493:
1518:, and usually there are few or no teeth in the front of the mouth and the rear teeth all look alike. As a result, it is impossible to define Xenarthra as having incisors, canines, premolars, or molars. Since most mammals are classified by their teeth, it has been difficult to determine their relationships to other mammals. Xenarthrans may have evolved from ancestors that had already lost basic mammalian dental features like tooth enamel and a crown with cusps; reduced, highly simplified teeth are usually found in mammals that feed by licking up social insects. Several groups of xenarthrans did evolve
4787:
627:
4793:
4800:
133:
998:
4780:
1028:
257:
531:). The morphology of xenarthrans generally suggests that the anteaters and sloths are more closely related to each other than either is to the armadillos, glyptodonts, and pampatheres; this idea is upheld by molecular studies. Since its conception, Xenarthra has increasingly come to be considered to be of a higher rank than 'order'; some authorities consider it to be a
988:
1462:
1018:
1008:
120:
5295:
435:
of the spine. Xenarthran limb bones are typically robust, with large processes for muscle attachment. Relative to their body size, living xenarthrans are extremely strong. Their limb bone structures are unusual. They have single-color vision. The teeth of
Xenarthrans are unique. Xenarthrans are also
1543:
The name
Xenarthra, which means "strange joints", was chosen because the vertebral joints of members of the group have extra articulations of a type unlike any other mammals. This trait is referred to as "xenarthry". (Tree sloths lost these articulations to increase the flexibility of their spines,
1617:
fauna suggests far more large herbivorous mammals were present than similar contemporary environments can support. As most large Lujan herbivores were xenarthrans, low metabolic rate may be a feature of the entire clade, allowing relatively low-resource scrublands to support large numbers of huge
1622:
South
American faunas than would be expected based on current faunas in similar environments. This suggests other factors than predation controlled the numbers of xenarthrans. South America had no placental predatory mammals until the Pleistocene, and xenarthran large-mammal faunas may have been
1485:
first suggested in 1931 that their combination of unique characteristics shows the group evolved from highly specialized early ancestors that lived underground or were nocturnal and dug with their forelimbs to feed on social insects like ants or termites. Most researchers since then have agreed.
2271:
O'Leary, Maureen A.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Flynn, John J.; Gaudin, Timothy J.; Giallombardo, Andres; Giannini, Norberto P.; Goldberg, Suzann L.; Kraatz, Brian P.; Luo, Zhe-Xi; Meng, Jin; Ni, Xijun (2013-02-08). "The placental mammal ancestor and the post-K-Pg radiation of placentals".
1526:
created grinding surfaces. Dentine is less resistant to wear than the enamel-cusped teeth of other mammals, and xenarthrans developed open-rooted teeth that grow continuously. Currently, no living or extinct xenarthrans have been found to have the standard mammalian
1548:, an adaptation developed in different ways in various groups of mammals that dig for food. Xenarthrans also tend to have different numbers of vertebrae than other mammals; sloths have a reduced number of lumbar vertebrae with either more or fewer
2389:
Slater, G., Cui, P., Forasiepi, A. M., Lenz, D., Tsangaras, K., Voirin, B., ... & Greenwood, A. D. (2016). Evolutionary relationships among extinct and extant sloths: the evidence of mitogenomes and retroviruses. Genome
Biology and Evolution,
1480:
Xenarthrans share several characteristics not present in other mammals. Authorities have tended to agree they are a primitive group of placental mammals not very closely related to other orders, without agreeing on how to classify them.
1612:
and others) in caves are particularly common in colder parts of their range, suggesting ground sloths may have used burrows and caves to help regulate their body temperature. Analysis of the fossil South
American
613:
Afrotheria, or 3) a trichotomy (three-way split): Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and everything else (i.e. Boreoeutheria). Among studies that use physical characteristics rather than DNA to look at relationships, a large
1623:
vulnerable to many factors including a rise in numbers of mammalian predators, resource use by spreading North
American herbivores with faster metabolisms and higher food requirements, and climate change.
1584:, pointing to a subterranean ancestry; the ancestors of Xenarthra had the reduced eyesight characteristic of vertebrates that live underground. Some authorities state that xenarthrans lack a functional
399:
Xenarthrans share several characteristics that are not present in other placental mammals, which suggest that
Xenarthrans descend from subterranean diggers. The name Xenarthra derives from the two
2399:
Delsuc, F., Gibb, G. C., Kuch, M., Billet, G., Hautier, L., Southon, J., ... & Poinar, H. N. (2016). The phylogenetic affinities of the extinct glyptodonts. Current
Biology, 26(4), R155-R156.
1675:
O'Leary, M. A.; Bloch, J. I.; Flynn, J. J.; Gaudin, T. J.; Giallombardo, A.; Giannini, N. P.; Cirranello, A. L. (2013). "The placental mammal ancestor and the post–K-Pg radiation of placentals".
618:
analysis of living and fossil mammals suggests placental mammals evolved shortly after the end of the
Cretaceous, and first split into Xenarthra and Epitheria (all other placentals).
1502:
The teeth of xenarthrans differ from all other mammals. The dentition of most species is either significantly reduced and highly modified, or absent. With the single exception of
630:
Phylogenetic position of xenarthrans (in orange) among placentals in a genus-level molecular phylogeny of 116 extant mammals inferred from the gene tree information of 14,509
638:
Below is a recent simplified phylogeny of the xenarthran families based on Slater et al. (2016) and Delsuc et al. (2016). The dagger symbol, "†", denotes extinct groups.
589:(Afrotheria+Boreoeutheria, i.e. as a sister group to all other placental mammals). A comprehensive phylogeny by Goloboff et al. includes xenarthrans as a sister clade of
609:(carnivores+ungulates and cetaceans), while studies using nuclear DNA have identified them as 1) a sister clade to Afrotheria, 2) a sister clade to all placentals
5397:
5448:
264:
Red: anteater, yellow: armadillo, blue: sloth, orange: both anteater and armadillo, green: both armadillo and sloth, purple: anteater, armadillo and sloth
1846:"The evolution of armadillos, anteaters and sloths depicted by nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies: implications for the status of the enigmatic fossil
5453:
436:
often considered to be among the most primitive of placental mammals. Females show no clear distinction between the uterus and vagina, and males have
519:(meaning toothless, because the members do not have incisors and lack, or have poorly developed, molars). Subsequently, Edentata was found to be a
5384:
2461:
Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (2009). "The teeth of the "toothless": novelties and key innovations in the evolution of xenarthrans (Mammalia, Xenarthra)".
2212:
Goloboff, Pablo A.; Catalano, Santiago A.; Marcos
Mirande, J.; Szumik, Claudia A.; Salvador Arias, J.; Källersjö, Mari; Farris, James S. (2009).
2088:
1651:
4786:
1845:
1600:. Paleoburrows have been discovered which are up to 1.5m wide and 40m long, with claw marks from excavation referred to the ground sloths
527:. Aardvarks and pangolins are now placed in individual orders, and the new order Xenarthra was erected to group the remaining families (
2820:
2642:
1794:
634:. The other major clades are colored: Marsupials (magenta), afrotherians (red), laurasiatherians (green), and euarchontoglires (blue).
4835:
2652:
2524:
1923:
492:
1167:
1939:
Kleisner, K; Ivell, R; Flegr, J (2010). "The evolutionary history of testicular externalization and the origin of the scrotum".
563:("leaf-eaters"), the sloths (both tree sloths and the extinct ground sloths). Folivora is also called Tardigrada or Phyllophaga.
1576:(single color vision), common in nocturnal, aquatic and subterranean mammals. Further losses led to rod monochromacy in a stem
1304:
1158:
1095:
1077:
1313:
1104:
1086:
5389:
4792:
427:), meaning "joint", and refers to their vertebral joints, which have extra articulations that are unlike other mammals. The
1219:
5285:
1370:
991:
2343:"OrthoMaM v10: Scaling-up orthologous coding sequence and exon alignments with more than one hundred mammalian genomes"
417:
5443:
4799:
1228:
389:
1361:
1619:
1246:
1237:
569:
Their relationship to other placental mammals is obscure. Xenarthrans have been defined as most closely related to
381:
132:
2586:"Genomic evidence for rod monochromacy in sloths and armadillos suggests early subterranean history for Xenarthra"
626:
5402:
1569:
1113:
2161:
Kriegs, Jan Ole; Churakov, Gennady; Kiefmann, Martin; Jordan, Ursula; Brosius, Jürgen; Schmitz, Jürgen (2006).
2722:
Wildman, Derek E.; Chen, Caoyi; Erez, Offer; Grossman, Lawrence I.; Goodman, Morris; Romero, Roberto (2006).
1486:
These extreme characteristics led to their confusion with unrelated groups that had similar specializations (
405:
2411:"Vertebral bending mechanics and xenarthrous morphology in the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)"
1552:
than most mammals, while cingulates have neck vertebrae fused into a cervical tube, with glyptodonts fusing
1059:
5311:
3675:
2813:
1985:
Elgar, M. A.; Harvey, P. H. (1987). "Basal Metabolic Rates in Mammals: Allometry, Phylogeny and Ecology".
1482:
1322:
1295:
1210:
1131:
313:
5410:
4828:
3416:
1844:
Delsuc, Frédéric; Catzteflis, François M.; Stanhope, Michael J.; Douzery, Emmanuel J. P. (August 2001).
1544:
but their fossil ancestors had xenarthrous joints.) Additional points of articulation between vertebrae
1201:
1011:
4779:
4519:
3705:
5438:
5371:
5358:
3929:
3618:
2735:
2470:
2281:
1994:
1684:
1572:
analysis determined that a mutation in a stem xenarthran led to long-wavelength sensitive-cone (LWS)
1545:
1140:
1068:
1001:
523:
grouping whose New World and Old World taxa are unrelated, and it was split up to reflect their true
496:
441:
4674:
4098:
3959:
3830:
3753:
3609:
3240:
3205:
3057:
4728:
4667:
4659:
4426:
4412:
3987:
3980:
3788:
3684:
3560:
3516:
3388:
3351:
3151:
2923:
1738:"The Great American Biotic Interchange: Dispersals, Tectonics, Climate, Sea Level and Holding Pens"
1122:
455:
Armadillos: Mostly small and some larger omnivores and insectivores with flexible banded body armor
440:
inside the body, which are located between the bladder and the rectum. Xenarthrans have the lowest
199:
4643:
4578:
4533:
4398:
4356:
4260:
4251:
4119:
3588:
3523:
3473:
3358:
3194:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4571:
4540:
4498:
4491:
4384:
4363:
4240:
4175:
4154:
4070:
4049:
4015:
3878:
3864:
3857:
3816:
3802:
3774:
3739:
3716:
3595:
3530:
3509:
3459:
3330:
3269:
3130:
3109:
2896:
2753:
2701:
2685:
2494:
2443:
2410:
2409:
Oliver, Jillian D.; Katrina E. Jones; Lionel Hautier; W. J. Loughry; Stephanie E. Pierce (2016).
2323:
2253:
2061:
2045:
2010:
1964:
1718:
1549:
1532:
127:
4696:
4505:
4484:
4461:
4405:
4391:
4377:
4233:
4161:
4112:
4091:
4042:
3945:
3920:
3906:
3892:
3823:
3809:
3746:
3725:
3581:
3567:
3502:
3495:
3423:
3409:
3323:
3276:
3067:
545:(Latin, "the ones with belts/armor"), the armadillos and the extinct glyptodonts and pampatheres
5415:
4703:
4681:
4512:
4440:
4328:
4140:
4126:
4105:
4084:
4035:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3952:
3795:
3732:
3537:
3466:
3402:
3337:
3283:
1890:
309:
5196:
4636:
4563:
4447:
4370:
4342:
4168:
3938:
3885:
3871:
3760:
3698:
3488:
3395:
2950:
2806:
2771:
2693:
2648:
2623:
2605:
2563:
2520:
2486:
2435:
2372:
2315:
2307:
2245:
2194:
2143:
2094:
2084:
2053:
1956:
1919:
1882:
1800:
1790:
1767:
1710:
1657:
1647:
1440:
1431:
1255:
582:
532:
4349:
3430:
5217:
4958:
4895:
4821:
4621:
4475:
4063:
3231:
2761:
2743:
2677:
2613:
2597:
2553:
2478:
2425:
2362:
2354:
2297:
2289:
2235:
2225:
2184:
2174:
2133:
2125:
2037:
2002:
1948:
1914:
Webb, S. David (2001). "Chapter 10: Mammalia 2: Xenarthrans". In Hulbert, Richard C. (ed.).
1872:
1864:
1757:
1749:
1700:
1692:
602:
590:
276:
4133:
605:). Overall, studies using mitochondrial DNA have tended to group them as a sister clade to
5110:
5011:
4979:
4287:
4271:
3648:
3314:
2341:
Scornavacca C, Belkhir K, Lopez J, Dernat R, Delsuc F, Douzery EJ, Ranwez V (April 2019).
1416:
1348:
1149:
1031:
914:
774:
373:
5349:
5228:(Rats, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives)
2739:
2474:
2285:
1998:
1688:
538:
Whatever the rank, Xenarthra is now generally considered to be divided into two orders:
5299:
5156:
5102:
5003:
4987:
4526:
3848:
3099:
3035:
2766:
2723:
2618:
2585:
2367:
2342:
2189:
2162:
2138:
2113:
1877:
1762:
1737:
1614:
1528:
1422:
1404:
1355:
1334:
1267:
1186:
1054:
1050:
1021:
857:
706:
691:
598:
345:
39:
1514:. They have a single set of teeth through their lives; these teeth have no functional
997:
5432:
5147:
5019:
4756:
4026:
3781:
3551:
3445:
3261:
3183:
3172:
2327:
2230:
2213:
1722:
1341:
931:
840:
631:
594:
578:
574:
474:
Ground sloths: Medium to very large ground-living herbivores (and possibly omnivores)
400:
377:
357:
77:
2498:
2447:
2257:
1968:
5164:
5094:
4995:
4950:
4688:
4628:
4419:
4226:
4217:
4206:
4147:
3899:
3691:
3657:
3625:
3379:
3365:
3291:
3140:
2705:
2163:"Retroposed Elements as Archives for the Evolutionary History of Placental Mammals"
2065:
1585:
1573:
1515:
1398:
1382:
1289:
897:
817:
759:
520:
479:
349:
5363:
2668:
Lovegrove, Barry G. (2000). "The Zoogeography of Mammalian Basal Metabolic Rate".
2112:
Murphy, W. J.; Pringle, T. H.; Crider, T. A.; Springer, M. S.; Miller, W. (2007).
2028:
Lovegrove, Barry G. (2000). "The Zoogeography of Mammalian Basal Metabolic Rate".
2179:
5343:
5204:
5126:
5044:
4740:
4554:
4433:
4319:
4193:
4056:
3574:
3344:
3299:
3216:
3078:
1519:
1391:
1195:
668:
606:
554:
393:
321:
238:
184:
52:
2482:
5233:
5207:(Pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales and dolphins)
5086:
4929:
4886:
4870:
4749:
4717:
4294:
4077:
3639:
3452:
3089:
3046:
1952:
1753:
1511:
1473:
1027:
570:
341:
256:
97:
62:
5334:
2609:
2567:
2558:
2541:
2490:
2311:
1804:
1661:
461:
Pampatheres: Large herbivores (and possibly omnivores) with banded body armor
5241:
5188:
5065:
4937:
4903:
4593:
4585:
4301:
4280:
3966:
3767:
3480:
2881:
2783:
2748:
2358:
2293:
2098:
1696:
1577:
1522:
to chew plants, but since they lacked enamel, patterns of harder and softer
1467:
1044:
655:
615:
586:
542:
528:
524:
385:
353:
337:
216:
144:
102:
46:
2775:
2697:
2627:
2601:
2439:
2376:
2319:
2249:
2214:"Phylogenetic analysis of 73 060 taxa corroborates major eukaryotic groups"
2198:
2147:
2057:
1960:
1886:
1868:
1771:
1714:
17:
2114:"Using genomic data to unravel the root of the placental mammal phylogeny"
987:
5328:
5180:
5036:
4864:
4651:
4454:
4335:
3973:
3664:
3438:
3254:
3161:
3018:
2996:
2962:
2908:
2853:
2829:
1491:
1487:
1282:
746:
560:
512:
508:
468:
437:
365:
361:
329:
325:
232:
164:
92:
87:
72:
67:
57:
2757:
1461:
1017:
1007:
356:
about 60 million years ago. They evolved and diversified extensively in
5257:
5134:
4966:
4876:
4813:
3247:
2724:"Evolution of the mammalian placenta revealed by phylogenetic analysis"
2689:
2430:
2240:
2129:
2049:
2014:
428:
369:
107:
82:
2302:
1705:
119:
5249:
5225:
5073:
4920:
4858:
4845:
3119:
2935:
2865:
2859:
2847:
1980:
1978:
1618:
animals. Faunal analysis also shows far fewer large predators in pre-
1597:
1581:
1557:
1553:
1523:
1276:
736:
548:
445:
432:
422:
410:
222:
174:
154:
5305:
2006:
360:
during the continent's long period of isolation in the early to mid
2681:
2041:
1819:
5294:
5118:
1460:
1176:
1026:
1016:
1006:
996:
986:
795:
625:
491:
458:
Glyptodonts: Large herbivores with a rigid semi-spherical carapace
333:
317:
2542:"Paleogene Xenarthra and the evolution of South American mammals"
27:
Superorder of mammals including anteaters, sloths, and armadillos
5376:
5309:
4817:
2840:
2802:
2515:
Farina, Richard A; Sergio F. Vizcaino; Gerry de Iuliis (2013).
464:
Anteaters: Small to large specialized feeders on social insects
5172:
1568:
Xenarthrans have been determined to have single-color vision.
294:
291:
2798:
483:, a medium-sized herbivore, is the only known aquatic sloth
300:
282:
2584:
Emerling, Christopher A.; Springer, Mark S. (2015-02-07).
352:. Xenarthrans originated in South America during the late
1596:
Living xenarthrans have the lowest metabolic rates among
1588:; pineal activity is related to the perception of light.
1494:), and obscures their relationships with other mammals.
551:(Latin, "the ones with fur"), which is subdivided into:
2590:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
5283:
507:
Xenarthrans were previously classified alongside the
288:
279:
4714:
4551:
4472:
4316:
4190:
3917:
3845:
3636:
3606:
3548:
3376:
3311:
3228:
3212:
3201:
3190:
3179:
3168:
3157:
3147:
3136:
3126:
3115:
3105:
3095:
3085:
3074:
3063:
3053:
3042:
3031:
2517:
Megafauna; Giant Beasts of Pleistocene South America
297:
5318:
5216:
5155:
5146:
5085:
5056:
5035:
4978:
4949:
4928:
4919:
4894:
4885:
4739:
4713:
4550:
4471:
4315:
4270:
4250:
4216:
4189:
4025:
3928:
3916:
3844:
3715:
3674:
3647:
3635:
3605:
3547:
3375:
3310:
3227:
3016:
2961:
2934:
2907:
2880:
2083:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 93.
372:and, starting about 3 million years ago, spread to
285:
5260:(lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, humans)
2540:Gaudin, Timothy J.; Croft, Darin A. (2015-06-24).
1642:Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Loughry, W. J., eds. (2008).
2081:Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level
471:specialized for life hanging upside-down in trees
1351:: nothrotheriid ground sloths and aquatic sloths
2728:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2579:
2577:
535:, while others consider it to be a superorder.
4829:
2814:
1531:or crown morphology derived from the ancient
8:
1918:. University Press of Florida. p. 176.
1646:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
5306:
5152:
5053:
4946:
4925:
4891:
4836:
4822:
4814:
4198:
3925:
3644:
3024:
3013:
2940:
2913:
2886:
2877:
2837:
2821:
2807:
2799:
255:
118:
31:
2784:"Armadillos: Biology, Ecology and Images"
2765:
2747:
2617:
2557:
2519:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
2429:
2366:
2301:
2239:
2229:
2188:
2178:
2137:
1876:
1761:
1704:
451:Xenarthran forms and lifestyles include:
5167:(Hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives)
5290:
2644:The Pineal Gland and its Endocrine Role
1631:
384:. Nearly all of the formerly abundant
2510:
2508:
1506:armadillos and their ancestral genus
7:
1787:Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français
1637:
1635:
890:
833:
808:
801:
752:
742:
683:
661:
651:
641:
431:of the pelvis is also fused to the
415:), meaning "strange, unusual", and
328:. There are 31 living species: the
5449:Extant Paleocene first appearances
2079:McKenna, M.C.; Bell, S.K. (1997).
340:. Extinct xenarthrans include the
25:
5454:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
5199:(Horses, rhinoceroses and tapirs)
1916:The Fossil Vertebrates of Florida
5293:
4798:
4791:
4785:
4778:
2231:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00255.x
1820:"Greek-french dictionary online"
1546:strengthen and stiffen the spine
1168:Brazilian three-banded armadillo
275:
131:
2418:Journal of Experimental Biology
2347:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1305:Brown-throated three-toed sloth
1159:Southern three-banded armadillo
1096:Southern naked-tailed armadillo
1078:Northern naked-tailed armadillo
557:("worm-tongues"), the anteaters
316:, árthron, "joint") is a major
1785:Bailly, Anatole (1981-01-01).
1742:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
1736:Woodburne, Michael O. (2010).
1314:Pale-throated three-toed sloth
1105:Greater naked-tailed armadillo
1087:Chacoan naked-tailed armadillo
1:
2641:Axelrod, J. (December 2013).
1220:Southern long-nosed armadillo
2180:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040091
1644:The biology of the Xenarthra
1608:. Remains of ground sloths (
1510:, xenarthrans do not have a
1476:related to living armadillos
1373:or southern two-toed sloth,
1337:: megalonychid ground sloths
312:, xénos, "foreign, alien" +
1344:: megatheriid ground sloths
1229:Llanos long-nosed armadillo
5470:
5236:(Rabbits, hares and pikas)
5191:(Dogs, cats and relatives)
5097:(Tenrecs and golden moles)
2483:10.1666/0094-8373-35.3.343
1385:: mylodontid ground sloths
1247:Hairy long-nosed armadillo
1238:Great long-nosed armadillo
488:Evolutionary relationships
467:Tree sloths: Medium-sized
416:
404:
382:Great American Interchange
5022:(Kangaroos and relatives)
4853:
4775:
4201:
3027:
3012:
2993:
2943:
2916:
2889:
2876:
2836:
2657:– via Google Books.
1953:10.1007/s12038-010-0005-7
1754:10.1007/s10914-010-9144-8
1371:Linnaeus's two-toed sloth
1204:or long-nosed armadillo,
1118:Chaetophractus vellerosus
1114:Screaming hairy armadillo
992:Hoffmann's two-toed sloth
927:
911:
895:
888:
854:
838:
831:
813:
806:
799:
772:
757:
750:
740:
704:
688:
681:
666:
659:
649:
263:
254:
248:See text for more details
212:
207:
128:Scientific classification
126:
117:
34:
5014:(Bilbies and bandicoots)
2786:. Armadillo Online. 1995
1362:Hoffman's two-toed sloth
1198:: long-nosed armadillos
364:Era. They spread to the
4906:(Platypus and echidnas)
2749:10.1073/pnas.0511344103
2670:The American Naturalist
2294:10.1126/science.1229237
2030:The American Naturalist
1697:10.1126/science.1229237
1427:Myrmecophaga tridactyla
1127:Chaetophractus villosus
1064:Calyptophractus retusus
1060:Greater fairy armadillo
5137:(Dugongs and manatees)
5076:(Anteaters and sloths)
2602:10.1098/rspb.2014.2192
2559:10.1093/jmammal/gyv073
1941:Journal of Biosciences
1869:10.1098/rspb.2001.1702
1483:George Gaylord Simpson
1477:
1323:Maned three-toed sloth
1296:Pygmy three-toed sloth
1211:Seven-banded armadillo
1136:Chaetophractus nationi
1132:Andean hairy armadillo
1073:Chlamyphorus truncatus
1034:
1024:
1014:
1004:
994:
635:
504:
501:Chlamyphorus truncatus
5411:Paleobiology Database
5006:(Quolls and dunnarts)
2359:10.1093/molbev/msz015
1857:Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B
1464:
1445:Tamandua tetradactyla
1215:Dasypus septemcinctus
1202:Nine-banded armadillo
1172:Tolypeutes tricinctus
1145:Euphractus sexcinctus
1143:or yellow armadillo,
1030:
1020:
1012:Nine-banded armadillo
1010:
1000:
990:
629:
529:which are all related
495:
308:; from Ancient Greek
208:Orders and suborders
3676:Pseudorhyncocyonidae
2546:Journal of Mammalogy
2424:(Pt 19): 2991–3002.
1375:Choloepus didactylus
1318:Bradypus tridactylus
1292:: three-toed sloths
1206:Dasypus novemcinctus
1179:or dwarf armadillo,
1141:Six-banded armadillo
1100:Cabassous unicinctus
1091:Cabassous chacoensis
1069:Pink fairy armadillo
1002:Brown-throated sloth
900:(three-toed sloths)
632:coding DNA sequences
497:Pink fairy armadillo
2740:2006PNAS..103.3203W
2475:2009Pbio...35..343V
2286:2013Sci...339..662O
1999:1987FuEco...1...25E
1789:. Paris: Hachette.
1689:2013Sci...339..662O
1560:vertebrae as well.
1409:Cyclopes didactylus
1366:Choloepus hoffmanni
1309:Bradypus variegatus
1123:Big hairy armadillo
1082:Cabassous centralis
5444:Mammal superorders
4990:(Monito del monte)
2596:(1800): 20142192.
2431:10.1242/jeb.142331
2130:10.1101/gr.5918807
1987:Functional Ecology
1550:cervical vertebrae
1478:
1401:: silky anteaters
1358:: two-toed sloths
1327:Bradypus torquatus
1233:Dasypus sabanicola
1163:Tolypeutes matacus
1154:Priodontes maximus
1035:
1025:
1015:
1005:
995:
843:(two-toed sloths)
636:
505:
392:at the end of the
5426:
5425:
5312:Taxon identifiers
5281:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5261:
5253:
5245:
5237:
5229:
5208:
5200:
5192:
5184:
5176:
5168:
5138:
5130:
5122:
5114:
5106:
5105:(Elephant shrews)
5098:
5077:
5069:
5050:
5031:
5030:
5023:
5015:
5007:
4999:
4998:(Marsupial moles)
4996:Notoryctemorphia
4991:
4970:
4962:
4959:Paucituberculata
4943:
4915:
4914:
4907:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4773:
4772:
4520:Prozalambdalestes
4311:
4310:
4185:
4184:
3840:
3839:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2280:(6120): 662–667.
2090:978-0-231-11013-6
1863:(1476): 1605–15.
1824:www.tabularium.be
1818:Bailly, Anatole.
1683:(6120): 662–667.
1653:978-0-8130-3718-9
1441:Southern tamandua
1436:Tamandua mexicana
1432:Northern tamandua
1300:Bradypus pygmaeus
1109:Cabassous tatouay
1053:: armadillos and
979:
978:
970:
969:
961:
960:
952:
951:
943:
942:
877:
876:
868:
867:
785:
784:
726:
725:
717:
716:
583:Exafroplacentalia
322:placental mammals
268:
267:
203:
16:(Redirected from
5461:
5419:
5418:
5406:
5405:
5393:
5392:
5380:
5379:
5367:
5366:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5307:
5298:
5297:
5289:
5259:
5251:
5243:
5235:
5227:
5218:Euarchontoglires
5206:
5198:
5190:
5182:
5174:
5166:
5153:
5136:
5128:
5120:
5112:
5104:
5096:
5075:
5067:
5054:
5049:
5048:
5040:
5021:
5013:
5012:Peramelemorphia
5005:
4997:
4989:
4968:
4967:Didelphimorphia
4961:(Shrew opossums)
4960:
4947:
4942:
4941:
4933:
4926:
4905:
4896:Australosphenida
4892:
4838:
4831:
4824:
4815:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4716:
4622:Kharmerungulatum
4553:
4476:Zalambdalestidae
4474:
4318:
4199:
4192:
3926:
3919:
3847:
3706:Pseudorhyncocyon
3645:
3638:
3608:
3550:
3378:
3313:
3232:Adapisoriculidae
3230:
3214:
3203:
3192:
3181:
3170:
3159:
3149:
3138:
3128:
3117:
3107:
3097:
3087:
3076:
3065:
3055:
3044:
3033:
3025:
3014:
2941:
2914:
2887:
2878:
2871:
2870:
2838:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2800:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2779:
2769:
2751:
2734:(9): 3203–3208.
2710:
2709:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2621:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2561:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2512:
2503:
2502:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2433:
2415:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2370:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2305:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2243:
2233:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2192:
2182:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2141:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1889:. Archived from
1880:
1854:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1765:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1708:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1639:
1242:Dasypus kappleri
1224:Dasypus hybridus
891:
834:
809:
802:
753:
743:
684:
662:
652:
642:
603:Euarchontoglires
591:Euarchontoglires
477:Aquatic sloths:
426:
420:
414:
408:
307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
259:
198:
136:
135:
122:
112:
49:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5414:
5409:
5401:
5396:
5388:
5383:
5375:
5370:
5362:
5357:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5333:
5332:
5327:
5314:
5304:
5292:
5284:
5282:
5265:
5212:
5197:Perissodactyla
5142:
5081:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5027:
5004:Dasyuromorphia
4988:Microbiotheria
4980:Australidelphia
4974:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4911:
4881:
4849:
4842:
4812:
4803:
4790:
4777:
4769:
4735:
4709:
4546:
4467:
4307:
4288:Psittacotherium
4272:Stylinodontidae
4266:
4246:
4212:
4181:
4021:
3930:Paroxyclaenidae
3912:
3836:
3711:
3670:
3649:Gypsonictopidae
3631:
3619:Ferrequitherium
3601:
3543:
3371:
3315:Asioryctitheria
3306:
3223:
3021:
3000:
2977:
2957:
2930:
2903:
2872:
2843:
2842:
2832:
2827:
2789:
2787:
2782:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2514:
2513:
2506:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2118:Genome Research
2111:
2110:
2106:
2091:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2007:10.2307/2389354
1984:
1983:
1976:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1852:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1797:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1654:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1629:
1594:
1566:
1541:
1500:
1459:
1457:Characteristics
1417:Myrmecophagidae
1349:Nothrotheriidae
1251:Dasypus pilosus
1150:Giant armadillo
1032:Giant armadillo
985:
980:
971:
962:
953:
944:
915:Nothrotheriidae
878:
869:
786:
775:Myrmecophagidae
727:
718:
624:
490:
442:metabolic rates
380:as part of the
278:
274:
246:
197:
130:
113:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
44:
43:
42: –Recent,
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5467:
5465:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5431:
5430:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5407:
5394:
5381:
5368:
5355:
5340:
5324:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5303:
5302:
5279:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5255:
5247:
5239:
5231:
5222:
5220:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5202:
5194:
5186:
5178:
5170:
5161:
5159:
5157:Laurasiatheria
5150:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5132:
5124:
5116:
5111:Tubulidentata
5108:
5103:Macroscelidea
5100:
5091:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5071:
5062:
5060:
5051:
5033:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5020:Diprotodontia
5017:
5009:
5001:
4993:
4984:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4964:
4955:
4953:
4944:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4900:
4898:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4873:
4867:
4861:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4818:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4745:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4722:
4720:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4685:
4678:
4675:Sheikhdzheilia
4671:
4664:
4656:
4648:
4640:
4633:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4559:
4557:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4527:Zalambdalestes
4523:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4480:
4478:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4324:
4322:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4276:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4256:
4254:
4252:Onychodectidae
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4222:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4202:
4196:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4099:Cryptopithecus
4095:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4031:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3960:Kiinkerishella
3956:
3949:
3942:
3934:
3932:
3923:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3853:
3851:
3849:Palaeoryctidae
3842:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3721:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3680:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3661:
3653:
3651:
3642:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3622:
3614:
3612:
3610:Horolodectidae
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3556:
3554:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3477:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3384:
3382:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3319:
3317:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3296:
3288:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3241:Adapisoriculus
3236:
3234:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3210:
3206:Prokennalestes
3199:
3188:
3177:
3166:
3155:
3145:
3134:
3124:
3113:
3103:
3100:Durlstotherium
3093:
3083:
3072:
3061:
3058:Bayshinoryctes
3051:
3040:
3036:Acristatherium
3028:
3022:
3017:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2890:
2884:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2841:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2780:
2717:
2716:External links
2714:
2712:
2711:
2682:10.1086/303383
2676:(2): 201–219.
2660:
2653:
2633:
2573:
2552:(4): 622–634.
2532:
2525:
2504:
2469:(3): 343–366.
2453:
2401:
2392:
2382:
2353:(4): 861–862.
2333:
2263:
2204:
2153:
2104:
2089:
2071:
2042:10.1086/303383
2020:
1974:
1931:
1924:
1906:
1836:
1810:
1796:978-2010035289
1795:
1777:
1748:(4): 245–264.
1728:
1667:
1652:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1606:Scelidotherium
1593:
1590:
1565:
1562:
1540:
1537:
1529:dental formula
1512:milk dentition
1499:
1496:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1423:Giant anteater
1413:
1412:
1411:
1405:Silky anteater
1388:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1368:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1335:Megalonychidae
1331:
1330:
1329:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1268:Pampatheriidae
1264:
1263:
1262:
1260:Dasypus yepesi
1256:Yepes's mulita
1253:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1187:Glyptodontinae
1183:
1181:Zaedyus pichiy
1174:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1051:Chlamyphoridae
1022:Giant anteater
984:
983:Classification
981:
977:
976:
973:
972:
968:
967:
964:
963:
959:
958:
955:
954:
950:
949:
946:
945:
941:
940:
937:
936:
926:
923:
922:
919:
918:
910:
907:
906:
903:
902:
894:
889:
887:
884:
883:
880:
879:
875:
874:
871:
870:
866:
865:
862:
861:
858:Megalonychidae
853:
850:
849:
846:
845:
837:
832:
830:
827:
826:
823:
822:
812:
807:
805:
800:
798:
792:
791:
788:
787:
783:
782:
779:
778:
771:
768:
767:
764:
763:
756:
751:
749:
741:
739:
733:
732:
729:
728:
724:
723:
720:
719:
715:
714:
711:
710:
707:Chlamyphoridae
703:
700:
699:
696:
695:
692:Pampatheriidae
687:
682:
680:
677:
676:
673:
672:
665:
660:
658:
650:
648:
640:
623:
620:
599:Laurasiatheria
581:(in the group
573:(in the group
567:
566:
565:
564:
558:
546:
489:
486:
485:
484:
475:
472:
465:
462:
459:
456:
390:became extinct
324:native to the
266:
265:
261:
260:
252:
251:
244:
243:
242:
241:
235:
226:
225:
219:
210:
209:
205:
204:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
124:
123:
115:
114:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
50:
40:Late Paleocene
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5466:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5417:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5360:
5356:
5351:
5345:
5341:
5336:
5330:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5308:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5287:
5262:
5256:
5254:
5248:
5246:
5240:
5238:
5232:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5209:
5205:Artiodactyla
5203:
5201:
5195:
5193:
5187:
5185:
5179:
5177:
5171:
5169:
5165:Eulipotyphla
5163:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5148:Boreoeutheria
5145:
5139:
5133:
5131:
5125:
5123:
5117:
5115:
5109:
5107:
5101:
5099:
5095:Afrosoricida
5093:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5072:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5046:
5038:
5034:
5024:
5018:
5016:
5010:
5008:
5002:
5000:
4994:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4971:
4965:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4945:
4939:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4878:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4847:
4839:
4834:
4832:
4827:
4825:
4820:
4819:
4816:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4788:
4781:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4757:Boreoeutheria
4754:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4730:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4668:Parazhelestes
4665:
4662:
4661:
4660:Paranyctoides
4657:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4427:Plesiesthonyx
4424:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4413:Megalesthonyx
4410:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4314:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4188:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4027:Pantolestidae
4024:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3988:Paroxyclaenus
3985:
3983:
3982:
3981:Paraspaniella
3978:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3843:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3789:Myrmecoboides
3786:
3784:
3783:
3782:Megaleptictis
3779:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3685:Diaphyodectes
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3561:Archaeoryctes
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3552:Didymoconidae
3546:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3517:Protentomodon
3514:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3446:Chacopterygus
3443:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3389:Aboletylestes
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3352:Sasayamamylos
3349:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3262:Deccanolestes
3259:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3184:Montanalestes
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:Microtherulum
3167:
3164:
3163:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3152:Indoclemensia
3146:
3143:
3142:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3015:
3011:
2999:
2998:
2992:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2819:
2817:
2812:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2654:9781475714517
2650:
2646:
2645:
2637:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2526:9780253002303
2522:
2518:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2386:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2224:(3): 211–30.
2223:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2124:(4): 413–21.
2123:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2036:(2): 201–19.
2035:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1925:0-8130-1822-6
1921:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1896:on 2016-03-04
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1849:
1840:
1837:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:Glossotherium
1599:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1456:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:Choloepodidae
1353:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1342:Megatheriidae
1339:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1270:: pampatheres
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:: glyptodonts
1188:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1009:
1003:
999:
993:
989:
982:
975:
974:
966:
965:
957:
956:
948:
947:
939:
938:
935:
934:
933:
932:Megatheriidae
925:
924:
921:
920:
917:
916:
909:
908:
905:
904:
901:
899:
893:
892:
886:
885:
882:
881:
873:
872:
864:
863:
860:
859:
852:
851:
848:
847:
844:
842:
841:Choloepodidae
836:
835:
829:
828:
825:
824:
821:
820:
819:
811:
810:
804:
803:
797:
794:
793:
790:
789:
781:
780:
777:
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769:
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761:
755:
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738:
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734:
731:
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722:
721:
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664:
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654:
653:
647:
644:
643:
639:
633:
628:
621:
619:
617:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
595:Boreoeutheria
592:
588:
584:
580:
579:Boreoeutheria
576:
575:Atlantogenata
572:
562:
559:
556:
553:
552:
550:
547:
544:
541:
540:
539:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
515:in the order
514:
510:
502:
498:
494:
487:
482:
481:
476:
473:
470:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
453:
452:
449:
447:
443:
439:
434:
430:
425:
419:
413:
407:
402:
401:ancient Greek
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
378:North America
375:
371:
368:by the early
367:
363:
359:
358:South America
355:
351:
350:ground sloths
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
305:
272:
262:
258:
253:
250:
249:
240:
236:
234:
230:
229:
228:
227:
224:
220:
218:
214:
213:
211:
206:
201:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
134:
129:
125:
121:
116:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
48:
41:
33:
30:
19:
5319:
5244:(Treeshrews)
5127:Proboscidea
5068:(Armadillos)
5057:
4951:Ameridelphia
4904:Monotremata
4784:
4763:
4762:
4755:
4748:
4702:
4695:
4689:Valentinella
4687:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4658:
4650:
4644:Mistralestes
4642:
4635:
4629:Khuduklestes
4627:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4584:
4579:Avitotherium
4577:
4570:
4562:
4539:
4534:Zhangolestes
4532:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4420:Meiostylodon
4418:
4411:
4404:
4399:Kuanchuanius
4397:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4357:Chungchienia
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4261:Onychodectes
4259:
4239:
4232:
4227:Conoryctella
4225:
4218:Conoryctidae
4207:Schowalteria
4205:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4148:Palaeosinopa
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4120:Gobipithecus
4118:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3905:
3900:Palaeoryctes
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3704:
3697:
3692:Leptictidium
3690:
3683:
3663:
3658:Gypsonictops
3656:
3626:Horolodectes
3624:
3617:
3594:
3589:Kennatherium
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3536:
3529:
3524:Puercolestes
3522:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3479:
3474:Ilerdoryctes
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3380:Cimolestidae
3366:Ukhaatherium
3364:
3359:Uchkudukodon
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3298:
3292:Sahnitherium
3290:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3215:
3204:
3195:Murtoilestes
3193:
3182:
3171:
3160:
3150:
3141:Hyotheridium
3139:
3129:
3118:
3108:
3098:
3088:
3077:
3066:
3056:
3045:
3034:
2995:
2788:. Retrieved
2731:
2727:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2647:. Springer.
2643:
2636:
2593:
2589:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2516:
2466:
2463:Paleobiology
2462:
2456:
2421:
2417:
2404:
2395:
2385:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2170:
2167:PLOS Biology
2166:
2156:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2080:
2074:
2033:
2029:
2023:
1993:(1): 25–36.
1990:
1986:
1947:(1): 27–37.
1944:
1940:
1934:
1915:
1909:
1898:. Retrieved
1891:the original
1860:
1856:
1848:Eurotamandua
1847:
1839:
1827:. Retrieved
1823:
1813:
1786:
1780:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1643:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1586:pineal gland
1574:monochromacy
1567:
1542:
1533:tribosphenic
1507:
1503:
1501:
1479:
1466:
1465:Skeleton of
1444:
1435:
1426:
1419:: anteaters
1408:
1399:Cyclopedidae
1394:: anteaters
1383:Mylodontidae
1374:
1365:
1326:
1317:
1308:
1299:
1290:Bradypodidae
1259:
1250:
1241:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1037:
1036:
930:
928:
912:
898:Bradypodidae
896:
855:
839:
818:Mylodontidae
816:
814:
773:
760:Cyclopedidae
758:
705:
689:
667:
645:
637:
610:
607:Ferrungulata
568:
537:
521:polyphyletic
516:
506:
500:
480:Thalassocnus
478:
450:
423:
411:
398:
388:xenarthrans
270:
269:
247:
245:
194:
191:Superorder:
181:Infraclass:
29:
5439:Xenarthrans
5344:Wikispecies
5250:Dermoptera
5242:Scandentia
5234:Lagomorpha
5183:(Pangolins)
5173:Chiroptera
5129:(Elephants)
5119:Hyracoidea
4875:(unranked)
4741:Placentalia
4615:Gallolestes
4608:Eozhelestes
4601:Eoungulatum
4572:Aspanlestes
4555:Zhelestidae
4541:Zofialestes
4499:Barunlestes
4492:Anchilestes
4434:Plethorodon
4385:Higotherium
4364:Dysnoetodon
4320:Tillodontia
4241:Huerfanodon
4194:Taeniodonta
4176:Todralestes
4155:Pantolestes
4071:Bouffinomus
4057:Bisonalveus
4050:Bessoecetor
4016:Vulpavoides
3879:Lainoryctes
3865:Aceroryctes
3858:Aaptoryctes
3817:Prodiacodon
3803:Palaeictops
3775:Leptonysson
3740:Gallolestes
3717:Leptictidae
3596:Zeuctherium
3575:Didymoconus
3531:Scollardius
3510:Procerberus
3460:Didelphodus
3345:Kennalestes
3331:Bulaklestes
3300:Wyonycteris
3270:Garatherium
3217:Sinodelphys
3131:Hovurlestes
3110:Endotherium
3079:Cokotherium
2790:19 December
2241:11336/78055
1580:and a stem
1520:cheek teeth
1472:an extinct
1392:Vermilingua
1196:Dasypodidae
1185:Subfamily †
1055:glyptodonts
747:Vermilingua
669:Dasypodidae
555:Vermilingua
394:Pleistocene
346:pampatheres
342:glyptodonts
239:Vermilingua
185:Placentalia
35:Xenarthrans
18:Xenarthrans
5433:Categories
5189:Carnivora
5181:Pholidota
5113:(Aardvark)
5087:Afrotheria
5066:Cingulata
5047:inclusive)
4969:(Opossums)
4940:inclusive)
4930:Metatheria
4887:Yinotheria
4871:Vertebrata
4869:Subphylum
4750:Afrotheria
4729:Pantodonta
4718:Pantodonta
4697:Zhalmousia
4506:Beleutinus
4485:Alymlestes
4462:Yuesthonyx
4406:Lofochaius
4392:Interogale
4378:Franchaius
4295:Stylinodon
4234:Conoryctes
4162:Pentacodon
4113:Galethylax
4092:Coriphagus
4078:Buxolestes
4043:Aphronorus
3946:Euhookeria
3921:Pantolesta
3907:Pinoryctes
3893:Ottoryctes
3824:Protictops
3810:Praolestes
3747:Ictopidium
3726:Amphigyion
3640:Leptictida
3582:Hunanictis
3568:Ardynictis
3503:Pararyctes
3496:Paleotomus
3453:Cimolestes
3424:Bagalestes
3410:Ambilestes
3324:Asioryctes
3277:Namibiodon
3090:Durlstodon
3068:Bobolestes
3047:Ambolestes
2972:see below↓
2924:Cynodontia
2909:Cynodontia
2864:Subclass:
2303:11336/7302
2218:Cladistics
2173:(4): e91.
1900:2013-01-04
1706:11336/7302
1627:References
1592:Metabolism
1508:Propraopus
1474:glyptodont
571:Afrotheria
386:megafaunal
338:armadillos
45:60–0
5364:Xenarthra
5350:Xenarthra
5320:Xenarthra
5258:Primates
5252:(Colugos)
5226:Rodentia
5121:(Hyraxes)
5058:Xenarthra
5045:Placental
4938:Marsupial
4764:Xenarthra
4704:Zhelestes
4682:Sorlestes
4594:Borisodon
4586:Azilestes
4513:Kulbeckia
4441:Simplodon
4329:Adapidium
4302:Wortmania
4281:Ectoganus
4141:Pagonomus
4127:Kochictis
4106:Dyspterna
4085:Chadronia
4036:Amaramnis
4009:Spaniella
4002:Sororodon
3995:Pugiodens
3967:Kopidodon
3953:Fratrodon
3796:Ongghonia
3768:Leptictis
3733:Blacktops
3538:Tsaganius
3481:Maelestes
3467:Gelastops
3417:Avunculus
3403:Alveugena
3338:Daulestes
3284:Remiculus
2897:Synapsida
2882:Synapsida
2846:Kingdom:
2610:0962-8452
2568:0022-2372
2491:0094-8373
2328:206544776
2312:1095-9203
1805:461974285
1723:206544776
1662:741613153
1578:cingulate
1535:pattern.
1498:Dentition
1492:pangolins
1488:aardvarks
1468:Glyptodon
1390:Suborder
1285:: sloths
1281:Suborder
1045:Cingulata
1038:XENARTHRA
656:Cingulata
646:Xenarthra
622:Phylogeny
587:Epitheria
585:), or to
577:), or to
543:Cingulata
525:phylogeny
513:aardvarks
509:pangolins
469:folivores
438:testicles
354:Paleocene
330:anteaters
271:Xenarthra
237:Suborder
231:Suborder
217:Cingulata
195:Xenarthra
151:Kingdom:
145:Eukaryota
5329:Wikidata
5135:Sirenia
5037:Eutheria
4865:Chordata
4859:Animalia
4857:Kingdom
4652:Oxlestes
4637:Lainodon
4564:Alostera
4455:Trogosus
4448:Tillodon
4371:Esthonyx
4343:Basalina
4336:Azygonyx
4169:Thelysia
3974:Merialus
3939:Dulcidon
3886:Nuryctes
3872:Eoryctes
3761:Lainodon
3699:Phakodon
3665:Sikuomys
3489:Naranius
3439:Betonnia
3396:Acmeodon
3255:Bustylus
3162:Juramaia
3019:Eutheria
2997:Eutheria
2963:Eutheria
2951:Mammalia
2936:Mammalia
2860:Mammalia
2854:Chordata
2852:Phylum:
2848:Animalia
2830:Eutheria
2776:16492730
2758:30048561
2698:10856202
2628:25540280
2499:86798959
2448:12547340
2440:27473436
2377:30698751
2320:23393258
2258:84401375
2250:34879616
2199:16515367
2148:17322288
2099:37345734
2058:10856202
1969:11962872
1961:20413907
1887:11487408
1772:21125025
1715:23393258
1598:therians
1554:thoracic
1381:Family †
1347:Family †
1340:Family †
1333:Family †
1283:Folivora
1266:Family †
796:Folivora
616:phenomic
561:Folivora
517:Edentata
446:therians
366:Antilles
362:Cenozoic
326:Americas
233:Folivora
175:Mammalia
165:Chordata
161:Phylum:
155:Animalia
141:Domain:
5377:1308046
5335:Q173612
5300:Mammals
5074:Pilosa
4877:Amniota
4863:Phylum
4844:Extant
4350:Benaius
3431:Batodon
3248:Afrodon
2858:Class:
2767:1413940
2736:Bibcode
2706:4436119
2690:3079219
2619:4298209
2471:Bibcode
2390:evw023.
2368:6445298
2282:Bibcode
2274:Science
2190:1395351
2139:1832088
2066:4436119
2050:3079219
2015:2389354
1995:Bibcode
1878:1088784
1763:2987556
1685:Bibcode
1677:Science
1610:Mylodon
1582:pilosan
1524:dentine
1504:Dasypus
1415:Family
1397:Family
1354:Family
1288:Family
1194:Family
1049:Family
593:within
429:ischium
424:árthron
374:Central
370:Miocene
332:, tree
171:Class:
5390:552289
5286:Portal
5175:(Bats)
4921:Theria
4848:orders
4846:mammal
4064:Bogdia
3120:Eomaia
2866:Theria
2774:
2764:
2756:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2651:
2626:
2616:
2608:
2566:
2523:
2497:
2489:
2446:
2438:
2375:
2365:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2256:
2248:
2197:
2187:
2146:
2136:
2097:
2087:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2013:
1967:
1959:
1922:
1885:
1875:
1829:May 2,
1803:
1793:
1770:
1760:
1721:
1713:
1660:
1650:
1564:Vision
1558:lumbar
1516:enamel
1277:Pilosa
1275:Order
1043:Order
737:Pilosa
611:except
549:Pilosa
533:cohort
444:among
433:sacrum
418:ἄρθρον
403:words
336:, and
334:sloths
314:ἄρθρον
223:Pilosa
221:Order
215:Order
202:, 1889
5416:43524
4134:Oboia
3831:Wania
3754:Labes
2754:JSTOR
2702:S2CID
2686:JSTOR
2495:S2CID
2444:S2CID
2414:(PDF)
2324:S2CID
2254:S2CID
2062:S2CID
2046:JSTOR
2011:JSTOR
1965:S2CID
1894:(PDF)
1853:(PDF)
1719:S2CID
1615:Lujan
1539:Spine
1177:Pichi
412:xénos
406:ξένος
318:clade
310:ξένος
5403:9348
5398:NCBI
5385:ITIS
4727:see
2949:see
2922:see
2895:see
2792:2017
2772:PMID
2694:PMID
2649:ISBN
2624:PMID
2606:ISSN
2564:ISSN
2521:ISBN
2487:ISSN
2436:PMID
2373:PMID
2316:PMID
2308:ISSN
2246:PMID
2195:PMID
2144:PMID
2095:OCLC
2085:ISBN
2054:PMID
1957:PMID
1920:ISBN
1883:PMID
1831:2020
1801:OCLC
1791:ISBN
1768:PMID
1711:PMID
1658:OCLC
1648:ISBN
1620:GABI
1556:and
1490:and
511:and
376:and
348:and
200:Cope
53:PreꞒ
5372:EoL
5359:ADW
2762:PMC
2744:doi
2732:103
2678:doi
2674:156
2614:PMC
2598:doi
2594:282
2554:doi
2479:doi
2426:doi
2422:219
2363:PMC
2355:doi
2298:hdl
2290:doi
2278:339
2236:hdl
2226:doi
2185:PMC
2175:doi
2134:PMC
2126:doi
2038:doi
2034:156
2003:doi
1949:doi
1873:PMC
1865:doi
1861:268
1758:PMC
1750:doi
1701:hdl
1693:doi
1681:339
1604:or
1570:PCR
320:of
292:ɑːr
5435::
5413::
5400::
5387::
5374::
5361::
5346::
5331::
2770:.
2760:.
2752:.
2742:.
2730:.
2726:.
2700:.
2692:.
2684:.
2672:.
2622:.
2612:.
2604:.
2592:.
2588:.
2576:^
2562:.
2550:96
2548:.
2544:.
2507:^
2493:.
2485:.
2477:.
2467:35
2465:.
2442:.
2434:.
2420:.
2416:.
2371:.
2361:.
2351:36
2349:.
2345:.
2322:.
2314:.
2306:.
2296:.
2288:.
2276:.
2252:.
2244:.
2234:.
2222:25
2220:.
2216:.
2193:.
2183:.
2169:.
2165:.
2142:.
2132:.
2122:17
2120:.
2116:.
2093:.
2060:.
2052:.
2044:.
2032:.
2009:.
2001:.
1989:.
1977:^
1963:.
1955:.
1945:35
1943:.
1881:.
1871:.
1859:.
1855:.
1822:.
1799:.
1766:.
1756:.
1746:17
1744:.
1740:.
1717:.
1709:.
1699:.
1691:.
1679:.
1656:.
1634:^
1443:,
1434:,
1425:,
1407:,
1364:,
1325:,
1316:,
1307:,
1298:,
1258:,
1249:,
1240:,
1231:,
1222:,
1213:,
1170:,
1161:,
1152:,
1134:,
1125:,
1116:,
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