551:), the fact that one didn't need to load through the whole barrel allowed for the use of rifling in a standard-issue front-line military weapon (as opposed to weapons issued in small numbers to elite troops such as sharpshooters). In order for rifling to work, the projectile must fit very snugly in the barrel, which makes it harder and slower to ram the bullet down the barrel. Once fired, black powder builds up thick fouling very quickly, which makes the gun even harder to load; a typical muzzle-loading rifle couldn't be fired more than 3–4 times before requiring cleaning, or the bullet would be impossible to force down the barrel on loading, even with the mallet typically issued to riflemen to aid in forcing the bullet through the rifling while loading after the first two shots. This fact is why soldiers were still issued smoothbore muskets firing loose-fitting round balls, long after the merits of rifling were known; rifles simply couldn't be loaded fast enough for use in open-field combat, even though they were far more effective shot-for-shot. The loose fit of a musket ball allowed for faster loading, even after fouling built up, but also made adding rifling useless, since it wouldn't work without a tight-fitting projectile. With a breech-loader, a tight-fitting projectile can be used, as it doesn't have to be forced down the barrel, which allows the use of rifling as well as a fast rate of fire. This fact means that even a breechloader that only achieved the same rate of fire as a muzzle-loading musket would still be superior to the musket, as the breechloader could be rifled and the musket couldn't, although in fact, breechloaders generally also had a greater rate of fire.
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made possible by his focus on using carefully machined components to form a seal, but still allowing enough tolerance for the breech to be opened easily. While precisely machined for the time, the technology of the day didn't allow for tolerances close enough to make a satisfactory seal, which was also one of the biggest hindrances to the creation of a successful revolver until some years later. The Hall rifle offered a significant increase in rate of fire over muzzleloading rifles and muskets (mostly due to the fact that one didn't have to manipulate the long, awkward ramming-rod every time one loaded). However, the design suffered from the gas leakage around the interface of the separate chamber and the bore (much as gases escape from the gap between cylinder and barrel of a revolver), resulting in the necessity of a heavier powder charge that still produced much less muzzle velocity than its muzzleloading competition. No serious efforts were made to develop a seal to reduce the loss of gas from the breech. The penetrating ability of its .52 in (13 mm) caliber ball for the rifle was only one third of that of the muzzleloaders, and the muzzle velocity of the carbine was 25 percent lower than that of the Jenks "Mule Ear" carbine, despite having similar barrel lengths and identical 70 gr (4.5 g) powder charges.
547:. In essence, the weapon was still loaded front to back, but without the need to ram the charge all the way from the muzzle, similar in concept to loading a cylinder of an early cap-and-ball (percussion) revolver. One could also think of it as similar to loading a short barreled, single shot muzzle-loading "horse pistol", which then hinges down behind an extra several feet of barrel, avoiding the need for extracting the long ram-rod from its underbarrel rings, rotating it so the ramming head faced the muzzle, ramming the charge down the barrel, extracting the rod, flipping it again, and then returning it to its holding rings. With the short chamber, a simple hand-held tool could be used to easily and quickly seat the bullet onto the charge. More importantly, as with all breechloaders (and muzzle-loaders, prior to the invention of the
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be that some were issued to the Escort
Squadron of Buenos Aires, and others to the infantry. One can be seen at the Museo de Armas de la NaciĂłn (establishing that it was used in the war for National Organization between 1852 and 1862). In 1812, there was a Hall rifle in the Artillery Park, not of the same system, but of the original 1811 flintlock model, perhaps a handful of them entered the country (approximately ten), then disappearing from the Park in that same period.
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The Buenos Aires State Forces acquired (perhaps around 1854, when the US cavalry began to replace it with the Sharps) a small amount (probably no more than 50), to be used in the fight against the
Confederacy and the Indians, remaining in use until 1881, always by the forces of Buenos Aires. It may
528:, with a second run in 1836–1837. Barrel length was reduced to 21 in (530 mm) in 1840, and a "fishtail" breech lever design credited to U.S. Army Captain James Huger was also introduced for the next 7,000 carbines, including the M1842 carbine, the final "regulation design" of the series.
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The development was primarily the work of Hall, who had been working on a design in the first two decades of the 19th century, receiving critical patents during the time. The work caught the interest of Army, which led to the contract at the end of the latter decade. The breech-loading design was
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The
Sartoris carbine, based on the earlier Crespi breech-loader, was an almost identical design issued in limited numbers to the British army from 1817–1825. The brass trigger guard also served as a handle to slide the barrel forward, and the breech pivoted upwards to enable loading in a similar
535:-Edward Savage breech lever. 11,000 Hall-North carbines were manufactured with a 21 in (530 mm), .52 in (13 mm) caliber barrel. The Hall production line at Harper's Ferry closed in 1844, but between 1843 and 1846, 3,000 M1843 carbines were also manufactured by Simeon North.
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Thousands of rifles were made, though the troops and many leaders preferred the simplicity and lower costs of muzzle-loaded weapons. However, the advantages were clear, and breech-loading designs would grow to dominate rifle procurement after the
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design was produced beginning in 1833, using a smoothbore barrel of 23 in (580 mm) in length. It had an overall length of 43 in (1,100 mm), weighed 8 lb (3.6 kg), and was the first
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601:, and along with inventing this weapon, he invented many machines, paving the way for uniform manufacturing of weapons with interchangeable parts. The ruins of his shops are still visible today.
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The original flintlock model of the Hall rifle had a 32.5 in (830 mm) barrel rifled with 16 "clockwise" (right-hand) grooves, making a full rotation in 96 in (2,400 mm). The
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The back several inches of the barrel (the chamber) is a separate piece that pivots upwards from the front for reloading, similar in concept to the later
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was 10.25 lb (4.65 kg). The rifle fired a .525 in (13.3 mm) ball weighing 220 gr (14 g) (one-half ounce), using a 100 gr (6.5 g)
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389:. This was the first breech-loading rifle to be adopted in large numbers by any nation's army, but not the first breech-loading military rifle – the
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firearm adopted by the U.S. Army. The following year, a carbine in .69 in (18 mm) caliber was introduced for the
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rifles which were still prevalent until the Civil War. The early flintlocks were mostly converted to percussion ignition.
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when the user looked down the muzzle of the firearm. Overall length was 52.5 in (1,330 mm), and weight without
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563:. Many of the lessons learned by Hall would benefit designers of the next generation of breech-loaders such as the
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Sharps M1848, M1850, M1851, M1852, M1853, M1855, M1859, M1863, M1865 carbine and rifle
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charge and 10 gr (0.65 g) of fine powder primer (flintlock versions only).
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manner to contemporary muzzle loading pistols. Sartoris' design was tested on many
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ignition systems. The years of production were from the 1820s to the 1840s at the
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and a regulation cavalry carbine, and at least one sporting gun was converted to
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was reamed to a depth of 1.5 in (38 mm), creating the illusion of a
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James 24-pounder M1839, 32-pounder M1829 and 42-pounder M1841 rifled cannon
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fire at a 100 yards (91 m) target for ten minutes at their own speed.
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Parrott 30-pounder, 100-pounder, 200-pounder and 300-pounder rifled cannon
590:; however, by this time, many rifles were worn out over 30 years of use.
697:"Historical Firearms - the Sartoris Breech-loading System in March 1817"
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1502:(also known as James 6-pounder M1861 or 3.8-inch M1861 rifled cannon)
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377:. It used a pivoting chamber breech design and was made with either
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As part of the process, Hall built his own shops and machinery at
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various: 48 to 60 inches (1,200 to 1,500 mm) (conversions)
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680:"Unidades y armas durante el sitio de Buenos Aires de 1880"
586:, and in other, smaller conflicts. Some saw service in the
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Joslyn M1855, M1861, M1862, M1864, M1865 carbine and rifle
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8-inch M1841, 10-inch M1841 and 13-inch M1861 mortar
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Paper with .69 inches (18 mm) Ball (conversion)
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46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
397:. The Hall rifle remained overshadowed by common
1216:Spencer M1860, M1865 repeating carbine and rifle
416:inspectors conducted trials by having a 38-man
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454:Army-issue muzzle-loading smoothbore muskets
8:
890:Allen & Thurber M1837 revolver pepperbox
842:M1850 army staff & field officer's sword
393:was used briefly by the British Army in the
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955:Deringer M1825 Philadelphia caplock pistol
827:M1840 army noncommissioned officer's sword
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747:An article on the Hall rifle, with drawing
293:.525 inches (13.3 mm) Ball (original)
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1729:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1819
1043:Wesson and Leavitt M1850 Dragoon revolver
1000:Remington M1860 Elliot revolver pepperbox
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
626:. One of these rare guns is part of the
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278:21–23 inches (530–580 mm) (carbine)
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905:Butterfield M1855 transitional revolver
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1527:Parrott 20-pounder M1861 rifled cannon
1522:Parrott 10-pounder M1861 rifled cannon
1479:12-pounder M1857 Napoleon field cannon
263:52.5 inches (1,330 mm) (original)
1376:Billinghurst Requa Battery volley gun
1095:Colt M1855 revolver carbine and rifle
7:
1499:James 14-pounder M1861 rifled cannon
965:Harpers Ferry M1836 and M1842 pistol
867:USMC noncommissioned officer's sword
44:adding citations to reliable sources
1512:Ordnance 3-inch M1861 rifled cannon
1015:Smith & Wesson Model No. 2 Army
895:Allen & Wheelock M1861 revolver
1595:Whitworth 70-pounder rifled cannon
1542:Whitworth 12-pounder rifled cannon
1474:12-pounder M1841 mountain howitzer
1206:Sharps & Hankins M1862 carbine
1090:Charleville M1816 and M1822 musket
960:Elgin M1838 cutlass caplock pistol
342:800–1,500 yards (730–1,370 m)
14:
1019:Spiller & Burr M1861 revolver
788:Weapons of the American Civil War
276:32.7 inches (830 mm) (rifle)
1005:Savage-North M1861 Navy revolver
645:Rifles in the American Civil War
339:Effective firing range
232:14,000 Hall-North M1843 carbines
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20:
1517:Ordnance 4.5-inch rifled cannon
1271:Springfield M1863 rifled musket
1266:Springfield M1861 rifled musket
1261:Springfield M1855 rifled musket
1080:Brunswick P1836 and P1841 rifle
1033:Volcanic M1855 repeating pistol
752:The breech of Hall rifle opened
31:needs additional citations for
1441:Coehorn 5.82-inch M1841 mortar
1291:Wesson M1859 carbine and rifle
1286:Volcanic M1855 repeating rifle
1023:Starr M1858 and M1863 revolver
222:
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900:Beaumont–Adams M1862 revolver
1464:6-pounder M1841 field cannon
1384:Gatling I and II machine gun
1196:Richmond M1861 rifled musket
910:Colt M1836 Paterson revolver
1709:Rifles of the United States
1256:Springfield M1847 musketoon
1145:Henry M1860 repeating rifle
1110:Enfield P1853 rifled musket
1105:Deringer M1817 Common rifle
1100:Deringer M1814 Common rifle
920:Colt M1848 Dragoon revolver
847:M1852 naval officer's sword
837:M1840 light artillery saber
578:The Halls were used in the
435:Percentage striking target
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1162:Lorenz M1854 rifled musket
1010:Smith & Wesson Model 1
945:Colt M1862 Police revolver
925:Colt M1849 Pocket revolver
915:Colt M1847 Walker revolver
819:M1832 foot artillery sword
395:American Revolutionary War
305:.525 inches (13.3 mm)
230:13,684 regulation carbines
1704:American Civil War rifles
1699:Guns of the American West
1489:32-pounder M1844 howitzer
1484:24-pounder M1841 howitzer
1469:12-pounder M1841 howitzer
980:Lefaucheux M1858 revolver
975:Lefaucheux M1854 revolver
857:M1860 light cavalry saber
282:
253:10.25 lb (4.6 kg) (rifle)
150:Place of origin
130:
1565:Bomford Columbiad cannon
1251:Springfield M1842 musket
1246:Springfield M1840 musket
1241:Springfield M1835 musket
1236:Springfield M1822 musket
1231:Springfield M1816 musket
1226:Springfield M1812 musket
1221:Springfield M1795 musket
1140:Harper Ferry M1803 rifle
1135:Hall-North M1843 carbine
1120:Fayetteville M1862 rifle
995:Remington M1858 revolver
950:Colt Root M1855 revolver
940:Colt M1861 Navy revolver
935:Colt M1860 Army revolver
930:Colt M1851 Navy revolver
240:several carbine variants
1590:Rodman Columbiad cannon
1325:Double-barreled shotgun
1177:Mississippi M1841 rifle
1115:Enfield P1861 musketoon
492:Hall-rifle. breech open
307:.69 inches (18 mm)
255:8 lb (3.6 kg) (carbine)
1125:Gallager M1861 carbine
1085:Burnside M1855 carbine
1048:Whitney M1857 revolver
1028:Tranter M1856 revolver
493:
468:Muzzle-loading rifles
330:Rate of fire
1494:Blakely rifled cannon
1404:Vandenberg volley gun
1296:Whitworth P1857 rifle
1281:Tarpley M1863 carbine
1172:Merrill M1858 carbine
1167:Maynard M1851 carbine
1070:Augustin M1842 musket
630:collection in Leeds.
491:
387:Harpers Ferry Arsenal
334:8–9 rounds per minute
1570:Brooke rifled cannon
1537:Pate revolver cannon
1409:Williams machine gun
1394:Pate revolver cannon
1330:Hale rocket launcher
1191:Potzdam M1831 musket
1038:Walch M1859 revolver
990:Moore M1864 revolver
985:LeMat M1856 revolver
885:Adams M1851 revolver
580:Mexican–American War
575:(1860), and others.
526:Regiment of Dragoons
195:Argentine Civil Wars
187:Mexican–American War
40:improve this article
1658:Maynard tape primer
1380:Claxton machine gun
1276:Starr M1858 carbine
1211:Smith M1857 carbine
1075:Ballard M1861 rifle
970:Kerr M1855 revolver
832:M1840 cavalry saber
823:M1833 dragoon saber
721:Historical Firearms
375:Harpers Ferry M1803
1714:Single-shot rifles
1399:Ripley machine gun
1389:Gorgas machine gun
1363:Rapid fire weapons
804:Arkansas toothpick
614:arms, including a
588:American Civil War
494:
484:Production history
414:United States Army
409:Comparative trials
362:was a single-shot
201:Production history
191:American Civil War
55:"M1819 Hall rifle"
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1557:Coastal artillery
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669:(March 2009) p.82
666:American Rifleman
624:Alexander Forsyth
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1575:Carronade cannon
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1371:Ager machine gun
1353:Winans Steam Gun
1182:P1839 and P1842
1130:Hall M1819 rifle
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347:Feed system
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1580:Dahlgren cannon
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391:Ferguson rifle
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364:breech-loading
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245:Specifications
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147:
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137:
136:
128:
127:
117:
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113:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1741:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
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1717:
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1712:
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1707:
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1697:
1696:
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1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:Canister shot
1641:
1639:
1638:Buck and ball
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:and equipment
1614:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
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1583:
1581:
1578:
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1573:
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1549:
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1540:
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1528:
1525:
1523:
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1505:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
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1487:
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1477:
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1465:
1462:
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1457:
1452:
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1434:
1433:
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1400:
1397:
1395:
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1387:
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1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:Rains grenade
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:Adams grenade
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:Other weapons
1303:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
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1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
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1189:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1175:
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1165:
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1160:
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1155:
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1148:
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1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
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1063:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
882:
880:
878:
874:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
852:M1860 cutlass
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
799:
797:
796:Edged weapons
793:
789:
782:
777:
775:
770:
768:
763:
762:
759:
753:
750:
748:
745:
744:
740:
733:
728:
725:
722:
717:
714:
711:
706:
703:
698:
692:
689:
681:
675:
672:
668:
667:
660:
657:
650:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
633:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
604:
602:
600:
595:
591:
589:
585:
581:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
556:
552:
550:
546:
538:
536:
534:
529:
527:
523:
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
490:
483:
476:
473:
470:
467:
466:
462:
459:
456:
453:
452:
448:
445:
442:
439:
438:
434:
431:
429:Rounds fired
428:
425:
424:
421:
419:
415:
408:
406:
404:
403:muzzleloading
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
365:
361:
352:
351:Breech-loaded
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
316:
314:
310:
304:
302:
298:
292:
290:
286:
281:
275:
272:
268:
262:
258:
252:
248:
243:
239:
235:
228:23,500 rifles
227:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
196:
192:
188:
184:
181:
177:
174:
170:
169:United States
167:
163:
158:
155:
154:United States
152:
148:
145:
142:
138:
134:
129:
122:
110:
107:
99:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
1719:Early rifles
1183:
1150:
1149:Jenks M1841
1129:
727:
716:
705:
691:
674:
664:
659:
608:
605:Similar guns
596:
592:
577:
565:Sharps rifle
557:
553:
542:
530:
514:
510:black powder
495:
440:Hall rifles
432:Targets hit
412:
359:
357:
324:(conversion)
273: length
165:Used by
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
814:Bowie knife
710:Cables Farm
616:Baker rifle
573:Henry rifle
545:kammerlader
533:Henry North
225: built
217:1820s–1840s
183:Indian Wars
1693:Categories
1663:Minié ball
1613:cartridges
1609:Ammunition
1184:Brown Bess
651:References
640:Needle gun
582:, against
549:Minie ball
502:smoothbore
96:March 2014
66:newspapers
1653:Gunpowder
1628:.44 Henry
1623:.22 Short
1419:Artillery
1315:Coach gun
612:flintlock
561:Civil War
379:flintlock
318:Flintlock
289:Cartridge
173:Argentina
1348:Sea mine
1151:Mule ear
877:Sidearms
634:See also
571:(1860),
567:(1848),
237:Variants
214:Produced
206:Designed
1428:Mortars
1153:carbine
1062:muskets
809:Bayonet
620:caplock
522:caplock
517:carbine
506:bayonet
426:Weapon
399:muskets
301:Caliber
80:scholar
1678:Ramrod
1186:musket
1058:Rifles
539:Action
498:muzzle
443:1,198
313:Action
271:Barrel
260:Length
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
1552:Naval
1451:Field
683:(PDF)
367:rifle
144:Rifle
118:Rifle
87:JSTOR
73:books
1060:and
515:The
477:33%
474:164
471:494
463:25%
460:208
457:845
449:36%
446:430
401:and
358:The
250:Mass
209:1811
179:Wars
140:Type
59:news
1554:and
1453:and
622:by
381:or
223:No.
42:by
1695::
1611:,
171:,
780:e
773:t
766:v
699:.
685:.
320:/
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
