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and the technocrats. He worried that the provincial party bosses and the heads of the economic ministries had achieved too high a degree of autonomy during the war, when the top leadership realized the urgent necessity of maximum mobilization of human and material resources. The highest priority in the post-war era was physical reconstruction after the massive wartime destruction.
969:. At the 18th Party Congress, Zhdanov noted that "other means apart from repression" could be used to enforce "state and labour discipline". Zhdanov gave a key speech in which he proposed "to abolish mass Party purges... now that the capitalist elements have been eliminated". He declared that the purges had been co-opted by "hostile elements" to "persecute and ruin honest people".
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However, the technocrats had proven amazingly successful during the war in terms of engineering, industrial production, and the development of advanced munitions. Zhdanov sought to use the ideological purification of the party as a vehicle to restore the
Kremlin's political control over the provinces
1216:
were summoned to be lectured by
Zhdanov on why they should avoid "formalism" in music. A persistent story is that Zhdanov played the piano during the conference to demonstrate how music should be written, but years later that story was furiously denied by Shostakovich, who attributed it to "toadies".
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Despite his bullying of
Akhmatova, Shostakovich, Prokofiev and other cultural figures, and the apparent threat that the founding of Cominform posed to peace, Zhdanov is reckoned by many Soviet scholars to have been a "moderate" within the context of the post-war Stalinist regime. The worst events of
1517:
in 1949. She described the
Zhdanov household as imbued with "an inveterate spirit of bourgeois acquisitiveness ... There were trunkloads of possessions ... The place was presided over by Zinaida Zhdanova, the widow, and the ultimate embodiment of this mixture of Party bigotry and the complacency of
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Zhdanov made a political comeback during 1946, when his main rival, Malenkov, temporarily lost his position as a party secretary. For the next two years, he was delegated by Stalin to direct the Soviet Union's cultural policy and to handle relations with the
Eastern European states under or coming
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The same argument that strengthened the technocrats continued to operate, and the united opposition of
Malenkov, the technocrats, the provincial party bosses, and the key ministries doomed Zhdanov's proposals. He therefore pivoted to devote his attention to purification of the arts and culture.
921:
in their purge of the
Leningrad party organisation. During a Central Committee plenum in March 1937, Zhdanov announced that all provincial party secretaries were to be subject to re-election, a device that was used to remove them. Zhdanov was one of the few provincial party leaders in Russia to
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Zhdanovshchina was the emphasis on purified communist ideology developed during the war by
Zhdanov. It emerged from his arguments inside the party hierarchy opposing the pragmatist faction of Georgy Malenkov. Malenkov stressed the universal values of science and engineering, and proposed to
1460:
Zhdanov and his associates further sought to eliminate foreign influence from Soviet art, proclaiming that "incorrect art" was an ideological diversion. This doctrine suggested that the world was split into two opposing camps, namely the "imperialistic", led by the United States; and the
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Beria and
Malenkov zealously sawed away at the chair holding Andrei Zhdanov, the first in line to succeed Stalin. They laid the groundwork for his transfer to the doomed city of Leningrad. No place was found for Zhdanov, Stalin's favourite, even when the State Defence Committee was
897:, who advocated an approach that would make the party a vehicle for political education, ideological agitation and cadre preparation on a mass scale. Zhdanov's encouragement of rank-and-file mobilisation helped create momentum for the Great Terror. Though somewhat less active than
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In
September 1938, Zhdanov was appointed head of the reorganised Central Committee Directorate for Propaganda and Agitation, which brought all branches of the news media and arts under centralised party control. He was also Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the
1457:), defined cultural production in the Soviet Union. Zhdanov intended to create a new philosophy of artistic creation valid for the entire world. His method reduced all of culture to a sort of chart, wherein a given symbol corresponded to a simple moral value.
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recalled that Zhdanov was an alcoholic and that during his last days, Stalin would shout at him to stop drinking and insist on him drinking only fruit juice. Stalin had talked of Zhdanov being his successor, but Zhdanov's ill health gave his rivals in the
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in which he expressed what he called his "personal" view "with which my friends do not agree" that Britain and France did not seriously want a military alliance with the Soviet Union. In retrospect, it was the first public hint of the Soviets signing the
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Our Soviet literature is not afraid of the charge of being "tendentious". Yes, Soviet literature is tendentious, for in an epoch of class struggle there is not and cannot be a literature which is not class literature, not tendentious, allegedly
865:, organised the deportation of 11,702 so-called "Leningrad aristocrats", people who had belonged to the nobility or the middle class before the revolution. They also hunted any current or former party members suspected of having supported
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913:, Zhdanov was a major perpetrator of the Great Terror and personally approved 176 documented execution lists. On a holiday with Stalin in August 1936, he co-signed the telegram that brought about the dismissal of the head of the NKVD,
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in 1947. That meant that he had to spend several months in Helsinki and relinquish his position as head of the Leningrad party organisation, which he had held for nine years, but he was able to leave it in the hands of his ally,
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Zhdanov was the most openly cultured of the leadership group and his treatment of artists was mild by Soviet standards of the time. He even wrote a satirical sketch ridiculing the attack on modernism.
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in September 1947, Zhdanov warned his fellow communists that the world was now split into two hostile camps and that the Cominform was needed to oppose the "frank expansionist programme" of the US.
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At the conclusion of the Congress in March 1939, Zhdanov was promoted to full membership of the Politburo. He was still one of four secretaries of the Central Committee—the others being Stalin,
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The Finnish debacle weakened Zhdanov's political standing. In September 1940 he was removed from direct control of the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee, which was taken over by
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1461:"democratic", led by the Soviet Union. The one sentence that came to define his doctrine was "The only conflict that is possible in Soviet culture is the conflict between good and best".
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1117:. In August 1941, he created a City Defence Council but was ordered by Stalin to disband it. When the siege was lifted, he was not officially given credit for saving the city.
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1522:, as head of its Department of Science and Culture, but was sacked very soon after Stalin's death. That marriage ended in divorce in 1952. They had one daughter, Yekaterina.
1636:'s instigation in 1948 and a monument to Zhdanov was built in the central square of the city. The name reverted to Mariupol in 1989 and the monument was dismantled in 1990.
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Zhdanov, Andrei. Amendments to the Rules of the C.P.S.U.(B.): Report to the Eighteenth Congress of the C.P.S.U.(B.). Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1939.
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and as head of the Central Committee's Propaganda Department. Zhdanov's political standing was undermined during the Second World War due to his association with the
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Groys, Boris. The Total Art of Stalinism: Avant-Garde, Aesthetic Dictatorship, and Beyond. Trans Charles Rougle. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992, p. 40
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in the Soviet administrative elite. Zhdanov's faction said proper ideology trumped science and called for prioritizing political education and ideological purity.
1217:
Zhdanov's cultural policy rested on the Soviets' "critically assimilating the cultural heritage of all nations and all times" to "take what was most inspiring".
710:
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e.g. "Despite his reputation as a hardliner, Zhdanov appears to have been a more moderate influence that Stalin's other top deputies." Hahn, Werner G. (1982).
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941:, went up to him afterwards to vouch for Kodatsky, Zhdanov warned her that such talk "will end badly for you". She was arrested and survived 17 years in the
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Morcom, Shaun. "Enforcing Stalinist Discipline in the Early Years of Post-war Reconstruction in the USSR, 1945–1948." Europe-Asia Studies 68.2 (2016): 318
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Getty, John A. Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933-1938. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, 105, 171
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investigation Zhdanov was one of the accused charged with the 1940 Soviet aggression and forced incorporation of the Baltic states into the USSR.
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In January 1948, he presided over a three-day conference in the Kremlin, to which more than 70 composers, musicians and music critics, including
1494:. That April, many of the persecuted composers were pressed into repenting for displaying formalism in their music in a special congress of the
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Getty, John A. Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933-1938. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, 95
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776:), where his father, Alexander Alekseevich Zhdanov (1860-1909), was a school inspector. His maternal grandfather was the former rector of the
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in 1947. Initially considered the successor-in-waiting to Stalin, Zhdanov suffered from ill health and fell out of favour as a result of the
383:
1168:("The only conflict that is possible in Soviet culture is the conflict between good and best"). In December 1946, he launched the attack on
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In May 1937, he called leaders of the Leningrad party together to tell them that the long-time second secretary of the provincial party,
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Goldman, Wendy Z. Inventing the Enemy: Denunciation and Terror in Stalin's Russia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011, 288-296
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1302:. That infuriated Stalin, who removed Zhdanov from all his posts and replaced him with Malenkov. Zhdanov was soon transferred to a
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14 February] 1896 – 31 August 1948) was a Soviet politician. He was the Soviet Union's "propagandist-in-chief" after the
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1800:
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V. M. Zubok and Konstantin Pleshakov. Inside the Kremlin's Cold War: from Stalin to Khrushchev. Harvard: Harvard UP, 1996, p.136
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V. M. Zubok and Konstantin Pleshakov. Inside the Kremlin's Cold War: from Stalin to Khrushchev. Harvard: Harvard UP, 1996, p.111
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V. M. Zubok and Konstantin Pleshakov. Inside the Kremlin's Cold War: from Stalin to Khrushchev. Harvard: Harvard UP, 1996, p.119
1042:. As the Leningrad party boss and the official overseeing the navy, he had an interest in increasing the Soviet presence in the
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all occurred after Zhdanov was dead. The Leningrad Affair was a brutal purge of Zhdanov's former allies, notably Kuznetsov and
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Fear and the Muse Kept Watch, the Russian Masters - from Akhmatova and Pasternak to Shostakovich and Eisenstein - Under Stalin
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of heart failure. It is possible that his death was the result of an intentional misdiagnosis. Zhdanov was buried in the
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Daniel1 Stotland, "The War Within: Factional Strife and Politics of Control in the Soviet Party State (1944–1948)"
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in November 1939. In December, he signed the treaty between the Soviets and Finnish puppet government, headed by
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in 1915 and quickly rose through the party ranks. A close associate of Stalin, he became a secretary of the
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After the war, Zhdanov was tasked by Stalin with directing cultural policy. His campaign, known as the
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Candidates of the Central Committee of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
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Candidates of the Central Committee of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
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1971:"Analytical list of documents, V. Friction in the Baltic States and Balkans, June 4–21 September 1940"
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because he had been so publicly associated with the failed pact with Hitler. He was excluded from the
1050:. The final peace treaty between Finland and the Soviet Union was signed by Zhdanov on 12 March 1940.
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Members of the Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
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Members of the Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
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Members of the Central Committee of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
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Originating in 1946 and lasting until the late 1950s, Zhdanov's ideological code, known as the
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Candidates of the Politburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
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First Secretary of the Leningrad Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
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had been dispatched to the city in 1941 and implied that they shared the credit with Zhdanov.
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Members of the Secretariat of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
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Members of the Secretariat of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
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Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 1947–1951
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Telegram of German Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Schulenburg) to the German Foreign Office
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In June 1948, Stalin sent Zhdanov to the Cominform meeting in Bucharest. Its purpose was to
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Members of the Politburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
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between Finland and the Soviet Union was signed on 4 September 1944, Zhdanov directed the
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Members of the Orgburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
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Members of the Orgburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
1947:
International Policy Formation in the USSR: Factional 'Debates' during the Zhdanovshchina
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as Stalin's deputy in the party apparatus and appeared to be his most likely successor.
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980:—but Malenkov was not a member of the Politburo, which meant that Zhdanov had replaced
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740:. He died of heart failure in 1948, resulting in a rise in the political fortunes of
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2283:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: (translated by Priscilla Johnson) Penguin. p. 172.
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1088:(GOKO), which directed the war effort and was initially controlled by Malenkov and
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Postwar Soviet Politics, The Fall of Zhdanov and the Defeat of Moderation, 1946-53
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Postwar Soviet Politics: The Fall of Zhdanov and the Defeat of Moderation, 1946-53
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celebrated the lifting of the Siege of Leningrad, it emphasised that Malenkov and
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1970:
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The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932-1939
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from July 1938 to June 1947 and from 1938 he was on the military council of the
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Maxim Gorky; Karl Radek; Nikolai Bukharin; Andrey Zhdanov; et al. (1977).
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in December 1934, when he succeeded Kirov as first secretary of the Leningrad (
788:, graduated from an officers' school and served in the reserves. He joined the
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674:. Zhdanov was considered Stalin's most likely successor but died before him.
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Soviet Writers' Congress 1934, The Debate on Socialist Realism and Modernism
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the bourgeois woman." In 1952, Yuri Zhdanov was raised to membership of the
1400:
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824:, in February 1934, when he was transferred to Moscow as a secretary of the
820:
Zhdanov's first major promotion came at the end of the 17th Congress of the
793:
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1298:, but Zhdanov took a more restrained line than his co-delegate and rival,
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Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
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724:, was strictly enforced and led to the denouncement of artists including
270:
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Senior Secretary of Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1255: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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917:, who was accused, among other failings, of having impeded Zhdanov and
828:, responsible for ideology. In that capacity, he inserted his protégé,
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First Secretary of the Leningrad Regional Committee of the Soviet Union
54:
17:
1321:
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666:, and was responsible for developing the Soviet cultural policy, the
298:
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On Stalin's Team: The Years of Living Dangerously in Soviet Politics
1383:. The most notable survivor of that purge was future Prime Minister
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1080:, an ally of his rival Malenkov. He was undermined further by the
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853:) provincial party and was co-opted as a candidate member of the
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soviet in 1923. From 1924 to 1934, he was first secretary of the
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committee of the Bolsheviks. He was a political commissar in the
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under communist control. He formulated what became known as the
858:
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Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
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Zhdanov's second great promotion followed the assassination of
1719:Энциклопедия Всемирная история (Encyclopedia of World History)
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First secretaries of the Gorky Regional Committee of the CPSU
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The nature of Stalin's dictatorship: the Politburo, 1928-1953
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17th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
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18th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
2077:. Ithaca, NY; London: Cornell University Press. p. 77.
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Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
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Stalin's final years, such as the rift with Yugoslavia, the
1328:, in one of the twelve individual tombs located between the
125:
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
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Second Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
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Soviet Culture and Power, A History in Documents, 1917-1953
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Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"
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Lewin, Moshe. The Soviet Century. London: Verso, 2016, 129
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promote the technological experts to the highest positions
2268:. Carlton: Melbourne University Press. pp. 191–194.
1014:, 1939 (Standing from left to right are Andrei Zhdanov,
1034:
Zhdanov was very publicly associated with the decision
697:. In 1939, he was promoted to full membership of the
2308:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
1834:"Сталинские списки - Сталинские расстрельные списки"
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Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
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Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
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1689:Жизнь Замечательных Людей (Lives of Notable People)
1480:", respectively writing for the literary magazines
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857:. Early in 1935, he and the head of the Leningrad
885:Zhdanov and Stalin at the funeral of Sergei Kirov
693:. He would go on to play a major role during the
1880:The Great Terror, Stalin's Purge of the Thirties
709:. Nevertheless, he played a leading role in the
685:in 1934, and later that year he was promoted to
2299:The Life and Times of Andrei Zhdanov, 1896-1948
1750:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 34.
1464:This cultural policy became strictly enforced,
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838:
1744:Rees, Edward Arfon (2003). Rees, E. A. (ed.).
1354:Soviet postage stamp with the image of Zhdanov
1010:The Soviet leadership signs a treaty with the
670:, which remained in effect until the death of
3604:Recipients of the Order of Kutuzov, 1st class
3599:Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class
3046:
2878:
2710:
2492:
636:
8:
2301:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
1893:Katerina Clark, and Evgeny Dobrenko (2007).
987:On 29 June 1939, he had a signed article in
956:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
362:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
1949:. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon. p. 14.
922:remain in post throughout the Great Purge.
689:party chief following the assassination of
219:15 December 1934 – 17 January 1945
3053:
3039:
3031:
2885:
2871:
2863:
2717:
2703:
2695:
2499:
2485:
2477:
2331:
2025:. New York: Harper Colophon. p. 267.
752:Zhdanov was born on 26 February [
647:[ɐnˈdrʲejɐlʲɪkˈsandrəvʲɪdʑˈʐdanəf]
114:10 February 1934 – 31 August 1948
85:
65:
3594:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
2170:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell U.P. p. 20.
2023:The Time of Stalin, Portrait of a Tyranny
1271:Learn how and when to remove this message
1109:, Zhdanov took a leading role during the
792:in 1915. In 1917, he was chairman of the
137:21 March 1939 – 6 September 1940
3654:Head of Propaganda Department of CPSU CC
2432:Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Russia
2319:Newspaper clippings about Andrei Zhdanov
2016:
2014:
1853:J.Arch Getty, and Oleg V.Naumov (1999).
1193:around the world. At a famous speech at
1857:. New Haven: Yale UP. pp. 425–28.
1667:
1046:at the expense of Finland, Estonia and
603:
535:
500:
3734:Burials at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis
1632:, was renamed Zhdanov in his honor at
1513:(1919–2006) married Stalin's daughter
1067:United States House of Representatives
1057:to supervise the establishment of the
732:. He also oversaw the creation of the
2242:. Cambridge University Press. p. 117.
929:, and the former Mayor of Leningrad,
645:
7:
2123:. New York: New Press. p. 267.
1981:from the original on 21 October 2019
1772:from the original on 4 December 2023
1593:Medal "For the Defence of Leningrad"
1253:adding citations to reliable sources
965:His rise coincided with the fall of
869:or the former Leningrad party boss,
179:15 July 1938 – 20 June 1947
3644:Chairmen of the Soviet of the Union
2459:Chairman of the Soviet of the Union
1897:. New Haven: Yale UP. p. 148.
1882:. London: Penguin. pp. 325–26.
1540:(March 15, 1935, February 25, 1946)
1082:German invasion of the Soviet Union
822:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
784:. In 1914, he was drafted into the
121:Propaganda and Agitation Department
30:For the Soviet epidemiologist, see
2091:from the original on 30 April 2023
1320:Zhdanov died on 31 August 1948 in
1063:its annexation by the Soviet Union
1059:Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
1053:In June 1940, Zhdanov was sent to
34:. For the Russian footballer, see
25:
2196:Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar
2048:Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar
2021:Antonov-Ovseyenko, Anton (1983).
1582:Order of the Red Banner of Labour
3589:Recipients of the Order of Lenin
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
2679:
2678:
2156:. Yale University Press. p. 104.
2046:Montefiore, Simon Sebag (2005).
1795:. London: Lawrence and Wishart.
1617:
1607:
1597:
1587:
1576:
1565:
1554:
1543:
1531:
1229:
804:and was elected chairman of the
520:
490:
483:
474:
467:
460:
453:
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437:
430:
423:
366:
354:
342:
330:
2523:All-Russian Congress of Soviets
1562:, 1st class (February 21, 1944)
1240:needs additional citations for
3639:Censorship in the Soviet Union
3510:Governors of Saint Petersburg
1715:"Жданов, Андрей Александрович"
1685:"Жданов, Андрей Александрович"
1221:Fall from power and later life
889:Zhdanov has been described by
756:14 February] 1896 in
532:Central institution membership
165:Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
1:
3629:People from Mariupolsky Uyezd
3563:indicate acting officeholders
3075:Saint Petersburg Governorate
3062:Governors of Saint Petersburg
2279:Alliluyeva, Svetlana (1968).
1092:. According to the historian
933:, had been arrested. When an
629:Andrei Aleksandrovich Zhdanov
584:1925–1930: Candidate member,
544:1934–1939: Candidate member,
261:Andrei Aleksandrovich Zhdanov
43:Eastern Slavic naming customs
27:Soviet politician (1896–1948)
1945:Ra'anan, Gavriel D. (1983).
812:provincial party committee.
600:Other political offices held
2518:Central Executive Committee
2323:20th Century Press Archives
2304:Shiela Fitzpatrick (2015).
1646:Engineers of the human soul
1573:, 1st class (July 29, 1944)
1012:Finnish Democratic Republic
974:Andrey Andreyevich Andreyev
782:Moscow Commercial Institute
638:Андрей Александрович Жданов
36:Andrei Zhdanov (footballer)
3755:
2684:Heads of state of the USSR
2281:Twenty Letters to a Friend
1442:
1343:
1313:
1185:In 1947, he organised the
1182:which he held until 1948.
1156:
778:Moscow Theological Academy
766:Yekaterinoslav Governorate
711:Soviet takeover of Estonia
501:Several others (see below)
279:Yekaterinoslav Governorate
268:14 February] 1896
41:In this name that follows
40:
29:
3624:Politicians from Mariupol
3568:Mayor of Saint Petersburg
3556:
3207:
2674:
2465:
2456:
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2418:
2408:
2399:
2391:
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2374:
2366:
2356:
2347:
2339:
2334:
1878:Conquest, Robert (1971).
1496:Union of Soviet Composers
1468:writers, artists and the
1126:Allied Control Commission
637:
622:
613:Allied Control Commission
528:
247:
212:
172:
130:
107:
96:
84:
75:
3649:Great Purge perpetrators
2335:Party political offices
2297:Kees Boterbloem (2004).
2229:(2015) 42#3 pp 343-369.
2152:Jonathan Haslam (2011).
1839:12 February 2021 at the
1141:. In January 1945, when
658:; 26 February [
573:1930–1948: Full member,
537:1939–1948: Full member,
76:
3634:Soviet colonel generals
3348:Provisional Government
3166:P. Golenishchev-Kutuzov
3131:M. Golenishchev-Kutuzov
2238:Richard Stites (1992).
2071:Werner G. Hahn (1982).
1549:Order of the Red Banner
1375:, and the anti-Semitic
1326:Kremlin Wall Necropolis
1289:Kremlin Wall Necropolis
1086:State Defense Committee
996:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
893:as a key figure in the
877:Role in the Great Purge
834:Union of Soviet Writers
707:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
319:Kremlin Wall Necropolis
3566:The office was called
2507:Heads of state of the
2240:Soviet Popular Culture
2191:Simon Sebag Montefiore
2119:McSmith, Andy (2015).
1628:Zhdanov's birthplace,
1355:
1291:
1287:Zhdanov's tomb in the
1103:
1094:Anton Antonov-Ovseenko
1031:
886:
843:
832:, as secretary of the
264:26 February [
2949:Grigory Ordzhonikidze
2842:Alexander Shcherbakov
1756:10.1057/9780230524286
1363:, the show trials in
1353:
1286:
1009:
949:After the Great Purge
884:
830:Aleksandr Shcherbakov
611:1944-1947: Director,
605:1946–1947: Chairman,
1662:Notes and references
1392:Khrushchev Remembers
1249:improve this article
998:three months later.
780:. He studied at the
715:defense of Leningrad
3398:Executive Committee
2832:Nikolai Voznesensky
2796:Nikolai Voznesensky
2586:(1943–1944, acting)
2008:. 14 December 1953.
1515:Svetlana Alliluyeva
1492:Dmitri Shostakovich
1381:Nikolai Voznesensky
1334:Moscow Kremlin Wall
1202:Dmitri Shostakovich
1153:Post-war ascendancy
1040:Otto Wille Kuusinen
730:Dmitri Shostakovich
677:Zhdanov joined the
607:Soviet of the Union
562:1934–1948: Member,
551:1934–1948: Member,
167:of the Russian SFSR
2944:Vyacheslav Molotov
2939:Valerian Kuybyshev
2914:Kliment Voroshilov
2771:Vyacheslav Molotov
2746:Kliment Voroshilov
2419:Political offices
2262:Sheila Fitzpatrick
1526:Honours and awards
1474:Mikhail Zoshchenko
1439:Cultural standards
1356:
1296:condemn Yugoslavia
1292:
1214:Nikolai Myaskovsky
1174:Mikhail Zoshchenko
1147:Vyacheslav Molotov
1134:Paris Peace Treaty
1111:Siege of Leningrad
1078:Georgy Aleksandrov
1032:
1028:Vyacheslav Molotov
1016:Kliment Voroshilov
911:Kliment Voroshilov
899:Vyacheslav Molotov
887:
703:Soviet–Finnish War
592:Central Committee
581:Central Committee
158:Georgy Aleksandrov
3719:Anti-revisionists
3576:
3575:
3244:Saint Petersburg
3151:Lobanov-Rostovsky
3070:Governors General
3028:
3027:
3020:Nikita Khrushchev
2985:Grigory Petrovsky
2973:Candidate members
2860:
2859:
2815:Candidate members
2781:Nikita Khrushchev
2692:
2691:
2475:
2474:
2466:Succeeded by
2439:Succeeded by
2409:Succeeded by
2382:Succeeded by
2357:Succeeded by
2154:Russia's Cold War
2130:978-1-59558-056-6
2084:978-1-5017-4339-9
1904:978-0-300-10646-6
1651:Socialist realism
1412:Nikita Khrushchev
1396:Nikita Khrushchev
1330:Lenin's Mausoleum
1281:
1280:
1273:
1210:Aram Khachaturian
1191:communist parties
1071:Kersten Committee
1036:to invade Finland
826:Central Committee
802:Russian Civil War
738:Tito–Stalin split
683:Central Committee
626:
625:
498:
497:
16:(Redirected from
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3041:
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2934:Stanislav Kosior
2919:Lazar Kaganovich
2887:
2880:
2873:
2864:
2847:Nikolai Bulganin
2827:Nikolai Shvernik
2801:Nikolai Bulganin
2756:Lazar Kaganovich
2719:
2712:
2705:
2696:
2682:
2681:
2649:Chairmen of the
2561:Chairmen of the
2516:Chairmen of the
2501:
2494:
2487:
2478:
2449:Preceded by
2424:Preceded by
2395:Lazar Kaganovich
2392:Preceded by
2367:Preceded by
2360:Alexey Kuznetsov
2340:Preceded by
2332:
2285:
2284:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2266:On Stalin's Team
2258:
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2018:
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1734:
1732:
1730:
1721:. Archived from
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1695:on 31 March 2018
1691:. Archived from
1681:
1675:
1672:
1621:
1611:
1601:
1591:
1580:
1571:Order of Kutuzov
1569:
1560:Order of Suvorov
1558:
1551:(March 21, 1940)
1547:
1535:
1451:Zhdanov Doctrine
1445:Zhdanov Doctrine
1361:Leningrad affair
1346:Leningrad Affair
1276:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1233:
1225:
1206:Sergei Prokofiev
1195:Szklarska Poręba
1166:Zhdanov Doctrine
1159:Zhdanov Doctrine
1139:Alexey Kuznetsov
1122:Moscow Armistice
1115:Second World War
982:Lazar Kaganovich
907:Lazar Kaganovich
871:Grigory Zinoviev
851:Saint Petersburg
806:Tver Governorate
668:Zhdanov Doctrine
664:Second World War
657:
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508:Military service
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350:Russian Republic
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252:Personal details
242:Alexey Kuznetsov
238:
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189:Post established
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147:Post established
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3322:von der Launitz
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3245:
3240:Gradonachalniks
3234:
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3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3121:von Buxhoeveden
3076:
3073:
3064:
3059:
3029:
3024:
2995:Jānis Rudzutaks
2990:Pavel Postyshev
2980:Anastas Mikoyan
2968:
2959:Anastas Mikoyan
2924:Mikhail Kalinin
2909:Andrey Andreyev
2897:
2891:
2861:
2856:
2837:Georgy Malenkov
2822:Lavrentiy Beria
2810:
2791:Georgy Malenkov
2786:Lavrentiy Beria
2766:Anastas Mikoyan
2761:Mikhail Kalinin
2741:Andrey Andreyev
2729:
2723:
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2688:
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2556:
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2511:
2505:
2471:
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2452:Andrey Andreyev
2444:
2442:Mikhail Tarasov
2435:
2427:
2414:
2412:Georgy Malenkov
2405:
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2292:Further reading
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2227:Russian History
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2000:"The Iron Heel"
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1841:Wayback Machine
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1725:on 14 June 2018
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1538:Orders of Lenin
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1447:
1441:
1420:
1408:Georgy Malenkov
1404:Lavrentiy Beria
1348:
1342:
1318:
1312:
1300:Georgy Malenkov
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1246:
1234:
1223:
1179:Kultura i zhizn
1161:
1155:
1090:Lavrentiy Beria
1004:
978:Georgy Malenkov
951:
919:Leonid Zakovsky
879:
863:Leonid Zakovsky
818:
816:Party secretary
810:Nizhny Novgorod
750:
742:Georgy Malenkov
705:and the failed
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91:Zhdanov in 1945
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3126:von der Pahlen
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3015:Nikolai Yezhov
3012:
3007:
3005:Andrei Zhdanov
3002:
2997:
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2987:
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2231:
2218:
2209:
2183:
2176:
2158:
2145:
2136:
2129:
2111:
2102:
2083:
2063:
2057:978-1400076789
2056:
2038:
2031:
2010:
1992:
1962:
1955:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1903:
1885:
1870:
1863:
1845:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1801:
1783:
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1736:
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1626:
1625:
1615:
1605:
1595:
1585:
1574:
1563:
1552:
1541:
1527:
1524:
1509:Zhdanov's son
1506:
1503:
1478:Anna Akhmatova
1470:intelligentsia
1455:zhdanovshchina
1440:
1437:
1419:
1418:Zhdanovshchina
1416:
1385:Alexei Kosygin
1373:Czechoslovakia
1341:
1338:
1311:
1308:
1279:
1278:
1237:
1235:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1170:Anna Akhmatova
1154:
1151:
1003:
1000:
967:Nikolai Yezhov
950:
947:
939:Dora Lazurkina
927:Mikhail Chudov
915:Genrikh Yagoda
878:
875:
841:non-political.
817:
814:
770:Russian Empire
749:
746:
726:Anna Akhmatova
722:Zhdanovshchina
624:
623:
620:
619:
616:
615:
609:
599:
598:
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593:
582:
571:
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435:
428:
417:
413:
412:
407:
403:
402:
397:
393:
392:
381:
377:
376:
338:Russian Empire
327:
323:
322:
316:
312:
311:
296:(aged 52)
292:31 August 1948
290:
286:
285:
283:Russian Empire
260:
258:
254:
253:
249:
248:
245:
244:
239:
233:
232:
227:
221:
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210:
209:
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197:
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161:
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139:
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128:
127:
116:
115:
105:
104:
98:
97:
94:
93:
90:
82:
81:
73:
72:
70:Andrei Zhdanov
69:
51:Aleksandrovich
32:Viktor Zhdanov
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3751:
3740:
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3660:
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3413:
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3408:
3406:
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3400:
3397:
3389:
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3375:
3372:
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3367:
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3339:
3333:
3330:
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3325:
3323:
3320:
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3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3281:Loris-Melikov
3278:
3276:
3275:
3274:Romeyko-Gurko
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3248:
3241:
3237:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
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3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
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3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2954:Joseph Stalin
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
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2876:
2874:
2869:
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2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:Joseph Stalin
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2701:
2700:
2697:
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2677:
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2673:
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2647:
2640:
2637:
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2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
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2595:
2592:
2589:
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2585:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2564:
2559:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2502:
2497:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2470:
2469:Ivan Parfenov
2461:
2460:
2453:
2447:
2443:
2434:
2433:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2390:
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2365:
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2328:
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2307:
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2300:
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2291:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2205:1-4000-4230-5
2202:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2177:0-8014-1410-5
2173:
2169:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2032:0-06-039027-1
2028:
2024:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1956:0-208-01976-6
1952:
1948:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1864:0-300-07772-6
1860:
1856:
1849:
1846:
1843:(in Russian).
1842:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1784:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1740:
1737:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1661:
1657:
1656:Doctors' plot
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1634:Joseph Stalin
1631:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1476:and the poet
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1377:Doctors' plot
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1347:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1316:Doctors' plot
1309:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1285:
1275:
1272:
1264:
1261:November 2022
1254:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1238:This section
1236:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1107:Georgy Zhukov
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1024:Otto Kuusinen
1021:
1020:Joseph Stalin
1017:
1013:
1008:
1001:
999:
997:
992:
991:
985:
983:
979:
975:
970:
968:
963:
961:
957:
948:
946:
944:
940:
936:
935:Old Bolshevik
932:
931:Ivan Kodatsky
928:
923:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
903:Joseph Stalin
900:
896:
892:
891:J. Arch Getty
883:
876:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
842:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
815:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
762:Mariupol uezd
759:
755:
747:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
672:Joseph Stalin
669:
665:
661:
654:
648:
634:
630:
621:
614:
610:
608:
604:
591:
587:
583:
580:
576:
572:
569:
565:
561:
558:
554:
550:
547:
543:
540:
536:
527:
523:
518:
515:
511:
506:
503:
502:
493:
489:
486:
482:
481:
477:
473:
470:
466:
463:
459:
456:
452:
451:
447:
443:
440:
436:
433:
429:
426:
422:
421:
418:
414:
411:
410:Civil servant
408:
404:
401:
398:
394:
390:
385:
382:
378:
375:
363:
351:
339:
328:
324:
320:
317:
315:Resting place
313:
309:
304:
300:
291:
287:
284:
280:
276:
275:Mariupol uezd
272:
267:
259:
255:
250:
246:
243:
240:
234:
231:
228:
222:
216:
211:
208:
204:
201:
198:
192:
188:
182:
176:
171:
168:
162:
159:
156:
150:
146:
140:
134:
129:
126:
122:
117:
111:
106:
103:
99:
95:
88:
83:
78:Андрей Жданов
74:
67:
64:
60:
56:
53: and the
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
3567:
3560:
3543:Poltavchenko
3530:
3512:(since 1991)
3419:
3279:
3272:
3181:Khrapovitsky
3161:Miloradovich
3010:Robert Eikhe
3004:
2929:Sergei Kirov
2902:Full members
2750:
2734:Full members
2658:
2582:
2542:
2509:Russian SFSR
2457:
2430:
2400:
2375:
2370:Sergei Kirov
2348:
2343:Sergei Kirov
2305:
2298:
2280:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2247:
2239:
2234:
2226:
2221:
2212:
2194:
2186:
2167:
2161:
2153:
2148:
2139:
2120:
2114:
2105:
2095:27 September
2093:. Retrieved
2073:
2066:
2047:
2041:
2022:
2003:
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1974:
1965:
1946:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1894:
1888:
1879:
1873:
1854:
1848:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1802:085315-401-5
1792:
1786:
1774:. Retrieved
1746:
1739:
1727:. Retrieved
1723:the original
1718:
1709:
1697:. Retrieved
1693:the original
1688:
1679:
1670:
1627:
1508:
1500:
1487:
1481:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1391:
1389:
1357:
1319:
1293:
1267:
1258:
1247:Please help
1242:verification
1239:
1199:
1184:
1177:
1162:
1142:
1119:
1104:
1099:
1075:
1069:' 1953–1954
1052:
1033:
988:
986:
971:
964:
952:
924:
888:
867:Leon Trotsky
847:Sergei Kirov
844:
839:
819:
786:Russian army
751:
721:
719:
691:Sergei Kirov
676:
628:
627:
559:Secretariat
499:
386:(1915–1918)
374:Soviet Union
308:Soviet Union
303:Russian SFSR
294:(1948-08-31)
237:Succeeded by
230:Sergei Kirov
214:
195:Succeeded by
174:
153:Succeeded by
132:
119:Head of the
109:
63:
58:
50:
3619:1948 deaths
3614:1896 births
3395:(1924-1991)
3387:(1917-1924)
3254:(1914–1917)
3246:(1873–1914)
3146:Vyazmitinov
3101:von Münnich
3077:(1703–1873)
3000:Vlas Chubar
2964:Vlas Chubar
2896:(1934–1939)
2728:(1939–1952)
2667:(1990–1991)
2641:(1988–1990)
2635:(1985–1988)
2629:(1966–1985)
2623:(1962–1966)
2617:(1959–1962)
2605:(1950–1959)
2599:(1946–1950)
2593:(1944–1946)
2579:(1938–1944)
2553:(1919–1938)
2544:Vladimirsky
2539:(1917–1919)
2050:. Vintage.
1729:15 December
1699:15 December
1505:Family ties
1105:Along with
1030:is seated).
960:Soviet Navy
895:Great Purge
800:during the
695:Great Purge
391:(1918–1948)
326:Nationality
225:Preceded by
185:Preceded by
143:Preceded by
55:family name
3583:Categories
3538:Matviyenko
3460:Spiridonov
3455:Zamchevsky
3393:Leningrad
3385:Petrograd
3383:Chairs of
3327:Drachevsky
3252:Petrograd
2639:Vorotnikov
2463:1946–1947
2436:1938–1947
2406:1939–1948
2379:1934–1948
2354:1934–1945
1776:4 December
1765:1403904014
1443:See also:
1344:See also:
1314:See also:
1304:sanatorium
1157:See also:
1120:After the
1044:Baltic Sea
790:Bolsheviks
748:Early life
679:Bolsheviks
548:Politburo
541:Politburo
406:Occupation
47:patronymic
3714:Stalinism
3500:Shelkanov
3490:Gerasimov
3485:Dumachyov
3435:Andrianov
3425:Kuznetsov
3369:Schreider
3343:Petrograd
3341:Heads of
3312:D. Trepov
3263:F. Trepov
3086:Menshikov
2563:Presidium
1488:Leningrad
1466:censoring
1401:Politburo
1187:Cominform
1101:revamped.
1065:. In the
855:Politburo
794:Shadrinsk
734:Cominform
699:Politburo
687:Leningrad
215:In office
175:In office
133:In office
110:In office
3526:Yakovlev
3495:Gidaspov
3480:Solovyov
3465:Rodionov
3445:Alexeyev
3410:Zinoviev
3364:Rogovsky
3359:Yurevich
3317:Dedyulin
3302:Kleigels
3297:von Wahl
3201:Levashov
3191:Ignatyev
3156:Balashov
3136:Kamensky
3116:Arkharov
3106:Golitsyn
3091:Apraksin
2591:Shvernik
2537:Sverdlov
2264:(2015).
2193:(2003).
2089:Archived
1979:Archived
1837:Archived
1770:Archived
1640:See also
1630:Mariupol
1365:Bulgaria
1332:and the
798:Red Army
758:Mariupol
570:Orgburo
396:Children
384:RSDLP(b)
321:, Moscow
271:Mariupol
3561:Italics
3521:Sobchak
3475:Aristov
3450:Ignatov
3420:Zhdanov
3405:Trotsky
3374:Kishkin
3292:Gresser
3287:Baranov
3196:Suvorov
3186:Shulgin
3176:Kavelin
3141:Tolstoy
3096:Sapieha
2665:Yeltsin
2659:Zhdanov
2621:Ignatov
2615:Organov
2609:Ignatov
2603:Tarasov
2577:Badayev
2551:Kalinin
2531:Kamenev
2521:of the
2325:of the
2321:in the
1985:3 March
1369:Hungary
1132:to the
1130:Finland
1113:in the
1055:Estonia
1002:Wartime
774:Ukraine
633:Russian
123:of the
59:Zhdanov
18:Zhdanov
3548:Beglov
3532:Beglov
3440:Kozlov
3430:Popkov
3350:(1917)
3346:under
3307:Fullon
2661:(1938)
2627:Yasnov
2611:(1959)
2597:Vlasov
2584:Vlasov
2533:(1917)
2203:
2174:
2127:
2081:
2054:
2029:
1953:
1901:
1861:
1799:
1762:
1483:Zvezda
1410:, and
1340:Legacy
1322:Moscow
1212:, and
1143:Pravda
1048:Latvia
990:Pravda
976:, and
635::
566:&
555:&
416:Awards
389:VKP(b)
371:
359:
347:
335:
299:Moscow
45:, the
3470:Popov
3415:Kirov
3268:Zurov
3171:Essen
3111:Bruce
2633:Orlov
1310:Death
943:gulag
772:(now
3332:Balk
3250:and
2567:the
2426:None
2201:ISBN
2172:ISBN
2125:ISBN
2097:2022
2079:ISBN
2052:ISBN
2027:ISBN
2005:Time
1987:2007
1951:ISBN
1899:ISBN
1859:ISBN
1797:ISBN
1778:2023
1760:ISBN
1731:2020
1701:2020
1536:Two
1511:Yuri
1486:and
1371:and
1172:and
1061:and
1022:and
909:and
859:NKVD
754:O.S.
728:and
713:and
660:O.S.
643:IPA:
590:15th
588:and
586:14th
579:17th
577:and
575:16th
568:18th
564:17th
557:18th
553:17th
546:17th
539:18th
513:Rank
400:Yuri
289:Died
266:O.S.
257:Born
3390:and
3242:of
2327:ZBW
1752:doi
1390:In
1251:by
1128:in
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3072:of
2565:of
2199:.
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2013:^
2002:.
1977:.
1973:.
1768:.
1758:.
1717:.
1687:.
1498:.
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1394:,
1387:.
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945:.
937:,
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861:,
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717:.
641:,
305:,
301:,
281:,
277:,
273:,
3054:e
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2872:v
2718:e
2711:t
2704:v
2500:e
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2207:.
2180:.
2133:.
2099:.
2060:.
2035:.
1989:.
1959:.
1907:.
1867:.
1805:.
1780:.
1754::
1733:.
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1274:)
1268:(
1263:)
1259:(
1245:.
631:(
61:.
38:.
20:)
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