870:
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330:, with much of the population wintering further south. The male yellowhammer has a bright yellow head, streaked brown back, chestnut rump, and yellow under parts. Other plumages are duller versions of the same pattern. The yellowhammer is common in open areas with some shrubs or trees, and forms small flocks in winter. Its song has a rhythm like "A little bit of bread and no cheese". The song is very similar to that of its closest relative, the
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239:
605:, may be confused with pine buntings, but they always have a yellow tint to their plumage, a paler rufous rump, and more uniform upperparts than that species. Young and female yellowhammers can be distinguished from cirl buntings by the grey-brown rump of the latter species. Male hybrids with pine buntings are typically white-faced and have some yellow on the head, under parts or
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and is typically well hidden in tussocks, against a bank or low in a bush. It is constructed from nearby plant material, such as leaves, dry grass, and stalks, and is lined with fine grasses and sometimes animal hair. It is 11.5–13 cm (4.5–5.1 in) across with a cup 4–4.5 cm (1.6–1.8 in) deep.
1922:
987:. In eastern Europe, numbers appear to be stable, although the trend in Russia is unknown. Changes to agricultural practices are thought to be responsible for reduced breeding densities. The introduced population in New Zealand has been very successful, with breeding densities much higher than in the UK.
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and breed when aged one year. The males establish territories along hedges or woodland fringes and sing from a tree or bush, often continuing well into July or August. The male displays to the female by raising his wings and running towards her. The nest is built by the female on or near the ground,
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Yellowhammer males learn their songs from their fathers, and over time, regional dialects have developed, with minor differences to the conclusion of the basic song; all are mutually recognised by birds from different areas. Each male has an individual repertoire of song variants within its regional
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The song of the cock yellowhammer is a series of short notes, gradually increasing in volume and followed by one or two more protracted notes. It is often represented as "A little bit of bread and no cheese", and the full version can be confused with the almost identical song of the pine bunting. If
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An old legend links the yellowhammer to the devil. Its tongue was supposed to bear a drop of his blood, and the intricate pattern on the eggs was said to carry a concealed, possibly evil, message; these satanic associations sometimes led to the persecution of the bird. The unusual appearance of the
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poem "The Yellow, Yellow Yorlin'" gets its title from a
Scottish name for the yellowhammer, which is given an obvious sexual connotation: "I met a pretty maid, an' unto her I said,/ 'I wad fain fin' your yellow, yellow yorlin'.' " More factual descriptions of the bird and its behaviour can be found
681:
Most
European yellowhammers winter within their breeding range, only the far north being vacated, although some birds move south of their breeding range in Spain, Italy, and other Mediterranean countries. Distances travelled can be up to 500 km (310 mi) for northern birds. Asian birds are
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estimates the
European population of the yellowhammer to be from 54–93 million individuals, suggesting a Eurasian total of 73–186 million birds. Although the population appears to be in a decline, the decrease is not rapid enough to trigger their vulnerability criteria. The large numbers
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rump, yellow under parts, and white outer tail feathers. The female is less brightly coloured, and more streaked on the crown, breast, and flanks. Both sexes are less strongly marked outside the breeding season, when the dark fringes on new feathers obscure the yellow plumage. The juvenile is much
727:
The yellowhammer is a bird of dry, open country, preferably with a range of vegetation types and some trees from which to sing. It is absent from urban areas, forests, and wetlands. Probably originally found at forest edges and large clearing, it has benefited from traditional agriculture, which
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is usually three to five whitish eggs, typically patterned with a network of fine, dark lines. The eggs average 21 mm × 16 mm (0.83 in × 0.63 in) in size and weigh 2.9 g (0.10 oz), of which 6% is shell. The female incubates the eggs for 12–14 days to
861:. During the first few days, chicks are exclusively fed invertebrate prey, but from day three they are also fed cereal grains, which the chicks can digest efficiently. This is thought to be intentional by the parents to allow the nestlings to adjust their physiology to eating seed.
341:
in a concealed location on or near the ground. The three to five eggs are patterned with a mesh of fine dark lines, giving rise to the old name for the bird of "scribble lark" or "writing lark". The female incubates the eggs for 12–14 days prior to hatching, and broods the
277:
1926:
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Populations have declined in recent decades in western Europe, including the
British Isles, Belgium, the Netherlands, Austria, and Italy. The yellowhammer is a red-list (severely declining) species in Ireland and the UK. In 2016 the species went extinct on the
956:. Males with high parasite levels produced fewer offspring (there is no such effect for females), and tend to be less brightly coloured. The striking plumage of the male may therefore have arisen as a signal of fitness to breed. Yellowhammers infected with
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The adult annual survival rate in the UK is around 54%, and that for juveniles in their first year is 53%. The typical lifespan is three years, although records from Great
Britain and Germany indicate birds surviving more than 13 years.
60:
637:
The pine bunting and yellowhammer are so closely related that each responds to the other's song. The male yellowhammer's song is more attractive to females, and is one reason for the dominance of that species where the ranges overlap.
814:, and grain makes up a significant part of the food consumed in autumn and winter, wheat and oats being preferred to barley. When not breeding, yellowhammers forage in flocks that can occasionally number hundreds of birds, and often
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is slightly smaller and darker than the same sex of the nominate subspecies, and also has more streaking on its back, a greenish tint to the yellow of the head and more chestnut on the flanks. The male of the eastern form,
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Diblíková, Lucie; Pipek, Pavel; Petrusek, Adam; Svoboda, Jiří; Bílková, Jana; Vermouzek, Zdeněk; Procházka, Petr; Petrusková, Tereza (2019). "Detailed large-scale mapping of geographical variation of
Yellowhammer
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Orłowski, G.; Wuczyński, A.; Karg, J.; Grzesiak, W. (2017). "The significance of seed food in chick development re-evaluated by tracking day-to-day dietary variation in the nestlings of a granivorous passerine".
557:
The yellowhammer is a large bunting, 16–16.5 cm (6.3–6.5 in) long, with a 23–29.5 cm (9.1–11.6 in) wingspan; it weighs 20–36.5 g (0.71–1.29 oz). The male of the nominate subspecies
282:
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278:
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598:. Its flanks, undertail and wing bars are usually whiter, and its crown and throat are brighter yellow. Distinguishing females of the three subspecies using plumage features is not usually possible.
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in the breeding season. Changes to agricultural practices have led to population declines in western Europe, but its large numbers and huge range mean that the yellowhammer is classed as being of
574:, which takes at least eight weeks; males acquire more yellow in the plumage each time they moult. Juveniles have a partial moult not long after fledging, replacing the head, body, and some
460:
are also near relatives of the species pair. Where their ranges meet, the yellowhammer and pine bunting interbreed; the yellowhammer is dominant, and the hybrid zone is moving further east.
280:
1627:
Baker, Myron
Charles; Bjerke, Tore K; Lampe, Helene U; Espmark, Yngve O (1987). "Sexual response of female Yellowhammers to differences in regional song dialects and repertoire sizes".
1143:
690:. The yellowhammer has occurred as a vagrant in the United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Kuwait, Morocco, Malta, the Himalayas (winter vagrant from northern Afghanistan to central Nepal), the
61:
2685:
2090:
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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
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in 1862, and soon spread over the main islands. They sometimes visit New
Zealand's subantarctic islands, although rarely staying to breed, and have reached Australia's
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448:, with around 40 members, that are confined to the Old World. Within its genus, the yellowhammer is most closely related to the pine bunting, with which it forms a
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367:
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Ludwig, Martin; Schlinkert, Hella; Holzschuh, Andrea; Fischer, Christina; Scherber, Christoph; Trnka, Alfréd; Tscharntke, Teja; Batáry, Péter (2012).
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The yellowhammer is a conspicuous, vocal, and formerly common country bird, and has attracted human interest. Yellowham Wood and
Yellowham Hill, near
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on a number of occasions. At the beginning of the 20th century, this bunting was seen as a serious agricultural pest in its adopted country.
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11–13 days later. Both adults feed the chick in the nest and raise two or three broods each year. The nest may be raided by rodents or
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and huge breeding range of about 12.9 million km (5 million sq mi), mean that this bunting is classified by the IUCN as being of
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358:. Yellowhammers feed on the ground, usually in flocks outside the breeding season. Their diet is mainly seeds, supplemented by
229:
1588:
Caro, Samuel P; Keulen, Christine; Poncin, Pascal (2009). "Song repertoires in a
Western European population of Yellowhammers
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Messiaen's Interpretations of Holiness and Trinity: Echoes of Medieval Theology in the Oratorio, Organ Meditations, and Opera
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to its diet in the breeding season, particularly as food for its growing chicks. A wide range of species is taken, including
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3188:
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1722:
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24:
2144:
Komdeur, Jan; Hammers, Martin "Failed introductions: finches from outside Australia" in Prins & Gordon (2014) p. 330.
815:
2837:
3119:
479:, which occurs in southeast England and most of Europe east to the northwestern corner of Russia and western Ukraine.
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2626:
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Long, John L. (1981). Introduced Birds of the World. Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia. pp. 21–493
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dialect; females tend to mate with males that share their dialect, and prefer those with the largest repertoires.
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1261:
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114:
905:, although as a ground-nesting bird, its eggs and chicks are vulnerable to predation from small mammals such as
678:, and in most of Ukraine. The Asian range extends into northwest Turkey, the Caucasus, and northern Kazakhstan.
3183:
3178:
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2006:"Avian blood parasite infection during the non-breeding season: an overlooked issue in declining populations?"
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Foraging is mainly on the ground, and the bird's diet consists mainly of seeds. Oily seeds, such as those of
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11–13 days later. Both adults feed the chick in the nest and two or three broods are raised each year.
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to New Zealand and Australia. Most European birds remain in the breeding range year-round, but the eastern
2824:
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Enid Blyton helped to popularize the bird's song as "little bit of bread and no cheese" in books such as
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952:
618:
the final notes are omitted, confusion with the cirl bunting is possible. Other vocalisations include a
209:
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Breeding normally starts in early May, but often in April in the south of the range. Yellowhammers are
662:. It is the commonest and most widespread European bunting, although it is absent from high mountains,
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2017:
1970:
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1957:
Sundberg, Jan (1995). "Parasites, plumage coloration and reproductive success in the Yellowhammer,
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2602:. Vol. 2. Washington, D C & Barcelona: Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions.
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Bowden, Sylvia (2008). "The theming magpie: the influence of birdsong on Beethoven motifs".
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in John Clare's "The Yellowhammer's Nest" and "The Yellowhammer", whose final lines read:
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Bellamy, David (2022). Written at Isle of Man. "Extinct: the Loss of the Yellowhammer
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2005:
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often used birdsong as an inspiration for his music, and the yellowhammer features in
921:. Predation accounted for more than 60% of nest failures in a 2012 survey in Germany.
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is the Italian for a small yellow bird. The English name is thought to have come from
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was actually the work in question. Beethoven also used the yellowhammer theme in two
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Invasion Biology and Ecological Theory: Insights from a Continent in Transformation
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Predation in Vertebrate Communities: The Bialowieza Primeval Forest as a Case Study
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may have lower winter survival rates due to a tendency to having shorter wings.
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Hoyo, Josep del; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A (eds.).
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and northwest Mongolia, and also has isolated populations to the east of the
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Breeding commences mainly in April and May, with the female building a lined
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2290:. Internet Archive. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press.
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1097:, both suggested that the composer got the idea for the first four notes of
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786:, are ignored in favour of more starchy items. Typical food plants include
19:
This article is about the Eurasian bird. For the North American bird, see
2745:
2609:
Olivier Messiaen's System of Signs: Notes Towards Understanding His Music
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Buntings and Sparrows A Guide to the Buntings and North American Sparrows
1413:
1388:
571:
516:
444:
351:
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146:
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2222:
1838:
Glue, David; Morgan, Robert (1972). "Cuckoo hosts in British habitats".
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2004:
Dunn, Jenny C; Goodman, Simon J; Benton, Tim G; Hamer, Keith C (2013).
1990:
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from the yellowhammer's call, although more likely the opening of the
995:
906:
854:
675:
508:
504:
431:, another German word for a bunting, and was first recorded in 1553 as
3080:
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1558:
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helped to popularise the standard English representation of the song.
2788:
2214:
842:
811:
767:
663:
563:
347:
136:
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2722:
2429:
Haughton, Hugh; Phillips, Adam; Summerfield, Geoffrey, eds. (1994).
1982:
1875:"Landscape-moderated bird nest predation in hedges and forest edges"
1387:
Tietze, Dieter Thomas; Wassmann, Christine; Martens, Jochen (2012).
686:, deserting much of the north to winter in Iraq, Iran, and southern
567:
duller and less yellow than the adults, and often has a paler rump.
2904:
2678:
Ageing and sexing by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
670:
and Greece, and low-lying regions of other countries adjoining the
650:
Traditional farmland provides good habitat for nesting and feeding.
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2656:. Vol. 1. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
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Females and juveniles, especially of the pale eastern subspecies,
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275:
70:
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have been found on this bunting, and internal parasites include
925:
609:, but females are usually indistinguishable from yellowhammers.
307:
156:
2726:
2635:
The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes)
1173:
1171:
838:
728:
created extensive open areas with hedges and clumps of trees.
381:, and its characteristic song has influenced musical works by
16:
Passerine bird in the bunting family that is native to Eurasia
2314:
Atkinson, Carter T; Thomas, Nancy J; Hunter, D Bruce (2008).
720:
Populations of yellowhammer have also been introduced to the
468:
There are currently 3 recognised subspecies of yellowhammer:
2412:
Messiaen Perspectives 2: Techniques, Influence and Reception
1046:
503:, 1855) breeds from Russia, central Ukraine and the eastern
2448:
Jedrzejewska, Bogumila; Jedrzejewski, Wlodzimierz (1998).
2652:
Thayer, Alexander Wheelock; Forbes, Elliot, eds. (1991).
1288:
Winkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J.
452:; they have at times been considered as one species. The
2064:"BirdLife International Species factsheet: Yellowhammer
2096:. National Parks & Wildlife Service. Archived from
1515:"Lost British birdsong discovered in New Zealand birds"
562:
has a bright yellow head, heavily streaked brown back,
2091:"Checklist of protected & rare species in Ireland"
2735:
373:This conspicuous yellow bird has inspired poems by
2490:Naturalised Birds of the World (Poyser Monographs)
1389:"Territorial song does not isolate Yellowhammers (
1254:
2576:Prins, Herbert H T; Gordon, Iain J, eds. (2014).
2538:Olsson, Urban; Curson, Jon; Byers, Clive (1995).
1203:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720878A89289181.en
1147:, appearing in four movements of the last piece.
581:Differences between the subspecies are small and
2209:(1903). Musical Times Publications Ltd.: 17–35.
2134:. Douglas: Manx Ornithological Society: 190–211.
1010:England, both derive their names from the bird.
1144:Méditations sur le mystère de la Sainte Trinité
1041:, and wrote a poem called "The Yellow-hammer".
658:between the 16–20 °C (61–68 °F) July
493:, and Great Britain (except southeast England).
1828:Jedrzejewska & Jedrzejewski (1998) p. 282.
1819:Jedrzejewska & Jedrzejewski (1998) p. 272.
1810:Jedrzejewska & Jedrzejewski (1998) p. 250.
1801:Jedrzejewska & Jedrzejewski (1998) p. 257.
972:International Union for Conservation of Nature
368:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1545:song dialects in a citizen science project".
1072:Piano Concerto No. 4 in G major, 1st movement
1020:In early spring, when winds blow chilly cold,
701:Yellowhammers of the British and Irish race,
8:
2470:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
2410:Dingle, Christopher; Fallon, Robert (2013).
909:and other rodents. Nests are also raided by
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1026:With yellow breast and head of solid gold.
1022:The yellowhammer, trailing grass, will come
810:. Grasses are also important, particularly
2723:
2542:. Robertsbridge, East Sussex: Pica Press.
2284:Opie, Iona Archibald; Opie, Peter (1987).
2252:
2250:
1151:eggs also led to the alternative names of
881:Predators of the yellowhammer include the
666:regions, the western Netherlands, most of
489:, 1940) is the form found in Ireland, the
237:
88:
57:
40:
31:
2580:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2557:Porter, Richard; Aspinall, Simon (2011).
2433:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2194:
2192:
2152:
2150:
2039:
2029:
1472:
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1464:
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1412:
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2359:. Hillsdale, New York: Pendragon Press.
1925:. Natural History Museum. Archived from
1678:
1676:
1450:Snow & Perrins (1998) pp. 1648–1651.
1024:To fix a place and choose an early home,
2287:The lore and language of schoolchildren
2274:Dingle & Fallon (2013) pp. 170–171.
2244:Dingle & Fallon (2013) pp. 155–158.
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1167:
1002:wrote two poems about the yellowhammer.
570:After breeding, adults have a complete
2521:Oliver, Walter Reginald Brook (1955).
2516:(in Latin). Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii.
2156:Cocker & Mabey (2005) pp. 460–461.
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1079:
897:. It is not a significant host of the
2600:Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide
1446:
1444:
1442:
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1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
7:
3146:B63503C5-882F-413A-8CCF-6535364BEEE1
3068:84836e31-b807-4ae9-b05f-bf5f45f08d1b
2957:208aef11-1925-4243-becd-45d5f7a6f3cb
1503:Porter & Aspinall (2011) p. 208.
1275:participating institution membership
3169:IUCN Red List least concern species
2637:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1189:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
654:The yellowhammer breeds across the
412:under its current scientific name.
1513:Brown, Georgia (12 January 2017).
877:is a predator of the yellowhammer.
594:, is paler and less streaked than
401:The yellowhammer was described by
14:
2559:Birds of the United Arab Emirates
2338:Enid Blyton's Nature Lover's Book
1521:. Guardian News and Media Limited
1494:Olsson et al. (1995) pp. 111–114.
1476:Olsson et al. (1995) pp. 107–110.
2525:. Auckland: A H & A W Reed.
2316:Parasitic Diseases of Wild Birds
1080:Problems playing this file? See
1062:
113:
2395:. London: Chatto & Windus.
1923:"Distribution of British fleas"
1178:BirdLife International (2016).
354:, and the adults are hunted by
2177:Haughton et al. (1994) p. 139.
1947:Atkinson et al. (2008) p. 401.
1343:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
1058:Piano Concerto 4, 1st movement
674:. It breeds in Russia east to
252: Breeding summer visitor
1:
2383:. London: Whittaker & Co.
1723:British Trust for Ornithology
1641:10.1016/S0003-3472(87)80263-4
1117:(the "Appassionata", Op.57).
1113:(the "Waldstein", Op.53) and
946:. The yellowhammer may carry
334:, with which it interbreeds.
25:Yellowhammer (disambiguation)
2705:"The Yellow, Yellow Yorlin'"
2611:. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate.
2561:. London: Christopher Helm.
2473:. London: Christopher Helm.
2414:. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate.
1745:"European Longevity Records"
1296:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology
3199:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2695:Images and videos at Arkive
2488:Lever, Christopher (2005).
2340:. Chicago: Evans Brothers.
2318:. London: Wiley-Blackwell.
1902:10.1016/j.actao.2012.08.008
1485:Olsson et al. (1995) p. 24.
3215:
2683:Feather images at Ornithos
2654:Thayer's Life of Beethoven
766:, downy chicks until they
585:. On average, the male of
270:Approximate natural range
259: Resident year-round
18:
2717:"The Yellowhammer's Nest"
2598:; Anderton, John (2005).
2467:Jobling, James A (2010).
2391:; Mabey, Richard (2005).
2256:Shenton (2008) pp. 61–63.
1860:10.1080/00063657209476342
1715:[Linnaeus, 1758]"
1262:Oxford English Dictionary
762:hatching, and broods the
711:acclimatisation societies
314:family that is native to
245:
236:
215:
208:
110:Scientific classification
108:
86:
77:
68:
56:
48:
39:
34:
2607:Shenton, Andrew (2008).
2070:. BirdLife International
1661:Rasmussen (2005) p. 552.
1606:10.3161/000164509x464830
1196:: e.T22720878A89289181.
1038:Five Go Off in a Caravan
950:blood parasites such as
709:to New Zealand by local
642:Distribution and habitat
442:contains a single genus
346:downy chicks until they
3194:Birds described in 1758
2355:Bruhn, Siglind (2008).
2031:10.1186/1472-6785-13-30
1369:(subscription required)
1307:(subscription required)
1267:Oxford University Press
1138:La fauvette des jardins
966:Status and conservation
865:Predators and parasites
2631:Perrins, Christopher M
1393:) from Pine Buntings (
1349:10.2173/bow.yellow2.01
1244:Jobling (2010) p. 110.
1235:Jobling (2010) p. 145.
1051:
1029:
1003:
878:
825:The yellowhammer adds
746:
651:
583:geographically gradual
554:
544:
536:
475:(Linnaeus, 1758), the
290:
23:. For other uses, see
3102:Paleobiology Database
2688:14 March 2014 at the
2431:John Clare in Context
2235:Thayer (1991) p. 437.
2186:Blyton (2008) p. 164.
2126:in the Isle of Man".
1670:Oliver (1955) p. 635.
1089:Beethoven's student,
1050:
1033:The Ship of Adventure
1017:
998:
953:Haemoproteus coatneyi
872:
744:
649:
626:alarm, and a trilled
550:
542:
531:
405:in his landmark 1758
286:
266: Winter visitor
3189:Birds of New Zealand
2952:Fauna Europaea (new)
2452:. Berlin: Springer.
2265:Bruhn (2008) p. 144.
2066:Emberiza citrinella
1682:Lever (2005) p. 268.
1414:10.3897/vz.62.e31372
924:Thirteen species of
891:lesser spotted eagle
875:Eurasian sparrowhawk
416:is derived from the
389:. Children's writer
3133:Emberiza-citrinella
2794:emberiza-citrinella
2781:Emberiza_citrinella
2767:Emberiza citrinella
2737:Emberiza citrinella
2596:Rasmussen, Pamela C
2124:Emberiza citrinella
2022:2013BMCE...13...30D
1975:1995Oikos..74..331S
1959:Emberiza citrinella
1894:2012AcO....45...50L
1852:1972BirdS..19..187G
1713:Emberiza citrinella
1590:Emberiza citrinella
1543:Emberiza citrinella
1391:Emberiza citrinella
1265:(Online ed.).
1182:Emberiza citrinella
1132:Catalogue d'oiseaux
818:other buntings and
694:, Iceland, and the
552:Emberiza citrinella
477:nominate subspecies
300:Emberiza citrinella
288:Emberiza citrinella
219:Emberiza citrinella
80:Conservation status
2711:"The Yellowhammer"
2700:Song at Xeno-canto
2492:. London: Poyser.
1594:Acta Ornithologica
1401:Vertebrate Zoology
1341:Birds of the World
1294:Birds of the World
1103:4th Piano Concerto
1052:
1004:
879:
747:
724:and South Africa.
652:
603:E. c. erythrogenys
592:E. c. erythrogenys
555:
545:
537:
497:E. c. erythrogenys
291:
201:E. citrinella
3156:
3155:
3089:Open Tree of Life
2729:Taxon identifiers
2663:978-0-691-02717-3
2644:978-0-19-854099-1
2618:978-0-7546-6168-9
2587:978-1-107-03581-2
2568:978-1-4081-5257-7
2549:978-1-873403-19-8
2523:New Zealand Birds
2499:978-1-4081-2825-1
2480:978-1-4081-2501-4
2459:978-3-540-64138-4
2440:978-0-521-44547-4
2421:978-1-4724-1518-9
2402:978-0-7011-6907-7
2366:978-1-57647-139-5
2347:978-0-237-53568-1
2325:978-0-8138-2081-1
2297:978-0-19-282059-4
2202:The Musical Times
1911:on 26 April 2014.
1781:10.1111/ibi.12410
1559:10.1111/ibi.12621
1273:(Subscription or
1115:No. 23 in F minor
1111:no. 21 in C major
1093:, and biographer
1067:
672:Mediterranean Sea
630:given in flight.
587:E. c. caliginosa
423:, a bunting, and
284:
274:
273:
103:
69:Song recorded in
62:
3206:
3149:
3148:
3136:
3135:
3123:
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3097:
3096:
3084:
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3071:
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3051:
3050:
3038:
3037:
3035:NHMSYS0000530727
3025:
3024:
3012:
3011:
2999:
2998:
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2807:56FB47C05CB7275F
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2463:
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2425:
2406:
2393:Birds Britannica
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2226:
2215:10.2307/25434536
2196:
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2157:
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2110:
2108:
2103:on 28 April 2014
2102:
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1995:
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1904:. Archived from
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1629:Animal Behaviour
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1395:E. leucocephalos
1384:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1332:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1285:
1279:
1278:
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1258:
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1242:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1223:Linnaeus (1758)
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1175:
1121:Olivier Messiaen
1099:his 5th symphony
1069:
1068:
1049:
919:Eurasian magpies
887:northern goshawk
804:common chickweed
796:common knotgrass
722:Falkland Islands
715:Lord Howe Island
703:E. c. caliginosa
692:Balearic Islands
622:contact call, a
596:E. c. citrinella
560:E. c. citrinella
534:E. c. caliginosa
483:E. c. caliginosa
473:E. c. citrinella
438:The bird family
407:10th edition of
285:
267:
265:
260:
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253:
251:
241:
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118:
117:
97:
92:
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51:E. c. citrinella
44:
32:
21:Northern flicker
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3184:Birds of Russia
3179:Birds of Europe
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3076:Observation.org
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2759:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2731:
2707:by Robert Burns
2690:Wayback Machine
2674:
2664:
2651:
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2633:, eds. (1998).
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1983:10.2307/3545664
1956:
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1932:
1930:
1929:on 3 March 2016
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1882:Acta Oecologica
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943:Ascaridia galli
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607:flight feathers
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2672:External links
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1725:. 16 July 2010
1711:"Yellowhammer
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928:in the genera
903:brood parasite
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2098:the original
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1519:The Guardian
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835:grasshoppers
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450:superspecies
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375:Robert Burns
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336:
332:pine bunting
299:
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295:yellowhammer
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187:
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29:
2978:iNaturalist
2761:Wikispecies
2627:Snow, David
2375:Clare, John
2308:Cited texts
2016:(30): 1–9.
2010:BMC Ecology
1600:(1): 9–16.
1362:6 September
1300:6 September
1209:19 November
1091:Carl Czerny
985:Isle of Man
948:haematozoan
937:Dasypsyllus
883:sparrowhawk
831:springtails
524:Description
515:and in the
491:Isle of Man
440:Emberizidae
391:Enid Blyton
177:Emberizidae
3163:Categories
3128:Xeno-canto
1840:Bird Study
1719:Bird Facts
1525:13 January
1277:required.)
1163:References
1082:media help
1008:Dorchester
1000:John Clare
991:In culture
851:earthworms
751:monogamous
707:introduced
656:Palearctic
464:Subspecies
425:citrinella
418:Old German
379:John Clare
324:subspecies
320:introduced
73:, England
2336:(2008) .
2128:Peregrine
1888:: 50–56.
1567:1474-919X
1357:216356773
784:brassicas
764:altricial
732:Behaviour
684:migratory
660:isotherms
513:Black Sea
383:Beethoven
344:altricial
328:migratory
305:passerine
195:Species:
133:Kingdom:
127:Eukaryota
3174:Emberiza
3022:22720878
2996:10583076
2866:bob18570
2830:22720878
2825:BirdLife
2814:BioLib:
2746:Wikidata
2686:Archived
2510:(1758).
2377:(1835).
2223:25434536
2107:27 April
2074:24 April
2050:24011390
1933:25 April
1751:15 April
1747:. EURING
1729:27 April
1649:53147836
1614:84361143
1575:89795507
1423:86210860
737:Breeding
517:Caucasus
445:Emberiza
433:yelambre
414:Emberiza
397:Taxonomy
387:Messiaen
339:cup nest
226:Linnaeus
188:Emberiza
173:Family:
147:Chordata
143:Phylum:
137:Animalia
123:Domain:
100:IUCN 3.1
3141:ZooBank
2970:2491534
2892:yellow2
2853:yellow2
2802:Avibase
2531:1575647
2041:3848531
2018:Bibcode
1991:3545664
1971:Bibcode
1890:Bibcode
1848:Bibcode
1789:4488345
1225:p. 177.
855:spiders
843:beetles
820:finches
816:contain
812:cereals
800:fat hen
778:Feeding
705:, were
676:Irkutsk
509:Siberia
505:Balkans
487:Clancey
421:Embritz
366:by the
352:corvids
316:Eurasia
312:bunting
310:in the
303:) is a
183:Genus:
163:Order:
153:Class:
98: (
3107:368988
3094:828708
3065:NZOR:
3055:NZBO:
3009:179537
2926:EURING
2905:EMBRCT
2789:ARKive
2752:Q26205
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2167:p. 79.
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917:, and
893:, and
859:snails
857:, and
808:yarrow
806:, and
768:fledge
759:clutch
696:Faroes
668:Iberia
664:Arctic
564:rufous
543:Female
348:fledge
264:
257:
250:
3048:37595
2991:IRMNG
2944:97523
2931:18570
2913:EUNIS
2887:eBird
2879:39FSZ
2850:BOW:
2843:70325
2219:JSTOR
2101:(PDF)
2094:(PDF)
1987:JSTOR
1963:Oikos
1909:(PDF)
1878:(PDF)
1785:S2CID
1645:S2CID
1610:S2CID
1571:S2CID
1419:S2CID
1353:S2CID
1271:
926:fleas
911:crows
895:hobby
839:flies
792:docks
628:tirrr
613:Voice
572:moult
532:Male
501:Brehm
429:Ammer
71:Devon
49:Male
3120:6438
3043:NCBI
3017:IUCN
3004:ITIS
2983:9195
2965:GBIF
2918:1023
2900:EPPO
2838:BOLD
2817:9031
2658:ISBN
2639:ISBN
2613:ISBN
2582:ISBN
2563:ISBN
2544:ISBN
2527:OCLC
2494:ISBN
2475:ISBN
2454:ISBN
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2361:ISBN
2342:ISBN
2320:ISBN
2292:ISBN
2109:2014
2076:2014
2046:PMID
1935:2014
1769:Ibis
1753:2014
1731:2014
1563:ISSN
1547:Ibis
1527:2017
1364:2022
1302:2022
1211:2021
1194:2016
1141:and
1035:and
970:The
934:and
907:mice
901:, a
873:The
757:The
745:Eggs
456:and
385:and
377:and
308:bird
293:The
230:1758
157:Aves
3115:TSA
3030:NBN
2874:CoL
2861:BTO
2776:ADW
2211:doi
2207:149
2036:PMC
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1979:doi
1967:742
1961:".
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