
1806:.
1802:.
1779:.
1765:.
1761:.
1748:^
1730:^
1646:.
1642:.
1436:.
1424:,
1315:.
1228:.
1213:CO
1204:CO
1172:CO
1159:.
1038:.
934:,
911:.
907:,
891:,
881:.
843:,
671:A
663:A
470:,
355:.
317:.
246:.
155:,
151:,
4355:/
4337:e
4330:t
4323:v
3268:e
3261:t
3254:v
2891:e
2884:t
2877:v
2392:e
2385:t
2378:v
2276:.
2225:.
2174:.
2122:.
2095:.
2065:.
2051::
2031:.
2003:.
1979:.
1975::
1957::
1885:.
1871::
1863::
1836:.
1822::
1814::
1787:.
1773::
1767:1
1743:.
1724:.
1658:.
1613:.
1325:Âł
1321:Âł
1319:m
1215:2
1210:2
1206:2
1201:2
1193:2
1182:2
1174:2
1169:2
1004:C
946:.
757:3
753:1
650:)
644:(
639:)
635:(
625:·
618:·
611:·
604:·
573:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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