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conditions of the local muscle affected, whereas the central model of muscle fatigue is an integrated mechanism that works to preserve the integrity of the system by initiating muscle fatigue through muscle derecruitment, based on collective feedback from the periphery, before cellular or organ failure occurs. Therefore, the feedback that is read by this central regulator could include chemical and mechanical as well as cognitive cues. The significance of each of these factors will depend on the nature of the fatigue-inducing work that is being performed.
282:(K) on muscular action potentials. Lactic acid also has a negating effect on the chloride ions in the muscles, reducing their inhibition of contraction and leaving K as the only restricting influence on muscle contractions, though the effects of potassium are much less than if there were no lactic acid to remove the chloride ions. Ultimately, it is uncertain if lactic acid reduces fatigue through increased intracellular calcium or increases fatigue through reduced sensitivity of contractile proteins to Ca.
316:. Fatigue (reduced ability to generate force) may occur due to the nerve, or within the muscle cells themselves. New research from scientists at Columbia University suggests that muscle fatigue is caused by calcium leaking out of the muscle cell. This causes there to be less calcium available for the muscle cell. In addition an enzyme is proposed to be activated by this released calcium which eats away at muscle fibers.
208:
Peripheral muscle fatigue during physical work is an inability for the body to supply sufficient energy or other metabolites to the contracting muscles to meet the increased energy demand. This is the most common case of physical fatigue—affecting a national average of 72% of adults in the work force
179:
drive or nerve-based motor command to working muscles that results in a decline in the force output. It has been suggested that the reduced neural drive during exercise may be a protective mechanism to prevent organ failure if the work was continued at the same intensity. There has been a great deal
354:
as a metabolic byproduct. Contrary to common belief, lactic acid accumulation does not actually cause the burning sensation we feel when we exhaust our oxygen and oxidative metabolism, but in actuality, lactic acid in presence of oxygen recycles to produce pyruvate in the liver which is known as the
159:
following the workout. Part of the process of strength training is increasing the nerve's ability to generate sustained, high frequency signals which allow a muscle to contract with their greatest force. It is this "neural training" that causes several weeks worth of rapid gains in strength, which
225:
The fundamental difference between the peripheral and central theories of muscle fatigue is that the peripheral model of muscle fatigue assumes failure at one or more sites in the chain that initiates muscle contraction. Peripheral regulation therefore depends on the localized metabolic chemical
151:. After an extended period of maximum contraction, the nerve's signal reduces in frequency and the force generated by the contraction diminishes. There is no sensation of pain or discomfort, the muscle appears to simply ‘stop listening’ and gradually cease to move, often
120:
Neuromuscular fatigue can be classified as either "central" or "peripheral" depending on its cause. Central muscle fatigue manifests as an overall sense of energy deprivation, while peripheral muscle fatigue manifests as a local, muscle-specific inability to do work.
229:
Though not universally used, "metabolic fatigue" is a common alternative term for peripheral muscle weakness, because of the reduction in contractile force due to the direct or indirect effects of the reduction of substrates or accumulation of metabolites within the
825:
Newsholme, E. A., Acworth, I. N., & Blomstrand, E. 1987, 'Amino acids, brain neurotransmitters and a functional link between muscle and brain that is important in sustained exercise', in G Benzi (ed.), Advances in
Myochemistry, Libbey Eurotext, London, pp.
479:
weakness occurs after the muscle has been subjected to exercise. This is also true for some cases of chronic fatigue syndrome, where objective post-exertion muscle weakness with delayed recovery time has been measured and is a feature of some of the published
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build-up was the cause of muscle fatigue. The assumption was lactic acid had a "pickling" effect on muscles, inhibiting their ability to contract. The impact of lactic acid on performance is now uncertain, it may assist or hinder muscle fatigue.
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Substrates produce metabolic fatigue by being depleted during exercise, resulting in a lack of intracellular energy sources to fuel contractions. In essence, the muscle stops contracting because it lacks the energy to do so.
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anaerobic metabolic by-products in the muscle, causing the stereotypical burning sensation of local muscle fatigue, though recent studies have indicated otherwise, actually finding that lactic acid is a source of energy.
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Perceived muscle weakness (or non-neuromuscular weakness) describes a condition where a person feels more effort than normal is required to exert a given amount of force but actual muscle strength is normal, for example
83:
strength. Its causes are many and can be divided into conditions that have either true or perceived muscle weakness. True muscle weakness is a primary symptom of a variety of skeletal muscle diseases, including
209:
in 2002. This causes contractile dysfunction that manifests in the eventual reduction or lack of ability of a single muscle or local group of muscles to do work. The insufficiency of energy, i.e. sub-optimal
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level off once the nerve is generating maximum contractions and the muscle reaches its physiological limit. Past this point, training effects increase muscular strength through myofibrillar or sarcoplasmic
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For extremely powerful contractions that are close to the upper limit of a muscle's ability to generate force, neuromuscular fatigue can become a limiting factor in untrained individuals. In novice
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within muscle cells. It can be temporary or long-lasting (from seconds or minutes to months or years). The term myasthenia is from my- from Greek μυο meaning "muscle" + -asthenia ἀσθένεια meaning "
431:" based on the location of the muscles that it affects. Proximal muscle weakness affects muscles closest to the body's midline, while distal muscle weakness affects muscles further out on the
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Kay D, Marino FE, Cannon J, St Clair Gibson A, Lambert MI, Noakes TD (2001). "Evidence for neuromuscular fatigue during high-intensity cycling in warm, humid conditions".
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pathways for several years because its concentration in the brain increases with motor activity. During motor activity, serotonin released in synapses that contact
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346:(ADP) and inorganic phosphate ions, allowing for sustained powerful contractions that last between 5–7 seconds. Glycogen is the intramuscular storage form of
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it becomes unable to stimulate the muscle that it innervates. Most movements require a force far below what a muscle could potentially generate, and barring
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True muscle weakness (or neuromuscular weakness) describes a condition where the force exerted by the muscles is less than would be expected, for example
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at First Year
Medical Curriculum at University of Florida College of Medicine. By Richard Rathe. Created: January 15, 1996. Modified: December 19, 2000
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879:"Synaptic release of serotonin induced by stimulation of the raphe nucleus promotes plateau potentials in spinal motoneurons of the adult turtle"
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Paul L, Wood L, Behan WM, Maclaren WM (January 1999). "Demonstration of delayed recovery from fatiguing exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome".
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Noakes TD (2000). "Physiological models to understand exercise fatigue and the adaptations that predict or enhance athletic performance".
1459:"Chronic fatigue syndrome: assessment of increased oxidative stress and altered muscle excitability in response to incremental exercise"
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930:"Serotonin spillover onto the axon initial segment of motoneurons induces central fatigue by inhibiting action potential initiation"
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control the contraction of muscles by determining the number, sequence, and force of muscular contraction. When a nerve experiences
670:
Vandewalle H, Maton B, Le Bozec S, Guerenbourg G (1991). "An electromyographic study of an all-out exercise on a cycle ergometer".
234:. This can occur through a simple lack of energy to fuel contraction, or through interference with the ability of Ca to stimulate
705:
Bigland-Ritchie B, Woods JJ (1984). "Changes in muscle contractile properties and neural control during human muscular fatigue".
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Boyas, S.; Guével, A. (March 2011). "Neuromuscular fatigue in healthy muscle: Underlying factors and adaptation mechanisms".
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Exaggerated cardiorespiratory response to exercise (tachycardia with tachypnea and/or hyperpnea (exercise hyperventilation))
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Carruthers, Bruce M.; Jain, Anil Kumar; De
Meirleir, Kenny L.; Peterson, Daniel L.; Klimas, Nancy G.; et al. (2003).
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Kent-Braun JA (1999). "Central and peripheral contributions to muscle fatigue in humans during sustained maximal effort".
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262:, lactic acid can increase intracellular acidity of muscles. This can lower the sensitivity of contractile apparatus to
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Myalgic
Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Clinical Working Case Definition, Diagnostic and Treatment Protocols
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424:
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31:
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Newsholme EA, Blomstrand E (1995). "Tryptophan, 5-Hydroxytryptamine and a
Possible Explanation for Central Fatigue".
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2009:
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Davis JM (1995). "Carbohydrates, branched-chain amino acids, and endurance: the central fatigue hypothesis".
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McCully KK, Natelson BH (November 1999). "Impaired oxygen delivery to muscle in chronic fatigue syndrome".
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The severity of muscle weakness can be classified into different "grades" based on the following criteria:
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released increases and a spillover occurs. Serotonin binds to extrasynaptic receptors located on the
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Orthopedics Made
Ridiculously Simple (Medmaster Ridiculously Simple) (Medmaster Ridiculously Simple)
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R. Robergs; F. Ghiasvand; D. Parker (2004). "Biochemistry of exercise-induced metabolic acidosis".
342:. Creatine phosphate stores energy so ATP can be rapidly regenerated within the muscle cells from
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within the muscle generally serve to power muscular contractions. They include molecules such as
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with the result that nerve impulse initiation and thereby muscle contraction are inhibited.
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Muscle weakness can be classified as either "true" or "perceived" based on its cause.
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840:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 384. pp. 315–20.
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De Becker P, Roeykens J, Reynders M, McGregor N, De
Meirleir K (November 2000).
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promotes muscle contraction. During high level of motor activity, the amount of
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head and causes the ‘ratchetting’ that results in contraction according to the
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Gandevia SC (2001). "Spinal and supraspinal factors in human muscle fatigue".
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1164:(7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Mosby/Elsevier. p. Chapter 11.
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Cotel F, Exley R, Cragg SJ, Perrier JF; Exley; Cragg; Perrier (2013).
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403:: Movement against external resistance with less strength than usual.
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and metabolic fatigue becomes the factor limiting contractile force.
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European
Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology
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Inappropriate rapid heart rate response to exercise (tachycardia)
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Sahlin K (1986). "Muscle fatigue and lactic acid accumulation".
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Enoka RM, Stuart DG (1992). "Neurobiology of muscle fatigue".
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calcium out of the cell. This counters inhibiting effects of
397:: Movement against gravity, but not against added resistance.
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Rosen's
Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice
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De Becker P, McGregor N, De Meirleir K (September 2001).
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Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
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Symptoms and signs: Nervous and musculoskeletal systems
100:. Muscle weakness can also be caused by low levels of
385:: Trace of contraction, but no movement at the joint.
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465:myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome
423:Muscle weakness can also be classified as either "
30:"Myasthenia" redirects here. For other uses, see
1504:"Evaluation of the patient with muscle weakness"
1073:"Finding May Solve Riddle of Fatigue in Muscles"
391:: Movement at the joint with gravity eliminated.
1318:"Exercise capacity in chronic fatigue syndrome"
516:Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
475:, muscle strength is normal when resting, but
270:Ca concentration through an inhibition of the
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1139:(5th ed.). Mosby/Elsevier. p. 166.
8:
986:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
140:, neuromuscular fatigue is seldom an issue.
435:. Proximal muscle weakness can be seen in
266:(Ca) but also has the effect of increasing
213:, generally results in the accumulation of
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1979:Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
1137:Endocrine and Reproductive Physiology
877:Perrier JF, Delgado-Lezama R (2005).
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379:: No contraction or muscle movement.
1778:Dynamic symptoms (exercise-induced)
1071:Kolata, Gina (February 12, 2008).
25:
1242:10.1046/j.1468-1331.1999.610063.x
296:Muscle cells work by detecting a
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1400:. Vol. 11. pp. 7–115.
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300:of electrical impulses from the
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471:In some conditions, such as
258:Produced as a by-product of
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180:of interest in the role of
32:Myasthenia (disambiguation)
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488:Excessive citations inline
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250:It was once believed that
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2010:Pseudoathletic appearance
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684:10.3109/13813459109145909
204:Peripheral muscle fatigue
1091:Hugue Ouellette (2008).
1046:Acta Physiol Scand Suppl
934:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
37:Not to be confused with
1944:Rippling muscle disease
1502:Saguil A (April 2005).
1135:White, Bruce A (2019).
955:10.1073/pnas.1216150110
493:considered for deletion
308:through the release of
27:Lack of muscle strength
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1922:Muscle channelopathies
1773:Myogenic hyperuricemia
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340:sliding filament model
324:adenosine triphosphate
314:sarcoplasmic reticulum
304:which signals them to
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175:is a reduction in the
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344:adenosine diphosphate
149:high-frequency signal
125:Neuromuscular fatigue
90:inflammatory myopathy
1986:Compartment syndrome
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1804:Metabolic myopathies
1768:Exercise intolerance
1716:Hypothyroid myopathy
334:. ATP binds to the
1998:Diastasis of muscle
1974:Myositis ossificans
1160:Marx, John (2010).
946:2013PNAS..110.4774C
419:Proximal and distal
276:actively transports
196:initial segment of
96:disorders, such as
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2018:Muscle hypertrophy
2014:Muscle hyperplasia
1949:Periodic paralysis
1900:Muscle contracture
1824:Hypoparathyroidism
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1121:2009-05-11 at the
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447:True and perceived
437:Cushing's syndrome
409:: Normal strength.
332:creatine phosphate
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211:aerobic metabolism
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414:Classification
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290:Main article:
287:
284:
280:potassium ions
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43:
39:muscle fatigue
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14:
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9:
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1839:Pseudohypoxia
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1680:Delayed onset
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1643:Symptoms and
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1367:(3): 234–40.
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756:(3): 123–45.
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522:(2): 88–108.
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272:chemical pump
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79:is a lack of
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40:
33:
19:
1890:Muscle spasm
1880:Muscle cramp
1732:
1692:Inflammation
1670:Fibromyalgia
1647:relating to
1594:
1583:
1563:
1548:
1511:
1507:
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1089:Page 59 in:
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982:cite journal
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713:(9): 691–9.
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707:Muscle Nerve
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678:(1): 89–93.
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628:
622:
597:
594:Physiol. Rev
593:
587:
557:(1): 57–63.
554:
550:
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519:
515:
509:
486:
480:definitions.
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470:
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406:
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394:
388:
382:
376:
371:
357:
355:Cori cycle.
318:
295:
264:calcium ions
260:fermentation
257:
249:
232:muscle fiber
228:
224:
207:
182:serotonergic
171:
142:
128:
119:
106:electrolytes
76:
75:
1829:Hypokalemia
1798:Second wind
1726:Destruction
1705:Pyomyositis
1236:(1): 63–9.
883:J. Neurosci
352:lactic acid
268:cytoplasmic
252:lactic acid
215:lactic acid
198:motoneurons
186:motoneurons
162:hypertrophy
153:lengthening
55:Other names
2038:Categories
1958:Hypertonia
1939:Spasticity
1863:Alcoholism
1858:Starvation
1747:Amyotrophy
1645:conditions
1596:DiseasesDB
501:References
320:Substrates
217:and other
104:and other
58:Myasthenia
1954:Hypotonia
1442:ignored (
1432:cite book
1424:1057-3321
1281:CiteSeerX
1273:Clin. Sci
1052:: 83–91.
491:is being
363:Diagnosis
190:serotonin
138:pathology
102:potassium
69:Neurology
64:Specialty
1991:Anterior
1917:Myotonia
1910:Adhesion
1905:Fibrosis
1885:Myokymia
1809:Diabetes
1712:Myoedema
1700:Myositis
1520:15832536
1485:15715687
1383:11555128
1342:11088089
1303:10545311
1258:33480143
1250:10209352
1119:Archived
1023:15308499
974:23487756
915:16135756
826:127-133.
778:23103331
770:10843507
735:13606531
657:25906759
649:11394239
614:11581501
579:22515865
571:10367724
536:21376692
484:template
425:proximal
328:glycogen
306:contract
110:weakness
1854:Fasting
1665:Myalgia
1590:D018908
1215:1572573
1207:1601767
1058:3471061
1031:2745168
965:3607056
942:Bibcode
906:6725458
864:8585461
838:Fatigue
813:7550256
727:6100456
692:1713492
497:
407:Grade 5
401:Grade 4
395:Grade 3
389:Grade 2
383:Grade 1
377:Grade 0
368:Grading
348:glucose
326:(ATP),
312:by the
310:calcium
1849:Scurvy
1649:muscle
1574:728.87
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429:distal
427:" or "
336:myosin
240:myosin
219:acidic
177:neural
130:Nerves
81:muscle
1967:Other
1675:Acute
1601:22832
1578:728.9
1559:M62.8
1254:S2CID
1211:S2CID
1027:S2CID
774:S2CID
731:S2CID
653:S2CID
575:S2CID
482:‹The
433:limbs
302:brain
274:that
236:actin
116:Types
1657:Pain
1585:MeSH
1569:9-CM
1516:PMID
1481:PMID
1444:help
1420:ISSN
1410:ISBN
1379:PMID
1338:PMID
1299:PMID
1246:PMID
1203:PMID
1166:ISBN
1141:ISBN
1097:ISBN
1054:PMID
1019:PMID
988:link
970:PMID
911:PMID
860:PMID
850:ISBN
809:PMID
766:PMID
723:PMID
688:PMID
645:PMID
610:PMID
567:PMID
532:PMID
477:true
439:and
330:and
298:flow
238:and
194:axon
88:and
1565:ICD
1550:ICD
1471:doi
1467:257
1402:doi
1369:doi
1365:250
1330:doi
1326:160
1291:doi
1238:doi
1195:doi
1050:556
1011:doi
1007:287
960:PMC
950:doi
938:110
901:PMC
891:doi
842:doi
801:doi
758:doi
715:doi
680:doi
637:doi
602:doi
559:doi
524:doi
112:".
2040::
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2016:/
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2012:(
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