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was first published on 3 October 1907. Its founder and editor was Sayyid
Muhammad Riza Shirazi who was a member of the secret organization, Revolutionary Committee, established to encourage the constitutional rule in Iran.
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Iago
Gocheleishvili (February 2007). "Georgian Sources on the Iranian Constitutional Revolution (1905-1911): Sergo Gamdlishvili's Memoirs of the Gilan Resistance".
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sold nearly 3,000 copies. The paper ceased publication in 1909, and Sayyid
Muhammad Riza Musavat went into exile following the end of the constitutional regime.
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125:. It is known for being the most radical title and was one of the most successful publications of this period. The paper headquartered in
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Nader
Sohrabi (May 1995). "Historicizing Revolutions: Constitutional Revolutions in the Ottoman Empire, Iran, and Russia, 1905-1908".
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was based in Tabriz and had also offices in Tehran. It was published on a weekly basis. The paper was a supporter of the
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Negin Nabavi (2005). "Spreading the Word: Iran's First
Constitutional Press and the Shaping of a 'New Era'".
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and argued that the constitutional rule would bring freedom to the country. It frequently attacked the
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308:(1979). "The Causes of the Constitutional Revolution in Iran".
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238:"Constitutional revolution. Press"
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246:. Vol. VI. pp. 202–212.
123:Iranian constitutional revolution
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413:1909 disestablishments in Iran
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359:American Journal of Sociology
38:Sayyid Muhammad Riza Shirazi
433:Persian-language newspapers
408:1907 establishments in Iran
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428:Mass media in Tabriz
243:Encyclopædia Iranica
195:Middle East Critique
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