881:(FDA) has regulated and enforced limits on concentrations of mycotoxins in foods and feed industries since 1985. It is through various compliance programs that the FDA monitors these industries to guarantee that mycotoxins are kept at a practical level. These compliance programs sample food products including peanuts and peanut products, tree nuts, corn and corn products, cottonseed, and milk. There is still a lack of sufficient surveillance data on some mycotoxins that occur in the U.S.
5752:
5763:
4631:
5783:
5793:
529:
certain water activity requirement. It has become difficult to identify mycotoxin production by indoor molds for many variables, such as (i) they may be masked as derivatives, (ii) they are poorly documented, and (iii) the fact that they are likely to produce different metabolites on building materials. Some of the mycotoxins in the indoor environment are produced by
5742:
5773:
637:-contaminated maize. The deaths were mainly associated with homegrown maize that had not been treated with fungicides or properly dried before storage. Due to food shortages at the time, farmers may have been harvesting maize earlier than normal to prevent thefts from their fields, so that the grain had not fully matured and was more susceptible to infection.
756:
The symptoms of mycotoxicosis depend on the type of mycotoxin; the concentration and length of exposure; as well as age, health, and sex of the exposed individual. The synergistic effects associated with several other factors such as genetics, diet, and interactions with other toxins have been poorly
528:
Buildings are another source of mycotoxins and people living or working in areas with mold increase their chances of adverse health effects. Molds growing in buildings can be divided into three groups – primary, secondary, and tertiary colonizers. Each group is categorized by the ability to grow at a
706:
Contamination of medicinal plants with mycotoxins can contribute to adverse human health problems and therefore represents a special hazard. Numerous natural occurrences of mycotoxins in medicinal plants and herbal medicines have been reported from various countries including Spain, China, Germany,
2517:
The increase in use of medicinal plants may lead to an increase in the intake of mycotoxins therefore contamination of medicinal plants with mycotoxins can contribute to adverse human health problems and therefore represents a special hazard. Numerous natural occurrences of mycotoxins in medicinal
501:
Although various wild mushrooms contain an assortment of poisons that are definitely fungal metabolites causing noteworthy health problems for humans, they are rather arbitrarily excluded from discussions of mycotoxicology. In such cases the distinction is based on the size of the producing fungus
139:
and mycotoxin levels become high. The reason for the production of mycotoxins is not yet known; they are not necessary for the growth or the development of the fungi. Because mycotoxins weaken the receiving host, they may improve the environment for further fungal proliferation. The production of
613:
Some toxicologists have used the
Concentration of No Toxicological Concern (CoNTC) measure to represent the airborne concentration of mycotoxins that are expected to cause no hazard to humans (exposed continuously throughout a 70–yr lifetime). The resulting data of several studies have thus far
609:
can evoke allergic sensitization, inflammation, and cytotoxicity in the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Trichothecene toxicity appears to be an underlying cause of many of these adverse effects. Recent findings indicate that lower doses (studies usually involve high doses) can cause these
853:
Many international agencies are trying to achieve universal standardization of regulatory limits for mycotoxins. Currently, over 100 countries have regulations regarding mycotoxins in the feed industry, in which 13 mycotoxins or groups of mycotoxins are of concern. The process of assessing a
744:
Mycotoxicosis is the term used for poisoning associated with exposures to mycotoxins. Mycotoxins have the potential for both acute and chronic health effects via ingestion, skin contact, inhalation, and entering the blood stream and lymphatic system. They inhibit protein synthesis, damage
719:
Some of the health effects found in animals and humans include death, identifiable diseases or health problems, weakened immune systems without specificity to a toxin, and as allergens or irritants. Some mycotoxins are harmful to other micro-organisms such as other fungi or even bacteria;
430:
set limits to the concentrations of patulin in food products. They currently stand at 50 μg/kg in all fruit juice concentrations, at 25 μg/kg in solid apple products used for direct consumption, and at 10 μg/kg for children's apple products, including apple juice.
5372:
858:) through international bodies. It is implied that any regulations regarding these toxins will be in co-ordinance with any other countries with which a trade agreement exists. Many of the standards for the method performance analysis for mycotoxins is set by the
261:
is the main species found on vine fruit, which releases its toxin during the juice making process. OTA has been labeled as a carcinogen and a nephrotoxin, and has been linked to tumors in the human urinary tract, although research in humans is limited by
520:, disulfiram-like, hallucinogenic indoles, muscarinic, isoxazole, and gastrointestinal (GI)-specific irritants. The bulk of this article is about mycotoxins that are found in microfungi other than poisons from mushrooms or macroscopic fungi.
854:
regulated mycotoxin involves a wide array of in-laboratory testing that includes extracting, clean-up columns, and separation techniques. Most official regulations and control methods are based on high-performance liquid techniques (e.g.,
765:
Mycotoxins greatly resist decomposition or being broken down in digestion, so they remain in the food chain in meat and dairy products. Even temperature treatments, such as cooking and freezing, do not destroy some mycotoxins.
2695:
Veprikova Z, Zachariasova M, Dzuman Z, Zachariasova A, Fenclova M, Slavikova P, Vaclavikova M, Mastovska K, Hengst D, Hajslova J (2015). "Mycotoxins in Plant-Based
Dietary Supplements: Hidden Health Risk for Consumers".
140:
toxins depends on the surrounding intrinsic and extrinsic environments and these substances vary greatly in their toxicity, depending on the organism infected and its susceptibility, metabolism, and defense mechanisms.
565:
grows readily on its cellulose face. This stresses the importance of moisture controls and ventilation within residential homes and other buildings. The negative health effects of mycotoxins are a function of the
589:
spores and pulmonary hemorrhage in infants. However, in 2000, based on internal and external reviews of their data, the CDC concluded that because of flaws in their methods, the association was not proven.
614:
demonstrated that common exposures to airborne mycotoxins in the built indoor environment are below the CoNTC, however agricultural environments have potential to produce levels greater than the CoNTC.
845:, heat-treatment, radiation, extraction with solvents, and the use of chemical or biological agents. Irradiation methods have proven to be effective treatment against mold growth and toxin production.
61:
and is capable of causing disease and death in both humans and other animals. The term 'mycotoxin' is usually reserved for the toxic chemical products produced by fungi that readily colonize crops.
3090:
561:
in buildings containing gypsum board, as well as on ceiling tiles, is very common and has recently become a more recognized problem. When gypsum board has been repeatedly introduced to moisture,
376:. Modern methods of grain cleaning have significantly reduced ergotism as a human disease; however, it is still an important veterinary problem. Ergot alkaloids have been used pharmaceutically.
570:, the duration of exposure, and the subject's sensitivities. The concentrations experienced in a normal home, office, or school are often too low to trigger a health response in occupants.
5535:
782:
clay in order to effectively adsorb the mycotoxins. To reverse the adverse effects of mycotoxins, the following criteria are used to evaluate the functionality of any binding additive:
757:
studied. Therefore, it is possible that vitamin deficiency, caloric deprivation, excessive alcohol use, and infectious disease status can all have compounded effects with mycotoxins.
364:, which are common pathogens of various grass species. The ingestion of ergot sclerotia from infected cereals, commonly in the form of bread produced from contaminated flour, causes
640:
Spices are susceptible substrate for growth of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxin production. Red chilli, black pepper, and dry ginger were found to be the most contaminated spices.
862:(CEN). However, one must take note that scientific risk assessment is commonly influenced by culture and politics, which, in turn, will affect trade regulations of mycotoxins.
557:
contains a higher number of mycotoxins than other molds grown in the indoor environment and has been associated with allergies and respiratory inflammation. The infestation of
5500:
245:
species. The three forms differ in that
Ochratoxin B (OTB) is a nonchlorinated form of Ochratoxin A (OTA) and that Ochratoxin C (OTC) is an ethyl ester form Ochratoxin A.
512:
is well known for its toxic potential and is responsible for approximately 90% of all mushroom fatalities. The other primary mycotoxin groups found in mushrooms include:
5530:
4986:
5490:
2989:
4667:
5422:
2925:
728:
sex changes in hens that causes them to look and act male. Mycotoxins impact on health may be "very hard" and can be categorized in three forms "as mutagenic,
3276:
2574:
However, inevitable contaminants, including mycotoxins, in medicinal herbs and spices can cause serious problems for humans in spite of their health benefits.
2518:
plants and traditional herbal medicines have been reported from various countries including Spain, China, Germany, India, Turkey and from Middle East as well.
5675:
5389:
2589:"Development of an immuno-electrochemical glass carbon electrode sensor based on graphene oxide/gold nanocomposite and antibody for the detection of patulin"
3160:
1541:
5613:
578:
3098:
5451:
4223:
2882:
Boonen J, Malysheva S, Taevernier L, Diana Di
Mavungu J, De Saeger S, De Spiegeleer B (2012). "Human skin penetration of selected model mycotoxins".
5495:
5357:
890:
647:
and photodynamic treatment. Mycotoxins can also be removed chemically and biologically using antifungal/anti‐mycotoxins agents and antifungal plant
749:
systems, inhibit particle clearance of the lung, and increase sensitivity to bacterial endotoxin. Testing for mycotoxicosis can be conducted using
5465:
707:
India, Turkey and from the Middle East. In a 2015 analysis of plant-based dietary supplements, the highest mycotoxin concentrations were found in
643:
Physical methods to prevent growth of mycotoxin‐producing fungi or remove toxins from contaminated food include temperature and humidity control,
5796:
2319:• The results of this study suggest that the spices are susceptible substrate for growth of mycotoxigenic fungi and further mycotoxin production.
859:
855:
815:
Since not all mycotoxins can be bound to such agents, the latest approach to mycotoxin control is mycotoxin deactivation. By means of enzymes (
5309:
5456:
5404:
2122:
1389:
5659:
5470:
5399:
5324:
5143:
2321:• Red chilli, black pepper, and dry ginger are the most contaminated spices in which AFs, OTA, and CTN were present in high concentration.
506:
is commonly the case. Ingestion of misidentified mushrooms containing mycotoxins may result in hallucinations. The cyclopeptide-producing
502:
and human intention. Mycotoxin exposure is almost always accidental whereas with mushrooms improper identification and ingestion causing
5647:
5525:
3433:
841:), mycotoxins can be reduced during pre-harvesting contamination. Other removal methods include physical separation, washing, milling,
4660:
5664:
5623:
5588:
5573:
5555:
5480:
5259:
3562:
3554:
878:
3267:
2169:
Hardin BD, Robbins CA, Fallah P, Kelman BJ (2009). "The concentration of no toxicologic concern (CoNTC) and airborne mycotoxins".
5669:
5505:
5436:
5431:
3558:
3446:
3298:
3532:
2221:
1166:
Robbins CA, Swenson LJ, Nealley ML, Gots RE, Kelman BJ (2000). "Health effects of mycotoxins in indoor air: a critical review".
694:, can decrease the performance of farm animals and potentially kill them. Several mycotoxins reduce milk yield when ingested by
5608:
5515:
5379:
5294:
5057:
3661:
344:
pigment) its full significance for human health is unknown. Citrinin can also act synergistically with
Ochratoxin A to depress
5637:
5510:
5347:
5314:
4351:
4308:
2222:"Aflatoxin contamination of commercial maize products during an outbreak of acute aflatoxicosis in eastern and central Kenya"
5413:
5367:
4803:
4653:
3813:
3457:
3452:
2442:
673:
1542:
https://www.fsis.usda.gov/food-safety/safe-food-handling-and-preparation/food-safety-basics/molds-food-are-they-dangerous
5642:
829:
5696:
5394:
5352:
4706:
2780:
937:
916:
3006:
Kabak B, Dobson AD, Var I (2006). "Strategies to prevent mycotoxin contamination of food and animal feed: a review".
2933:
229:. According to the USDA, "They are probably the best known and most intensively researched mycotoxins in the world."
372:. There are two forms of ergotism: gangrenous, affecting blood supply to extremities, and convulsive, affecting the
5691:
3572:
870:
2278:"Mycobiota and Natural Incidence of Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A, and Citrinin in Indian Spices Confirmed by LC-MS/MS"
5721:
5441:
3188:
660:
598:
5583:
4944:
4936:
4779:
3862:
2473:
1883:
Schaafsma AW, Hooker DC (2007). "Climatic models to predict occurrence of
Fusarium toxins in wheat and maize".
1123:
Turner NW, Subrahmanyam S, Piletsky SA (2009). "Analytical methods for determination of mycotoxins: a review".
669:
194:
115:(use oxygen) and are found almost everywhere in extremely small quantities due to the diminutive size of their
2831:
Yousefi, Mohammad; Mohammadi, Masoud Aman; Khajavi, Maryam
Zabihzadeh; Ehsani, Ali; Scholtz, Vladimír (2021).
2723:
The highest mycotoxin concentrations were found in milk thistle-based supplements (up to 37 mg/kg in the sum).
5563:
5475:
4916:
4791:
3646:
3634:
3438:
3427:
750:
605:
is possibly an important contributing factor to DBRI. So far animal models indicate that airway exposure to
469:, which is not correlated to any fatal toxic effects in animals or humans. Some of the other major types of
165:
103:
One mold species may produce many different mycotoxins, and several species may produce the same mycotoxin.
5776:
594:
spores in animal studies have been shown to cause lung hemorrhaging, but only at very high concentrations.
5631:
5551:
5446:
5269:
5148:
3618:
3376:
373:
290:
2533:"Nation-Based Occurrence and Endogenous Biological Reduction of Mycotoxins in Medicinal Herbs and Spices"
1369:
5653:
5603:
5598:
5342:
5090:
4469:
4104:
3465:
2983:
2071:, trichothecene mycotoxins, and damp building-related illness: new insights into a public health enigma"
1602:
Mateo R, Medina A, Mateo EM, Mateo F, Jiménez M (2007). "An overview of ochratoxin A in beer and wine".
2736:
Keller NP, Turner G, Bennett JW (2005). "Fungal secondary metabolism – from biochemistry to genomics".
1449:
Ebanks, Fiona; Nasrallah, Hadi; Garant, Timothy M.; McConnell, Erin M.; DeRosa, Maria C. (2023-09-01).
2490:
Ashiq S, Hussain M, Ahmad B (2014). "Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in medicinal plants: a review".
1236:
Hussein HS, Brasel JM (2001). "Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals".
5766:
5080:
4909:
4764:
3656:
3291:
2891:
2646:"Design of a Molecularly Imprinted Stir-Bar for Isolation of Patulin in Apple and LC-MS/MS Detection"
2178:
1245:
1132:
1003:
774:
In the feed and food industry, it has become common practice to add mycotoxin binding agents such as
465:, which are most strongly associated with chronic and fatal toxic effects in animals and humans; and
384:
274:
54:
5817:
5782:
5726:
5485:
5183:
4634:
2644:
Regal, Patricia; Díaz-Bao, Mónica; Barreiro, Rocío; Fente, Cristina; Cepeda, Alberto (2017-03-24).
874:
517:
415:
820:
724:
is one example. It has been suggested that mycotoxins in stored animal feed are the cause of rare
5384:
5337:
5279:
5163:
4835:
4572:
3742:
3700:
3577:
3408:
3234:
3031:
2761:
2626:
2202:
1865:
1581:
1451:"Colorimetric detection of aflatoxins B1 and M1 using aptamers and gold and silver nanoparticles"
1309:
1029:
992:"Patulin Imprinted Nanoparticles Decorated Surface Plasmon Resonance Chips for Patulin Detection"
869:
levels of a range of mycotoxins permitted in food and animal feed are set by a range of
European
865:
Food-based mycotoxins were studied extensively worldwide throughout the 20th century. In Europe,
574:
508:
503:
427:
304:
159:
2805:
2428:
1840:
to
Zygomycetes: causes, risk factors, prevention, and treatment of invasive fungal infections".
633:
In 2004 in Kenya, 125 people died and nearly 200 others required medical treatment after eating
235:
is a mycotoxin that comes in three secondary metabolite forms, A, B, and C. All are produced by
169:. The umbrella term aflatoxin refers to four different types of mycotoxins produced, which are B
1099:
486:
5711:
5520:
5206:
4840:
4825:
4807:
4721:
4577:
4521:
3808:
3255:
3226:
3180:
3161:"Opportunities for biotechnology and policy regarding mycotoxin issues in international trade"
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2009:
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1350:
1301:
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1218:
1183:
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969:
422:. Although patulin has not been shown to be carcinogenic, it has been reported to damage the
5362:
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5254:
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2001:
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1293:
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1175:
1140:
1071:
1063:
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961:
644:
136:
112:
3051:"Regulations relating to mycotoxins in food: perspectives in a global and European context"
2259:
5578:
5284:
5246:
5216:
5062:
4995:
4860:
4845:
4769:
4736:
4599:
4504:
4099:
3754:
3651:
3496:
3471:
3356:
3284:
3271:
2339:"A review of postharvest approaches to reduce fungal and mycotoxin contamination of foods"
1201:
Fox EM, Howlett BJ (2008). "Secondary metabolism: regulation and role in fungal biology".
842:
775:
665:
623:
582:
2139:
2895:
2182:
1284:
Martins ML, Martins HM, Bernardo F (2001). "Aflatoxins in spices marketed in
Portugal".
1249:
1136:
1007:
5701:
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4541:
4089:
4029:
3852:
3844:
3591:
3545:
3314:
3264:
2954:
Bullerman, L., Bianchini, A. (2007). "Stability of mycotoxins during food processing".
2859:
2832:
2559:
2532:
2304:
2277:
2246:
2140:"Update: Pulmonary hemorrhage/hemosiderosis among infants – Cleveland, Ohio, 1993–1996"
1519:
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120:
85:
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2040:
1935:
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1051:
965:
5811:
5706:
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4751:
4617:
note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species
4531:
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3642:
3491:
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1033:
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In the 1990s, public concern over mycotoxins increased following multimillion-dollar
567:
423:
345:
309:
35:
3035:
2765:
1869:
1313:
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2005:
1970:
1585:
733:
708:
695:
549:
398:
77:
2206:
1714:
1654:
1067:
952:
Richard JL (2007). "Some major mycotoxins and their mycotoxicoses – an overview".
3209:
Wood GE (1 December 1992). "Mycotoxins in foods and feeds in the United States".
601:
investigated the causes of Damp Building Related Illness (DBRI). They found that
5786:
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5289:
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5201:
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3628:
3599:
3419:
3397:
3334:
3324:
2337:
Liu, Yue; Yamdeu, Joseph Hubert Galani; Gong, Yun Yun; Orfila, Caroline (2020).
834:
627:
543:
537:
478:
466:
313:
284:
263:
250:
237:
153:
132:
128:
89:
2662:
2645:
2388:"Concomitant fungal and Mycobacterium bovis infections in beef cattle in Kenya"
1345:
1328:
630:, either by being eaten directly by humans or by being used as livestock feed.
316:
in all animal species tested. Although it is associated with many human foods (
5547:
5299:
5264:
5193:
4980:
4855:
4815:
4684:
4589:
4526:
4443:
4421:
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4174:
4164:
4149:
4134:
4129:
4114:
4034:
4019:
3935:
3925:
3920:
3910:
3877:
3567:
3527:
3344:
3339:
3067:
3050:
3019:
2903:
2833:"Application of Novel Non-Thermal Physical Technologies to Degrade Mycotoxins"
2503:
2190:
1853:
1813:
1796:
1569:
1467:
1450:
1214:
1179:
1144:
1016:
991:
746:
729:
721:
648:
531:
513:
482:
450:
355:
232:
206:
190:
97:
73:
2709:
2681:
2614:
2364:
1476:
1435:
1354:
1025:
288:. Some of these species are used to produce human foodstuffs such as cheese (
5593:
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5236:
5211:
5138:
5130:
5112:
5097:
5085:
5029:
5006:
4974:
4969:
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4489:
4479:
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4387:
4346:
4258:
4074:
4054:
4044:
4004:
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3979:
3950:
3900:
3882:
3835:
3734:
3718:
3329:
2355:
2338:
2087:
2066:
1376:, Food Science and Technology, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 409–418,
866:
779:
725:
684:
634:
411:
360:
299:
222:
198:
148:
65:
3222:
3184:
3145:
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2975:
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2372:
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2155:
2096:
2048:
2013:
1978:
1943:
1904:
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1822:
1778:
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1623:
1577:
1528:
1305:
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1222:
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2549:
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17:
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4288:
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3989:
3984:
3915:
3867:
3840:
3786:
3714:
3708:
3694:
3680:
3671:
3367:
1412:"Fungi and mycotoxins in grain: Implications for stored product research"
932:
911:
816:
474:
434:
369:
365:
341:
269:
254:
124:
69:
51:
2749:
2472:
Queiroz, Oscar; Rabaglino, Maria; Adesogan, Adegbola (4 November 2013).
1368:
Pitt, John I. (2013-01-01), Morris, J. Glenn; Potter, Morris E. (eds.),
441:
and have a history of infecting the grain of developing cereals such as
354:
alkaloids are compounds produced as a toxic mixture of alkaloids in the
5024:
4741:
4711:
4645:
4552:
4014:
4009:
3994:
3955:
3930:
3767:
3747:
3387:
2849:
2672:
677:
490:
379:
202:
81:
5741:
687:
in North America in late 2005 and early 2006, and again in late 2011.
5168:
5126:
4696:
4319:
4293:
4263:
4079:
3781:
3762:
3510:
3137:
2237:
838:
691:
458:
329:
214:
210:
193:
and has been directly correlated to adverse health effects, such as
2429:"Dogs keep dying: Too many owners remain unaware of toxic dog food"
801:
Affirmation of chemical interaction between mycotoxin and adsorbent
5122:
4774:
4268:
4184:
4179:
4049:
3970:
3309:
3124:
Shephard GS (2008). "Determination of mycotoxins in human foods".
824:
454:
446:
442:
419:
407:
351:
325:
317:
226:
218:
116:
93:
58:
1753:"Fungi, quality and safety issues in fresh fruits and vegetables"
197:, in many animal species. Aflatoxins are largely associated with
4433:
4341:
2781:"Sex-Change Chicken: Gertie the Hen Becomes Bertie the Cockerel"
1556:
Bayman P, Baker JL (2006). "Ochratoxins: a global perspective".
414:, in particular rotting apples and figs. It is destroyed by the
321:
295:
64:
Examples of mycotoxins causing human and animal illness include
4649:
3280:
2027:
Fog Nielsen, K (2003). "Mycotoxin production by indoor molds".
5019:
4278:
337:
333:
2065:
Pestka JJ, Yike I, Dearborn DG, Ward MD, Harkema JR (2008).
1992:
Berger KJ, Guss DA (2005). "Mycotoxins revisited: Part II".
1957:
Berger KJ, Guss DA (2005). "Mycotoxins revisited: Part I".
577:
settlements. The lawsuits took place after a study by the
2138:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2000).
990:Çimen, Duygu; Bereli, Nilay; Denizli, Adil (2022-06-01).
795:
High capacity to absorb high concentrations of mycotoxins
2587:
Song, Xinjie; Wang, Danhua; Kim, Myunghee (2021-04-16).
1918:
Desjardins AE, Proctor RH (2007). "Molecular biology of
1495:"Biological control of aflatoxin contamination of crops"
798:
High affinity to absorb low concentrations of mycotoxins
786:
Efficacy of active component verified by scientific data
418:
process and so is not found in apple beverages, such as
1374:
Foodborne Infections and Intoxications (Fourth Edition)
622:
Mycotoxins can appear in the food chain as a result of
2386:
Kuria, Joseph N.; Gathogo, Stephen M. (4 March 2013).
2343:
Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety
1797:"Mycotoxins in botanicals and dried fruits: A review"
597:
One study by the Center of Integrative Toxicology at
278:, but has been identified in over a dozen species of
2117:. Chelsea, Mich: Lewis Publishers. pp. 183–84.
5684:
5622:
5546:
5501:
2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
5323:
5245:
5192:
5121:
5071:
5043:
5005:
4894:
4802:
4750:
4683:
4550:
4457:
4431:
4420:
4375:
4317:
4211:
4200:
3969:
3826:
3797:
3733:
3670:
3617:
3590:
3543:
3509:
3482:
3395:
3386:
3375:
3366:
3355:
449:. They include a range of mycotoxins, such as: the
45:
39:
2806:"'Sex-change' chicken shocks Cambridgeshire owner"
2443:"More Aflatoxin-Related Dog Food Recalls Revealed"
2220:Lewis L, Onsongo M, Njapau H, et al. (2005).
585:, reported an association between mycotoxins from
131:are sufficient. Where conditions are right, fungi
676:, are known causative agents of endemic systemic
3049:van Egmond HP, Schothorst RC, Jonker MA (2007).
2485:
2483:
2271:
2269:
406:is especially associated with a range of moldy
1790:
1788:
4661:
3292:
3119:
3117:
3115:
2926:"Immunoaffinity and further Clean-up Columns"
1457:. Special Issue on Functional Nucleic Acids.
811:Non-toxic, environmentally friendly component
8:
5676:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
5491:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
5390:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
2988:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1329:"Impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals"
1279:
1277:
1275:
1045:
1043:
711:-based supplements, at up to 37 mg/kg.
683:There were outbreaks of dog food containing
5614:United Kingdom food information regulations
2108:
2106:
2060:
2058:
1551:
1549:
4668:
4654:
4646:
4428:
4208:
3515:
3392:
3383:
3372:
3363:
3299:
3285:
3277:
3001:
2999:
2956:International Journal of Food Microbiology
2698:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1597:
1595:
690:Mycotoxins in animal fodder, particularly
437:toxins are produced by over 50 species of
368:, the human disease historically known as
5452:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
4224:Androctonus australis hector insect toxin
3066:
2858:
2848:
2671:
2661:
2604:
2558:
2548:
2403:
2354:
2303:
2293:
2245:
2086:
1812:
1768:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1722:
1662:
1518:
1466:
1344:
1075:
1015:
253:of a wide range of commodities including
5496:2018 Australian strawberry contamination
5358:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
3256:Detailed listing and information on all
1493:Yin YN, Yan LY, Jiang JH, Ma ZH (2008).
1488:
1486:
891:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
272:is a toxin that was first isolated from
5466:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
902:
5481:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
5058:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
2981:
2467:
2465:
985:
983:
860:European Committee for Standardization
453:, which affect the nervous systems of
2332:
2330:
2282:International Journal of Microbiology
7:
5772:
5660:Institute for Food Safety and Health
5400:Australian meat substitution scandal
5368:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959
5144:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
3091:"Multi-Mycotoxin SPE-Column CossTOX"
2531:Do KH, An TJ, Oh SK, Moon Y (2015).
151:are a type of mycotoxin produced by
5792:
5648:Food Information and Control Agency
1416:Journal of Stored Products Research
3578:Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB)
1637:Bennett, JW; Klich, M (Jul 2003).
1382:10.1016/b978-0-12-416041-5.00030-5
25:
5665:International Food Safety Network
5589:International Food Safety Network
5310:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
5260:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
4987:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
3177:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.036
2968:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.035
1936:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.024
1897:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.08.006
1616:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.029
1333:Journal of Saudi Chemical Society
1050:Bennett, J. W.; Klich, M (2003).
966:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.019
879:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
5791:
5781:
5771:
5762:
5761:
5750:
5740:
5670:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
5506:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
5437:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
5432:ICA meat repackaging controversy
4630:
4629:
1770:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03705.x
5609:Quality Assurance International
5516:Food safety incidents in Taiwan
5486:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
5380:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
5295:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
3662:Extracellular adenylate cyclase
2431:. Cornell University Chronicle.
1795:Trucksess MW, Scott PM (2008).
1410:Miller, J. David (1995-01-01).
1327:Zain, Mohamed E. (2011-04-01).
312:disease in Japan and acts as a
308:). Citrinin is associated with
5638:European Food Safety Authority
5511:Food safety incidents in China
5348:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
5315:Water fluoridation controversy
2779:Melina, Remy (31 March 2011).
2606:10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128257
2006:10.1016/j.jemermed.2004.08.019
1971:10.1016/j.jemermed.2004.08.013
808:data with all major mycotoxins
792:Stability over a wide pH range
789:A low effective inclusion rate
189:, the most toxic, is a potent
1:
3814:Fibronectin binding protein A
2171:J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A
2041:10.1016/S1087-1845(03)00026-4
1715:10.1128/CMR.16.3.497-516.2003
1655:10.1128/CMR.16.3.497-516.2003
1643:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1258:10.1016/S0300-483X(01)00471-1
1068:10.1128/CMR.16.3.497-516.2003
1056:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
674:Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
5643:Food and Drug Administration
5325:Food contamination incidents
3265:Microbiology of Animal Feeds
3097:. 2020-10-16. Archived from
2932:. 2020-10-16. Archived from
2427:Susan S. Lang (2006-01-06).
2144:MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep
2115:Indoor environmental quality
1697:Bennett JW, Klich M (2003).
1428:10.1016/0022-474X(94)00039-V
830:Trichosporon mycotoxinvorans
5697:Food and drink prohibitions
5471:Bihar school meal poisoning
5395:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
5353:1900 English beer poisoning
4707:Antibiotic use in livestock
3555:Staphylococcus aureus alpha
3533:Panton–Valentine leukocidin
3159:Kendra DF, Dyer RB (2007).
2492:Fungal Genetics and Biology
2029:Fungal Genetics and Biology
938:Online Etymology Dictionary
917:Online Etymology Dictionary
382:is a toxin produced by the
46:
40:
5834:
5692:Curing (food preservation)
4765:Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
3573:Toxic shock syndrome toxin
2663:10.3390/separations4020011
2276:Jeswal P, Kumar D (2015).
1346:10.1016/j.jscs.2010.06.006
658:
579:Center for Disease Control
157:species of fungi, such as
27:Toxin produced by a fungus
5735:
5722:Genetically modified food
5574:Food labeling regulations
5442:2008 Chinese milk scandal
4625:
4612:
4470:(+)-Allopumiliotoxin 267A
3518:
3068:10.1007/s00216-007-1317-9
3020:10.1080/10408390500436185
3008:Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr
2904:10.1016/j.tox.2012.06.012
2504:10.1016/j.fgb.2014.02.005
2191:10.1080/15287390802706389
1854:10.1007/s15010-008-7357-z
1814:10.1080/02652030701567459
1570:10.1007/s11046-006-0055-4
1468:10.1016/j.aac.2023.07.003
1370:"Chapter 30 - Mycotoxins"
1215:10.1016/j.mib.2008.10.007
1180:10.1080/10473220050129419
1168:Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg
1145:10.1016/j.aca.2008.11.010
1017:10.1007/s13320-021-0638-1
833:), or bacterial strains (
661:Mycotoxins in animal feed
599:Michigan State University
426:in animals. In 2004, the
5584:Food safety in Australia
4780:High-fructose corn syrup
3863:beta-Nitropropionic acid
2710:10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02105
2226:Environ. Health Perspect
670:Blastomyces dermatitidis
457:and may cause cancer in
340:, and food colored with
5564:Acceptable daily intake
5476:2013 horse meat scandal
4917:Clostridium perfringens
3647:Heat-labile enterotoxin
3638:heat-stable enterotoxin
2392:Onderstepoort J Vet Res
2356:10.1111/1541-4337.12562
282:and several species of
259:Aspergillus carbonarius
257:such as beer and wine.
44:, "fungus" and τοξικός
5632:Centre for Food Safety
5447:2008 Irish pork crisis
5149:Benzene in soft drinks
3756:Bacillus thuringiensis
3223:10.2527/1992.70123941x
3165:Int. J. Food Microbiol
2474:"Mycotoxins in Silage"
2405:10.4102/ojvr.v80i1.585
2069:Stachybotrys chartarum
1924:Int. J. Food Microbiol
1885:Int. J. Food Microbiol
1604:Int. J. Food Microbiol
1298:10.1080/02652030120041
954:Int. J. Food Microbiol
837:BBSH 797 developed by
702:In dietary supplements
555:Stachybotrys chartarum
524:In indoor environments
374:central nervous system
291:Penicillium camemberti
5654:Food Standards Agency
5604:Organic certification
5599:Nutrition facts label
5343:Esing Bakery incident
5131:environment pollution
2550:10.3390/toxins7104111
2113:Godish, Thad (2001).
2088:10.1093/toxsci/kfm284
1511:10.1631/jzus.B0860003
1499:J Zhejiang Univ Sci B
1203:Curr. Opin. Microbiol
247:Aspergillus ochraceus
5423:2006 North American
5081:Acesulfame potassium
4910:Campylobacter jejuni
4804:Intestinal parasites
4677:Consumer food safety
3657:Pseudomonas exotoxin
1836:Cornely OA (2008). "
1703:Clin. Microbiol. Rev
275:Penicillium citrinum
55:secondary metabolite
50:, "poisonous") is a
5727:Conspiracy theories
5280:Heterocyclic amines
5184:Shellfish poisoning
3055:Anal. Bioanal. Chem
2896:2012Toxgy.301...21B
2750:10.1038/nrmicro1286
2738:Nat. Rev. Microbiol
2295:10.1155/2015/242486
2183:2009JTEHA..72..585H
1250:2001Toxgy.167..101H
1137:2009AcAC..632..168T
1008:2022PhSen..12..117C
518:monomethylhydrazine
348:in murine kidneys.
264:confounding factors
5385:Toxic oil syndrome
5338:Swill milk scandal
5164:Diethylstilbestrol
4836:Diphyllobothriasis
4573:Alpha-Bungarotoxin
3743:Lipopolysaccharide
3701:Pore-forming toxin
3270:2013-06-12 at the
2850:10.3390/jof7050395
1801:Food Addit. Contam
1757:J. Appl. Microbiol
1286:Food Addit. Contam
541:(multiple forms),
509:Amanita phalloides
504:mushroom poisoning
428:European Community
370:St. Anthony's Fire
305:Aspergillus oryzae
5805:
5804:
5712:Food preservation
5521:Foodborne illness
5073:Sugar substitutes
4826:Cryptosporidiosis
4808:parasitic disease
4722:HGH controversies
4689:food contaminants
4643:
4642:
4608:
4607:
4578:Beta-Bungarotoxin
4522:Pumiliotoxin 251D
4416:
4415:
3822:
3821:
3809:Clumping factor A
3729:
3728:
3613:
3612:
3586:
3585:
3505:
3504:
2724:
2575:
2519:
2322:
2124:978-1-56670-402-1
1455:Advanced Agrochem
1391:978-0-12-416041-5
931:Harper, Douglas.
910:Harper, Douglas.
877:regulations. The
16:(Redirected from
5825:
5795:
5794:
5785:
5775:
5774:
5765:
5764:
5757:Drink portal
5755:
5754:
5753:
5745:
5744:
5656:(United Kingdom)
5405:Jack in the Box
5376:
5363:Minamata disease
5275:Food irradiation
5255:4-Hydroxynonenal
5103:Sodium cyclamate
4946:Escherichia coli
4938:Escherichia coli
4670:
4663:
4656:
4647:
4633:
4632:
4561:
4517:Histrionicotoxin
4463:
4437:
4429:
4381:
4335:Alpha-latrotoxin
4323:
4217:
4209:
3941:Sterigmatocystin
3893:, Fumonisin B3,
3857:epsilon-amanitin
3776:B. thuringiensis
3605:Diphtheria toxin
3548:
3516:
3485:
3401:
3393:
3384:
3373:
3364:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3278:
3243:
3242:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3187:. Archived from
3156:
3150:
3149:
3138:10.1039/b713084h
3121:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3070:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3003:
2994:
2993:
2987:
2979:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2862:
2852:
2837:Journal of Fungi
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2675:
2665:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2608:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2562:
2552:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2448:Food Safety News
2439:
2433:
2432:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2407:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2358:
2349:(4): 1521–1560.
2334:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2307:
2297:
2273:
2264:
2263:
2258:. Archived from
2249:
2238:10.1289/ehp.7998
2217:
2211:
2210:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2090:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2024:
2018:
2017:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1816:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1772:
1751:Moss MO (2008).
1748:
1737:
1736:
1726:
1694:
1677:
1676:
1666:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1553:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1490:
1481:
1480:
1470:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1348:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1281:
1270:
1269:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1125:Anal. Chim. Acta
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1079:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1019:
996:Photonic Sensors
987:
978:
977:
949:
943:
942:
928:
922:
921:
907:
668:, which include
624:fungal infection
473:toxins include:
402:fungal species.
201:produced in the
49:
43:
21:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5822:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5751:
5749:
5747:Food portal
5739:
5731:
5680:
5618:
5579:Food libel laws
5542:
5370:
5319:
5285:Modified starch
5247:Food processing
5241:
5188:
5117:
5067:
5063:Sodium benzoate
5039:
5001:
4996:Vibrio cholerae
4890:
4861:Gnathostomiasis
4846:Fasciolopsiasis
4798:
4746:
4737:Mercury in fish
4679:
4674:
4644:
4639:
4621:
4604:
4600:Cardiotoxin III
4556:
4551:
4546:
4458:
4453:
4432:
4424:
4412:
4376:
4371:
4318:
4313:
4212:
4204:
4196:
4100:Resiniferatoxin
3965:
3818:
3800:
3793:
3758:delta endotoxin
3725:
3666:
3652:Pertussis toxin
3620:
3609:
3582:
3544:
3539:
3501:
3497:Listeriolysin O
3483:
3478:
3396:
3378:
3358:
3351:
3305:
3272:Wayback Machine
3252:
3247:
3246:
3217:(12): 3941–49.
3208:
3207:
3203:
3194:
3192:
3171:(1–2): 147–51.
3158:
3157:
3153:
3132:(11): 2468–77.
3123:
3122:
3113:
3104:
3102:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3005:
3004:
2997:
2980:
2962:(1–2): 140–46.
2953:
2952:
2948:
2939:
2937:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2813:
2812:. 31 March 2011
2804:
2803:
2799:
2789:
2787:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2704:(29): 6633–43.
2694:
2693:
2689:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2543:(10): 4111–30.
2530:
2529:
2525:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2471:
2470:
2463:
2454:
2452:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2320:
2275:
2274:
2267:
2232:(12): 1763–67.
2219:
2218:
2214:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2026:
2025:
2021:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1891:(1–2): 116–25.
1882:
1881:
1877:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1750:
1749:
1740:
1696:
1695:
1680:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1536:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1283:
1282:
1273:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1049:
1048:
1041:
989:
988:
981:
951:
950:
946:
930:
929:
925:
909:
908:
904:
899:
887:
851:
843:nixtamalization
776:montmorillonite
772:
763:
742:
717:
704:
666:Dimorphic fungi
663:
657:
620:
583:Cleveland, Ohio
526:
499:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
146:
119:. They consume
111:Most fungi are
109:
94:ergot alkaloids
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5831:
5829:
5821:
5820:
5810:
5809:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5789:
5779:
5769:
5759:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5702:Food marketing
5699:
5694:
5688:
5686:
5685:Related topics
5682:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5673:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5651:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5628:
5626:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5560:
5558:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5420:
5411:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5329:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5270:Food additives
5267:
5262:
5257:
5251:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5198:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5135:
5133:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5083:
5077:
5075:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5049:
5047:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5011:
5009:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4992:
4984:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4942:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4900:
4898:
4896:Microorganisms
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4866:Paragonimiasis
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4831:Cyclosporiasis
4828:
4823:
4818:
4812:
4810:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4756:
4754:
4752:Food additives
4748:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4727:Lead poisoning
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4693:
4691:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4650:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4564:
4562:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4542:Zetekitoxin AB
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4477:
4472:
4466:
4464:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4440:
4438:
4426:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4382:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4326:
4324:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4206:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4090:Pseudaconitine
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4030:Djenkolic acid
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3976:
3974:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3853:gamma-amanitin
3845:alpha-amanitin
3838:
3832:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3805:
3803:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3739:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3676:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3640:
3632:
3625:
3623:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3592:Actinomycetota
3588:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3551:
3549:
3546:Staphylococcus
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3404:
3402:
3390:
3381:
3370:
3361:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3262:
3251:
3250:External links
3248:
3245:
3244:
3201:
3151:
3126:Chem. Soc. Rev
3111:
3082:
3041:
3014:(8): 593–619.
2995:
2946:
2917:
2890:(1–3): 21–32.
2874:
2823:
2797:
2771:
2744:(12): 937–47.
2728:
2687:
2636:
2593:Food Chemistry
2579:
2523:
2479:
2461:
2434:
2419:
2398:(1): 4 pages.
2378:
2326:
2265:
2262:on 2012-06-29.
2212:
2161:
2130:
2123:
2102:
2054:
2019:
1984:
1949:
1930:(1–2): 47–50.
1910:
1875:
1848:(4): 296–313.
1828:
1784:
1763:(5): 1239–43.
1738:
1709:(3): 497–516.
1678:
1649:(3): 497–516.
1629:
1610:(1–2): 79–83.
1591:
1558:Mycopathologia
1545:
1534:
1505:(10): 787–92.
1482:
1461:(3): 221–230.
1441:
1402:
1390:
1360:
1339:(2): 129–144.
1319:
1271:
1228:
1193:
1174:(10): 773–84.
1158:
1115:
1091:
1062:(3): 497–516.
1039:
1002:(2): 117–129.
979:
944:
923:
901:
900:
898:
895:
894:
893:
886:
883:
850:
847:
813:
812:
809:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
771:
768:
762:
759:
751:immunoaffinity
741:
738:
716:
715:Health effects
713:
703:
700:
659:Main article:
656:
655:In animal food
653:
619:
616:
525:
522:
498:
495:
463:trichothecenes
358:of species of
249:is found as a
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:A. parasiticus
145:
142:
121:organic matter
108:
105:
86:trichothecenes
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5830:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5798:
5790:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5778:
5770:
5768:
5760:
5758:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5737:
5734:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5707:Food politics
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5677:
5674:
5672:(South Korea)
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5621:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5537:
5536:United States
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5457:2011 Germany
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5414:1996 Odwalla
5412:
5410:
5408:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5374:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5045:Preservatives
5042:
5036:
5035:Methamidophos
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5008:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4876:Toxoplasmosis
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4787:Vegetable oil
4785:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4671:
4666:
4664:
4659:
4657:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4636:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4532:Samandaridine
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4505:Marinobufagin
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4475:Batrachotoxin
4473:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4316:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4229:Charybdotoxin
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4140:Solauricidine
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4085:Protoanemonin
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4070:Oenanthotoxin
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3946:Trichothecene
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3906:Ibotenic acid
3904:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3849:beta-amanitin
3846:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3796:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3643:Cholera toxin
3641:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3616:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3542:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3492:Anthrax toxin
3490:
3489:
3487:
3481:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3415:Tetanospasmin
3413:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3354:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3295:
3290:
3288:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3202:
3191:on 2021-04-28
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3101:on 2021-03-05
3100:
3096:
3095:www.lctech.de
3092:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3061:(1): 147–57.
3060:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2947:
2936:on 2021-03-05
2935:
2931:
2930:www.lctech.de
2927:
2921:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2824:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2177:(9): 585–98.
2176:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2035:(2): 103–17.
2034:
2030:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2000:(2): 175–83.
1999:
1995:
1994:J. Emerg. Med
1988:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1959:J. Emerg. Med
1953:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1922:mycotoxins".
1921:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1807:(2): 181–92.
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1564:(3): 215–23.
1563:
1559:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1403:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:(4): 315–19.
1291:
1287:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1244:(2): 101–34.
1243:
1239:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1209:(6): 481–87.
1208:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1131:(2): 168–80.
1130:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1105:
1101:
1100:"Food safety"
1095:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
984:
980:
975:
971:
967:
963:
960:(1–2): 3–10.
959:
955:
948:
945:
940:
939:
934:
927:
924:
919:
918:
913:
906:
903:
896:
892:
889:
888:
884:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
863:
861:
857:
848:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
831:
826:
822:
818:
810:
807:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
784:
783:
781:
777:
769:
767:
760:
758:
754:
752:
748:
739:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
714:
712:
710:
701:
699:
697:
693:
688:
686:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
654:
652:
650:
646:
641:
638:
636:
631:
629:
625:
617:
615:
611:
608:
607:S. chartarum
604:
600:
595:
593:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
569:
568:concentration
564:
560:
556:
552:
551:
546:
545:
540:
539:
534:
533:
523:
521:
519:
515:
511:
510:
505:
496:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
429:
425:
424:immune system
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:
395:
391:
387:
386:
381:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:
357:
353:
349:
347:
346:RNA synthesis
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
310:yellowed rice
307:
306:
301:
297:
293:
292:
287:
286:
281:
277:
276:
271:
267:
265:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
239:
234:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
185:. Aflatoxin B
168:
167:
162:
161:
156:
155:
150:
143:
141:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
106:
104:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
62:
60:
56:
53:
48:
42:
37:
33:
19:
5717:Food quality
5624:Institutions
5458:
5424:
5415:
5406:
5290:Nitrosamines
5173:
5053:Benzoic acid
5015:Chlorpyrifos
4994:
4988:
4979:
4962:
4945:
4937:
4929:
4922:
4915:
4908:
4886:Trichuriasis
4871:Toxocariasis
4841:Enterobiasis
4717:Formaldehyde
4616:
4595:Calcicludine
4585:Calciseptine
4568:Bungarotoxin
4537:Tarichatoxin
4485:Arenobufagin
4449:Tetrodotoxin
4408:Tetrodotoxin
4362:Vanillotoxin
4299:Phaiodotoxin
4202:Invertebrate
4125:Solasodamine
4060:Lotaustralin
3895:Fumonisin B4
3891:Fumonisin B2
3887:Fumonisin B1
3873:Cytochalasin
3827:
3775:
3755:
3707:
3693:
3687:Superantigen
3679:
3635:
3523:Streptolysin
3464:
3445:
3426:
3407:
3257:
3214:
3211:J. Anim. Sci
3210:
3204:
3193:. Retrieved
3189:the original
3168:
3164:
3154:
3129:
3125:
3103:. Retrieved
3099:the original
3094:
3085:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3011:
3007:
2984:cite journal
2959:
2955:
2949:
2938:. Retrieved
2934:the original
2929:
2920:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2814:. Retrieved
2809:
2800:
2788:. Retrieved
2785:Live Science
2784:
2774:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2721:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2572:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2515:
2495:
2491:
2453:. Retrieved
2451:. 2011-12-29
2446:
2437:
2422:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2346:
2342:
2317:
2285:
2281:
2260:the original
2229:
2225:
2215:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2150:(9): 180–4.
2147:
2143:
2133:
2114:
2078:
2075:Toxicol. Sci
2074:
2068:
2032:
2028:
2022:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1965:(1): 53–62.
1962:
1958:
1952:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1804:
1800:
1760:
1756:
1706:
1702:
1699:"Mycotoxins"
1646:
1642:
1639:"Mycotoxins"
1632:
1607:
1603:
1561:
1557:
1537:
1502:
1498:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1395:, retrieved
1373:
1363:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1289:
1285:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1107:. Retrieved
1103:
1094:
1059:
1055:
1052:"Mycotoxins"
999:
995:
957:
953:
947:
936:
926:
915:
905:
864:
852:
828:
821:de-epoxidase
814:
805:
773:
764:
755:
743:
730:carcinogenic
726:phenotypical
718:
709:milk thistle
705:
696:dairy cattle
689:
682:
664:
642:
639:
632:
621:
612:
606:
603:Stachybotrys
602:
596:
592:Stachybotrys
591:
587:Stachybotrys
586:
572:
563:S. chartarum
562:
559:S. chartarum
558:
554:
550:Stachybotrys
548:
542:
536:
530:
527:
507:
500:
470:
438:
433:
416:fermentation
403:
399:Paecilomyces
397:
393:
389:
383:
378:
359:
350:
303:
289:
283:
279:
273:
268:
258:
246:
242:
236:
231:
195:liver cancer
164:
158:
152:
147:
144:Major groups
110:
102:
78:ochratoxin A
63:
57:produced by
31:
29:
5797:WikiProject
5634:(Hong Kong)
5371: [
5333:Devon colic
5207:Breast milk
5179:Nonylphenol
5154:Bisphenol A
5091:controversy
4958:Hepatitis E
4953:Hepatitis A
4931:Enterovirus
4924:Cronobacter
4881:Trichinosis
4851:Fasciolosis
4821:Anisakiasis
4792:controversy
4685:Adulterants
4558:Snake venom
4512:Epibatidine
4500:Cinobufagin
4357:Stromatoxin
4304:Imperatoxin
4254:Scyllatoxin
4160:Tagetitoxin
4155:Swainsonine
4145:Solauricine
4110:Solamargine
4105:Scopolamine
4095:Retronecine
3961:Zearalenone
3629:Shiga toxin
3600:Cord factor
3439:Enterotoxin
3434:Alpha toxin
3428:perfringens
3420:Tetanolysin
3398:Clostridium
3335:hepatotoxin
3325:enterotoxin
3315:cardiotoxin
3258:Aspergillus
2673:10347/22495
2650:Separations
2081:(1): 4–26.
1838:Aspergillus
1422:(1): 1–16.
1104:www.who.int
849:Regulations
835:Eubacterium
649:metabolites
645:irradiation
544:Penicillium
538:Aspergillus
479:beauvericin
467:zearalenone
404:P. expansum
394:Penicillium
390:Aspergillus
385:P. expansum
314:nephrotoxin
285:Aspergillus
280:Penicillium
251:contaminant
243:Aspergillus
238:Penicillium
199:commodities
154:Aspergillus
133:proliferate
129:temperature
90:zearalenone
5818:Mycotoxins
5548:Regulation
5531:death toll
5300:Shortening
5265:Acrylamide
5194:Food fraud
5174:Mycotoxins
5007:Pesticides
4981:Salmonella
4856:Giardiasis
4816:Amoebiasis
4760:Flavorings
4590:Taicatoxin
4527:Samandarin
4480:Bufotoxins
4444:Ciguatoxin
4422:Vertebrate
4367:Huwentoxin
4347:Cupiennins
4330:Latrotoxin
4274:Kaliotoxin
4244:Margatoxin
4234:Maurotoxin
4175:Toxalbumin
4165:Tinyatoxin
4150:Strychnine
4135:Solasonine
4130:Solasodine
4115:Solanidine
4035:Falcarinol
4020:Delphinine
3936:Phalloidin
3926:Ochratoxin
3921:Orellanine
3911:Lolitrem B
3878:Ergotamine
3828:Mycotoxins
3672:Mechanisms
3631:/Verotoxin
3568:Exfoliatin
3528:Leukocidin
3345:phototoxin
3340:neurotoxin
3260:mycotoxins
3195:2018-12-29
3105:2021-01-21
2940:2021-01-21
2884:Toxicology
2843:(5): 395.
2599:: 128257.
2455:2012-05-12
1397:2023-09-12
1238:Toxicology
1109:2023-09-12
897:References
871:directives
761:Mitigation
747:macrophage
722:penicillin
610:symptoms.
575:toxic mold
532:Alternaria
514:orellanine
497:Occurrence
483:butenolide
451:fumonisins
412:vegetables
233:Ochratoxin
223:pistachios
209:, such as
207:subtropics
191:carcinogen
149:Aflatoxins
107:Production
98:ergotamine
74:fumonisins
34:(from the
18:Mycotoxins
5594:ISO 22000
5556:watchdogs
5552:standards
5526:outbreaks
5427:outbreaks
5305:Trans fat
5217:Olive oil
5139:Aflatoxin
5113:Sucralose
5098:Saccharin
5086:Aspartame
5030:Malathion
4975:Rotavirus
4970:Norovirus
4495:Bufotenin
4490:Bufotalin
4460:Amphibian
4403:Saxitoxin
4393:Eledoisin
4388:Conotoxin
4259:Hefutoxin
4075:Oleandrin
4055:Linamarin
4045:Helenalin
4005:Cicutoxin
4000:Chaconine
3980:Amygdalin
3951:Vomitoxin
3901:Gliotoxin
3883:Fumonisin
3836:Aflatoxin
3799:Virulence
3735:Endotoxin
3466:botulinum
3447:difficile
3357:Bacterial
3330:hemotoxin
3320:cytotoxin
2682:2297-8739
2656:(2): 11.
2631:222352001
2615:0308-8146
2365:1541-4337
1842:Infection
1477:2773-2371
1436:0022-474X
1355:1319-6103
1034:239220993
1026:2190-7439
867:statutory
780:bentonite
753:columns.
740:In humans
734:genotoxic
685:aflatoxin
635:aflatoxin
581:(CDC) in
487:equisetin
475:enniatins
361:Claviceps
356:sclerotia
300:soy sauce
294:), sake,
255:beverages
160:A. flavus
123:wherever
66:aflatoxin
32:mycotoxin
5812:Category
5787:Cookbook
5767:Category
5569:E number
5461:outbreak
5418:outbreak
5409:outbreak
5159:Dieldrin
5108:Sorbitol
4964:Listeria
4904:Botulism
4732:Melamine
4702:Aldicarb
4635:Category
4398:Onchidal
4378:Mollusca
4289:Bestoxin
4284:Birtoxin
4249:Slotoxin
4239:Agitoxin
4214:Scorpion
4170:Tomatine
4120:Solanine
4065:Mimosine
4040:Gossypol
4025:Divicine
3990:Antiarin
3985:Anisatin
3916:Muscimol
3868:Citrinin
3841:Amatoxin
3787:Cry34Ab1
3715:AB toxin
3709:type III
3621:negative
3379:positive
3368:Exotoxin
3268:Archived
3185:17727996
3146:18949120
3077:17508207
3036:25728064
3028:17092826
2976:17804104
2912:22749975
2869:34069444
2816:31 March
2810:BBC News
2766:23537608
2758:16322742
2718:26168136
2623:33051098
2569:26473926
2512:24594211
2498:: 1–10.
2414:23902371
2373:33337083
2314:26229535
2256:16330360
2199:19296408
2156:11795499
2097:18007011
2049:12781669
2014:15707814
1979:15657006
1944:17707105
1920:Fusarium
1905:17900733
1870:22919557
1862:18642109
1823:18286408
1779:18217939
1733:12857779
1673:12857779
1624:17716764
1578:16944288
1529:18837105
1314:30636872
1306:11339266
1266:11567776
1223:18973828
1188:11036728
1153:19110091
1086:12857779
974:17719115
885:See also
817:esterase
491:fusarins
477:such as
471:Fusarium
439:Fusarium
435:Fusarium
366:ergotism
342:Monascus
270:Citrinin
137:colonies
125:humidity
96:such as
70:citrinin
5777:Commons
5650:(Spain)
5459:E. coli
5425:E. coli
5416:E. coli
5407:E. coli
5227:Seafood
5127:poisons
5025:Lindane
4989:E. coli
4948:O157:H7
4940:O104:H4
4742:Sudan I
4712:Cyanide
4553:Reptile
4015:Daphnin
4010:Coniine
3995:Brucine
3956:Zeranol
3931:Patulin
3778:toxins
3768:Cry3Bb1
3748:Lipid A
3695:type II
3636:E. coli
3388:Bacilli
3239:1991432
3231:1474031
2892:Bibcode
2860:8159112
2790:12 July
2560:4626724
2305:4503550
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2247:1314917
2179:Bibcode
1586:4540706
1520:2565741
1246:Bibcode
1133:Bibcode
1004:Bibcode
933:"toxin"
912:"myco-"
806:in vivo
804:Proven
770:Removal
678:mycoses
618:In food
459:rodents
380:Patulin
215:peanuts
203:tropics
181:, and G
113:aerobic
82:patulin
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5232:Shrimp
5169:Dioxin
5123:Toxins
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4294:BmKAEP
4264:HgeTx1
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4352:PhTx3
4269:HsTx1
4192:Tutin
4185:Ricin
4180:Abrin
4050:Ledol
3971:Plant
3563:delta
3511:Cocci
3472:Botox
3235:S2CID
3032:S2CID
2762:S2CID
2627:S2CID
2203:S2CID
1866:S2CID
1582:S2CID
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1030:S2CID
825:yeast
628:crops
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420:cider
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318:wheat
227:maize
135:into
59:fungi
52:toxic
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36:Greek
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4342:CSTX
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3181:PMID
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2818:2011
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2119:ISBN
2093:PMID
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1932:doi
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