Knowledge

Multi-commodity flow problem

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can be modeled as an integer minimum cost multi-commodity flow problem: Values produced by instructions are source nodes, values consumed by instructions are sink nodes and registers as well as stack slots are edges.
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Add: Jean-Patrice Netter, Flow Augmenting Meshings: a primal type of approach to the maximum integer flow in a multi-commodity network, Ph.D dissertation Johns Hopkins University, 1971
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otherwise (i.e. "single path routing"). Find an assignment of all flow variables which satisfies the following four constraints:
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are generalizations of all flow problems. That is, any flow problem can be viewed as a particular circulation problem.
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S. Even and A. Itai and A. Shamir (1976). "On the Complexity of Timetable and Multicommodity Flow Problems".
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Even, S.; Itai, A.; Shamir, A. (1975). "On the complexity of time table and multi-commodity flow problems".
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In the decision version of problems, the problem of producing an integer flow satisfying all demands is
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https://web.archive.org/web/20130306031532/http://typo.zib.de/opt-long_projects/Software/Mcf/
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The minimum cost variant of the multi-commodity flow problem is a generalization of the
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If fractional flows are allowed, the problem can be solved in polynomial time through
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with multiple commodities (flow demands) between different source and sink nodes.
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Proceedings of the thirteenth annual ACM-SIAM symposium on Discrete algorithms
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Multicommodity flow is applied in the overlay routing in content delivery.
2372:"Faster approximation schemes for fractional multicommodity flow problems" 2292: 2165:, even for only two commodities and unit capacities (making the problem 639:
The sum of all flows routed over a link does not exceed its capacity.
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16th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (SFCS 1975)
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Ahuja, Ravindra K.; Magnanti, Thomas L.; Orlin, James B. (1993).
2335:(3rd ed.). MIT Press and McGraw–Hill. p. 862. 1396:
is the attempt to route flows such that the utilization
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in case the flow can be split among multiple paths, and
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would be approached via multi-commodity flow formulas.
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Network Flows. Theory, Algorithms, and Applications
773:The amount of a flow entering an intermediate node 2115: 2095: 2064: 2009: 1874: 1841: 1778: 1693: 1660: 1587: 1461: 1423: 1377: 1188: 999: 785: 759: 625: 564: 503: 470: 449: 406: 378: 349: 321: 293: 220: 161: 140: 104: 66: 2200:Papers by Clifford Stein about this problem: 1598:The problem can be solved e.g. by minimizing 1013:A flow must exit its source node completely. 8: 2355:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1661:{\displaystyle \sum _{u,v\in V}(U(u,v))^{2}} 1239: 1221: 1202:A flow must enter its sink node completely. 1050: 1032: 830: 812: 620: 608: 2202:http://www.columbia.edu/~cs2035/papers/#mcf 2178:fully polynomial time approximation schemes 294:{\displaystyle \,K_{i}=(s_{i},t_{i},d_{i})} 2108: 2088: 2056: 2046: 2035: 2029: 1996: 1968: 1958: 1947: 1896: 1890: 1856: 1854: 1798: 1791:minimum cost multi-commodity flow problem 1743: 1738: 1709: 1679: 1673: 1652: 1609: 1603: 1556: 1528: 1518: 1507: 1500: 1477: 1436: 1401: 1354: 1341: 1313: 1297: 1278: 1250: 1245: 1210: 1200:(4) Flow conservation at the destination: 1171: 1152: 1124: 1102: 1089: 1061: 1056: 1021: 991: 978: 953: 925: 897: 869: 841: 836: 801: 778: 730: 702: 692: 681: 676: 647: 584: 579: 577: 523: 518: 516: 485: 483: 464: 462: 426: 421: 419: 398: 393: 391: 372: 370: 341: 336: 334: 313: 308: 306: 282: 269: 256: 240: 235: 233: 212: 193: 180: 174: 155: 153: 119: 117: 79: 45: 43: 221:{\displaystyle K_{1},K_{2},\dots ,K_{k}} 2403:Algorithmic Nuggets in Content Delivery 2218: 771:(2) Flow conservation on transit nodes: 626:{\displaystyle \,f_{i}(u,v)\in \{0,1\}} 2348: 2176:, or through (typically much faster) 2083:(in which there is merely one source 7: 2065:{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{k}d_{i}} 2022:maximum multi-commodity flow problem 1011:(3) Flow conservation at the source: 2245:(PhD). Carnegie Mellon University. 1389:Corresponding optimization problems 1842:{\displaystyle a(u,v)\cdot f(u,v)} 1711: 1212: 1023: 963: 960: 957: 954: 803: 649: 16:Network flow problem (mathematics) 14: 2136:Routing and wavelength assignment 793:is the same that exits the node. 565:{\displaystyle \,f_{i}(u,v)\in } 967: 952: 2206:Software solving the problem: 1986: 1974: 1940: 1928: 1909: 1897: 1869: 1857: 1836: 1824: 1815: 1803: 1773: 1761: 1726: 1714: 1649: 1645: 1633: 1627: 1579: 1567: 1546: 1534: 1494: 1482: 1450: 1438: 1418: 1406: 1366: 1347: 1326: 1314: 1303: 1284: 1263: 1251: 1177: 1158: 1137: 1125: 1114: 1095: 1074: 1062: 943: 931: 910: 898: 887: 875: 854: 842: 754: 742: 720: 708: 664: 652: 602: 590: 559: 547: 541: 529: 498: 486: 444: 432: 288: 249: 135: 123: 93: 81: 61: 49: 1: 1882:. You then need to minimize 457:defines the fraction of flow 450:{\displaystyle \,f_{i}(u,v)} 414:is its demand. The variable 21:multi-commodity flow problem 2445: 2370:George Karakostas (2002). 2332:Introduction to Algorithms 2075:Relation to other problems 1462:{\displaystyle (u,v)\in E} 105:{\displaystyle (u,v)\in E} 2266:SIAM Journal on Computing 2241:Koes, David Ryan (2009). 2081:minimum cost flow problem 141:{\displaystyle \,c(u,v)} 67:{\displaystyle \,G(V,E)} 2140:optical burst switching 1875:{\displaystyle \,(u,v)} 1694:{\displaystyle U_{max}} 504:{\displaystyle \,(u,v)} 407:{\displaystyle \,d_{i}} 350:{\displaystyle \,t_{i}} 322:{\displaystyle \,s_{i}} 2117: 2097: 2066: 2051: 2011: 1963: 1876: 1849:for sending a flow on 1843: 1780: 1695: 1662: 1589: 1523: 1463: 1425: 1424:{\displaystyle U(u,v)} 1379: 1190: 1001: 787: 761: 697: 627: 566: 505: 472: 451: 408: 380: 351: 323: 295: 222: 163: 142: 106: 68: 2118: 2098: 2067: 2031: 2012: 1943: 1877: 1844: 1781: 1696: 1663: 1590: 1503: 1464: 1426: 1380: 1191: 1002: 788: 762: 677: 628: 567: 506: 473: 452: 409: 381: 352: 324: 296: 223: 164: 143: 107: 69: 2429:NP-complete problems 2424:Network flow problem 2319:Charles E. Leiserson 2293:10.1109/SFCS.1975.21 2287:. pp. 184–193. 2272:(4). SIAM: 691–703. 2167:strongly NP-complete 2107: 2087: 2028: 1889: 1853: 1797: 1708: 1672: 1602: 1476: 1435: 1400: 1209: 1020: 800: 777: 646: 576: 515: 482: 461: 418: 390: 369: 333: 305: 232: 173: 152: 116: 78: 42: 25:network flow problem 2150:Register allocation 2125:circulation problem 2123:). Variants of the 471:{\displaystyle \,i} 379:{\displaystyle \,i} 162:{\displaystyle \,k} 2195:External resources 2174:linear programming 2113: 2093: 2062: 2007: 1919: 1872: 1839: 1793:, there is a cost 1776: 1691: 1658: 1626: 1585: 1459: 1421: 1375: 1336: 1273: 1186: 1147: 1084: 997: 920: 864: 783: 757: 637:(1) Link capacity: 623: 562: 501: 468: 447: 404: 376: 347: 319: 291: 218: 159: 138: 102: 64: 2342:978-0-262-03384-8 2116:{\displaystyle t} 2096:{\displaystyle s} 1892: 1605: 1583: 1309: 1246: 1120: 1057: 893: 837: 786:{\displaystyle u} 2436: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2354: 2346: 2323:Ronald L. Rivest 2315:Thomas H. Cormen 2311: 2305: 2304: 2281: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2230:. Prentice Hall. 2223: 2169:in this case). 2122: 2120: 2119: 2114: 2102: 2100: 2099: 2094: 2071: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2060: 2050: 2045: 2016: 2014: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1973: 1972: 1962: 1957: 1918: 1881: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1848: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1785: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1754: 1753: 1700: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1689: 1667: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1657: 1656: 1625: 1594: 1592: 1591: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1533: 1532: 1522: 1517: 1501: 1468: 1466: 1465: 1460: 1430: 1428: 1427: 1422: 1384: 1382: 1381: 1376: 1359: 1358: 1346: 1345: 1335: 1302: 1301: 1283: 1282: 1272: 1195: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1176: 1175: 1157: 1156: 1146: 1107: 1106: 1094: 1093: 1083: 1006: 1004: 1003: 998: 996: 995: 983: 982: 966: 930: 929: 919: 874: 873: 863: 792: 790: 789: 784: 766: 764: 763: 758: 735: 734: 707: 706: 696: 691: 632: 630: 629: 624: 589: 588: 571: 569: 568: 563: 528: 527: 510: 508: 507: 502: 477: 475: 474: 469: 456: 454: 453: 448: 431: 430: 413: 411: 410: 405: 403: 402: 385: 383: 382: 377: 356: 354: 353: 348: 346: 345: 328: 326: 325: 320: 318: 317: 300: 298: 297: 292: 287: 286: 274: 273: 261: 260: 245: 244: 227: 225: 224: 219: 217: 216: 198: 197: 185: 184: 168: 166: 165: 160: 147: 145: 144: 139: 111: 109: 108: 103: 73: 71: 70: 65: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2438: 2437: 2435: 2434: 2433: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2401: 2397: 2390: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2347: 2343: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2282: 2278:10.1137/0205048 2263: 2262: 2258: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2197: 2189: 2183: 2159: 2144:Optical Network 2133: 2105: 2104: 2085: 2084: 2077: 2052: 2026: 2025: 1992: 1964: 1924: 1920: 1887: 1886: 1851: 1850: 1795: 1794: 1739: 1706: 1705: 1675: 1670: 1669: 1648: 1600: 1599: 1563: 1552: 1524: 1502: 1474: 1473: 1469:is even, where 1433: 1432: 1398: 1397: 1391: 1350: 1337: 1293: 1274: 1207: 1206: 1167: 1148: 1098: 1085: 1018: 1017: 987: 974: 921: 865: 798: 797: 775: 774: 726: 698: 644: 643: 580: 574: 573: 519: 513: 512: 480: 479: 459: 458: 422: 416: 415: 394: 388: 387: 367: 366: 337: 331: 330: 309: 303: 302: 278: 265: 252: 236: 230: 229: 208: 189: 176: 171: 170: 150: 149: 114: 113: 76: 75: 40: 39: 33: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2442: 2440: 2432: 2431: 2426: 2416: 2415: 2408: 2407: 2395: 2388: 2362: 2341: 2329:(2009). "29". 2327:Clifford Stein 2306: 2256: 2233: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2210: 2204: 2196: 2193: 2188: 2185: 2158: 2155: 2132: 2129: 2112: 2092: 2076: 2073: 2059: 2055: 2049: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2034: 2018: 2017: 2005: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1961: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1787: 1786: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1596: 1595: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1521: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1394:Load balancing 1390: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1197: 1196: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1008: 1007: 994: 990: 986: 981: 977: 973: 970: 965: 962: 959: 956: 951: 948: 945: 942: 939: 936: 933: 928: 924: 918: 915: 912: 909: 906: 903: 900: 896: 892: 889: 886: 883: 880: 877: 872: 868: 862: 859: 856: 853: 850: 847: 844: 840: 835: 832: 829: 826: 823: 820: 817: 814: 811: 808: 805: 782: 768: 767: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 733: 729: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 705: 701: 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2126: 2110: 2103:and one sink 2090: 2082: 2074: 2072: 2057: 2053: 2047: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2023: 2003: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1969: 1965: 1959: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1925: 1921: 1915: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1893: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1821: 1818: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1800: 1792: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1758: 1755: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1653: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1630: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1564: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1529: 1525: 1519: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1497: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1479: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1456: 1453: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1431:of all links 1415: 1412: 1409: 1403: 1395: 1388: 1372: 1369: 1363: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1342: 1338: 1332: 1329: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1310: 1306: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1287: 1279: 1275: 1269: 1266: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1247: 1242: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1218: 1215: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1201: 1183: 1180: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1161: 1153: 1149: 1143: 1140: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1121: 1117: 1111: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1090: 1086: 1080: 1077: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1058: 1053: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1029: 1026: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1012: 992: 988: 984: 979: 975: 971: 968: 949: 946: 940: 937: 934: 926: 922: 916: 913: 907: 904: 901: 894: 890: 884: 881: 878: 870: 866: 860: 857: 851: 848: 845: 838: 833: 827: 824: 821: 818: 815: 809: 806: 796: 795: 794: 780: 772: 751: 748: 745: 739: 736: 731: 727: 723: 717: 714: 711: 703: 699: 693: 688: 685: 682: 678: 673: 670: 667: 661: 658: 655: 642: 641: 640: 638: 634: 617: 614: 611: 605: 599: 596: 593: 585: 581: 556: 553: 550: 544: 538: 535: 532: 524: 520: 495: 492: 489: 465: 441: 438: 435: 427: 423: 399: 395: 373: 365:of commodity 364: 360: 342: 338: 314: 310: 283: 279: 275: 270: 266: 262: 257: 253: 246: 241: 237: 228:, defined by 213: 209: 205: 202: 199: 194: 190: 186: 181: 177: 156: 132: 129: 126: 120: 112:has capacity 99: 96: 90: 87: 84: 74:, where edge 58: 55: 52: 46: 38: 30: 28: 26: 22: 2410: 2398: 2375: 2365: 2331: 2309: 2284: 2269: 2265: 2259: 2242: 2236: 2227: 2221: 2190: 2187:Applications 2182: 2171: 2160: 2148: 2134: 2078: 2021: 2019: 1790: 1788: 1597: 1393: 1392: 1199: 1198: 1010: 1009: 770: 769: 636: 635: 362: 358: 169:commodities 148:. There are 37:flow network 34: 20: 18: 2405:sigcomm.org 2378:. pp.  2163:NP-complete 478:along edge 2418:Categories 2214:References 31:Definition 2351:cite book 2157:Solutions 2138:(RWA) in 2033:∑ 1990:⋅ 1945:∑ 1913:∈ 1894:∑ 1819:⋅ 1756:≥ 1730:∈ 1712:∀ 1620:∈ 1607:∑ 1550:⋅ 1505:∑ 1454:∈ 1330:∈ 1311:∑ 1307:− 1267:∈ 1248:∑ 1231:… 1219:∈ 1213:∀ 1141:∈ 1122:∑ 1118:− 1078:∈ 1059:∑ 1042:… 1030:∈ 1024:∀ 972:≠ 914:∈ 895:∑ 891:− 858:∈ 839:∑ 822:… 810:∈ 804:∀ 737:≤ 724:⋅ 679:∑ 668:∈ 650:∀ 606:∈ 545:∈ 203:… 97:∈ 2301:18449466 2251:26416771 1701:, where 511:, where 301:, where 35:Given a 2380:166–173 2020:In the 1789:In the 357:is the 2386:  2339:  2325:, and 2299:  2249:  386:, and 359:source 2297:S2CID 2247:S2CID 2131:Usage 23:is a 2384:ISBN 2357:link 2337:ISBN 363:sink 361:and 329:and 19:The 2289:doi 2274:doi 2142:of 2420:: 2382:. 2374:. 2353:}} 2349:{{ 2321:, 2317:, 2295:. 2268:. 2180:. 2392:. 2359:) 2345:. 2303:. 2291:: 2280:. 2276:: 2270:5 2253:. 2111:t 2091:s 2058:i 2054:d 2048:k 2043:1 2040:= 2037:i 2004:) 1998:i 1994:d 1987:) 1984:v 1981:, 1978:u 1975:( 1970:i 1966:f 1960:k 1955:1 1952:= 1949:i 1941:) 1938:v 1935:, 1932:u 1929:( 1926:a 1922:( 1916:E 1910:) 1907:v 1904:, 1901:u 1898:( 1870:) 1867:v 1864:, 1861:u 1858:( 1837:) 1834:v 1831:, 1828:u 1825:( 1822:f 1816:) 1813:v 1810:, 1807:u 1804:( 1801:a 1774:) 1771:v 1768:, 1765:u 1762:( 1759:U 1751:x 1748:a 1745:m 1741:U 1736:: 1733:E 1727:) 1724:v 1721:, 1718:u 1715:( 1687:x 1684:a 1681:m 1677:U 1654:2 1650:) 1646:) 1643:v 1640:, 1637:u 1634:( 1631:U 1628:( 1623:V 1617:v 1614:, 1611:u 1580:) 1577:v 1574:, 1571:u 1568:( 1565:c 1558:i 1554:d 1547:) 1544:v 1541:, 1538:u 1535:( 1530:i 1526:f 1520:k 1515:1 1512:= 1509:i 1498:= 1495:) 1492:v 1489:, 1486:u 1483:( 1480:U 1457:E 1451:) 1448:v 1445:, 1442:u 1439:( 1419:) 1416:v 1413:, 1410:u 1407:( 1404:U 1373:1 1370:= 1367:) 1364:w 1361:, 1356:i 1352:t 1348:( 1343:i 1339:f 1333:E 1327:) 1324:u 1321:, 1318:w 1315:( 1304:) 1299:i 1295:t 1291:, 1288:w 1285:( 1280:i 1276:f 1270:E 1264:) 1261:w 1258:, 1255:u 1252:( 1243:: 1240:} 1237:k 1234:, 1228:, 1225:1 1222:{ 1216:i 1184:1 1181:= 1178:) 1173:i 1169:s 1165:, 1162:w 1159:( 1154:i 1150:f 1144:E 1138:) 1135:u 1132:, 1129:w 1126:( 1115:) 1112:w 1109:, 1104:i 1100:s 1096:( 1091:i 1087:f 1081:E 1075:) 1072:w 1069:, 1066:u 1063:( 1054:: 1051:} 1048:k 1045:, 1039:, 1036:1 1033:{ 1027:i 993:i 989:t 985:, 980:i 976:s 969:u 964:n 961:e 958:h 955:w 950:0 947:= 944:) 941:u 938:, 935:w 932:( 927:i 923:f 917:E 911:) 908:u 905:, 902:w 899:( 888:) 885:w 882:, 879:u 876:( 871:i 867:f 861:E 855:) 852:w 849:, 846:u 843:( 834:: 831:} 828:k 825:, 819:, 816:1 813:{ 807:i 781:u 755:) 752:v 749:, 746:u 743:( 740:c 732:i 728:d 721:) 718:v 715:, 712:u 709:( 704:i 700:f 694:k 689:1 686:= 683:i 674:: 671:E 665:) 662:v 659:, 656:u 653:( 621:} 618:1 615:, 612:0 609:{ 603:) 600:v 597:, 594:u 591:( 586:i 582:f 560:] 557:1 554:, 551:0 548:[ 542:) 539:v 536:, 533:u 530:( 525:i 521:f 499:) 496:v 493:, 490:u 487:( 466:i 445:) 442:v 439:, 436:u 433:( 428:i 424:f 400:i 396:d 374:i 343:i 339:t 315:i 311:s 289:) 284:i 280:d 276:, 271:i 267:t 263:, 258:i 254:s 250:( 247:= 242:i 238:K 214:k 210:K 206:, 200:, 195:2 191:K 187:, 182:1 178:K 157:k 136:) 133:v 130:, 127:u 124:( 121:c 100:E 94:) 91:v 88:, 85:u 82:( 62:) 59:E 56:, 53:V 50:( 47:G

Index

network flow problem
flow network
minimum cost flow problem
circulation problem
Routing and wavelength assignment
optical burst switching
Optical Network
Register allocation
NP-complete
strongly NP-complete
linear programming
fully polynomial time approximation schemes
http://www.columbia.edu/~cs2035/papers/#mcf
https://web.archive.org/web/20130306031532/http://typo.zib.de/opt-long_projects/Software/Mcf/
S2CID
26416771
doi
10.1137/0205048
doi
10.1109/SFCS.1975.21
S2CID
18449466
Thomas H. Cormen
Charles E. Leiserson
Ronald L. Rivest
Clifford Stein
Introduction to Algorithms
ISBN
978-0-262-03384-8
cite book

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