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messages hypothesis, as the latter predicts that different signals reflect the same aspect of mate quality, whereas the former predicts that different signals reflect different aspects. There has been some empirical support of this hypothesis. However, the majority of studies showed no correlation, suggesting the redundant signals are less common in indicating mate quality compare to other hypothesis like multiple messages hypothesis.
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at obfuscation. In turn, males respond by improving their interference signals and producing new signals that are not so easily blocked. This iterative co-evolutionary process increases the costs of assessment for females and the costs of signal production for males, and leads to temporary equilibria of honest advertising via multiple signals.
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The sexual interference hypothesis proposes that additional male signals evolve to hinder female mate choice by interfering with the propagation and reception of other males' sexual signals. Females respond by evolving the ability to glean meaningful information from signals despite males' attempts
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based on a single trait would lead a female to select a male in poor condition rather than one in great condition. Thus, a female ought to look at multiple sexual traits of a male if she wants to get an overall view of the male's quality. The redundant signals hypothesis differs from the multiple
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The unreliable signal hypothesis suggests that some signals are unreliable indicators of overall male quality. Therefore, a female should look at multiple traits because one trait could be misleading. There is some support for this hypothesis.
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The redundant signal hypothesis, also known as back-up signal hypothesis, states that each character can only best show partial representation of overall condition. If each ornament reflected the male's quality with a certain error, then
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in a deer grown once a year could signal the overall condition of an animal during the long period of growth; this is thus an example of a long-term change. Secondary characters like the inflatable bare patches of skin on a
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ZUK, M., THORNHILL, R., LIGON, J. D., JOHNSON, K., USTAD, S., LIGON, S. H., THORNHILL, N. W. & COSTIN, C (1990). "The role of male ornaments and courtship behavior in female mate choice of red jungle fowl".
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using several cues instead of only one cue. Whereas this phenomenon is self-evident and hence long recognized, adaptive explanations of why females use several instead of only one
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different properties of an individual's overall quality. Models support the possibility that this hypothesis is evolutionarily stable but empirical tests are lacking.
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BIRKHEAD, T. R., FLETCHER, F. & PELLATT, E. J (1998). "Sexual selection in the zebra finch
Taeniopygia guttata : condition, sex traits and immune capacity".
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Zuk, M.; Ligon, J. D.; Thornhill, R. (1992). "Effects of experimental manipulations of male secondary sex characters on mate preference in red jungle fowl".
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Changizi, Mark A.; Zhang, Qiong; Shimojo, Shinsuke (2006), "Bare skin, blood and the evolution of primate colour vision",
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Johnstone, Rufus A. (1996), "Multiple
Displays in animal communication: 'backup signals' and 'multiple messages.'",
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have been formulated relatively recently. Several hypotheses exist, but mutually exclusive tests are still lacking.
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Some ornaments represent long-term or short-term changes in overall condition. Elegant plumes in a bird or
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There are several hypotheses that attempt to explain why a male would have multiple sexual ornaments.
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Marchetti, Karen (1998). "The evolution of multiple male traits in the yellow-browed leaf warbler".
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Lozano, G. A. (2009). "Multiple cues in mate selection: the sexual interference hypothesis".
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Jawor, Jodie M.; Breitwisch, Randall (2004), "Multiple
Ornaments in male northern cardinals,
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Moller, A. P.; Pomiankowski, Andrew (1993), "Why have birds got multiple sexual ornaments?",
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Møller, A. P.; Pomiankoski, A. (1993). "Why have birds got multiple sexual ornaments?".
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Omland, K. E. (1996), "Female mallard mating preferences for multiple male ornaments",
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The multiple message hypothesis states that different ornaments
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140:. Unpublished MSc thesis, University of Natal
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100:Unreliable signals hypothesis
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873:Simultaneous hermaphroditism
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58:Multiple messages hypothesis
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858:Testis-determining factor
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339:Candolin, Ulrika (2003).
36:multiple sexual ornaments
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979:ovum
770:Male
615:PMID
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146:2017
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