1756:
31:
98:
At least 15 different fumonisins have so far been reported and other minor metabolites have been identified, although most of them have not been shown to occur naturally. In 2015, a unique class of non-aminated fumonisins was reported on grapes infected with
164:
Gelderblom, Wentzel C. A.; Marasas, Walter F. O.; Vleggaar, R.; Thiel, Pieter G.; Cawood, M. E. (February 1992). "Fumonisins: Isolation, chemical characterization and biological effects".
314:
Renaud, J.B.R; M.J Kelman; Tianyu F. Qi; K.A. Seifert; M.W. Sumarah (2015). "Product ion filtering with rapid polarity switching for the detection of all fumonisins and AAL-toxins".
92:
As the fumonisins appear to be non-genotoxic the possibility that they belong to another class of non-genotoxic carcinogens, the peroxisome proliferators, was investigated
95:
Genetic engineering is reported as a promising means of detoxifying mycotoxins. This approach may provide innovative solutions to the problem of fumonisin in corn.
401:
383:
Mycotoxicology: Introduction to the
Mycology, Plant Pathology, Chemistry, Toxicology, and Pathology of Naturally Occurring Mycotoxicoses In Animals and Man
1348:
558:
234:"Reduced contamination by the Fusarium mycotoxin zearalenone in maize kernels through genetic modification with a detoxification gene"
687:
679:
390:
365:
298:
216:
683:
571:
423:
657:
786:
1476:
1433:
938:
582:
577:
697:
322:(22). Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry Volume 29, Issue 22, 30 November 2015, Pages 2131–2139: 2131–2139.
987:
151:
232:
Igawa, T; Takahashi-Ando, N; Ochiai, N; Ohsato, S; Shimizu, T; Kudo, T; Yamaguchi, I; Kimura, M (March 2007).
771:
759:
563:
552:
743:
501:
1594:
1229:
590:
781:
416:
323:
245:
1780:
1759:
81:
1697:
867:
825:
702:
533:
189:
1702:
1646:
933:
386:
361:
339:
294:
271:
212:
181:
53:
1641:
1459:
1065:
981:
923:
729:
331:
261:
253:
173:
1724:
1629:
1224:
879:
776:
621:
596:
481:
409:
327:
249:
1666:
1214:
1154:
977:
969:
716:
670:
439:
266:
233:
147:
1774:
1742:
note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species
1656:
1599:
1353:
1316:
1264:
1209:
1194:
1070:
1030:
973:
767:
616:
539:
116:
61:
193:
1719:
1709:
1692:
1661:
1609:
1573:
1532:
1486:
1423:
1326:
1249:
1184:
1019:
1015:
1011:
997:
811:
647:
444:
86:
76:
71:
119:(T-2) mycotoxins are a group of over 40 compounds produced by fungi of the genus
1682:
1636:
1624:
1481:
1428:
1378:
1284:
1279:
1269:
1234:
1219:
1085:
753:
724:
544:
522:
459:
449:
129:
57:
1714:
1651:
1568:
1546:
1491:
1454:
1398:
1368:
1358:
1299:
1289:
1274:
1259:
1254:
1239:
1159:
1144:
1060:
1050:
1045:
1035:
1002:
692:
652:
469:
464:
360:. McLean, VA: International Medical Publishing, Inc. 2005. pp. 102–103.
1619:
1614:
1604:
1584:
1527:
1517:
1512:
1471:
1383:
1199:
1179:
1169:
1129:
1124:
1104:
1075:
1025:
960:
952:
859:
843:
454:
385:. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 47.
43:
343:
275:
185:
30:
17:
1522:
1502:
1413:
1408:
1373:
1363:
1338:
1294:
1244:
1189:
1164:
1149:
1114:
1109:
1040:
992:
965:
911:
839:
833:
819:
805:
796:
492:
257:
121:
48:
1677:
1139:
1134:
1119:
1080:
1055:
892:
872:
512:
358:
USAMRIID's
Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook, 6th Ed
177:
1444:
1418:
1388:
1204:
906:
887:
635:
335:
207:
Jackson, Lauren S.; Jonathan W. DeVries; Lloyd B. Bullerman (1996).
1393:
1309:
1304:
1174:
1095:
434:
29:
1558:
1466:
405:
1403:
289:
Marasas, W.F.O.; J.D. Miller; R.T. Riley; A. Visconti (2000).
103:, although their toxicities have not yet been established.
293:. Vammala, Finland: World Health Organization. p. 9.
56:
section. They have strong structural similarity to
1675:
1582:
1556:
1545:
1500:
1442:
1336:
1325:
1094:
951:
922:
858:
795:
742:
715:
668:
634:
607:
520:
511:
500:
491:
480:
291:Environmental Health Criteria 219: Fumonisin B1
417:
8:
211:. New York, NY: Plenum Press. p. 289.
1553:
1333:
640:
517:
508:
497:
488:
424:
410:
402:
1349:Androctonus australis hector insect toxin
316:Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
265:
150:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
381:Marasas, W.F.O.; Paul E. Nelson (1987).
140:
7:
132:, is also referred to as F-2 toxin.
67:More specifically, it can refer to:
703:Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB)
34:Chemical structure of fumonisin B1
25:
1755:
1754:
787:Extracellular adenylate cyclase
1:
939:Fibronectin binding protein A
60:, the backbone precursor of
680:Staphylococcus aureus alpha
658:Panton–Valentine leukocidin
128:The estrogenic metabolite,
27:Group of chemical compounds
1797:
698:Toxic shock syndrome toxin
1750:
1737:
1595:(+)-Allopumiliotoxin 267A
643:
988:beta-Nitropropionic acid
152:Medical Subject Headings
101:Aspergillus welwitschiae
772:Heat-labile enterotoxin
763:heat-stable enterotoxin
125:, a common grain mold.
881:Bacillus thuringiensis
238:Appl Environ Microbiol
35:
33:
782:Pseudomonas exotoxin
258:10.1128/aem.01077-06
328:2015RCMS...29.2131R
250:2007ApEnM..73.1622I
1698:Alpha-Bungarotoxin
868:Lipopolysaccharide
826:Pore-forming toxin
209:Fumonisins In Food
178:10.1007/BF00497273
36:
1768:
1767:
1733:
1732:
1703:Beta-Bungarotoxin
1647:Pumiliotoxin 251D
1541:
1540:
947:
946:
934:Clumping factor A
854:
853:
738:
737:
711:
710:
630:
629:
16:(Redirected from
1788:
1758:
1757:
1686:
1642:Histrionicotoxin
1588:
1562:
1554:
1506:
1460:Alpha-latrotoxin
1448:
1342:
1334:
1066:Sterigmatocystin
1018:, Fumonisin B3,
982:epsilon-amanitin
901:B. thuringiensis
730:Diphtheria toxin
673:
641:
610:
526:
518:
509:
498:
489:
426:
419:
412:
403:
397:
396:
378:
372:
371:
354:
348:
347:
336:10.1002/rcm.7374
311:
305:
304:
286:
280:
279:
269:
229:
223:
222:
204:
198:
197:
161:
155:
145:
21:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1746:
1729:
1725:Cardiotoxin III
1681:
1676:
1671:
1583:
1578:
1557:
1549:
1537:
1501:
1496:
1443:
1438:
1337:
1329:
1321:
1225:Resiniferatoxin
1090:
943:
925:
918:
883:delta endotoxin
850:
791:
777:Pertussis toxin
745:
734:
707:
669:
664:
626:
622:Listeriolysin O
608:
603:
521:
503:
483:
476:
430:
400:
393:
380:
379:
375:
368:
356:
355:
351:
313:
312:
308:
301:
288:
287:
283:
231:
230:
226:
219:
206:
205:
201:
163:
162:
158:
146:
142:
138:
113:
42:are a group of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1794:
1792:
1784:
1783:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1689:
1687:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1667:Zetekitoxin AB
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1551:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1451:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1331:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1215:Pseudaconitine
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1155:Djenkolic acid
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
978:gamma-amanitin
970:alpha-amanitin
963:
957:
955:
949:
948:
945:
944:
942:
941:
936:
930:
928:
920:
919:
917:
916:
915:
914:
909:
897:
896:
895:
890:
877:
876:
875:
864:
862:
856:
855:
852:
851:
849:
848:
847:
846:
830:
829:
828:
816:
815:
814:
801:
799:
793:
792:
790:
789:
784:
779:
774:
765:
757:
750:
748:
740:
739:
736:
735:
733:
732:
727:
721:
719:
717:Actinomycetota
713:
712:
709:
708:
706:
705:
700:
695:
690:
676:
674:
671:Staphylococcus
666:
665:
663:
662:
661:
660:
650:
644:
638:
632:
631:
628:
627:
625:
624:
619:
613:
611:
605:
604:
602:
601:
600:
599:
587:
586:
585:
580:
568:
567:
566:
561:
549:
548:
547:
542:
529:
527:
515:
506:
495:
486:
478:
477:
475:
474:
473:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
431:
429:
428:
421:
414:
406:
399:
398:
391:
373:
366:
349:
306:
299:
281:
224:
217:
199:
172:(1–2): 11–16.
166:Mycopathologia
156:
139:
137:
134:
112:
105:
90:
89:
84:
79:
74:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1793:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1761:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1657:Samandaridine
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1630:Marinobufagin
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1600:Batrachotoxin
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1354:Charybdotoxin
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1265:Solauricidine
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1210:Protoanemonin
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1195:Oenanthotoxin
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1071:Trichothecene
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1031:Ibotenic acid
1029:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
983:
979:
975:
974:beta-amanitin
971:
967:
964:
962:
959:
958:
956:
954:
950:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
929:
927:
921:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
902:
898:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
884:
882:
878:
874:
871:
870:
869:
866:
865:
863:
861:
857:
845:
841:
838:
837:
836:
835:
831:
827:
824:
823:
822:
821:
817:
813:
810:
809:
808:
807:
803:
802:
800:
798:
794:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
769:
768:Cholera toxin
766:
764:
762:
758:
755:
752:
751:
749:
747:
741:
731:
728:
726:
723:
722:
720:
718:
714:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
685:
681:
678:
677:
675:
672:
667:
659:
656:
655:
654:
651:
649:
646:
645:
642:
639:
637:
633:
623:
620:
618:
617:Anthrax toxin
615:
614:
612:
606:
598:
595:
594:
593:
592:
588:
584:
581:
579:
576:
575:
574:
573:
569:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
555:
554:
550:
546:
543:
541:
540:Tetanospasmin
538:
537:
536:
535:
531:
530:
528:
524:
519:
516:
514:
510:
507:
505:
499:
496:
494:
490:
487:
485:
479:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
437:
436:
433:
432:
427:
422:
420:
415:
413:
408:
407:
404:
394:
392:0-271-00442-8
388:
384:
377:
374:
369:
367:1-58808-162-1
363:
359:
353:
350:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
310:
307:
302:
300:92-4-157219-1
296:
292:
285:
282:
277:
273:
268:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
244:(5): 1622–9.
243:
239:
235:
228:
225:
220:
218:0-306-45216-2
214:
210:
203:
200:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
160:
157:
153:
149:
144:
141:
135:
133:
131:
126:
124:
123:
118:
117:trichothecene
110:
106:
104:
102:
96:
93:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
69:
68:
65:
63:
62:sphingolipids
59:
55:
51:
50:
46:derived from
45:
41:
32:
19:
1741:
1720:Calcicludine
1710:Calciseptine
1693:Bungarotoxin
1662:Tarichatoxin
1610:Arenobufagin
1574:Tetrodotoxin
1533:Tetrodotoxin
1487:Vanillotoxin
1424:Phaiodotoxin
1327:Invertebrate
1250:Solasodamine
1185:Lotaustralin
1020:Fumonisin B4
1016:Fumonisin B2
1012:Fumonisin B1
1007:
998:Cytochalasin
900:
880:
832:
818:
812:Superantigen
804:
760:
648:Streptolysin
589:
570:
551:
532:
382:
376:
357:
352:
319:
315:
309:
290:
284:
241:
237:
227:
208:
202:
169:
165:
159:
143:
127:
120:
114:
108:
100:
97:
94:
91:
87:Fumonisin B4
82:Fumonisin B3
77:Fumonisin B2
72:Fumonisin B1
66:
47:
39:
37:
1683:Snake venom
1637:Epibatidine
1625:Cinobufagin
1482:Stromatoxin
1429:Imperatoxin
1379:Scyllatoxin
1285:Tagetitoxin
1280:Swainsonine
1270:Solauricine
1235:Solamargine
1230:Scopolamine
1220:Retronecine
1086:Zearalenone
754:Shiga toxin
725:Cord factor
564:Enterotoxin
559:Alpha toxin
553:perfringens
545:Tetanolysin
523:Clostridium
460:hepatotoxin
450:enterotoxin
440:cardiotoxin
130:zearalenone
58:sphinganine
1781:Mycotoxins
1715:Taicatoxin
1652:Samandarin
1605:Bufotoxins
1569:Ciguatoxin
1547:Vertebrate
1492:Huwentoxin
1472:Cupiennins
1455:Latrotoxin
1399:Kaliotoxin
1369:Margatoxin
1359:Maurotoxin
1300:Toxalbumin
1290:Tinyatoxin
1275:Strychnine
1260:Solasonine
1255:Solasodine
1240:Solanidine
1160:Falcarinol
1145:Delphinine
1061:Phalloidin
1051:Ochratoxin
1046:Orellanine
1036:Lolitrem B
1003:Ergotamine
953:Mycotoxins
797:Mechanisms
756:/Verotoxin
693:Exfoliatin
653:Leukocidin
470:phototoxin
465:neurotoxin
148:Fumonisins
136:References
52:and their
44:mycotoxins
40:fumonisins
18:Fumonisins
1620:Bufotenin
1615:Bufotalin
1585:Amphibian
1528:Saxitoxin
1518:Eledoisin
1513:Conotoxin
1384:Hefutoxin
1200:Oleandrin
1180:Linamarin
1170:Helenalin
1130:Cicutoxin
1125:Chaconine
1105:Amygdalin
1076:Vomitoxin
1026:Gliotoxin
1008:Fumonisin
961:Aflatoxin
924:Virulence
860:Endotoxin
591:botulinum
572:difficile
482:Bacterial
455:hemotoxin
445:cytotoxin
1775:Category
1760:Category
1523:Onchidal
1503:Mollusca
1414:Bestoxin
1409:Birtoxin
1374:Slotoxin
1364:Agitoxin
1339:Scorpion
1295:Tomatine
1245:Solanine
1190:Mimosine
1165:Gossypol
1150:Divicine
1115:Antiarin
1110:Anisatin
1041:Muscimol
993:Citrinin
966:Amatoxin
912:Cry34Ab1
840:AB toxin
834:type III
746:negative
504:positive
493:Exotoxin
344:26467225
276:17209063
194:12066786
122:Fusarium
109:Fusarium
49:Fusarium
1678:Reptile
1140:Daphnin
1135:Coniine
1120:Brucine
1081:Zeranol
1056:Patulin
903:toxins
893:Cry3Bb1
873:Lipid A
820:type II
761:E. coli
513:Bacilli
324:Bibcode
267:1828766
246:Bibcode
186:1513367
54:Liseola
1550:toxins
1445:Spider
1419:BmKAEP
1389:HgeTx1
1330:toxins
1205:Persin
1098:toxins
926:factor
907:Cry6Aa
899:Other
888:Cry1Ac
806:type I
609:Other:
534:tetani
484:toxins
435:Toxins
389:
364:
342:
297:
274:
264:
215:
192:
184:
154:(MeSH)
111:toxins
107:Other
1477:PhTx3
1394:HsTx1
1317:Tutin
1310:Ricin
1305:Abrin
1175:Ledol
1096:Plant
688:delta
636:Cocci
597:Botox
190:S2CID
1559:Fish
1467:CSTX
744:Gram
684:beta
502:Gram
387:ISBN
362:ISBN
340:PMID
295:ISBN
272:PMID
213:ISBN
182:PMID
115:The
38:The
1434:Pi3
1404:Lq2
844:AB5
332:doi
262:PMC
254:doi
174:doi
170:117
1777::
1014:,
980:,
976:,
972:,
338:.
330:.
320:29
318:.
270:.
260:.
252:.
242:73
240:.
236:.
188:.
180:.
168:.
64:.
1685::
1680:/
1587::
1561::
1505::
1447::
1341::
1022:)
1010:(
984:)
968:(
842:/
770:/
686:/
682:/
583:B
578:A
525::
425:e
418:t
411:v
395:.
370:.
346:.
334::
326::
303:.
278:.
256::
248::
221:.
196:.
176::
20:)
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