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599:, "ordered that the document be completely rewritten. She thought the Bush administration needed something bolder, something that would represent a more dramatic break with the ideas of the past. Rice turned the writing over to her old colleague, University of Virginia Professor Philip Zelikow." One criticism of this document, issued on September 17, 2002, is that it is supposed to have been a significant document in an alleged Bush administration doctrine of
427:. He wrote, "Like Pearl Harbor, the event would divide our future into a before and after. The United States might respond with draconian measures scaling back civil liberties, allowing wider surveillance of citizens, detention of suspects, and the use of deadly force. More violence could follow either future terrorist attacks or U.S. counterattacks. Belatedly, Americans would judge their leaders negligent for not addressing terrorism more urgently."
750:, the event would divide our past and future into a before and after. The United States might respond with draconian measures scaling back civil liberties, allowing wider surveillance of citizens, detention of suspects and use of deadly force. More violence could follow, either future terrorist attacks or U.S. counterattacks. Belatedly, Americans would judge their leaders negligent for not addressing terrorism more urgently."
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in privacy, intelligence, and national security. The Markle Task Force seeks to inform the policy judgments and investments of the federal, state and local governments in the collection and use of information as it relates to national security. The Task Force's reports and recommendations have been codified through two laws (IRPTA 2004 and the
Implementing 9/11 Commission Report Act 2007) and several presidential directives.
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explained, "is akin to
William McNeill's notion of 'public myth' but without the negative implication sometimes invoked by the word 'myth.' Such presumptions are beliefs (1) thought to be true (although not necessarily known to be true with certainty), and (2) shared in common within the relevant political community."
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on the use, and misuse, of history in policymaking. They observed, as
Zelikow noted in his own words, that "contemporary" history is "defined functionally by those critical people and events that go into forming the public's presumptions about its immediate past. The idea of 'public presumption'," he
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outbreak, when the world failed to create a global alliance to fight a global pandemic." (p. 57.) "Judged by its human and economic toll, the COVID-19 pandemic was a global war. More than 20 million people died.... he so-called pandemic playbook prepared by the Obama administration did not actually
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to do it is the hard part. ... The 'how' is the 'craft' in statecraft. Most of what the U.S. government does is distributing money and set rules. Relatively few parts of mount policy operations, especially diplomatic ones. Doing so requires complex teamwork.... The limited supply of effective U.S.
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Danielle Allen • John M. Barry • John
Bridgeland • Michael Callahan • Nicholas A. Christakis • Doug Criscitello • Charity Dean • Victor Dzau • Gary Edson • Ezekiel Emanuel • Ruth Faden • Baruch Fischhoff • Margaret "Peggy" Hamburg • Melissa Harvey • Richard Hatchett • David Heymann • Kendall Hoyt
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in 1914 until
January 1917, US President Woodrow Wilson's primary goal was using American neutrality to broker a peace conference that would end the war. In the first two years neither side was interested in negotiations. However, that changed in late 1916 when, Zelikow argues, both sides were ready
510:
In 2002, Zelikow became the executive director of the Markle Task Force on
National Security in the Information Age. The Task Force comprises a diverse and bipartisan group of experienced policymakers, senior executives from the information technology industry, public interest advocates, and experts
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In writing about the importance of beliefs about history, Zelikow has called attention to what he has called "'searing' or 'molding' events take on 'transcendent' importance and, therefore, retain their power even as the experiencing generation passes from the scene. In the United States, beliefs
685:
Zelikow and May also authored and sponsored scholarship on the relationship between intelligence analysis and policy decisions. Zelikow later helped found a research project to prepare and publish annotated transcripts of presidential recordings made secretly during the
Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon
430:
In
September 2002, a year after 9/11, Zelikow authored, "The National Security Strategy of The United States of America". Outlining the U.S. pre-emptive war doctrine that 6 months later in contravention of U.N. Resolution 1441 would be used against Iraq in an illegal war lasting nearly nine years.
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had succeeded, "the resulting horror and chaos would have exceeded our ability to describe it. Such an act of catastrophic terrorism would be a watershed event in
American history. It could involve loss of life and property unprecedented in peacetime and undermine America’s fundamental sense of
557:, publicized Shaffer's allegations in public statements and hearings. A September 2006 report of the Department of Defense Inspector General found that these allegations were baseless. A further report by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence came to the same conclusion in December 2006.
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In 2014–15, while on leave from the
University of Virginia and working for the Markle Foundation, Zelikow helped lead a Foundation-sponsored group of prominent Americans called "Rework America." The group developed arguments and ideas on how to use the digital revolution to enlarge economic
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who were taking dictatorial control of Germany. Zelikow argues that when Wilson finally did make his peace proposal in January 1917, it was too little and too late, and instead of peace the war escalated. Hindenburg and Ludendorff had convinced the Kaiser that victory was at hand by using
942:• Andrew Kilianski • James Lawler • Alexander J. Lazar • James Le Duc • Marc Lipsitch • Anup Malani • Monique K. Mansoura • Mark McClellan • Carter Mecher • Michael Osterholm • David A. Relman • Robert Rodriguez • Carl Schramm • Emily Silverman • Kristin Urquiza • Rajeev Venkayya •
442:, Zelikow returned to academics at the University of Virginia. In 2011, he was appointed Associate Dean of the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. He has been instrumental in restructuring the College of Arts & Sciences. Also in 2011, Zelikow was appointed by President
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struggle are more recent examples." He has noted that "a history’s narrative power is typically linked to how readers relate to the actions of individuals in the history; if readers cannot make a connection to their own lives, then a history may fail to engage them at all."
523:(National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States), whose work included examination of the conduct of presidents Clinton and George W. Bush and their administrations prior to and on September 11, 2001. Zelikow's prior involvement with the administration of
553:, he failed to have the 9/11 Commission investigate, despite the promise that the Commission would investigate all 9/11 related topics. Able Danger was not included in the Commission's final report. In 2005 and 2006, a member of the House Armed Services Committee, Rep.
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and, as White Burkett Miller Professor of History, held an endowed chair. The Center launched a project to transcribe and annotate the previously secret tapes made during the Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon presidencies. In a presidential oral history project headed by
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It was a remarkable document, a reversal of generations of American military doctrine, which had previously held that the United States would launch a military strike against an enemy only after it had been struck or if American lives were in immediate
714:
was unfit to serve another term, and "To that end, we are firmly convinced that it is in the best interest of our nation that Vice President Joe Biden be elected as the next President of the United States, and we will vote for him."
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administrations (see WhiteHouseTapes.org) and another project to strengthen oral history work on more recent administrations, with both these projects based at the University of Virginia's Miller Center of Public Affairs.
531:, citing the obvious conflict of interest of having previously worked on the Bush transition team. The Commission's Republican chair and Democratic vice-chair strongly defended Zelikow, both at the time and later.
628:, which presents him as an internal critic of the way the war was being conducted in 2005 and 2006, and as an originator of the alternative approach termed "clear, hold, and build." He is named by sources such as
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Zelikow's area of academic expertise is the history and practice of public policy. In addition to the work on German unification, he has been significantly involved in contemporary scholarship on the
486:, and worked on other task forces and commissions as well. He directed the bipartisan National Commission on Federal Election Reform, created after the 2000 election and chaired by former presidents
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658:, quotes Zelikow as predicting that "America's descent into torture will in time be viewed like the Japanese internments", in that "(f)ear and anxiety were exploited by zealots and fools."
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for peace negotiations, if Wilson would be the broker. However, Wilson waited too long, failed to realize the importance of his financial power over Britain, and put mistaken reliance on
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Zelikow has also written about terrorism and national security, including a set of Harvard case studies on "Policing Northern Ireland." In the November–December 1998 issue of
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as an internal critic of the treatment of terrorist captives, and there was wide attention given to an address he made on this subject after leaving office in April 2007.
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603:. However, in the drafting of this document Zelikow had opposed the proposed language using preemption in the context of how to deal with weapons of mass destruction.
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1275:"Able Danger and the 9/11 Attacks." Unclassified Draft Statement by Anthony A. Shaffer, Lt. Col., U.S. Army, House Armed Services Committee, February 15, 2006.
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Based on speeches and internal memos, some political analysts believe that Zelikow disagreed with aspects of the Bush administration's Middle Eastern policy.
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Van Meter, Robert H. "Secretary of State Marshall, General Clay, and the Moscow Council of Foreign Ministers Meeting of 1947: A Response to Philip Zelikow."
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could constitute war crimes. Bush administration officials ignored his recommendations, and tried to collect all copies of the memo and destroy them.
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to the President's Intelligence Advisory Board. Since 2019 he has been Distinguished Visiting Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University.
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502:. This Commission's recommendations led directly to congressional consideration and enactment into law of the Help America Vote Act of 2002.
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Philip Shenon, "The Commission: The Uncensored History of the 9/11 Investigation, (New York: Hachette Book Group USA, 2008), pages 9-14,
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and the director of policy planning at the State Department, drafted an overview of America’s national security strategy following the
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In 2020, Zelikow, along with over 130 other former Republican national security officials, signed a statement that asserted that
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opportunity for all Americans. The group published its ideas in "America's Moment: Creating Opportunity in the Connected Age."
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unrestricted submarine warfare, and moving troops in from the Russian front to smash the French and British front lines.
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To forestall or prevent such hostile acts by our adversaries, the United States will, if necessary, act preemptively.
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In response to the concerns, Zelikow had agreed to recuse himself from any investigation matters pertaining to the
253:
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The ‘Netanyahu doctrine’: The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, and the invasion of Iraq
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about the formation of the nation and the Constitution remain powerful today, as do beliefs about slavery and the
417:, it systematically gathers additional information on the presidencies of Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and Clinton.
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in Vienna, at the State Department's 24-hour crisis center, and on the secretariat staff for Secretary of State
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1154:; 2018, published in Satvinder Juss (ed.), Human Rights and America’s War on Terror (Routledge 2019), pp. 1-28.
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777:, who undermined his proposals by encouraging Britain to stall. Zelikow emphasizes that German Chancellor
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Joffe, Josef (January–February 1996). "Putting Germany Back Together: The Fabulous Bush and Baker Boys".
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In January 2003, Zelikow was appointed executive director of "The 9/11 Commission Report", replacing
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Philip Zelikow, "The Atrophy of American Statecraft: How to Restore Capacity for an Age of Crisis",
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through the standard examination process for the foreign service as a career civil servant. As a
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The Dark Side: The Inside Story of How the War on Terror Turned into a War on American Ideals
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and his having worked in several high level capacities in the George W. Bush administration.
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In November 1998, Zelikow co-authored, "Catastrophic Terrorism: Tackling the New Danger" for
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538:'s transition from the Clinton to Bush administrations, which Zelikow had helped manage.
363:, where he was involved as a senior White House staffer in the diplomacy surrounding the
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Some staff members of the 9/11 Commission distrusted Zelikow, considering him to be a "
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226:; born 21 September 1954) is an American diplomat and international relations scholar.
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In Uncertain Times: American Foreign Policy After the Fall of the Berlin Wall and 9/11
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https://www.amazon.com/reader/0446580759?_encoding=UTF8&ref_=sib_dp_pt#reader-link
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1007:
963:, vol. 103, no. 1 (January/February 2024), pp. 56–72. In practical politics, "Saying
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To Build a Better World: Choices to End the Cold War and Create a Global Commonwealth
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438:. Following an appointment at the Department of State from 2005 to 2007 during the
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As Counselor to Secretary of State Rice, Zelikow opposed the Bush administration
1608: (archived March 1, 2009). Miller Center Report, Winter 1999. Archived from
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Professor of History at the University of Virginia and in the fall of 2009 was
1526:"Philip Zelikow: OLC Interpretation Would Allow Waterboarding of U.S. Citizens"
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281:
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Ashton B. Carter; John Deutch & Philip Zelikow (November–December 1998).
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After practicing law in the early 1980s, Zelikow turned toward the field of
1495:"Former senior Bush official on torture: 'I think what they did was wrong"
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Foreign policy of the Woodrow Wilson administration § Brokering peace
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The Road Less Traveled: The Secret Battle to End the Great War, 1916-1917
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The Road Less Traveled: The Secret Battle to End the Great War, 1916-1917
864:
The Kennedy Tapes: Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis
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was seriously interested in peace, but he had to fend off the demands of
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1469:"The Zelikow Memo: Internal Critique of Bush Torture Memos Declassified"
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American Military Strategy: Memos to a President (Aspen Policy Series)
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Zelikow's role in the second Iraq war is discussed at some length in
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in diplomatic affairs related to the coalition. He co-authored, with
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Zelikow, Philip (2011). "U.S. Strategic Planning in 2001–2002". In
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Most of the following books were also co-written by Zelikow:
27:
American diplomat and international relations scholar (born 1954)
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1382:"The National Security Strategy of the United States of America"
1342:
The Commission: The Uncensored History of the 9/11 Investigation
371:
in Europe. During the first Gulf War, he aided President Bush,
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866:
178:
1308:. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. December 22, 2006.
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Germany Unified and Europe Transformed: A Study in Statecraft
825:
Germany Unified and Europe Transformed: A Study in Statecraft
388:
Germany Unified and Europe Transformed: A Study in Statecraft
803:
Philip Zelikow has co-written many books. He wrote one with
390:(1995), an academic study of the politics of reunification.
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security, as did the Soviet atomic bomb test in 1949. Like
741:, in which they speculated that if the 1993 bombing of the
367:
and the diplomatic settlements accompanying the end of the
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206:
1452:
Rice’s Counselor Gives Advice Others May Not Want to Hear.
1229:
Without Precedent: The Inside Story of the 9/11 Commission
1164:"Zelikow Appointed to Obama's Intelligence Advisory Board"
1622:"Former Republican National Security Officials for Biden"
212:
1291:. Federation of American Scientists. September 18, 2006.
850:
Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis
215:
203:
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policymaking was demonstrated tragically during the
482:
took office, Zelikow was named to a position on the
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1189:, govinfo.library.unt.edu. Accessed April 16, 2024.
922:
Lessons from the Covid War: An Investigative Report
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1345:. New York City: Hachette Book Group USA. p.
1015:Counselor of the United States Department of State
243:counselor of the United States Department of State
57:Counselor of the United States Department of State
1649:"Catastrophic Terrorism: Tackling the New Danger"
1806:United States National Security Council staffers
1286:"DoD Inspector General, "Alleged Misconduct …,""
1244:"Sept. 11 Panel Defends Director's Impartiality"
977:diagram any plays. There was no 'how.'" (p. 64.)
564:mole" in view of his being a close confidant of
519:Zelikow was appointed executive director of the
340:, he served overseas at the U.S. mission to the
1796:People associated with the September 11 attacks
484:President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board
471:In late 2000 and early 2001, Zelikow served on
229:He has worked as the executive director of the
1801:The Fletcher School at Tufts University alumni
1141:, foreignaffairs.com. Accessed April 16, 2024.
1422:. Cornell University Press. pp. 110–116.
1047:Zelikow, Philip D.; Condoleezza Rice (1995).
8:
883:W.W. Norton & Company, 2001, 206 pages,
359:administration, Zelikow was detailed to the
69:February 1, 2005 – January 2, 2007
996:
848:Philip D. Zelikow with Graham T. Allison,
42:
31:
1596:
1594:
1578:"Six Questions for Jane Mayer, author of
1231:. New York: Random House. pp. 28–29.
988:Global Development Program Advisory Panel
919:The Covid Crisis Group (April 25, 2023).
515:Executive director of the 9/11 Commission
458:Zelikow participating in a 2023 panel at
309:Academic and federal government positions
549:project by U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel
1811:University of Houston Law Center alumni
1512:"We Could Have Done This the Right Way"
1039:
575:Rice national security strategy project
393:In 1991, Zelikow left the NSC to go to
1227:Kean, Thomas and Lee Hamilton (2006).
862:Philip D. Zelikow with Ernest R. May,
852:2nd edition Longman, 1999. 440 pages,
587:, a senior aide to Secretary of State
583:(2004), James Mann reports that when
264:Zelikow received a BA in history and
7:
1450:Cooper, Helene and David E. Sanger.
838:; trade paperback, 1997, 520 pages,
321:of national security affairs at the
294:Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy
292:in international relations from the
1019:February 1, 2005 – January 2, 2007
967:to do is the easy part. Designing
813:Why People Don’t Trust Government.
25:
1791:Naval Postgraduate School faculty
1752:collected news and commentary at
673:While at Harvard, he worked with
334:United States Department of State
1602:Thinking About Political History
1524:Eviatar, Daphne (May 13, 2009).
278:University of Houston Law Center
196:
1514:, Newsweek.com, April 25, 2009.
1434:"Still the land of opportunity"
1242:Eggen, Dan (October 14, 2003).
410:Miller Center of Public Affairs
342:conventional arms control talks
280:(where he was an editor of the
235:Miller Center of Public Affairs
1776:Harvard Kennedy School faculty
1467:Blanton, Tom (April 3, 2012).
830:, 1995, hardcover, 520 pages,
529:9/11 Family Steering Committee
404:In 1998, Zelikow moved to the
1:
1816:University of Virginia people
1198:The reports are available at
616:George W. Bush administration
506:Markle Task Force on Security
1626:Defending Democracy Together
1475:. National Security Archives
1053:. Harvard University Press.
729:, he co-authored an article
541:After being informed of the
986:Zelikow is a member of the
527:led to opposition from the
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1530:The Washington Independent
757:
593:September 11, 2001 attacks
450:Commissions and committees
254:American Academy in Berlin
1021:
1012:
1004:
999:
901:Twelve, 2019. 528 pages,
597:national security advisor
566:National Security Adviser
536:National Security Council
378:, and Secretary of State
373:National Security Advisor
361:National Security Council
323:Naval Postgraduate School
185:
107:
62:
50:
41:
1786:Miller Center Affiliates
1703:Zelikow (Documentary by
1688:Diplomacy and Statecraft
1303:"Letter to SSCI members"
867:Harvard University Press
828:Harvard University Press
648:"enhanced interrogation"
462:on the COVID-19 pandemic
1339:Shenon, Philip (2008).
893:Philip D. Zelikow with
819:Philip D. Zelikow with
773:and Secretary of State
338:foreign service officer
1673:(PublicAffairs, 2021).
1139:Catastrophic terrorism
915:(PublicAffairs, 2021).
731:Catastrophic Terrorism
463:
406:University of Virginia
399:Harvard Kennedy School
270:University of Redlands
256:Axel Springer Fellow.
239:University of Virginia
154:University of Redlands
1690:16.1 (2005): 139-167.
764:From the outbreak of
758:Further information:
634:The Terror Presidency
543:Department of Defense
457:
350:Reagan administration
163:University of Houston
1388:. September 17, 2002
1254:on February 12, 2021
754:Peace in World War I
668:Cuban Missile Crisis
467:Bush transition team
415:James Sterling Young
365:German reunification
348:, during the second
327:Monterey, California
250:White Burkett Miller
192:Philip David Zelikow
121:Philip David Zelikow
1455:The New York Times.
1386:The Washington Post
1248:The Washington Post
1207:on January 12, 2010
1201:"National Security"
1000:Government offices
911:Philip D. Zelikow,
879:Philip D. Zelikow,
869:, 1997, 728 pages,
783:Paul von Hindenburg
581:Rise of the Vulcans
440:Bush administration
1755:The New York Times
1711:Scholarly articles
743:World Trade Center
464:
460:Politics and Prose
395:Harvard University
233:, director of the
132:September 21, 1954
1659:on July 27, 2006.
1628:. August 20, 2020
1586:Harper's Magazine
1510:Michael Isikoff,
1356:978-0-446-58075-5
1112:White House Tapes
1031:
1030:
1022:Succeeded by
936:978-1-5417-0380-3
357:George H. W. Bush
319:adjunct professor
315:national security
266:political science
189:
188:
16:(Redirected from
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1674:
1669:Philip Zelikow,
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1660:
1655:. Archived from
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1612:
1600:Philip Zelikow.
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1588:, July 14, 2008.
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1532:. Archived from
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1501:, April 5, 2012.
1493:McGreal, Chris,
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1203:. Archived from
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1116:. Archived from
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1005:Preceded by
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992:Gates Foundation
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895:Condoleezza Rice
821:Condoleezza Rice
787:Erich Ludendorff
779:Bethmann Hollweg
735:Ashton B. Carter
679:Richard Neustadt
595:, Dr. Rice, the
569:Condoleezza Rice
473:President Bush's
384:Condoleezza Rice
355:In 1989, in the
346:George P. Shultz
298:Tufts University
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172:Tufts University
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1681:Further reading
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1653:Foreign Affairs
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1619:
1615:
1606:Wayback Machine
1599:
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1536:on May 26, 2009
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1440:. July 4, 2015.
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1150:Victor Kattan:
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1120:on May 16, 2008
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1076:Foreign Affairs
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1018:
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984:
960:Foreign Affairs
954:
937:
918:
801:
796:
762:
756:
726:Foreign Affairs
721:
712:President Trump
664:
626:State of Denial
618:
609:
577:
551:Anthony Shaffer
521:9/11 Commission
517:
508:
476:transition team
469:
452:
436:Henry Kissinger
423:Foreign Affairs
376:Brent Scowcroft
311:
306:
262:
231:9/11 Commission
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1750:Philip Zelikow
1747:
1741:Philip Zelikow
1738:
1730:Philip Zelikow
1727:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1705:Snowshoe Films
1701:Snowshoe Films
1696:
1695:External links
1693:
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1025:Eliot A. Cohen
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607:Rework America
605:
601:preemptive war
576:
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525:George W. Bush
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480:George W. Bush
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332:He joined the
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1580:The Dark Side
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1187:UNT Biography
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675:Ernest R. May
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656:The Dark Side
653:
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644:Torture Memos
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352:(1985–1989).
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90:Wendy Sherman
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696:World War II
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1457:2006-10-28.
766:World War I
562:White House
555:Curt Weldon
547:Able Danger
492:Gerald Ford
386:, the book
380:James Baker
85:Preceded by
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1632:August 26,
1034:References
805:Joseph Nye
702:, and the
652:Jane Mayer
500:Bob Michel
282:law review
248:He is the
128:1954-09-21
1369:jeopardy.
1211:March 18,
719:Terrorism
692:Civil War
662:Expertise
317:. He was
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268:from the
260:Education
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974:COVID-19
952:Articles
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1745:IMDb
1634:2021
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1542:2009
1481:2014
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1394:2010
1364:2010
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1174:See
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