1273:. The thick and leathery peridium of the mature puffball remains unopened for several months without splitting. After several alternating cycles of wetting and drying, fissures develop across the top. These fissures usually radiate from a common center near the top of the fruit body and finally produce very irregular star-like teeth. In time, the entire upper half of the puffball is open and exposed during dry weather. In this condition, the spores are blown out by the wind and widely distributed. During every rainy spell the puffball promptly closes only to open again when dry weather returns. At each alternate opening and closing the peridium is split more and more, until finally it is expanded into a flat shape, or even curls backward. In the puffball, the outer layer of the peridium comprises cells arranged so that when wet they adsorb water and expand, thus closing the top of the puffball. Upon drying, these outer cells lose water and gradually shrink, thus producing an unequal tension between the outer and inner cells of the peridium. This tension causes the irregular star-like pieces of the peridium to gradually separate and curve outward, thus opening the top of the puffball during dry weather.
602:
595:
46:
515:
1258:
1123:
659:
33:
1147:. In maturity, the endoperidium opens by irregular splits that eventually extend towards the base in a star-shaped manner. These torn segments of endoperidium sometimes turn inside out, sometimes drying rigid, exposing a felt-like internal surface. The gleba is white when young and has a cheesy appearance and consistency. As the puffball matures, it undergoes a lytic process involving water loss. Subsequently, the gleba becomes
642:
625:
579:
564:
549:
305:, although some individuals may suffer mild gastrointestinal symptoms after eating it. As the spores mature, the gleba turns first yellowish then purplish brown. Spores are released when the peridium eventually splits open into irregularly shaped sections. Microscopically, the gleba consists of spherical, dark brown spores with rounded bumps on their surfaces, and a
530:
1327:
The puffball is widely distributed, and has been recorded in Africa (Zimbabwe), Asia (China, India, Iran, Mongolia, and Yemen), South
America (Argentina, Chile and Uruguay), North America, Australia, and New Zealand. In Europe it is found in southern Scandinavia and is widespread to the south of the
1134:
usually grows to a diameter of 6â15 cm (2â6 in), although extremes of 3 cm (1.2 in) and 27 cm (11 in) have been reported. Its shape ranges from roughly spherical, to obovate (egg-shaped) or pyriform (pear-shaped), sometimes plicate (crumpled, wrinkled) around a somewhat
1143:). This is continuous at first but eventually cracks and peels away in thin flakes, exposing a leathery to corky, nearly smooth, light brown to dark pinkish-brown surface. This tough layer of tissue (the endoperidium) measures about 2 mm thick, encloses the
1328:
continent. Although it was reported in
Scotland in 2010 (its first appearance on the British mainland), the grassland habitat where it was found has since become heavily eroded, and may be unsuitable for future appearances of the species.
1521:
Flore Française, ou
Description succincte de toutes les Plantes qui croissent naturellement en France: disposée selon une nouvelle Méthode d'Analyse, et précédée par un exposé des Principes élémentaires de la Botanique. Augmenté
1344:
of Poland. In North
America, it is most common in western regions of the United States and Canada, but it has also been recorded in eastern Canada. Poorly known in Mexico, it has been recorded from
309:âintricately branched fibers that form long thorn-like spines. The puffball grows on or in the ground in prairie or desert habitats. Although widely distributed, it is not commonly encountered.
1237:
puffballs can withstand hard blows without breaking, and children have used them as replacements for balls. The puffballs have also been used medicinally in Mexico as a
1312:
puffballs. Although the species is not frequently encountered, it has been suggested that this is because it grows in locations "rather seldom visited by mycologists".
1536:
1151:, olive-brown, and finally, dark olive when dry, and then develops a characteristic pungent smell. Fruit bodies that grow underground have a conspicuously different
3655:
3425:
1170:
refers to late-maturing, thick-walled cells in the gleba. The main axes of these branched cells are 20â30 ÎŒm thick, and they are covered with numerous spines.
3831:
3214:
GuzmĂĄn G, Herrera T (1969). "Macromicetos de las zonas ĂĄridas de MĂ©xico, II. Gasteromicetos" [Macromycetes in arid areas of Mexico, II. Gasteromycetes].
1726:
Larsson E, Jeppson M (2008). "Phylogenetic relationships among species and genera of
Lycoperdaceae based on ITS and LSU sequence data from north European taxa".
3707:
3464:
289:
grow to a diameter of 6â24 cm (2â9 in). Initially covered by a thick, felted, whitish layer, the puffballs develop a characteristic checkered skin (
3541:
3321:
1828:. E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Flora of British Columbia. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia
1159:
with stumpy spines. The fungus is edible when the gleba is white. Its odor and taste have been described as pungent or earthy and its taste astringent.
1288:
species, consuming dead organic debris. It is usually found fruiting on the ground singly, scattered, in rings, or in clusters, but is can also grow
3629:
3399:
514:
3004:
Li X, Liu B, Xie W, Deng J, Xu J (2012). "ć
èććæé©Źćçäș§ć°ćŻčæŻćæ" [The contrastive analysis of puffballs produced from Inner
Mongolia and Jilin].
2726:
1770:
2876:
665:
puffballs that grow underground have a smooth, chocolate-brown coloured surface lacking the patches characteristic of above-ground versions.
3821:
1082:
895:
3157:
Ayala N, Ochoa C, GuzmĂĄn G, Montoya L (1990). "Contribution to the knowledge of the
Gasteromycetes of Baja California Peninsula Mexico".
1155:âa smooth, chocolate-brown coloured surface that lacks the patches characteristic of above-ground fruit bodies, and their capillitia are
3781:
394:
386:
191:
180:
3181:
2961:
2673:
3826:
3811:
3806:
3816:
3074:
2846:
2619:
1866:
3801:
3694:
3451:
1817:
1180:
has a deep rusty red to reddish orange gleba, clearly distinguishing it from the glebal coloring of the main subspecies.
2693:
1211:
334:
3796:
3528:
2323:
2209:
2134:
2063:
1447:
45:
1389:
485:
3712:
3469:
1394:
3786:
1048:
948:
904:
697:. Many, including those species that have not been reclassified are poorly known; the nomenclatural authority
417:
378:
366:
218:
152:
1091:
1000:
926:
713:
3791:
3274:
761:
865:
787:
719:
707:
3776:
2273:
1563:
987:
917:
774:
459:
It is commonly known as the "leathery puffball", the "tough puffball", or the "giant pasture puffball".
346:
338:
148:
2666:
Gasteromycetes: Morphological and
Developmental Features, with Keys to the Orders, Families, and Genera
2187:
1300:, or in grassy or shrubby wet areas in dry prairie. Other reported habitats include old haystacks, on
3771:
3722:
3621:
3577:
3479:
3347:
2015:
1152:
991:
974:
839:
826:
778:
675:
405:
3391:
2774:
2571:
2414:
2375:
2301:
2041:
1952:
1896:
1688:
1641:
1591:
1476:
Czernajew BM. (1845). "Nouveaux cryptogames de l'Ukraine et quelques mots sur la flore de ce pays".
1858:
1305:
1266:
1104:
965:
326:
3686:
2932:
2891:
2798:
2709:
De Roman M. (2010). "The
Contribution of Wild Fungi to Diet, Income and Health: A World Review".
2503:
2395:
1928:
1708:
1661:
1530:
1377:
1337:
1333:
1270:
1013:
961:
648:
449:
374:
314:
230:
161:
40:
3660:
3743:
3564:
3487:
3430:
3334:
3162:
3070:
2986:
2957:
2951:
2755:
2722:
2669:
2615:
2261:
2235:
1976:
1862:
1795:
1766:
1743:
1669:
1519:
1349:
1341:
1317:
1246:
1210:, a puffball genus containing popular edible members. Of the five who ate the fungus, two had
555:
444:; authors Larsson and Jeppson agreed with Zeller (1949) and Pilat's (1958) decision to regard
358:
3312:
2639:
1418:
1204:. In Mexico, a large collection was consumed by several people who confused the species with
1200:
when the gleba is still firm and white. They are reportedly consumed by the tribal people of
3748:
3492:
3196:
3103:
3032:
2924:
2790:
2714:
2587:
2545:
2495:
2387:
1968:
1920:
1850:
1735:
1700:
1653:
878:
800:
585:
1257:
1122:
658:
32:
3730:
2286:
1576:
1357:
1345:
1197:
489:
463:
302:
3262:
3243:
Anales del
Instituto de BiologĂa, Universidad Nacional AutĂłnoma de MĂ©xico, Serie BotĂĄnica
3216:
Anales del Instituto de BiologĂa, Universidad Nacional AutĂłnoma de MĂ©xico, Serie BotĂĄnica
2089:
1851:
1614:
3608:
3378:
2817:
3616:
3386:
3067:
British Puffballs, Earthstars and Stinkhorns: an Account of the British Gasteroid Fungi
1689:"The Lycoperdales. A molecular approach to the systematics of some gasteroid mushrooms"
1321:
1201:
698:
87:
3124:
2090:"QuatriĂšme Centurie de plantes cellulaires exotiques nouvelles, DĂ©cades VIII, IX et X"
3765:
3546:
3326:
2507:
1353:
1223:
1148:
441:
77:
2349:
2112:
3569:
3237:[Composition of Gasteromycetes in a vegetation gradient in Sonora, Mexico]
3023:
Kreisel H, Al-Fatimi M (2004). "Basidiomycetes and larger ascomycetes from Yemen".
1551:
1242:
1026:
632:
437:
425:
133:
3533:
3339:
2483:
2460:
2437:
2160:
1496:
448:
as a monotypic genus in the separate family Mycenastraceae. Despite this, several
3519:
3182:"Contribution to the study of gasteroid and secotioid fungi of Chihuahua, Mexico"
3108:
3091:
2718:
1739:
3699:
3681:
3642:
3456:
3412:
3306:
3234:
1365:
1304:, and roadsides. Mature fruit bodies can be broken loose from attachment to the
1167:
1131:
681:
608:
453:
306:
286:
266:
252:
107:
3297:
3235:"ComposiciĂłn de gasteromicetos en un gradiente de vegetaciĂłn en Sonora, MĂ©xico"
2977:
Saber M. (1995). "New records of Aphyllophorales and Gasteromycetes for Iran".
1994:
1972:
2953:
The Macrofungus Flora of China's Guangdong Province (Chinese University Press)
1238:
1215:
1163:
1156:
1139:. The puffball is initially covered by a thick, felted, whitish layer (the exo
693:
478:
97:
3166:
2990:
2915:
Sharp C, Piearce G (1999). "Some interesting gasteroid fungi from Zimbabwe".
2759:
1799:
3603:
3590:
3373:
3360:
1525:(in French). Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). Paris, France: Desray. p. 598.
1297:
1293:
1292:. Fruiting occurs at low elevations in groups in open habitats dominated by
1289:
429:
256:
57:
3036:
1980:
1747:
1673:
3556:
1857:. Peterson Field Guides. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. p.
3735:
3668:
3513:
3438:
3291:
1497:"Verhandlungen der k. k. zoolgisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 1875"
1455:
1426:
1285:
1219:
1206:
1140:
1136:
569:
540:
520:
290:
282:
2592:
3634:
3404:
2936:
2802:
2399:
1932:
1712:
1665:
856:
687:
350:
3647:
3417:
2236:"Enumeratio fungorum quos a cl. DrĂšge in Africa meridionali collectos"
3673:
2877:"Die Verbreitung und Ăkologie ausgewĂ€hlter Makromyceten Deutschlands"
1361:
1301:
1017:
67:
3443:
3268:
3200:
2928:
2794:
2612:
North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi
2550:
2529:
2391:
1924:
1704:
1657:
3595:
3365:
2499:
3233:
Esqueda-Valle M, PĂ©rez-Silva E, Herrera T, Coronado M, Estrada A.
2139:
Pat., Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France, 15: 204, 1899"
1765:(10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 446.
1256:
1144:
1121:
1065:
1039:
752:
657:
536:
354:
298:
294:
248:
124:
1222:; the other three did not have symptoms. The large European bird
939:
817:
3582:
3272:
1786:
Crichton G. (1973). "A further note on the leathery puffball".
3352:
2214:
LĂ©v., Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique, 2: 221, 1844"
2438:"Enumeration of fungi, collected by Herr Zeyher in Uitenhage"
428:, where it was traditionally placed. In a more recent (2008)
408:
circumscribed the new family Mycenastraceae, containing both
2260:
Bory de St.-Vincent; Durieu de Maisonneuve MC, eds. (1849).
2350:"Champignons de la Guadeloupe, recueillis par le R.P. Duss"
1642:"Notes on certain Gasteromycetes, including two new orders"
1478:
Bulletin de la Société impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou
1995:"Search page. Search by "name"; search term="Mycenastrum""
1413:
1411:
1409:
2746:)" [Great bustard feeding on puffball mushroom].
2698:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 80â1.
1269:) has been described by 19th-century American mycologist
3180:
Morena G, LizĂĄrraga M, Esqueda M, Coronado ML (2010).
2461:"Decades of fungi. Decades IIIâVII. Australian fungi"
1166:, and have a surface of irregular, coarse warts. The
729:
673:
have since been transferred to other genera, usually
2956:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 226.
2742:
Kovacs G. (1998). "Pofeteggombat fogyaszto tuzokok (
2614:. Guilford, Connecticut: Falcon Guide. p. 455.
3503:
3281:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
1761:Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008).
1380:, tropical Asia, the Caribbean, and South America.
741:
639:
622:
591:
576:
561:
546:
527:
508:
452:authorities prefer to fold Mycenastraceae into the
377:in 1849. The species was given its current name by
2528:PĂ©rez-Silva E, Herrera T, Medina-Ortiz AJ (2015).
2572:"A contribution to the morphology and ecology of
2330:. MycoBank. International Mycological Association
2216:. MycoBank. International Mycological Association
2141:. MycoBank. International Mycological Association
2070:. MycoBank. International Mycological Association
2068:Cooke & Massee, Grevillea, 16 (78): 26, 1887"
1687:KrĂŒger D, Binder M, Fischer M, Kreisel H (2001).
1844:
1842:
1811:
1809:
1596:Kongliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar
345:. They attributed authorship to French botanist
3092:"Some noteworthy British Gasteromycete records"
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
3054:. Vol. 3. Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordsvamp.
2840:
2838:
2605:
2603:
2255:
2253:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1826:Matchmaker: Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest
1308:and be rolled around by wind, similar to some
1265:The manner in which the puffball splits open (
1162:Its spores are spherical, measuring 8â13
2687:
2685:
2633:
2631:
2369:
2367:
1558:(2nd ed.). Paris, France: Desray: 852â3.
1230:) has been recorded feeding on the puffball.
259:, containing one widely distributed species,
8:
2354:Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France
2117:Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France
1535:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3069:. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. p. 255.
1897:"South American Gasteromycetes. The genera
3269:
3133:, and other puffballs of the Carden Alvar"
2240:Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique
2192:Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique
2169:Bulletin de la Société botanique de France
2094:Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique
1623:Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique
31:
20:
3107:
2591:
2549:
1853:A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America
572:attachment is irregular or not applicable
281:. The roughly spherical to turnip-shaped
3065:Laessoe T, Pegler DN, Spooner B (1995).
2845:Kujawa A, Bujakiewicz A, Karg J (2004).
2534:and gastrointestinal mycetism in MĂ©xico"
2668:. Eureka: Mad River Press. p. 36.
2262:"Exploration scientifique de l'Algérie"
1951:Miller OK, Brace RL, Evenson V (2005).
1458:. International Mycological Association
1429:. International Mycological Association
1405:
1233:Because of their thick outer peridium,
353:field between the town of La Sotte and
2695:Puffballs and their Allies in Michigan
2282:
2271:
1572:
1561:
1528:
1518:De Candolle AP, Lamarck, J-B. (1805).
505:
3832:Taxa named by Nicaise Auguste Desvaux
2884:Beiheft zur Zeitschrift fĂŒr Mykologie
381:in 1842, who circumscribed the genus
301:, is firm and white, the puffball is
7:
3723:055b1a31-1e2a-4edf-a41c-b925e213fd94
3480:33cadf8d-7d20-4d86-a8af-1eee54a3d48f
3006:Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry
2950:Zhishu B, Zheng G, Taihui L (1993).
1261:Mature fruit body found in Australia
1188:has an extremely spiny capillitium.
701:considers only four of these former
385:to contain it. Generic synonyms are
2570:Ćawrynowicz M, RadwaĆski A (2006).
2328:Cooke, Grevillea, 13 (65): 6, 1884"
2022:. Index Fungorum. CAB International
1997:. Index Fungorum. CAB International
1495:Schulzer von MĂŒggenburg S. (1876).
1126:The characteristic spiny capillitia
669:Most species historically named as
2979:Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology
14:
1849:McKnight VB, McKnight KH (1987).
420:study supported the inclusion of
2875:Dörfeldt H, Bresinsky A (2003).
1214:symptoms including stomachache,
640:
623:
600:
593:
577:
562:
547:
528:
513:
44:
705:species to be currently valid:
395:Stephan Schulzer von MĂŒggenburg
387:VassiliÄ Matveievitch Czernajew
2851:(Fungi, Agaricales) in Poland"
2374:Ellis JB, Everhart BM (1885).
2113:"Champignons de la Guadeloupe"
1895:Homrich MH, Wright JE (1973).
1:
2664:Miller HR, Miller OK (1988).
2610:Miller HR, Miller OK (2006).
3109:10.1016/j.fldmyc.2012.12.008
3050:Hansen L, Knudsen H (1997).
2890:(2): 177â286. Archived from
2719:10.1007/978-90-481-3713-8_12
1740:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.10.018
1336:in Europe, and is listed as
1135:fibrous, persistent tuft of
474:in 1973 from South America.
335:Augustin Pyramus de Candolle
293:) in age. When the internal
3822:Monotypic Agaricales genera
3265:(in Italian) Several images
521:Mycological characteristics
484:was described in 2005 from
325:The species was originally
3848:
3782:Fungi found in fairy rings
3161:(in Spanish) (33): 51â60.
1973:10.3852/mycologia.97.2.530
1390:List of Agaricaceae genera
1245:, and for their purported
486:Jefferson County, Colorado
349:, who discovered it in an
2326:Mycenastrum lycoperdoides
1395:List of Agaricales genera
1098:
1076:
1055:
1033:
1007:
981:
955:
933:
911:
889:
872:
850:
833:
811:
794:
768:
746:
738:
735:
732:
167:
160:
139:
132:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
2858:Polish Botanical Journal
2465:London Journal of Botany
2442:London Journal of Botany
2348:Patouillard NT. (1902).
2111:Patouillard NT. (1899).
1277:Ecology and distribution
1049:Scleroderma phaeotrichum
949:Scleroderma martinicense
905:Scleroderma leptodermeum
333:in the second volume of
2816:Kuo M. (October 2008).
2234:Montagne JPFC. (1847).
2188:"Champignons exotiques"
2161:"Un nouvelle espĂšce du
2088:Montagne JPFC. (1843).
2066:Mycenastrum bovistoides
1763:Dictionary of the Fungi
1241:, as a throat and lung
412:as the type genus, and
379:Nicaise Auguste Desvaux
3827:Taxa described in 1842
3812:Fungi of South America
3807:Fungi of North America
3037:10.1002/fedr.200411053
2484:"New species of fungi"
2376:"New species of fungi"
2281:Cite journal requires
1571:Cite journal requires
1262:
1127:
666:
466:published the variety
367:Arthur Harmount Graves
271:giant pasture puffball
3817:Fungi of Western Asia
2459:Berkeley MJ. (1845).
2436:Berkeley MJ. (1843).
2186:Léveillé JH. (1844).
2159:de Seynes J. (1886).
2016:"Homotypic Synonyms:
1953:"A new subspecies of
1260:
1125:
1092:Scleroderma radicatum
1001:Scleroderma olivaceum
927:Bovista lycoperdoides
714:B. lycoperdoides
661:
339:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
3802:Fungi of New Zealand
3123:Sparling J. (2007).
2824:. MushroomExpert.com
2711:Progress in Mycology
2415:"Australasian fungi"
2137:Mycenastrum coelatum
2018:Mycenastrum beccarii
1788:Victorian Naturalist
1728:Mycological Research
1613:Desvaux NA. (1842).
1552:"Botanicon Gallicum"
1452:(Guers.) Desv. 1842"
975:Lycoperdon radicatum
827:Glyptoderma coelatum
762:Scleroderma beccarii
725:Glyptoderma coelatum
462:MarĂa Homrich &
406:Sanford Myron Zeller
357:in northern France.
3052:Nordic Macromycetes
2775:"The dehiscence of
2713:. pp. 327â48.
2638:Wood M, Stevens F.
2593:10.5586/am.2006.011
2380:Journal of Mycology
2242:. III (in French).
2212:Mycenastrum fragile
2042:"Some exotic fungi"
1640:Zeller SM. (1948).
1253:Puffball maturation
866:Gastropila fragilis
788:Bovista bovistoides
720:Gastropila fragilis
708:Bovista bovistoides
265:, known by various
3797:Fungi of Australia
3505:Mycenastrum corium
3090:McNeil D. (2013).
3025:Feddes Repertorium
2849:Mycenastrum corium
2820:Mycenastrum corium
2777:Mycenastrum corium
2692:Smith AH. (1951).
2646:. California Fungi
2642:Mycenastrum corium
2574:Mycenastrum corium
2532:Mycenastrum corium
2413:Cooke MC. (1887).
2300:Cooke MC. (1884).
2040:Cooke MC. (1887).
1955:Mycenastrum corium
1820:Mycenastrum corium
1592:"Fungi Natalenses"
1590:Fries EM. (1849).
1450:Mycenastrum corium
1378:Sub-Saharan Africa
1334:threatened species
1330:Mycenastrum corium
1316:could be a useful
1282:Mycenastrum corium
1271:William Henry Long
1263:
1235:Mycenastrum corium
1174:Mycenastrum corium
1128:
667:
468:Mycenastrum corium
436:was shown to be a
422:Mycenastrum corium
375:Elias Magnus Fries
363:Scleroderma corium
347:Louis Ben Guersent
315:threatened species
311:Mycenastrum corium
262:Mycenastrum corium
226:Sterrebekia corium
214:Scleroderma corium
142:Mycenastrum corium
3759:
3758:
3744:Open Tree of Life
3488:Open Tree of Life
3275:Taxon identifiers
2773:Long WH. (1930).
2728:978-90-481-3712-1
2488:Botanical Gazette
2482:Peck CH. (1881).
2194:. 3 (in French).
1772:978-0-85199-826-8
1342:Regional Red List
1318:indicator species
1247:anti-inflammatory
1115:
1114:
656:
655:
503:Species of fungus
371:Steerbekia corium
331:Lycoperdon corium
275:leathery puffball
240:
239:
234:
222:
210:
206:Lycoperdon corium
195:
184:
128:
3839:
3752:
3751:
3739:
3738:
3726:
3725:
3716:
3715:
3703:
3702:
3700:NHMSYS0020061936
3690:
3689:
3677:
3676:
3664:
3663:
3651:
3650:
3638:
3637:
3625:
3624:
3612:
3611:
3599:
3598:
3586:
3585:
3573:
3572:
3560:
3559:
3550:
3549:
3537:
3536:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3496:
3495:
3483:
3482:
3473:
3472:
3460:
3459:
3457:NHMSYS0020061935
3447:
3446:
3434:
3433:
3421:
3420:
3408:
3407:
3395:
3394:
3382:
3381:
3369:
3368:
3356:
3355:
3343:
3342:
3330:
3329:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3270:
3251:
3250:
3240:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3186:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3031:(7â8): 547â561.
3020:
3014:
3013:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2896:
2881:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2855:
2842:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2750:(in Hungarian).
2739:
2733:
2732:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2607:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2567:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2525:
2512:
2511:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2269:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1948:
1937:
1936:
1892:
1873:
1872:
1856:
1846:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1559:
1550:Duby J. (1830).
1547:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1526:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1415:
1212:gastrointestinal
1196:The puffball is
913:M. lycoperdoides
730:
644:
643:
627:
626:
604:
603:
597:
596:
581:
580:
566:
565:
551:
550:
532:
531:
517:
506:
228:
216:
208:
190:
179:
123:
49:
48:
35:
21:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3787:Fungi of Africa
3762:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3747:
3742:
3734:
3731:Observation.org
3729:
3721:
3719:
3711:
3706:
3698:
3693:
3685:
3680:
3672:
3667:
3659:
3654:
3646:
3641:
3633:
3628:
3620:
3615:
3607:
3602:
3594:
3589:
3581:
3576:
3568:
3563:
3555:
3553:
3545:
3540:
3532:
3527:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3499:
3491:
3486:
3478:
3476:
3468:
3463:
3455:
3450:
3442:
3437:
3429:
3424:
3416:
3411:
3403:
3398:
3390:
3385:
3377:
3372:
3364:
3359:
3351:
3346:
3338:
3333:
3325:
3320:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3277:
3259:
3254:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3201:10.5248/112.291
3184:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3135:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2929:10.2307/4110870
2914:
2913:
2909:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2853:
2844:
2843:
2836:
2827:
2825:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2795:10.2307/3753756
2772:
2771:
2767:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2649:
2647:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2609:
2608:
2601:
2580:Acta Mycologica
2569:
2568:
2559:
2551:10.5248/130.641
2527:
2526:
2515:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2392:10.2307/3752368
2373:
2372:
2365:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2333:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2280:
2270:
2259:
2258:
2251:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2219:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2144:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2025:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2000:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1950:
1949:
1940:
1925:10.2307/3758517
1894:
1893:
1876:
1869:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1831:
1829:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1705:10.2307/3761759
1686:
1685:
1681:
1658:10.2307/3755316
1639:
1638:
1634:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1570:
1560:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1527:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1461:
1459:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1432:
1430:
1417:
1416:
1407:
1403:
1386:
1358:San Luis Potosi
1346:Baja California
1279:
1255:
1194:
1120:
1057:M. phaeotrichum
1035:M. phaeotrichum
935:M. martinicense
891:M. leptodermeum
641:
624:
605:
601:
598:
594:
578:
563:
548:
529:
523:
518:
504:
501:
490:Orson K. Miller
464:Jorge E. Wright
343:Flore Française
323:
255:. The genus is
172:
156:
145:
122:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3845:
3843:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3764:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3740:
3727:
3717:
3704:
3691:
3678:
3665:
3652:
3639:
3626:
3613:
3600:
3587:
3574:
3561:
3551:
3538:
3525:
3509:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3484:
3474:
3461:
3448:
3435:
3422:
3409:
3396:
3383:
3370:
3357:
3344:
3331:
3318:
3303:
3287:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3263:funghiitaliani
3258:
3257:External links
3255:
3253:
3252:
3245:(in Spanish).
3225:
3218:(in Spanish).
3206:
3172:
3149:
3146:(1): 1, 6, 15.
3115:
3096:Field Mycology
3082:
3075:
3057:
3042:
3015:
3008:(in Chinese).
2996:
2985:(1â4): 19â23.
2969:
2962:
2942:
2907:
2867:
2834:
2808:
2765:
2734:
2727:
2701:
2681:
2674:
2656:
2627:
2620:
2599:
2557:
2544:(3): 641â645.
2513:
2500:10.1086/325491
2474:
2451:
2428:
2405:
2363:
2340:
2315:
2292:
2283:|journal=
2249:
2226:
2201:
2178:
2151:
2126:
2103:
2080:
2055:
2032:
2020:Pass., (1875)"
2007:
1986:
1957:from Colorado"
1938:
1874:
1867:
1838:
1822:(Guers.) Desv"
1805:
1778:
1771:
1753:
1718:
1679:
1632:
1615:"Sur le genre
1605:
1582:
1573:|journal=
1542:
1510:
1487:
1468:
1439:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1370:M. corium
1368:. The variety
1322:climate change
1314:M. corium
1278:
1275:
1254:
1251:
1202:Madhya Pradesh
1193:
1190:
1182:M. corium
1119:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1011:
1005:
1004:
997:
994:
985:
979:
978:
971:
968:
959:
953:
952:
945:
942:
937:
931:
930:
923:
920:
915:
909:
908:
901:
898:
893:
887:
886:
884:
881:
876:
874:M. leiospermum
870:
869:
862:
859:
854:
848:
847:
845:
842:
837:
831:
830:
823:
820:
815:
809:
808:
806:
803:
798:
792:
791:
784:
781:
772:
770:M. bovistoides
766:
765:
758:
755:
750:
744:
743:
740:
737:
734:
699:Index Fungorum
654:
653:
645:
637:
636:
628:
620:
619:
606:
599:
592:
589:
588:
582:
574:
573:
567:
559:
558:
552:
544:
543:
533:
525:
524:
519:
512:
502:
500:
494:
476:M. corium
322:
319:
279:tough puffball
251:in the family
238:
237:
236:
235:
223:
211:
197:
196:
185:
165:
164:
158:
157:
146:
137:
136:
130:
129:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
88:Agaricomycetes
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
16:Genus of fungi
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3844:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3792:Fungi of Asia
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3236:
3229:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3140:The Mycophile
3134:
3132:
3128:
3119:
3116:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3058:
3053:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3016:
3012:(4): 477â482.
3011:
3007:
3000:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2981:(in Arabic).
2980:
2973:
2970:
2965:
2963:962-201-556-5
2959:
2955:
2954:
2946:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2923:(3): 739â46.
2922:
2918:
2911:
2908:
2897:on 2015-12-22
2893:
2889:
2886:(in German).
2885:
2878:
2871:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2850:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2823:
2821:
2812:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2769:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2675:0-916422-74-7
2671:
2667:
2660:
2657:
2645:
2643:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2576:(Agaricales)"
2575:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2494:(7): 239â41.
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2356:(in French).
2355:
2351:
2344:
2341:
2329:
2327:
2319:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2293:
2288:
2275:
2267:
2264:(in French).
2263:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2227:
2215:
2213:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2171:(in French).
2170:
2166:
2164:
2155:
2152:
2140:
2138:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2119:(in French).
2118:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2096:(in French).
2095:
2091:
2084:
2081:
2069:
2067:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2033:
2021:
2019:
2011:
2008:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1919:(4): 779â94.
1918:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1827:
1823:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1699:(5): 947â57.
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1652:(6): 639â68.
1651:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1633:
1628:
1625:(in French).
1624:
1620:
1618:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1524:
1523:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1503:(in German).
1502:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1480:(in French).
1479:
1472:
1469:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1443:
1440:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1259:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1224:great bustard
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1124:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1100:M. spinulosum
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1009:M. oregonense
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
995:
993:
989:
986:
984:
980:
977:
976:
972:
969:
967:
963:
960:
958:
954:
951:
950:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
932:
929:
928:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
910:
907:
906:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
888:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
871:
868:
867:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
849:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
832:
829:
828:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
810:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
793:
790:
789:
785:
782:
780:
776:
773:
771:
767:
764:
763:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
745:
742:Current name
731:
728:
726:
722:
721:
716:
715:
710:
709:
704:
700:
696:
695:
690:
689:
684:
683:
678:
677:
672:
664:
660:
652:
651:
647:Edibility is
646:
638:
635:
634:
629:
621:
618:
614:
610:
607:
590:
587:
583:
575:
571:
568:
560:
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553:
545:
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511:
507:
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493:
491:
487:
483:
480:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:Lycoperdaceae
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
373:published by
372:
369:in 1830, and
368:
365:published by
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
320:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
263:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:
232:
227:
224:
220:
215:
212:
209:Guers. (1805)
207:
204:
203:
202:
201:
193:
189:
186:
182:
178:
175:
174:
173:
171:
166:
163:
159:
154:
150:
144:
143:
138:
135:
131:
126:
121:
120:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:Basidiomycota
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
3777:Edible fungi
3504:
3282:
3246:
3242:
3228:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3192:
3188:
3175:
3158:
3152:
3143:
3139:
3130:
3126:
3118:
3102:(1): 24â30.
3099:
3095:
3085:
3066:
3060:
3051:
3045:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2952:
2945:
2920:
2917:Kew Bulletin
2916:
2910:
2899:. Retrieved
2892:the original
2887:
2883:
2870:
2861:
2857:
2848:
2826:. Retrieved
2819:
2811:
2789:(3): 103â5.
2786:
2782:
2776:
2768:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2710:
2704:
2694:
2665:
2659:
2648:. Retrieved
2641:
2611:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2386:(7): 88â93.
2383:
2379:
2360:(2): 171â86.
2357:
2353:
2343:
2332:. Retrieved
2325:
2318:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2274:cite journal
2265:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2218:. Retrieved
2211:
2204:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2154:
2143:. Retrieved
2136:
2129:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2072:. Retrieved
2065:
2058:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2024:. Retrieved
2017:
2010:
1999:. Retrieved
1989:
1967:(2): 530â3.
1964:
1960:
1954:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1852:
1830:. Retrieved
1825:
1819:
1794:(5): 132â3.
1791:
1787:
1781:
1762:
1756:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1608:
1599:
1598:(in Latin).
1595:
1585:
1564:cite journal
1555:
1554:(in Latin).
1545:
1520:
1513:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1484:(2): 132â57.
1481:
1477:
1471:
1460:. Retrieved
1449:
1442:
1431:. Retrieved
1420:
1373:
1369:
1329:
1326:
1313:
1309:
1281:
1280:
1264:
1249:properties.
1234:
1232:
1227:
1205:
1195:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1161:
1129:
1099:
1090:
1078:M. radicatum
1077:
1060:
1056:
1047:
1034:
1027:Bovista pila
1025:
1008:
999:
983:M. olivaceum
982:
973:
956:
947:
934:
925:
912:
903:
890:
873:
864:
851:
834:
825:
812:
795:
786:
769:
760:
747:
724:
718:
712:
706:
702:
692:
686:
680:
674:
670:
668:
662:
649:
633:saprotrophic
631:
617:purple-brown
616:
612:
554:No distinct
535:
509:
497:
481:
475:
471:
467:
461:
458:
446:Mycenastrium
445:
438:sister group
433:
426:Lycoperdales
421:
413:
409:
403:
398:
390:
382:
370:
362:
342:
330:
324:
310:
287:fruit bodies
278:
274:
270:
267:common names
261:
260:
247:is a fungal
243:
242:
241:
225:
213:
205:
199:
198:
187:
176:
169:
168:
141:
140:
134:Type species
118:
117:
24:
18:
3772:Agaricaceae
3682:NatureServe
3643:iNaturalist
3413:iNaturalist
3313:Mycenastrum
3307:Wikispecies
3283:Mycenastrum
3249:(2): 39â62.
3195:: 291â315.
3131:Mycenastrum
2586:(1): 73â8.
2425:(77): 30â3.
2163:Mycenastrum
2052:(78): 25â6.
1907:Mycenastrum
1734:(1): 4â22.
1629:(2): 143â7.
1617:Mycenastrum
1423:Desv. 1842"
1421:Mycenastrum
1366:Mexico City
1290:underground
1178:ferrugineum
1168:capillitium
1118:Description
813:M. coelatum
796:M. chilense
748:M. beccarii
739: Year
703:Mycenastrum
682:Glyptoderma
679:, but also
676:Scleroderma
671:Mycenastrum
663:Mycenastrum
630:Ecology is
609:Spore print
510:Mycenastrum
498:Mycenastrum
482:ferrugineum
454:Agaricaceae
434:Mycenastrum
410:Mycenastrum
383:Mycenastrum
329:in 1805 as
317:in Europe.
307:capillitium
253:Agaricaceae
244:Mycenastrum
119:Mycenastrum
108:Agaricaceae
25:Mycenastrum
3766:Categories
3076:0947643818
2901:2013-09-29
2864:(1): 63â6.
2828:2013-09-29
2754:(4): 157.
2744:Otis tarda
2650:2013-09-29
2621:0762731095
2334:2013-09-29
2312:(65): 6â7.
2302:"Saccardo"
2268:: 361â400.
2220:2013-09-29
2198:: 167â221.
2145:2013-09-29
2123:: 191â209.
2074:2013-09-29
2026:2013-10-20
2001:2013-09-29
1899:Gastropila
1868:0395910900
1832:2013-09-29
1816:Gibson I.
1462:2013-09-29
1433:2013-09-29
1401:References
1376:occurs in
1374:diabolicum
1354:Nuevo LeĂłn
1338:vulnerable
1239:hemostatic
1228:Otis tarda
1216:flatulence
1186:diabolicum
1153:morphology
1149:olivaceous
1132:fruit body
957:M. ohiense
852:M. fragile
835:M. dugesii
736:Authority
694:Gastropila
479:subspecies
472:diabolicum
432:analysis,
399:Pachyderma
391:Endonevrum
297:mass, the
219:A.H.Graves
188:Pachyderma
177:Endonevrum
98:Agaricales
74:Division:
3604:FloraBase
3520:Q10571790
3374:FloraBase
3189:Mycotaxon
3167:0304-3711
2991:0006-2774
2783:Mycologia
2760:1416-020X
2538:Mycotaxon
2508:224835869
2448:: 507â27.
2419:Grevillea
2306:Grevillea
2246:: 166â81.
2100:: 353â79.
2046:Grevillea
1961:Mycologia
1913:Mycologia
1800:0042-5184
1693:Mycologia
1646:Mycologia
1602:: 121â54.
1531:cite book
1350:Chihuahua
1306:substrate
1298:saltbrush
1294:sagebrush
1157:bifurcate
840:De Seynes
450:taxonomic
430:cladistic
418:molecular
416:. A 2001
404:In 1948,
327:described
257:monotypic
229:(Guers.)
217:(Guers.)
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
3687:2.123029
3669:MycoBank
3661:11379775
3617:Fungorum
3554:BioLib:
3547:60022641
3542:AusFungi
3514:Wikidata
3439:MycoBank
3387:Fungorum
3327:60015037
3322:AusFungi
3298:Q5231584
3292:Wikidata
3159:Brenesia
2471:: 42â73.
2175:: 78â80.
1981:16396359
1903:Lanopila
1748:18207380
1674:18102856
1501:Hedwigia
1456:MycoBank
1427:MycoBank
1384:See also
1286:saprobic
1267:dehisces
1220:diarrhea
1207:Calvatia
1141:peridium
1137:mycelium
1061:australe
584:Lacks a
570:Hymenium
541:hymenium
397:'s 1876
389:'s 1845
361:include
359:Synonyms
321:Taxonomy
291:peridium
283:puffball
192:Schulzer
162:Synonyms
104:Family:
54:Domain:
3635:2536182
3431:1038832
3405:2536181
3222:: 1â97.
3127:Bovista
2937:4110870
2803:3753756
2400:3752368
1933:3758517
1713:3761759
1666:3755316
1507:: 44â8.
1340:in the
1310:Bovista
1176:subsp.
688:Bovista
650:unknown
496:Former
440:to the
424:in the
414:Bovista
351:alfalfa
200:Species
114:Genus:
94:Order:
84:Class:
3749:519396
3720:NZOR:
3674:234487
3648:128578
3622:234487
3596:MCNSCO
3583:188916
3557:322880
3534:136942
3493:519397
3477:NZOR:
3418:128581
3366:1MCNSG
3165:
3073:
2989:
2960:
2935:
2801:
2758:
2725:
2672:
2618:
2506:
2398:
1979:
1931:
1865:
1798:
1769:
1746:
1711:
1672:
1664:
1362:Sonora
1302:silage
1218:, and
1198:edible
1083:Durieu
1018:Everh.
1016:&
992:Massee
990:&
966:Morgan
964:&
896:Durieu
779:Massee
777:&
723:, and
691:, and
537:Glebal
303:edible
285:-like
269:: the
233:(1849)
221:(1830)
194:(1876)
183:(1845)
181:Czern.
155:(1842)
149:Guers.
127:(1842)
3736:14647
3713:90945
3656:IRMNG
3609:50260
3570:742F6
3470:90944
3444:19225
3426:IRMNG
3392:19225
3379:50259
3353:21134
3239:(PDF)
3185:(PDF)
3136:(PDF)
2933:JSTOR
2895:(PDF)
2880:(PDF)
2854:(PDF)
2799:JSTOR
2748:Tuzok
2504:S2CID
2396:JSTOR
1929:JSTOR
1709:JSTOR
1662:JSTOR
1372:var.
1332:is a
1284:is a
1243:tonic
1184:var.
1145:gleba
1109:1881
1087:1849
1070:1845
1066:Berk.
1059:var.
1044:1843
1040:Berk.
1022:1885
1014:Ellis
996:1887
988:Cooke
970:1885
962:Ellis
944:1902
922:1884
918:Cooke
900:1848
883:1847
879:Mont.
861:1844
844:1886
822:1899
805:1843
801:Mont.
783:1887
775:Cooke
757:1875
753:Pass.
733:Name
613:white
586:stipe
488:, by
470:var.
355:Rouen
313:is a
299:gleba
295:spore
277:, or
249:genus
170:Genus
153:Desv.
125:Desv.
68:Fungi
3708:NCBI
3630:GBIF
3591:EPPO
3529:APNI
3465:NCBI
3400:GBIF
3361:EPPO
3340:5W28
3163:ISSN
3071:ISBN
2987:ISSN
2958:ISBN
2756:ISSN
2723:ISBN
2670:ISBN
2616:ISBN
2287:help
2266:1â10
1977:PMID
1905:and
1863:ISBN
1796:ISSN
1767:ISBN
1744:PMID
1670:PMID
1600:1848
1577:help
1537:link
1320:for
1296:and
1192:Uses
1130:The
1105:Peck
940:Pat.
857:LĂ©v.
818:Pat.
393:and
337:and
3695:NBN
3578:EoL
3565:CoL
3452:NBN
3348:EoL
3335:CoL
3197:doi
3193:112
3104:doi
3033:doi
3029:115
2925:doi
2791:doi
2715:doi
2588:doi
2546:doi
2542:130
2496:doi
2388:doi
1969:doi
1921:doi
1859:358
1736:doi
1732:112
1701:doi
1654:doi
615:to
611:is
556:cap
341:'s
231:Fr.
3768::
3746::
3733::
3710::
3697::
3684::
3671::
3658::
3645::
3632::
3619::
3606::
3593::
3580::
3567::
3544::
3531::
3516::
3490::
3467::
3454::
3441::
3428::
3415::
3402::
3389::
3376::
3363::
3350::
3337::
3324::
3309::
3294::
3247:71
3241:.
3220:40
3191:.
3187:.
3144:48
3142:.
3138:.
3129:,
3100:14
3098:.
3094:.
3027:.
3010:29
2983:31
2931:.
2921:54
2919:.
2888:69
2882:.
2862:49
2860:.
2856:.
2837:^
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2490:.
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2358:18
2352:.
2310:13
2308:.
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2276:}}
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2238:.
2190:.
2173:33
2167:.
2121:15
2115:.
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2092:.
2050:16
2048:.
2044:.
1975:.
1965:97
1963:.
1959:.
1941:^
1927:.
1917:65
1915:.
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1861:.
1841:^
1824:.
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1566:}}
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1533:}}
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