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less frequently. Healthcare professionals working with adults may also be less knowledgeable about spina bifida because it is considered a childhood chronic health condition. Due to the potential difficulties of the transition, adolescents with spina bifida and their families are encouraged to begin to prepare for the transition around ages 14â16, although this may vary depending on the adolescent's cognitive and physical abilities and available family support. The transition itself should be gradual and flexible. The adolescent's multidisciplinary treatment team may aid in the process by preparing comprehensive, up-to-date documents detailing the adolescent's medical care, including information about medications, surgery, therapies, and recommendations. A transition plan and aid in identifying adult healthcare professionals are also helpful to include in the transition process.
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643:
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Pregnancies with folate-responsive neural tube defects may thus be at increased risk for poor placental development. A study comprehensively assessing the prevalence of placental pathology in a large cohort of fetuses with isolated neural tube defects found that these fetuses had higher risk of placental pathology and altered offspring growth outcomes at birth compared to controls, suggesting increased risk of placental maldevelopment that may contribute to poor fetal growth in pregnancies with neural tube defects.
616:
996:. However it is difficult for women to get the recommended 400 micrograms of folic acid a day from unfortified foods. Globally, fortified wheat flour and other cereal grains are credited with preventing 50,000â61,000 neural tube birth defects such as spina bifida yearly, which is estimated to be 22% of total possible preventable neural tube defects assuming universal and worldwide folic acid fortification. Many countries in Africa, Asia, and Europe have yet to implement fortification
1413:
and uterus to operate on the fetus. The exposed fetal spinal cord is covered in layers with surrounding fetal tissue at mid-gestation (19â25 weeks) to protect it from further damage caused by prolonged exposure to amniotic fluid. Between 1998 and 2003, Dr. Adzick, and his colleagues in the Center for Fetal
Diagnosis and Treatment at The Children's Hospital Of Philadelphia, performed prenatal spina bifida repair in 58 mothers and observed significant benefit in the babies.
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though research suggests that the risk of miscarriage is higher for amniocentesis done before 15 weeks of pregnancy. Infection transmission may occur from mother to child if the mother has infections such as hepatitis C, toxoplasmosis, or HIV/AIDS, or Rh sensitization, which ultimately damages the fetus' red blood cells. Needle injury to the fetus may occur, though serious injury is very rare, along with triggering a uterine infection, which is also very rare.
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opening. Myelomeningocele occurs in the third week of embryonic development, during neural tube pore closure. MMC is a failure of this to occur completely. The meningeal membranes that cover the spinal cord also protrude through the opening, forming a sac enclosing the spinal elements, such as meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and parts of the spinal cord and nerve roots. Myelomeningocele is also associated with club foot deformity, and
553:
835:. In one study, 60% of children with spina bifida were diagnosed with a learning disability. In addition to brain abnormalities directly related to various academic skills, achievement is likely affected by impaired attentional control and executive functioning. Children with spina bifida may perform well in elementary school, but begin to struggle as academic demands increase.
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countries without folate fortification programs nor widespread maternal folate supplementation, the incidence is 54â87 cases per 100,000 live births. And in low income countries or regions without folic acid supplementation nor fortification, the incidence is 300 cases per 100,000 live births. In India, about 1.9 per 1000 live births are affected by spina bifida.
43:
1322:) per 1000 population. The reported overall incidence of myelomeningocele in the British Isles was 2.0â3.5 cases per 1000 births. Since then, the rate has fallen dramatically with 0.15 per 1000 live births reported in 1998, though this decline is partially accounted for because some fetuses are aborted when tests show signs of spina bifida (see
948:(folate) is a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of neural tube defects, including spina bifida. Supplementation of the mother's diet with folate can reduce the incidence of neural tube defects by about 70%, and can also decrease the severity of these defects when they occur. It is unknown how or why folic acid has this effect.
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design and customize various types of assistive technology, including braces, crutches, walkers, and wheelchairs to aid in mobility. As a general rule, the higher the level of the spina bifida defect, the more severe the paralysis, but paralysis does not always occur. Thus, those with low levels may
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The observations in mothers and their fetuses that were operated over the past two and a half years by the matured minimally invasive approach showed the following results: Compared to the open fetal surgery technique, fetoscopic repair of myelomeningocele results in far less surgical trauma to the
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In contrast to the open fetal operative approach performed in the MOMS trial, a minimally invasive fetoscopic approach (akin to 'keyhole' surgery) has been developed. This approach has been evaluated by independent authors of a controlled study which showed some benefit in survivors, but others are
1457:
At one year of age, 40 percent of the children in the prenatal surgery group had received a shunt, compared to 83 percent of the children in the postnatal group. During pregnancy, all the fetuses in the trial had hindbrain herniation. However, at age 12 months, one-third (36 percent) of the infants
1412:
1998 â N. Scott Adzick and team at The
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia performed open fetal surgery for spina bifida in an early gestation fetus (22-week gestation fetus) with a successful outcome. Open fetal surgery for myelomeningocele involves surgically opening the pregnant mother's abdomen
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In the United States, rates are higher on the East Coast than on the West Coast, and higher in white people (one case per 1000 live births) than in black people (0.1â0.4 case per 1000 live births). Immigrants from
Ireland have a higher incidence of spina bifida than do natives. Highest rates of the
871:
Spina bifida is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The genetic component is estimated at 60â70%, but few causative genes have been identified, despite much information gathered from mouse models. After having one child with the condition, or if a parent has
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in youth with spina bifida, with greater deficits observed in youth with shunted hydrocephalus. Unlike typically developing children, youths with spina bifida do not tend to improve in their executive functioning as they grow older. Specific areas of difficulty in some individuals include planning,
596:
Spina bifida with myelocele is the most severe form of myelomeningocele. In this type, the involved area is represented by a flattened, plate-like mass of nervous tissue with no overlying membrane. The exposure of these nerves and tissues make the baby more prone to life-threatening infections such
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feature integrated multidisciplinary teams to coordinate healthcare of youth with spina bifida, the transition to adult healthcare can be difficult because the above healthcare professionals operate independently of each other, requiring separate appointments, and communicate among each other much
608:
and loss of sensation below the level of the spinal cord defect. Thus, the more cranial the level of the defect, the more severe the associated nerve dysfunction and resultant paralysis may be. Symptoms may include ambulatory problems, loss of sensation, deformities of the hips, knees or feet, and
1523:
The placenta is a critical determinant of fetal growth, yet placental development has not been well studied in pregnancies with fetal neural tube defects. Folate bioavailability is associated not only with isolated fetal neural tube defects, but is also required for optimal placental development.
560:
Myelomeningocele (MMC), also known as meningomyelocele, is the type of spina bifida that often results in the most severe complications and affects the meninges and nerves. In individuals with myelomeningocele, the unfused portion of the spinal column allows the spinal cord to protrude through an
1305:
Rates of spina bifida vary significantly by country from 0.1 to 5 per 1000 births. In high income and upper-middle income countries with folate fortification of foodstuffs public health programs, including in North
America, the incidence of spina bifida is 34â37 cases per 100,000 live births. In
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adolescent's self-management of health-related tasks, such as catheterization, bowel management, and taking medications. As part of the transition process, it is beneficial to begin discussions at an early age about educational and vocational goals, independent living, and community involvement.
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Risks of amniocentesis, which may occur in approximately 1 in 900 tests, include leaking amniotic fluid, though this generally has no effect on pregnancy. However, second-trimester amniocentesis carries a slight risk of miscarriage of 0.1% to 0.3% when done by a skilled person using ultrasound,
3967:
Barry, Michael J.; Nicholson, Wanda K.; Silverstein, Michael; Chelmow, David; Coker, Tumaini Rucker; Davis, Esa M.; Donahue, Katrina E.; JaĂŠn, Carlos
Roberto; Li, Li; Ogedegbe, Gbenga; Rao, Goutham; Ruiz, John M.; Stevermer, James; Tsevat, Joel; Underwood, Sandra Millon; Wong, John B. (1 August
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The trial concluded that the outcomes after prenatal spina bifida treatment are improved to the degree that the benefits of the surgery outweigh the maternal risks. This conclusion requires a value judgment on the relative value of fetal and maternal outcomes on which opinion is still divided.
1391:, they were able to stand, walk, perform demanding motor test and demonstrated no signs of incontinence. Furthermore, sensory function of the hind limbs was present clinically and confirmed electrophysiologically. Further studies showed that this model, when combined with a lumbar spinal cord
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Further complicating the transition process is the tendency for youths with spina bifida to be delayed in the development of autonomy, with boys particularly at risk for slower development of independence. An increased dependence on others (in particular family members) may interfere with the
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862:
Individuals with spina bifida tend to have better reading skills than mathematics skills. Children and adults with spina bifida have stronger abilities in reading accuracy than in reading comprehension. Comprehension may be especially impaired for text that requires an abstract synthesis of
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234:
Occulta has no or only mild signs, which may include a hairy patch, dimple, dark spot or swelling on the back at the site of the gap in the spine. Meningocele typically causes mild problems, with a sac of fluid present at the gap in the spine. Myelomeningocele, also known as
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1017:(USPSTF) recommends all people who may become pregnant or are attempting pregnancy take a folic acid supplement containing 0.4â0.8 mg (400â800 mcg) of folic acid daily. Women who have already had a baby with spina bifida or other type of neural tube defect, or are taking
842:. Individuals with spina bifida have demonstrated stable difficulties with arithmetic accuracy and speed, mathematical problem-solving, and general use and understanding of numbers in everyday life. Mathematics difficulties may be directly related to the thinning of the
717:, ranging from mild to life-threatening. The common use of latex in medical facilities makes this a particularly serious concern. The most common approach to avoid developing an allergy is to avoid contact with latex-containing products such as examination gloves and
814:
than children without those conditions (31% vs. 17%). Deficits have been observed for selective attention and focused attention, although poor motor speed may contribute to poor scores on tests of attention. Attention deficits may be evident at a very early age, as
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Canfield, MA; Honein, MA; Yuskiv, N; Xing, J; Mai, CT; Collins, JS; Devine, O; Petrini, J; Ramadhani, TA; Hobbs, CA; Kirby, RS (November 2006). "National estimates and race/ethnic-specific variation of selected birth defects in the United States, 1999â2001".
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1994 â A surgical model that simulates the human disease is the fetal lamb model of myelomeningocele (MMC) introduced by Meuli and Adzick in 1994. The MMC-like defect was surgically created at 75 days of gestation (term 145 to 150 days) by a lumbo-sacral
5999:
5651:
Degenhardt J, Kawecki A, Enzensberger C, Stressig R, Axt-Fliedner R, Kohl T (2012). "RĂźckverlagerung der Chiari-II Malformation innerhalb weniger Tage nach minimal-invasivem
Patchverschluss ans Hinweis fĂźr einen effektiven Verschluss der Fehlbildung".
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and inhibitory control deficiencies have been implicated for math difficulties, although visual-spatial difficulties are not likely involved. Early intervention to address mathematics difficulties and associated executive functions is crucial.
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for 'hidden'. This is the mildest form of spina bifida. In occulta, the outer part of some of the vertebrae is not completely closed. The splits in the vertebrae are so small that the spinal cord does not protrude. The skin at the site of the
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262:
Spina bifida is believed to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. After having one child with the condition, or if one of the parents has the condition, there is a 4% chance that the next child will also be affected.
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since postoperative uterine contractions are barely ever observed. The current cost of the entire fetoscopic procedure, including hospital stay, drugs, perioperative clinical, ECG, ultrasound and MRI-examinations, is approximately âŹ16,000.
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Standard treatment is after delivery. There is tentative evidence about treatment for severe disease before delivery while the baby is inside the womb. As of 2014, however, the evidence remains insufficient to determine benefits and harms.
999:
Folate fortification of enriched grain products has been mandatory in the United States since 1998. This prevents an estimated 600 to 700 incidents of spina bifida a year in the U.S. and saves $ 400â600 million in healthcare expenses. The
1197:
Broadly, there are two forms of prenatal treatment. The first is open fetal surgery, where the uterus is opened and the spina bifida repair performed. The second is via fetoscopy. These techniques may be an option to standard therapy.
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has been shown to be helpful in reducing the incidence of spina bifida. Folate supplementation prior to conception has been found to reduce the risk of neural tube defects, including spina bifida, by 70%. Sources of folic acid include
6271:
1008:
and the UK Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC) recommended amount of folic acid for women of childbearing age and women planning to become pregnant is at least 0.4 mg/day of folic acid from at least three months before
777:
of the brain tend to be thicker than expected, while posterior and parietal regions are thinner. Thinner sections of the brain are also associated with increased cortical folding. Neurons within the cortex may also be displaced.
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1107:
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Since then more data has emerged. In 2014, two papers were published on fifty one patients. These papers suggested that the risk to the mother is small. The main risk appears to be preterm labour, on average at about 33 weeks.
1112:
5992:
642:
963:. Studies show a woman having had one child with a neural tube defect such as spina bifida has about a 3% risk of having another affected child. This risk can be reduced with folic acid supplementation before pregnancy.
3828:"A global update on the status of prevention of folic acidâpreventable spina bifida and anencephaly in year 2020: 30âYear anniversary of gaining knowledge about folic acid's prevention potential for neural tube defects"
259:. Some experts believe such an allergy can be caused by frequent exposure to latex, which is common for people with spina bifida who have shunts and have had many surgeries. Learning problems are relatively uncommon.
915:
development (often before the mother knows she is pregnant). Some forms are known to occur with primary conditions that cause raised central nervous system pressure, raising the possibility of a dual pathogenesis.
5985:
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Paek, BW; Farmer, DL; Wilkinson, CC; Albanese, CT; Peacock, W; Harrison, MR; Jennings, RW (2000). "Hindbrain herniation develops in surgically created myelomeningocele but is absent after repair in fetal lambs".
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leads to the hindbrain herniation characteristic of the Chiari II malformation and that in utero surgery restores normal hindbrain anatomy by stopping the leak of cerebrospinal fluid through the myelomeningocele
2364:
Iwamoto J, Abe H, Tsukimura Y, Wakano K (2004). "Relationship between radiographic abnormalities of lumbar spine and incidence of low back pain in high school and college football players: a prospective study".
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which have been among the most worrisome and criticized complications after the open operative approach do not occur following minimally invasive fetoscopic closure of spina bifida aperta. The risks of maternal
5432:
Degenhardt J, SchĂźrg R, Kawecki A, Pawlik M, Enzensberger C, Stressig R, Tchatcheva K, Axt-Fliedner R, Kohl T, et al. (2012). "MĂźtterliches
Outcome nach minimal-invasivem Verschluss einer Spina bifida".
1313:
The highest incidence rates worldwide were found in
Ireland and Wales, where three to four cases of myelomeningocele per 1000 population have been reported during the 1970s, along with more than six cases of
1109:
1158:
There is no known cure for the nerve damage caused by spina bifida. Standard treatment is surgery after delivery. This surgery aims to prevent further damage of the nervous tissue and to prevent infection;
535:
A meningocele may also form through dehiscences in the base of the skull. These may be classified by their localisation as occipital, frontoethmoidal or nasal. Endonasal meningoceles lie at the roof of the
3149:
Barnes, MA; Wilkinson, M; Khemani, E; Boudesquie, A; Dennis, M; Fletcher, JM (2006). "Arithmetic processing in children with spina bifida: Calculation accuracy, strategy use, and fact retrieval fluency".
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In 2012, these results of the fetoscopic approach were presented at various national and international meetings, among them at the 1st
European Symposium "Fetal Surgery for Spina bifida" in April 2012 in
1213:
coordinate the rehabilitation efforts of different therapists and prescribe specific therapies, adaptive equipment, or medications to encourage as high of a functional performance within the community as
4930:
Tubbs, RS; Chambers, MR; Smyth, MD; Bartolucci, AA; Bruner, JP; Tulipan, N; Oakes, WJ (March 2003). "Late gestational intrauterine myelomeningocele repair does not improve lower extremity function".
4776:
Bouchard, S; Davey, MG; Rintoul, NE; Walsh, DS; Rorke, LB; Adzick, NS (March 2003). "Correction of hindbrain herniation and anatomy of the vermis after in utero repair of myelomeningocele in sheep".
5279:
Farmer DL, von Koch CS, Peacock WJ, Danielpour M, Gupta N, Lee H, Harrison MR (2003). "In utero repair of myelomeningocele: experimental pathophysiology, initial clinical experience, and outcomes".
2321:
Iwamoto J, Abe H, Tsukimura Y, Wakano K (2005). "Relationship between radiographic abnormalities of lumbar spine and incidence of low back pain in high school rugby players: a prospective study".
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medication, should take a higher dose of 4â5 mg/day. However, the daily requirement of folate and the recommended folate blood levels to prevent neural tube defects are not well established.
4811:
Meuli, M; Meuli-Simmen, C; Yingling, CD; Hutchins, GM; Timmel, GB; Harrison, MR; Adzick, NS (March 1996). "In utero repair of experimental myelomeningocele saves neurological function at birth".
4697:
Meuli, M; Meuli-Simmen, C; Hutchins, GM; Yingling, CD; Hoffman, KM; Harrison, MR; Adzick, NS (April 1995). "In utero surgery rescues neurological function at birth in sheep with spina bifida".
937:
Extensive evidence from mouse strains with spina bifida indicates that there is sometimes a genetic basis for the condition. Human spina bifida likely results from the interaction of multiple
2443:
Taskaynatan MA, Izci Y, Ozgul A, Hazneci B, Dursun H, Kalyon TA (2005). "Clinical significance of congenital lumbosacral malformations in young male population with prolonged low back pain".
1127:
2791:
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Gerlach, David J.; Gurnett, Christina A.; Limpaphayom, Noppachart; Alaee, Farhang; Zhang, Zhongli; Porter, Kristina; Kirchhofer, Melissa; Smyth, Matthew D.; Dobbs, Matthew B. (2009-06-01).
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mother, as large incisions of her abdomen and uterus are not required. In contrast, the initial punctures have a diameter of 1.2 mm only. As a result, thinning of the uterine wall or
911:
Spina bifida occurs when local regions of the neural tube fail to fuse or there is failure in formation of the vertebral neural arches. Neural arch formation occurs in the first month of
1486:
or fetal death as a result of the fetoscopic procedure run below 5%. Women are discharged home from hospital one week after the procedure. There is no need for chronic administration of
6967:
604:
The protruding portion of the spinal cord and the nerves that originate at that level of the cord are damaged or not properly developed. As a result, there is usually some degree of
810:
Individuals with spina bifida, especially those with shunted hydrocephalus, often have attention problems. Children with spina bifida and shunted hydrocephalus have higher rates of
763:
is abnormally developed in 70â90% of individuals with spina bifida myelomeningocele; this affects the communication processes between the left and right brain hemispheres. Further,
3728:"Usual folic acid intakes: a modelling exercise assessing changes in the amount of folic acid in foods and supplements, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003â2008"
405:
However other studies suggest spina bifida occulta is not always harmless. One study found that among patients with back pain severity is worse if spina bifida occulta is present.
1092:
756:, causing an excess of the fluid to accumulate. In fact, the cerebellum also tends to be smaller in individuals with spina bifida, especially for those with higher lesion levels.
5681:"OP06.06: Reversal of hindbrain herniation within a few days after minimallyâinvasive fetoscopic surgery for spina bifida indicates the desired waterâtight closure of the lesion"
5499:
Neubauer B, Degenhardt J, Axt-Fliedner R, Kohl T (2012). "FrĂźhe neurologische
Befunde von Säuglingen nach minimal-invasivem fetoskopischen Verschluss ihrer Spina bifida aperta".
2408:
Steinberg EL, Luger E, Arbel R, Menachem A, Dekel S (2003). "A comparative roentgenographic analysis of the lumbar spine in male army recruits with and without lower back pain".
2885:
Burmeister, R; Hannay HJ; Copeland K; Fletcher JM; Boudousquie A; Dennis M (2005). "Attention problems and executive functions in children with spina bifida and hydrocephalus".
5614:"OC04.02: Preoperative sonoanatomic examination of fetal spina bifida aperta permits prediction of surgical complexity during subsequent minimallyâinvasive fetoscopic closure"
1056:) and failure to provide them can have legal ramifications. Spina bifida may be associated with other malformations as in dysmorphic syndromes, often resulting in spontaneous
863:
information rather than a more literal understanding. Individuals with spina bifida may have difficulty with writing due to deficits in fine motor control and working memory.
329:
may be needed in those with hydrocephalus, and a tethered spinal cord may be surgically repaired. Devices to help with movement such as crutches or wheelchairs may be useful.
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in the prenatal surgery group no longer had any evidence of hindbrain herniation, compared to only 4 percent in the postnatal surgery group. Further surveillance is ongoing.
748:. In affected individuals, the back portion of the brain is displaced from the back of the skull down into the upper neck. In about 90% of the people with myelomeningocele,
508:
to herniate between the vertebrae. As the nervous system remains undamaged, individuals with meningocele are unlikely to have long-term health problems, although cases of
4230:
Binks, JA; Barden WS; Burke TA; Young NL (2007). "What do we really know about the transition to adult-centered health care? A focus on cerebral palsy and spina bifida".
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Kancherla, Vijaya; Wagh, Kaustubh; Johnson, Quentin; Oakley, Godfrey P. (15 August 2018). "A 2017 global update on folic acid-preventable spina bifida and anencephaly".
395:, a common screening tool used to detect neural tube defects in utero. This is because, unlike in most of the other neural tube defects, the dural lining is maintained.
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767:
tracts connecting posterior brain regions with anterior regions appear less organized. White matter tracts between frontal regions have also been found to be impaired.
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1194:
Treatment of spina bifida during pregnancy is not without risk. To the mother, this includes scarring of the uterus. To the baby, there is the risk of preterm birth.
3480:
Kibar Z, Torban E, McDearmid JR, Reynolds A, Berghout J, Mathieu M, Kirillova I, De Marco P, Merello E, Hayes JM, Wallingford JB, Drapeau P, Capra V, Gros P (2007).
2985:
Fletcher JM, Brookshire BL, Landry SH, Bohan TP, Davidson KC, et al. (1996). "Attentional skills and executive functions in children with early hydrocephalus".
2755:
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3463:"it is more often due to direct toxicity of the alcohol on the marrow. The macrocytosis of alcoholism usually reverses only after months of abstinence from alcohol"
5079:
Adzick NS, Thom EA, Spong CY, Brock JW, Burrows PK, Johnson MP, Howell LJ, Farrell JA, Dabrowiak ME, Sutton LN, Gupta N, Tulipan NB, D'Alton ME, Farmer DL (2011).
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Certain locations feature multidisciplinary clinics in order to offer coordinated care between specialists, such as Cincinnati Children's Center for Spina Bifida.
1716:
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research studies found no relationship between spina bifida occulta and back pain. More recent studies not included in the review support the negative findings.
1644:
5528:"OC04.06: Early neurological findings in 20 infants after minimallyâinvasive fetoscopic surgery for spina bifida aperta at the University of Giessen 2010â2011"
3638:
Milunsky A, Jick H, Jick SS, et al. (1989). "Multivitamin/folic acid supplementation in early pregnancy reduces the prevalence of neural tube defects".
1108:
1014:
4443:
1446:
Reduced need for ventricular shunting (a procedure in which a thin tube is introduced into the brain's ventricles to drain fluid and relieve hydrocephalus)
4660:
Laws ER Jr, Udvarhelyi GB (1998) The genesis of neuroscience by A. Earl Walker, American Association of Neurological Surgeons. Park Ridge, IL, pp. 212â213
854:
that affect other functions involved in mathematical skills. Further, higher numbers of shunt revisions are associated with poorer mathematics abilities.
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1338:
doctors were aware of developmental abnormalities involving the lower spine, the first person to describe a spinal spina bifida was a Persian physician
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2145:
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811:
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deficiency during pregnancy also plays a significant role. Other risk factors include certain antiseizure medications, obesity, and poorly managed
6184:
1352:
3084:
Landry, SH; Robinson SS; Copeland D; Garner PW (1993). "Goal-directed behavior and perception of self-competence in children with spina bifida".
398:
Many people with this type of spina bifida do not even know they have it, as the condition is asymptomatic in most cases. A systematic review of
5759:
Degenhardt J; et al. (2014). "Percutaneous minimal-access fetoscopic surgery for spina aperta. Part II: maternal management and outcome".
5844:
3968:
2023). "Folic Acid Supplementation to Prevent Neural Tube Defects: US Preventive Services Task Force Reaffirmation Recommendation Statement".
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were found in the control newborn lambs. In contrast, animals that underwent closure had near-normal neurological function and well-preserved
615:
4681:
3995:
3942:
3530:
2248:
1939:
5804:"Isolated fetal neural tube defects associate with increased risk of placental pathology: Evidence from the Collaborative Perinatal Project"
5567:"Partial amniotic carbon dioxide insufflation (PACI) during minimally invasive fetoscopic interventions on fetuses with spina bifida aperta"
5386:
1029:
Tests are not 100% perfect, so even though screening results present negative, there is still a slight chance that spina bifida is present.
6806:
3466:
728:. In some individuals, this causes significant traction and stress on the spinal cord and can lead to a worsening of associated paralysis,
627:
361:
3239:
Hetherington, R; Dennis M; Barnes M; Drake J; Gentili J (2006). "Functional outcome in young adults with spina bifida and hydrocephalus".
2083:
Bhide, P; Sagoo, GS; Moorthie, S; Burton, H; Kar, A (July 2013). "Systematic review of birth prevalence of neural tube defects in India".
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Mulinare J, Cordero JF, Erickson JD, Berry RJ (1988). "Periconceptional use of multivitamins and the occurrence of neural tube defects".
1500:
5914:
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through amniocentesis may be offered during the pregnancy, as some neural tube defects are associated with genetic disorders such as
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In normal circumstances, the closure of the neural tube occurs around the 23rd (rostral closure) and 27th (caudal closure) day after
3555:
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2129:
2028:
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may be surgically installed to provide a continuous drain for the excess cerebrospinal fluid produced in the brain, as happens with
1001:
5462:"OC04.05: Maternal outcome after minimallyâinvasive fetoscopic surgery for spina bifida apertaâthe Giessen experience 2010 to 2012"
1597:
5720:"Percutaneous minimally invasive fetoscopic surgery for spina bifida aperta. Part I: surgical technique and perioperative outcome"
5460:
Degenhardt, J.; SchĂźrg, R.; Kawecki, A.; Pawlik, M.; Enzensberger, C.; Stressig, R.; AxtâFliedner, R.; Kohl, T. (September 2012).
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There is neither a single cause of spina bifida nor any known way to prevent it entirely. However, dietary supplementation with
6479:
6136:
321:
Most cases of spina bifida can be prevented if the mother gets enough folate before and during pregnancy. Adding folic acid to
3337:
Barnes, M; Dennis M; Hetherington R (2004). "Reading and writing skills in young adults with spina bifida and hydrocephalus".
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of the brain, individuals with spina bifida have intact frontal lobes; therefore, other areas of the brain may be implicated.
562:
2656:
Mitchell, L. E.; Adzick, N. S.; Melchionne, J.; Pasquariello, P. S.; Sutton, L. N.; Whitehead, A. S. (2004). "Spina bifida".
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need only short leg braces, whereas those with higher levels do best with a wheelchair, and some may be able to walk unaided.
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operate to close the opening on the back. The spinal cord and its nerve roots are put back inside the spine and covered with
1005:
240:
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5027:; Brock, John W.; Burrows, Pamela K.; Johnson, Mark P.; Howell, Lori J.; Farrell, Jody A.; et al. (February 9, 2011).
4846:
Bruner, JP; Richards, WO; Tulipan, NB; Arney, TL (January 1999). "Endoscopic coverage of fetal myelomeningocele in utero".
3119:
Mayes, SD; Calhoun, SL (2006). "Frequency of reading, math, and writing disabilities in children with clinical disorders".
2933:"Age-related changes in executive function among children with spina bifida/hydrocephalus based on parent behavior ratings"
4671:
2765:
1503:
in May 2012 in Bonn, at the World Congress of the Fetal Medicine Foundation in June 2012 and at the World Congress of the
1273:
745:
725:
509:
6595:
5132:
4348:
Monsen, RB (1992). "Autonomy, coping, and self-care agency in healthy adolescents and in adolescents with spina bifida".
3921:
1078:. Ultrasound screening for spina bifida is partly responsible for the decline in new cases, because many pregnancies are
344:, including the United States, it occurs in about 0.4 per 1,000 births. In India, it affects about 1.9 per 1,000 births.
6298:
3708:
3413:
Copp, Andrew J.; Adzick, N. Scott; Chitty, Lyn S.; Fletcher, Jack M.; Holmbeck, Grayson N.; Shaw, Gary M. (2015-04-30).
2756:"Protect Yourself From Latex Allergies: Plant Biologists And Immunochemists Develop Hypoallergenic Alternative To Latex"
1747:
1118:
Ultrasound view of the fetal spine at 21 weeks of pregnancy. In the longitudinal scan a lumbar myelomeningocele is seen.
244:
1712:
6765:
6484:
6314:
6302:
6159:
5411:
1572:
1404:, led by Joseph Bruner, attempted to close spina bifida in 4 human fetuses using a skin graft from the mother using a
1640:
1238:
to address kidney, bladder, and bowel dysfunction â many will need to manage their urinary systems with a program of
1140:
of the fetal head at 20 weeks of pregnancy in a fetus affected by spina bifida. In the axial scan the characteristic
5565:
Ziemann, Miriam; Fimmers, Rolf; Khaleeva, Anastasiia; SchĂźrg, Rainer; Weigand, Markus A.; Kohl, Thomas (July 2018).
6796:
5314:
Kohl T, Gembruch U (2008). "Current status and prospects of fetoscopic surgery for spina bifida in human fetuses".
5238:"Does fetal endoscopic closure of the myelomeningocele prevent loss of neurologic function in spina bifida aperta?"
1533:
1432:
designed to compare two approaches to the treatment of spina bifida: surgery before birth and surgery after birth.
544:. They are treated surgically. Encephalomeningoceles are classified in the same way and also contain brain tissue.
325:
has been found to be effective for most women. Open spina bifida can be surgically closed before or after birth. A
6850:
6093:
4556:
1852:
6770:
3867:"Retrospective Assessment of Cost Savings From Prevention: Folic Acid Fortification and Spina Bifida in the U.S."
2207:
633:
2149:
1342:(Rhazes, 865â925 AD). He gave the earliest accurate account of the morbid anatomy associated with spina bifida.
6705:
6348:
4213:
4019:
693:
569:
5977:
5357:
6742:
6376:
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1543:
931:
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330:
279:
85:
68:
3826:
Kancherla, Vijaya; Wagh, Kaustubh; Priyadarshini, Pretty; PachĂłn, Helena; Oakley, Godfrey P. (2022-11-07).
2486:
Avrahami E, Frishman E, Fridman Z, Azor M (1994). "Spina bifida occulta of S1 is not an innocent finding".
923:. However, if something interferes and the tube fails to close properly, a neural tube defect will occur.
5679:
Degenhardt, J.; Kawecki, A.; Enzensberger, C.; Stressig, R.; AxtâFliedner, R.; Kohl, T. (September 2012).
3048:
2273:"Spinal radiographic findings and nonspecific low back pain. A systematic review of observational studies"
1286:
721:
that do not specify they are latex-free, and many other products, such as some commonly used by dentists.
4101:"Prenatal versus postnatal repair procedures for spina bifida for improving infant and maternal outcomes"
3865:
Waitzman, Norman J.; Kucik, James E.; Tilford, J. Mick; Berry, Robert J.; Grosse, Scott D. (2016-05-01).
6645:
6310:
6141:
2816:
1401:
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and the animals were delivered by cesarean section just prior term. Human MMC-like lesions with similar
800:
391:. Unlike most other types of neural tube defects, spina bifida occulta is not associated with increased
200:
2855:
Wills, KE (1993). "Neuropsychological functioning in children with spina bifida and/or hydrocephalus".
1036:. Increased levels of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) should be followed up by two tests â an
3193:
Dennis, M; Barnes, M (2002). "Math and numeracy in young adults with spina bifida and hydrocephalus".
6860:
4308:"Trajectories of autonomy development across the adolescent transition in children with spina bifida"
1376:
1265:
1049:
1010:
252:
239:, is the most severe form. Problems associated with this form include poor ability to walk, impaired
95:
3866:
3039:
Rose, BM; Holmbeck GN (2007). "Attention and executive functions in adolescents with spina bifida".
2595:"Early Results of the Ponseti Method for the Treatment of Clubfoot Associated with Myelomeningocele"
1372:
1226:
perform surgeries at birth and manage complications associated with tethered cord and hydrocephalus.
6678:
6294:
6067:
6008:
5899:
4481:
Cotton P (1993). "Finding neural tube 'zippers' may let geneticists tailor prevention of defects".
3053:
1879:
1206:
Most individuals with myelomeningocele will need periodic evaluations by a variety of specialists:
846:(regions implicated in mathematical functioning) and indirectly associated with deformities of the
787:
753:
651:
504:) is the least common form of spina bifida. In this form, a single developmental defect allows the
341:
3946:
6540:
6238:
6209:
6151:
6117:
6029:
5803:
5784:
5382:
5339:
5218:
5024:
4955:
4912:
4722:
4643:
3808:
3603:
Holmes LB (1988). "Does taking vitamins at the time of conception prevent neural tube defects?".
3362:
3264:
3218:
3175:
2910:
2813:"Chiari Malformation Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)"
2681:
2468:
2390:
2346:
2303:
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1935:
1217:
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956:
682:
529:
387:
may be normal, or it may have some hair growing from it; there may be a dimple in the skin, or a
307:
299:
228:
224:
75:
3462:
552:
290:. Diagnosis may occur either before or after a child is born. Before birth, if a blood test or
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6855:
6107:
5925:
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5776:
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5700:
5680:
5633:
5613:
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5481:
5461:
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5169:
5110:
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4793:
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4714:
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4635:
4627:
4586:
4578:
4537:
4498:
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4406:
4357:
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4288:
4247:
4165:
4130:
4081:
3903:
3885:
3847:
3800:
3792:
3757:
3749:
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3655:
3620:
3551:
3526:
3503:
3434:
3393:
3354:
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3210:
3167:
3101:
3066:
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2902:
2737:
2673:
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2614:
2573:
2503:
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2425:
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2125:
2119:
2100:
2062:
2024:
1994:
1912:
1906:
1885:
1799:
1045:
877:
832:
799:, and visual planning may also be impaired. Further, children with spina bifida may have poor
392:
295:
264:
135:
128:
55:
4424:
2547:
2018:
6922:
6917:
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6474:
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5815:
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5692:
5661:
5625:
5578:
5539:
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5288:
5259:
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4855:
4820:
4785:
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4706:
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4388:
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4239:
4191:
4157:
4120:
4112:
4071:
4063:
3977:
3893:
3877:
3839:
3784:
3739:
3682:
3647:
3612:
3585:
3550:
T. Lissauer, G. Clayden. Illustrated Textbook of Paediatrics (Second Edition). Mosby, 2003.
3493:
3442:
3426:
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3159:
3128:
3093:
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1984:
1974:
1789:
1483:
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1380:
1368:
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981:
469:
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336:
Rates of other types of spina bifida vary significantly by country, from 0.1 to 5 per 1,000
220:
188:
4518:"Trends in postfortification prevalence of spina bifida and ancephaly in the United States"
4307:
6938:
6673:
6503:
6469:
6422:
6127:
1487:
1408:. Four cases were performed before stopping the procedure - two of the four fetuses died.
1356:
1239:
1171:
1083:
1071:
770:
760:
525:
303:
144:
3384:. International Review of Research in Mental Retardation. Vol. 29. pp. 63â117.
1963:"Impact of folic acid fortification of flour on neural tube defects: a systematic review"
1453:
effects caused by the spine's exposure to amniotic fluid, such as impaired motor function
5526:
Kohl, T.; Kawecki, A.; Degenhardt, J.; AxtâFliedner, R.; Neubauer, B. (September 2012).
2708:"Anomalous development of brain structure and function in spina bifida myelomeningocele"
1989:
1962:
6801:
6732:
6696:
6668:
6590:
6494:
6368:
6179:
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6146:
6012:
5954:
5908:
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5237:
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5080:
5053:
5028:
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4376:
4125:
4100:
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4051:
3898:
3447:
3311:
3286:
2957:
2932:
2732:
2707:
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1429:
1384:
1032:
Spina bifida can usually be detected during the second trimester of pregnancy by fetal
1018:
989:
889:
855:
838:
Children with spina bifida are more likely than their peers without spina bifida to be
827:
Individuals with spina bifida may struggle academically, especially in the subjects of
792:
326:
4899:
4882:
4859:
4824:
3389:
2669:
2421:
6961:
6811:
6755:
6722:
6605:
6426:
6248:
6112:
6088:
6062:
5802:
White, Marina; Grynspan, David; Van Mieghem, Tim; Connor, Kristin L. (October 2021).
5205:
5188:
5164:
5148:"Fetal endoscopic myelomeningocele closure preserves segmental neurological function"
5147:
4067:
3686:
2760:
2499:
2334:
2291:
2258:
1794:
1777:
1467:
1248:
1175:
1163:
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920:
903:
have been linked with spina bifida in some families with a history of the condition.
843:
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585:
577:
573:
315:
291:
256:
248:
140:
99:
91:
5904:
5853:
5788:
5222:
4959:
4916:
4726:
4647:
4214:"Fecal and Urinary Incontinence Related to the Spine | Children's National Hospital"
3812:
3366:
3268:
3179:
2685:
2472:
2394:
2307:
6893:
6786:
6628:
6600:
6386:
6381:
6222:
6165:
6083:
6055:
5819:
5343:
4116:
3222:
2914:
2350:
2272:
1818:"Spina Bifida Fact Sheet | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"
1538:
1269:
1223:
1137:
881:
804:
774:
764:
581:
537:
184:
64:
4881:
Adzick, N Scott; Sutton, Leslie N; Crombleholme, Timothy M; Flake, Alan W (1998).
1086:. With modern medical care, the quality of life of patients has greatly improved.
360:
4998:
3881:
3726:
Tinker, Sarah C; Hamner, Heather C.; Cogswell, Mary E.; Berry, Robert J. (2012).
3163:
3132:
2868:
2175:
1351:
1980 â Fetal surgical techniques using animal models were first developed at the
6816:
6583:
6574:
6459:
6391:
6200:
6037:
6020:
1405:
1388:
1364:
1335:
1315:
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893:
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also occurs because the displaced cerebellum interferes with the normal flow of
541:
399:
311:
196:
114:
17:
5965:
5930:
5292:
5254:
4516:
Boulet SL, Yang Q, Mai C, Kirby RS, Collins JS, Robbins JM, Mulinare J (2008).
4243:
4161:
3025:
6791:
6727:
6640:
6634:
6610:
6578:
6545:
6514:
6464:
6436:
6122:
5960:
5889:
5582:
5128:
4622:
4606:"Neurosurgery and a small section from the Greek myth: the God Pan and Syrinx"
4605:
4283:
4266:
3925:
3744:
3727:
3350:
3252:
3206:
3097:
2998:
2948:
2231:
Spina Bifida and Craniosynostosis - New Perspectives and Clinical Applications
1979:
1508:
1450:
1425:
1319:
1098:
Three-dimensional ultrasound image of the fetal spine at 21 weeks of pregnancy
1075:
1060:. In the majority of cases, though, spina bifida is an isolated malformation.
1053:
1037:
1033:
972:
945:
885:
873:
847:
741:
598:
60:
5704:
5637:
5590:
5551:
5485:
4631:
4582:
4494:
3889:
3851:
3796:
3753:
3712:
3651:
3616:
3438:
3380:
Fletcher JM, Dennis M, Northrup H, Barnes AM, Hannay HJ, Francis, DF (2004).
2618:
2378:
2239:
1242:. Bowel management programs aimed at improving elimination are also designed.
6898:
6843:
6650:
6535:
6528:
6509:
6441:
6405:
6050:
5949:
5885:
5566:
5081:"A randomized trial of prenatal versus postnatal repair of myelomeningocele"
5029:"A Randomized Trial of Prenatal versus Postnatal Repair of Myelomeningocele"
4789:
4754:
4573:
3981:
3414:
3062:
2898:
1443:
Reversal of the hindbrain herniation component of the Chiari II malformation
1392:
1254:
1229:
1210:
1160:
872:
the condition, there is a 4% chance the next child will also be affected. A
729:
718:
686:
678:
605:
411:
is not a true spina bifida and is very rarely of neurological significance.
388:
345:
275:
124:
5827:
5780:
5745:
5665:
5598:
5512:
5446:
5407:
5335:
5300:
5214:
5173:
5114:
5062:
4951:
4797:
4762:
4639:
4590:
4541:
4456:
4410:
4334:
4292:
4251:
4169:
4134:
4085:
3907:
3804:
3761:
3576:
Iskandar, Bermans J.; Finnell, Richard H. (4 August 2022). "Spina Bifida".
3507:
3358:
3320:
3260:
3214:
3171:
3070:
2966:
2906:
2741:
2677:
2626:
2464:
2429:
2386:
2342:
2229:Ĺ utovskĂ˝, Juraj (2021-06-23), "Surgical Treatment of Neural Tube Defects",
2104:
2066:
1998:
1803:
1245:
Colorectal specialists help restore bowel and urinary control and function.
5612:
Kohl, T.; Kawecki, A.; Degenhardt, J.; AxtâFliedner, R. (September 2012).
5096:
5044:
4908:
4867:
4832:
4718:
4502:
4464:
4361:
3694:
3659:
3624:
3589:
3105:
2507:
2299:
1417:
Fetal surgery after 25 weeks has not shown benefit in subsequent studies.
42:
6340:
6336:
6318:
3498:
3481:
2610:
1167:
1079:
952:
934:
use, obesity are known risk factors for the development of spina bifida.
927:
851:
740:
Many individuals with spina bifida have an associated abnormality of the
513:
505:
349:
287:
192:
3430:
6908:
6566:
6045:
4710:
4533:
3827:
3012:
Snow, JH (1999). "Executive processes for children with spina bifida".
2096:
2058:
1496:
1276:
aid in rehabilitative therapies and increase independent living skills.
1235:
1179:
710:
699:
283:
5868:
5772:
5736:
5719:
5696:
5629:
5543:
5477:
5327:
4943:
3843:
3788:
724:
The spinal cord lesion or the scarring due to surgery may result in a
5880:
5848:
4326:
4267:"Acquisition of autonomy skills in adolescents with myelomeningocele"
912:
816:
384:
268:
120:
4517:
4392:
4306:
Friedman, D; Holmbeck GN; DeLucia C; Jandasek B; Zebracki K (2009).
3302:
2723:
1748:"What are the treatments for spina bifida & related conditions?"
1232:
treat and evaluate nervous system issues, such as seizure disorders.
5361:
4150:
Journal de GynĂŠcologie, ObstĂŠtrique et Biologie de la Reproduction
1439:
To be specific, the study found that prenatal repair resulted in:
993:
714:
551:
517:
379:
359:
337:
322:
278:
also plays a significant role. Other risk factors include certain
2085:
Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology
2047:
Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology
1598:"Are there disorders or conditions associated with spina bifida?"
306:
can confirm the diagnosis after birth. Spina bifida is a type of
6451:
5919:
4265:
Davis, BE; Shurtleff DB; Walker WO; Seidel KD; Duguay S (2006).
1367:. Approximately 3 weeks after creation of the defect a reversed
985:
938:
819:
with spina bifida lag behind their peers in orienting to faces.
6267:
5981:
6884:
6414:
6327:
1678:"How many people are affected by or at risk for spina bifida?"
496:
455:
127:, certain antiseizure medications, obesity, poorly controlled
90:
Poor ability to walk, problems with bladder or bowel control,
4557:"History of spine surgery in the ancient and medieval worlds"
4148:
Joyeux, L; Chalouhi, GE; Ville, Y; Sapin, E (June 2014). "".
1220:
monitor growth and development of bones, muscles, and joints.
568:
Toxins and conditions associated with MMC formation include:
1052:). AFP tests are now mandated by some state laws (including
692:
Bladder and bowel control problems, including incontinence,
4974:"Background of Management of Myelomeningocele Study (MOMS)"
803:. Although executive functions are often attributed to the
493:
446:
440:
1778:"Neural tube defects: prevalence, etiology and prevention"
732:, back pain, and worsening bowel and/or bladder function.
490:
80:
Hairy patch, dimple, dark spot, swelling on the lower back
3482:"Mutations in VANGL1 associated with neural-tube defects"
2271:
van Tulder MW, Assendelft WJ, Koes BW, Bouter LM (1997).
1859:. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
1449:
Reduced incidence or severity of potentially devastating
1013:, and continued for the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. The
484:
475:
443:
437:
428:
3287:"Mathematical developmental development in spina bifida"
3285:
English, LH; Barnes, MA; Taylor, HB; Landry, SH (2009).
2323:
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
1911:(2nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 392.
4052:"Fetal surgery for spina bifida: past, present, future"
3339:
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
2841:. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkens.
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
4099:
Grivell, RM; Andersen, C; Dodd, JM (28 October 2014).
3996:"Spina bifida - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic"
3144:
3142:
2980:
2978:
2976:
1961:
Castillo-Lancellotti, C; Tur, JA; Uauy, R (May 2013).
4377:"Psychosocial and family functioning in spina bifida"
1713:"How do health care providers diagnose spina bifida?"
487:
481:
452:
449:
434:
215:. Meningocele and myelomeningocele may be grouped as
5858:
5383:"The Fetal Medicine Foundation / FMF World Congress"
4188:
Gillette Children's Hospital Center for Spina Bifida
3332:
3330:
3234:
3232:
2570:
Anatomy & Physiology: Unity of Form and Function
1082:
out of fear that a newborn might have a poor future
786:
Several studies have demonstrated difficulties with
458:
6931:
6907:
6883:
6874:
6829:
6779:
6741:
6713:
6704:
6695:
6661:
6621:
6565:
6558:
6493:
6450:
6413:
6404:
6367:
6335:
6326:
6309:
6231:
6208:
6199:
6076:
6028:
6019:
5940:
5862:
5236:Verbeek R, Heep A, et al. (15 December 2010).
4184:"Center for Spina Bifida: Specialists and Services"
1511:in September 2012, and published in abstract form.
1501:
German Society for Prenatal Medicine and Obstetrics
478:
472:
431:
425:
183:; /ËspaÉŞnÉ ËbÉŞfÉŞdÉ/, Latin for 'split spine') is a
166:
158:
150:
134:
113:
105:
84:
74:
54:
35:
4425:"Spina Bifida Center | Cincinnati Children's"
2124:(3 ed.). London: Hodder Arnold. p. 811.
1505:International Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology
1310:defect in the USA can be found in Hispanic youth.
892:, a time period of months is needed to rejuvenate
512:have been reported. Causes of meningocele include
310:related to but distinct from other types such as
4232:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
1908:Pediatric life care planning and case management
1776:Kondo, A; Kamihira, O; Ozawa, H (January 2009).
951:Spina bifida does not follow direct patterns of
773:abnormalities may also be present. For example,
298:(AFP), there is a higher risk of spina bifida.
6968:Congenital disorders of musculoskeletal system
4225:
4223:
4190:. Gillette Children's Hospital. Archived from
3546:
3544:
3542:
2926:
2924:
6279:
5993:
5129:"Management of Myelomeningocele Study (MOMS)"
4999:"Management of Myelomeningocele Study (MOMS)"
4848:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
4743:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
3922:"Folic Acid - Public Health Agency of Canada"
2880:
2878:
2078:
2076:
1884:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1188.e2.
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1251:evaluate and treat complications of the eyes.
170:15% (occulta), 0.1â5 per 1000 births (others)
8:
5193:Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology
5152:Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology
5074:
5072:
4271:Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology
3937:
3935:
2169:
2167:
2146:"Are There Different Types Of Spina Bifida?"
1930:
1928:
1771:
1769:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1044:of the mother's amniotic fluid (to test for
1015:United States Preventive Services Task Force
670:Physical signs of spina bifida may include:
655:(2) Spinal cord wedged between the vertebrae
187:in which there is incomplete closing of the
4883:"Successful fetal surgery for spina bifida"
4381:Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews
3382:Spina bifida: Genes, brain, and development
3291:Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews
2815:. Ninds.nih.gov. 2011-09-16. Archived from
2712:Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1881:Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017: 5 Books in 1
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
373:
6880:
6710:
6701:
6562:
6410:
6332:
6323:
6286:
6272:
6264:
6205:
6025:
6000:
5986:
5978:
5859:
5189:"Fetal endoscopic myelomeningocele repair"
3280:
3278:
2020:Spina bifida : management and outcome
709:68% of children with spina bifida have an
621:X-ray image of spina bifida occulta in S-1
41:
32:
5735:
5685:Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
5618:Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
5532:Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
5466:Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
5263:
5253:
5204:
5163:
5104:
5052:
4898:
4621:
4572:
4476:
4474:
4441:Lemire RJ (1988). "Neural tube defects".
4436:
4434:
4400:
4282:
4124:
4075:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4039:
3897:
3743:
3497:
3446:
3310:
3052:
2956:
2731:
2238:
2198:
2196:
1988:
1978:
1793:
302:examination may also detect the problem.
50:Illustration of a child with spina bifida
3945:. NHS Direct. 2006-04-27. Archived from
2931:Tarazi, RA; Zabel TA; Mahone EM (2008).
2850:
2848:
1323:
6185:Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria
4105:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3870:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
1555:
1353:University of California, San Francisco
1088:
611:
6973:Congenital disorders of nervous system
5358:"DZFT beim Kongress DGPGM | DZFT"
2522:"Incomplete Fusion, Posterior Element"
1936:"Neural Tube Defects (NTDs): Overview"
1178:. Shunts most commonly drain into the
565:, necessitating a VP shunt placement.
1573:"Spina Bifida: Condition Information"
223:, but in rare cases it may be in the
7:
6807:Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome
3711:. FDA. February 1996. Archived from
2857:Journal of Clinical Child Psychology
1426:Management of myelomeningocele study
4555:Goodrich, James Tait (2004-01-01).
3121:Learning and Individual Differences
2367:American Journal of Sports Medicine
1371:flap was used to cover the exposed
896:and recover from the macrocytosis.
648:Myelomeningocele in the lumbar area
6297:malformations and deformations of
6011:malformations and deformations of
2457:10.1097/01.brs.0000158950.84470.2a
249:accumulation of fluid in the brain
219:. The most common location is the
25:
2764:. 1 December 2008. Archived from
1002:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
888:. After stopping the drinking of
109:Genetic and environmental factors
5206:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.04141.x
5165:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.04148.x
5135:from the original on 2016-03-05.
5023:Adzick, NS; Thom, Elizabeth A.;
4976:. The GWU Biostatistics Center.
4375:Holmbeck, GN; Devine KA (2010).
4068:10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2012.10.003
3687:10.1001/jama.1988.03410210053035
3469:from the original on 2014-07-15.
3152:Journal of Learning Disabilities
2500:10.1097/00007632-199401000-00003
2335:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.00414.x
2292:10.1097/00007632-199702150-00015
1795:10.1111/j.1442-2042.2008.02163.x
1782:International Journal of Urology
1754:from the original on 18 May 2015
1719:from the original on 18 May 2015
1684:from the original on 18 May 2015
1647:from the original on 18 May 2015
1604:from the original on 18 May 2015
1579:from the original on 2015-05-18.
1123:
1103:
1091:
677:Orthopedic abnormalities (i.e.,
641:
626:
614:
468:
421:
274:) in the diet before and during
6978:Dermal and subcutaneous growths
6480:Congenital patellar dislocation
6359:WallisâZieffâGoldblatt syndrome
6137:Agenesis of the corpus callosum
5414:from the original on 2012-11-15
5389:from the original on 2012-11-24
5033:New England Journal of Medicine
5005:from the original on 2015-09-08
4980:from the original on 2012-09-23
3578:New England Journal of Medicine
3086:Journal of Pediatric Psychology
3041:Journal of Pediatric Psychology
2794:from the original on 2011-10-16
2788:"Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome"
2182:from the original on 2008-05-13
2023:. Milan: Springer. p. 58.
1942:from the original on 9 May 2015
1853:"Spina Bifida Information Page"
944:Research has shown the lack of
364:Different types of spina bifida
348:are at higher risk compared to
27:Birth defect of the spinal cord
5820:10.1016/j.placenta.2021.08.052
4522:Birth Defects Research, Part A
4117:10.1002/14651858.CD008825.pub2
3419:Nature Reviews Disease Primers
2937:The Clinical Neuropsychologist
2706:Juranek, J; Salman MS (2010).
1499:, at the 15th Congress of the
1383:of the covered spinal cord on
1006:Public Health Agency of Canada
899:Certain mutations in the gene
203:. There are three main types:
201:early development in pregnancy
1:
4900:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)00070-1
4860:10.1016/S0002-9378(99)70167-5
4825:10.1016/S0022-3468(96)90746-0
4673:Lexicon Orthopaedic Etymology
4056:Seminars in Pediatric Surgery
4020:"Amniocentesis - Mayo Clinic"
3390:10.1016/S0074-7750(04)29003-6
3195:Developmental Neuropsychology
2987:Developmental Neuropsychology
2670:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17445-X
2572:. Mc_Graw Hill. p. 482.
2422:10.1016/S0009-9260(03)00296-4
1385:histopathological examination
880:. Alcohol misuse can trigger
746:Arnold Chiari II malformation
5242:Cerebrospinal Fluid Research
4813:Journal of Pediatric Surgery
4778:Journal of Pediatric Surgery
4604:Hakan, Tayfun (2009-12-01).
4350:Journal of Pediatric Nursing
4050:Adzick, NS (February 2013).
3882:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.10.012
3164:10.1177/00222194060390020601
3133:10.1016/j.lindif.2005.07.004
2869:10.1207/s15374424jccp2202_11
1842:Oxford Learner's Dictionary.
1274:speech/language pathologists
791:organizing, initiating, and
6766:Oto-palato-digital syndrome
6761:HallermannâStreiff syndrome
6485:Congenital knee dislocation
6303:musculoskeletal abnormality
6103:other reduction deformities
3943:"Why do I need folic acid?"
1641:"What causes spina bifida?"
941:and environmental factors.
409:Incomplete posterior fusion
6994:
6797:Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia
5293:10.1001/archsurg.138.8.872
5255:10.1186/1743-8454-7-S1-S18
5146:Verbeek, Renate J (2011).
4244:10.1016/j.apmr.2007.04.018
4162:10.1016/j.jgyn.2014.01.014
3709:"Folic Acid Fortification"
3026:10.1207/s15326888chc2803_3
1534:Meningohydroencephalocoele
1465:
696:, and poor kidney function
674:Leg weakness and paralysis
636:scan of unfused arch at C1
563:ArnoldâChiari malformation
540:and may be mistaken for a
6771:Treacher Collins syndrome
6622:reduction deficits / limb
5761:Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol
5724:Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol
5583:10.1007/s00464-018-6029-z
5360:. Dzft.de. Archived from
5187:Shurtleff, David (2011).
4623:10.1007/s00381-008-0774-6
4315:Rehabilitation Psychology
4284:10.1017/S0012162206000569
3745:10.1017/S1368980012000638
3525:. Elsevier. p. 241.
3521:Standring, Susan (2016).
3351:10.1017/S1355617704105055
3253:10.1007/s00381-005-1231-4
3207:10.1207/S15326942DN2102_2
2999:10.1080/87565649609540640
2949:10.1080/13854040701425940
1980:10.1017/s1368980012003576
634:X-ray computed tomography
556:A lumbar myelomeningocele
419:A posterior meningocele (
49:
40:
6596:CenaniâLenz syndactylism
6349:Cleidocranial dysostosis
6089:Congenital hydrocephalus
4495:10.1001/jama.270.14.1663
3652:10.1001/jama.262.20.2847
3617:10.1001/jama.260.21.3181
2379:10.1177/0363546503261721
2240:10.5772/intechopen.95408
1430:phase III clinical trial
1359:and research colleagues.
1355:by Michael R. Harrison,
694:urinary tract infections
570:calcium-channel blockers
265:Not having enough folate
6743:Craniofacial dysostosis
4790:10.1053/jpsu.2003.50078
4755:10.1067/mob.2000.108867
4574:10.3171/foc.2004.16.1.3
3982:10.1001/jama.2023.12876
3732:Public Health Nutrition
3098:10.1093/jpepsy/18.3.389
2899:10.1080/092970490911324
2017:M. Memet ĂĚzek (2008).
1967:Public Health Nutrition
1878:Ferri, Fred F. (2016).
1544:Congenital dermal sinus
1281:Transition to adulthood
1266:occupational therapists
1040:of the fetal spine and
932:anti-seizure medication
331:Urinary catheterization
280:antiseizure medications
69:rehabilitation medicine
6299:musculoskeletal system
5666:10.1055/s-0032-1322725
5513:10.1055/s-0032-1309110
5447:10.1055/s-0032-1322728
5001:. ClinicalTrials.gov.
4932:Pediatric Neurosurgery
4610:Child's Nervous System
4457:10.1001/jama.259.4.558
3832:Birth Defects Research
3777:Birth Defects Research
3241:Child's Nervous System
3014:Children's Health Care
2839:Pediatric Neuroimaging
2568:Saladin, K.S. (2010).
2204:"Spina Bifida Occulta"
1905:Deming, Laura (2011).
1318:(both live births and
650:(1) External sac with
557:
374:
365:
294:finds a high level of
286:and poorly controlled
154:Folate supplementation
6851:KlippelâFeil syndrome
6142:Septo-optic dysplasia
6094:DandyâWalker syndrome
5410:. ISUOG. 2012-09-13.
5408:"World Congress 2012"
5385:. Fetalmedicine.com.
5097:10.1056/NEJMoa1014379
5045:10.1056/NEJMoa1014379
3590:10.1056/NEJMra2116032
3063:10.1093/jpepsy/jsm042
2887:Child Neuropsychology
2837:Barkovich, J (2005).
2206:. SBA. Archived from
2148:. SBA. Archived from
1402:Vanderbilt University
801:cognitive flexibility
736:Neurological problems
705:Abnormal eye movement
609:loss of muscle tone.
555:
466:) or meningeal cyst (
363:
6861:Spina bifida occulta
6377:Madelung's deformity
6354:Sprengel's deformity
5718:Kohl Thomas (2014).
3499:10.1056/NEJMoa060651
2611:10.2106/JBJS.H.00837
1377:neurological deficit
1287:children's hospitals
1050:acetylcholinesterase
726:tethered spinal cord
702:and skin irritations
369:Spina bifida occulta
333:may also be needed.
253:tethered spinal cord
217:spina bifida cystica
205:spina bifida occulta
96:tethered spinal cord
6679:RAPADILINO syndrome
6068:Chiari malformation
5025:Spong, Catherine Y.
4670:Diab (1999-09-01).
4561:Neurosurgical Focus
4194:on 19 December 2010
3431:10.1038/nrdp.2015.7
2528:on 15 December 2019
2118:Puri, Prem (2011).
1324:Pregnancy screening
1262:Physical therapists
795:. Problem-solving,
788:executive functions
754:cerebrospinal fluid
652:cerebrospinal fluid
342:developed countries
6541:Rocker bottom foot
6239:Currarino syndrome
6210:Neural tube defect
6152:Hemimegalencephaly
6118:Microlissencephaly
6030:Neural tube defect
5941:External resources
5654:Ultraschall in Med
5571:Surgical Endoscopy
5435:Ultraschall in Med
4854:(1 Pt 1): 153â58.
4711:10.1038/nm0495-342
4534:10.1002/bdra.20468
4024:www.mayoclinic.org
4000:www.mayoclinic.org
2768:on 18 October 2012
2548:"Myelomeningocele"
2410:Clinical Radiology
2097:10.1002/bdra.23153
2059:10.1002/bdra.20294
1462:Fetoscopic surgery
1068:Genetic counseling
957:muscular dystrophy
782:Executive function
661:Signs and symptoms
558:
530:Currarino syndrome
366:
308:neural tube defect
6955:
6954:
6951:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6876:Thoracic skeleton
6856:Spondylolisthesis
6825:
6824:
6691:
6690:
6687:
6686:
6554:
6553:
6400:
6399:
6261:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6195:
6194:
6108:Holoprosencephaly
5975:
5974:
5854:CDC: Spina bifida
5773:10.1002/uog.13389
5737:10.1002/uog.13430
5697:10.1002/uog.11448
5630:10.1002/uog.11249
5544:10.1002/uog.11253
5501:Z Geburtsh Neonat
5478:10.1002/uog.11252
5328:10.1159/000158549
4944:10.1159/000068818
4893:(9141): 1675â76.
4683:978-90-5702-597-6
4616:(12): 1527â1529.
3949:on April 13, 2006
3844:10.1002/bdr2.2115
3838:(20): 1392â1403.
3789:10.1002/bdr2.1366
3783:(14): 1139â1147.
3532:978-0-7020-5230-9
2664:(9448): 1885â95.
2250:978-1-83962-950-1
1857:www.ninds.nih.gov
1822:www.ninds.nih.gov
1170:. In addition, a
1132:
1113:
1046:alpha-fetoprotein
982:breakfast cereals
666:Physical problems
340:. On average, in
296:alpha-fetoprotein
237:open spina bifida
174:
173:
136:Diagnostic method
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
6985:
6923:Pectus carinatum
6918:Pectus excavatum
6881:
6839:Spinal curvature
6831:Vertebral column
6751:Crouzon syndrome
6715:Craniosynostosis
6711:
6702:
6567:fingers and toes
6563:
6475:Discoid meniscus
6432:Upington disease
6411:
6333:
6324:
6288:
6281:
6274:
6265:
6244:Diastomatomyelia
6206:
6026:
6002:
5995:
5988:
5979:
5860:
5832:
5831:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5739:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5577:(7): 3138â3148.
5562:
5556:
5555:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5457:
5451:
5450:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5316:Fetal Diagn Ther
5311:
5305:
5304:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5257:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5208:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5167:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5108:
5091:(11): 993â1004.
5076:
5067:
5066:
5056:
5039:(11): 993â1004.
5035:. Online First.
5020:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4902:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4667:
4661:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4625:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4576:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4478:
4469:
4468:
4438:
4429:
4428:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4404:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4327:10.1037/a0014279
4312:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4286:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4227:
4218:
4217:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4128:
4111:(10): CD008825.
4096:
4090:
4089:
4079:
4047:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3939:
3930:
3929:
3924:. Archived from
3918:
3912:
3911:
3901:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3747:
3738:(7): 1216â1227.
3723:
3717:
3716:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3573:
3558:
3548:
3537:
3536:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3501:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3334:
3325:
3324:
3314:
3282:
3273:
3272:
3236:
3227:
3226:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3146:
3137:
3136:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3056:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2982:
2971:
2970:
2960:
2928:
2919:
2918:
2882:
2873:
2872:
2852:
2843:
2842:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2735:
2703:
2690:
2689:
2653:
2640:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2605:(6): 1350â1359.
2590:
2584:
2583:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2524:. Archived from
2518:
2512:
2511:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2277:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2242:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2210:on 16 April 2013
2200:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2174:Foster, Mark R.
2171:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2014:
2003:
2002:
1992:
1982:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1797:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1744:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1709:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1674:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1637:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1594:
1581:
1580:
1569:
1488:tocolytic agents
1484:chorioamnionitis
1473:more skeptical.
1381:cytoarchitecture
1369:latissimus dorsi
1249:Ophthalmologists
1134:
1133:
1115:
1114:
1095:
645:
630:
618:
548:Myelomeningocele
503:
502:
499:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
465:
464:
461:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
377:
213:myelomeningocele
45:
33:
21:
18:Myelomeningocele
6993:
6992:
6988:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6983:
6982:
6958:
6957:
6956:
6943:
6939:Poland syndrome
6927:
6903:
6870:
6821:
6775:
6737:
6683:
6674:Larsen syndrome
6662:multiple joints
6657:
6617:
6550:
6489:
6470:Genu recurvatum
6446:
6423:Hip dislocation
6396:
6363:
6313:
6305:
6292:
6262:
6253:
6227:
6191:
6128:Hydranencephaly
6072:
6015:
6006:
5976:
5971:
5970:
5936:
5935:
5871:
5841:
5836:
5835:
5801:
5800:
5796:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5717:
5716:
5712:
5678:
5677:
5673:
5650:
5649:
5645:
5611:
5610:
5606:
5564:
5563:
5559:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5459:
5458:
5454:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5417:
5415:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5392:
5390:
5381:
5380:
5376:
5367:
5365:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5278:
5277:
5273:
5235:
5234:
5230:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5085:N. Engl. J. Med
5078:
5077:
5070:
5022:
5021:
5017:
5008:
5006:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4983:
4981:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4699:Nature Medicine
4696:
4695:
4691:
4684:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4659:
4655:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4480:
4479:
4472:
4440:
4439:
4432:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4393:10.1002/ddrr.90
4374:
4373:
4369:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4310:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4229:
4228:
4221:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4197:
4195:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4049:
4048:
4037:
4028:
4026:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4004:
4002:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3952:
3950:
3941:
3940:
3933:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3681:(21): 3141â45.
3672:
3671:
3667:
3646:(20): 2847â52.
3637:
3636:
3632:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3575:
3574:
3561:
3549:
3540:
3533:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3492:(14): 1432â37.
3486:N. Engl. J. Med
3479:
3478:
3474:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3336:
3335:
3328:
3303:10.1002/ddrr.48
3284:
3283:
3276:
3238:
3237:
3230:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3148:
3147:
3140:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2984:
2983:
2974:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2854:
2853:
2846:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2822:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2797:
2795:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2771:
2769:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2724:10.1002/ddrr.88
2705:
2704:
2693:
2655:
2654:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2553:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2251:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2185:
2183:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2121:Newborn surgery
2117:
2116:
2112:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2016:
2015:
2006:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1676:
1675:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1639:
1638:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1584:
1571:
1570:
1557:
1552:
1530:
1521:
1470:
1464:
1423:
1387:. Despite mild
1357:N. Scott Adzick
1348:
1332:
1303:
1283:
1240:catheterization
1204:
1188:
1182:or chest wall.
1156:
1149:
1135:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1084:quality of life
1072:genetic testing
1027:
990:leaf vegetables
969:
909:
907:Pathophysiology
884:which discards
869:
825:
823:Academic skills
784:
775:frontal regions
761:corpus callosum
738:
683:hip dislocation
668:
663:
656:
654:
649:
646:
637:
631:
622:
619:
594:
550:
526:presacral space
471:
467:
424:
420:
417:
371:
358:
304:Medical imaging
272:
145:medical imaging
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6991:
6989:
6981:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6960:
6959:
6953:
6952:
6949:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6942:
6941:
6935:
6933:
6929:
6928:
6926:
6925:
6920:
6914:
6912:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6901:
6896:
6890:
6888:
6878:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6847:
6846:
6835:
6833:
6827:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6802:Dolichocephaly
6799:
6794:
6789:
6783:
6781:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6747:
6745:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6735:
6733:Trigonocephaly
6730:
6725:
6719:
6717:
6708:
6706:Skull and face
6699:
6693:
6692:
6689:
6688:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6669:Arthrogryposis
6665:
6663:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6654:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6631:
6625:
6623:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6615:
6614:
6613:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6591:Arachnodactyly
6588:
6587:
6586:
6571:
6569:
6560:
6556:
6555:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6532:
6531:
6519:
6518:
6517:
6512:
6499:
6497:
6495:foot deformity
6491:
6490:
6488:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6456:
6454:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6419:
6417:
6408:
6402:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6373:
6371:
6369:hand deformity
6365:
6364:
6362:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6345:
6343:
6330:
6321:
6307:
6306:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6283:
6276:
6268:
6259:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6235:
6233:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6220:
6214:
6212:
6203:
6197:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6189:
6188:
6187:
6180:Polymicrogyria
6176:
6175:
6174:
6173:
6171:Schizencephaly
6168:
6155:
6154:
6149:
6147:Megalencephaly
6144:
6139:
6133:
6132:
6131:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6099:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6086:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6059:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6034:
6032:
6023:
6017:
6016:
6013:nervous system
6007:
6005:
6004:
5997:
5990:
5982:
5973:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5957:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5938:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5922:
5911:
5892:
5872:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5863:Classification
5857:
5856:
5851:
5840:
5839:External links
5837:
5834:
5833:
5794:
5751:
5710:
5671:
5643:
5604:
5557:
5518:
5491:
5452:
5424:
5399:
5374:
5349:
5306:
5271:
5228:
5179:
5138:
5120:
5068:
5015:
4990:
4965:
4922:
4873:
4838:
4819:(3): 397â402.
4803:
4768:
4749:(5): 1119â23.
4732:
4689:
4682:
4662:
4653:
4596:
4547:
4508:
4489:(14): 1663â4.
4470:
4430:
4416:
4367:
4340:
4298:
4257:
4238:(8): 1064â73.
4219:
4205:
4175:
4140:
4091:
4035:
4011:
3987:
3959:
3931:
3928:on 2006-09-27.
3913:
3876:(5): S74âS80.
3857:
3818:
3767:
3718:
3715:on 2009-09-18.
3700:
3665:
3630:
3595:
3584:(5): 444â450.
3559:
3538:
3531:
3523:Gray's Anatomy
3513:
3472:
3454:
3415:"Spina bifida"
3405:
3398:
3372:
3326:
3274:
3228:
3185:
3158:(2): 174â187.
3138:
3111:
3076:
3054:10.1.1.499.104
3031:
3004:
2972:
2943:(4): 585â602.
2920:
2874:
2844:
2829:
2804:
2779:
2747:
2691:
2641:
2632:
2585:
2578:
2560:
2539:
2513:
2478:
2451:(8): E210â13.
2435:
2416:(12): 985â89.
2400:
2356:
2313:
2263:
2249:
2233:, IntechOpen,
2221:
2192:
2176:"Spina Bifida"
2163:
2137:
2130:
2110:
2072:
2053:(11): 747â56.
2036:
2029:
2004:
1953:
1938:. 2012-11-30.
1924:
1917:
1897:
1890:
1870:
1844:
1835:
1809:
1765:
1750:. 2012-11-30.
1730:
1715:. 2012-11-30.
1695:
1680:. 2012-11-30.
1658:
1643:. 2012-11-30.
1615:
1600:. 2012-11-30.
1582:
1575:. 2012-11-30.
1554:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1529:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1398:
1397:
1373:neural placode
1360:
1347:
1344:
1331:
1328:
1302:
1299:
1285:Although many
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1259:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1203:
1200:
1187:
1184:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1136:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1090:
1026:
1023:
1019:anticonvulsant
968:
965:
908:
905:
868:
865:
856:Working memory
844:parietal lobes
824:
821:
793:working memory
783:
780:
737:
734:
707:
706:
703:
700:Pressure sores
697:
690:
675:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
657:
647:
640:
638:
632:
625:
623:
620:
613:
593:
590:
549:
546:
416:
413:
370:
367:
357:
354:
270:
172:
171:
168:
164:
163:
160:
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
138:
132:
131:
117:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
88:
82:
81:
78:
72:
71:
58:
52:
51:
47:
46:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6990:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6965:
6963:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6930:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6906:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6873:
6867:
6866:Sacralization
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6845:
6842:
6841:
6840:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6832:
6828:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6812:Plagiocephaly
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6778:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6756:Hypertelorism
6754:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6744:
6740:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6723:Scaphocephaly
6721:
6720:
6718:
6716:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6694:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6660:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6637:
6636:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6620:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6606:Brachydactyly
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6585:
6582:
6581:
6580:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6559:Either / both
6557:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6525:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6507:
6506:
6505:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6492:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6453:
6449:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6427:Hip dysplasia
6424:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6416:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6403:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6366:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6289:
6284:
6282:
6277:
6275:
6270:
6269:
6266:
6250:
6249:Syringomyelia
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6230:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6211:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6198:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6157:
6156:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6113:Lissencephaly
6111:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6095:
6092:
6091:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6063:Encephalocele
6061:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6003:
5998:
5996:
5991:
5989:
5984:
5983:
5980:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5958:
5956:
5952:
5951:
5947:
5946:
5943:
5939:
5932:
5928:
5927:
5923:
5921:
5917:
5916:
5912:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5873:
5870:
5865:
5861:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5838:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5798:
5795:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5767:(5): 525â31.
5766:
5762:
5755:
5752:
5747:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5730:(5): 515â24.
5729:
5725:
5721:
5714:
5711:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5691:(S1): 74â74.
5690:
5686:
5682:
5675:
5672:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5647:
5644:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5608:
5605:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5561:
5558:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5522:
5519:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5495:
5492:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5456:
5453:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5428:
5425:
5413:
5409:
5403:
5400:
5388:
5384:
5378:
5375:
5364:on 2014-01-16
5363:
5359:
5353:
5350:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5322:(3): 318â20.
5321:
5317:
5310:
5307:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5287:(8): 872â78.
5286:
5282:
5275:
5272:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5232:
5229:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5183:
5180:
5175:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5142:
5139:
5134:
5130:
5124:
5121:
5116:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5064:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5019:
5016:
5004:
5000:
4994:
4991:
4979:
4975:
4969:
4966:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4938:(3): 128â32.
4937:
4933:
4926:
4923:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4877:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4842:
4839:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4807:
4804:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4784:(3): 451â58.
4783:
4779:
4772:
4769:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4736:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4705:(4): 342â47.
4704:
4700:
4693:
4690:
4685:
4679:
4676:. CRC Press.
4675:
4674:
4666:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4600:
4597:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4551:
4548:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4528:(7): 527â32.
4527:
4523:
4519:
4512:
4509:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4451:(4): 558â62.
4450:
4446:
4445:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4412:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4371:
4368:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4344:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4277:(4): 253â58.
4276:
4272:
4268:
4261:
4258:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4156:(6): 443â54.
4155:
4151:
4144:
4141:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4012:
4001:
3997:
3991:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3963:
3960:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3861:
3858:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3722:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3556:0-7234-3178-7
3553:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3476:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3406:
3401:
3399:9780123662293
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3345:(5): 655â63.
3344:
3340:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3247:(2): 117â24.
3246:
3242:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3201:(2): 141â55.
3200:
3196:
3189:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3127:(2): 145â57.
3126:
3122:
3115:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3092:(3): 389â96.
3091:
3087:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3047:(8): 983â94.
3046:
3042:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3020:(3): 241â53.
3019:
3015:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2893:(3): 265â83.
2892:
2888:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2863:(2): 247â65.
2862:
2858:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2833:
2830:
2819:on 2011-10-27
2818:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2761:Science Daily
2757:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2579:9780077905750
2575:
2571:
2564:
2561:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2373:(3): 781â86.
2372:
2368:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2329:(3): 163â68.
2328:
2324:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2286:(4): 427â34.
2285:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2222:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2152:on 5 May 2014
2151:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2131:9781444149494
2127:
2123:
2122:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2091:(7): 437â43.
2090:
2086:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2030:9788847006508
2026:
2022:
2021:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1973:(5): 901â11.
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1918:9781439803585
1914:
1910:
1909:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1891:9780323448383
1887:
1883:
1882:
1874:
1871:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1469:
1468:Fetal surgery
1461:
1459:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1428:(MOMS) was a
1427:
1420:
1418:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1270:psychologists
1267:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1224:Neurosurgeons
1222:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1176:hydrocephalus
1173:
1169:
1165:
1164:neurosurgeons
1162:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1121:
1101:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:amniocentesis
1039:
1035:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
974:
966:
964:
962:
958:
954:
949:
947:
942:
940:
935:
933:
929:
924:
922:
921:fertilization
917:
914:
906:
904:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
866:
864:
860:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
834:
830:
822:
820:
818:
813:
808:
806:
805:frontal lobes
802:
798:
794:
789:
781:
779:
776:
772:
768:
766:
762:
757:
755:
751:
750:hydrocephalus
747:
744:, called the
743:
735:
733:
731:
727:
722:
720:
716:
712:
704:
701:
698:
695:
691:
688:
684:
680:
676:
673:
672:
671:
665:
660:
653:
644:
639:
635:
629:
624:
617:
612:
610:
607:
602:
600:
591:
589:
587:
586:valproic acid
583:
579:
578:cytochalasins
575:
574:carbamazepine
571:
566:
564:
554:
547:
545:
543:
539:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
510:tethered cord
507:
501:
463:
414:
412:
410:
406:
403:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
381:
376:
368:
362:
355:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
316:encephalocele
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
292:amniocentesis
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
266:
260:
258:
257:latex allergy
254:
250:
246:
245:bowel control
242:
238:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
146:
142:
141:Amniocentesis
139:
137:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:
100:latex allergy
97:
93:
92:hydrocephalus
89:
87:
86:Complications
83:
79:
77:
73:
70:
66:
62:
59:
57:
53:
48:
44:
39:
34:
19:
6787:Macrocephaly
6633:
6629:Acheiropodia
6601:Ectrodactyly
6521:
6502:
6387:Oligodactyly
6382:Clinodactyly
6311:Appendicular
6223:Rachischisis
6218:Spina bifida
6217:
6166:Porencephaly
6158:
6102:
6084:Microcephaly
6056:Iniencephaly
5966:Spina bifida
5959:
5955:orthoped/557
5948:
5924:
5913:
5894:
5875:
5845:Spina bifida
5811:
5807:
5797:
5764:
5760:
5754:
5727:
5723:
5713:
5688:
5684:
5674:
5657:
5653:
5646:
5621:
5617:
5607:
5574:
5570:
5560:
5535:
5531:
5521:
5504:
5500:
5494:
5469:
5465:
5455:
5438:
5434:
5427:
5416:. Retrieved
5402:
5391:. Retrieved
5377:
5366:. Retrieved
5362:the original
5352:
5319:
5315:
5309:
5284:
5280:
5274:
5245:
5241:
5231:
5196:
5192:
5182:
5158:(1): 15â22.
5155:
5151:
5141:
5123:
5088:
5084:
5036:
5032:
5018:
5007:. Retrieved
4993:
4982:. Retrieved
4968:
4935:
4931:
4925:
4890:
4886:
4876:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4816:
4812:
4806:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4702:
4698:
4692:
4672:
4665:
4656:
4613:
4609:
4599:
4564:
4560:
4550:
4525:
4521:
4511:
4486:
4482:
4448:
4442:
4419:
4387:(1): 40â46.
4384:
4380:
4370:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4321:(1): 16â27.
4318:
4314:
4301:
4274:
4270:
4260:
4235:
4231:
4208:
4196:. Retrieved
4192:the original
4187:
4178:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4108:
4104:
4094:
4062:(1): 10â17.
4059:
4055:
4027:. Retrieved
4023:
4014:
4003:. Retrieved
3999:
3990:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3951:. Retrieved
3947:the original
3926:the original
3916:
3873:
3869:
3860:
3835:
3831:
3821:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3735:
3731:
3721:
3713:the original
3703:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3611:(21): 3181.
3608:
3604:
3598:
3581:
3577:
3522:
3516:
3489:
3485:
3475:
3457:
3422:
3418:
3408:
3381:
3375:
3342:
3338:
3297:(1): 28â34.
3294:
3290:
3244:
3240:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3155:
3151:
3124:
3120:
3114:
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1230:Neurologists
1218:Orthopedists
1211:Physiatrists
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177:Spina bifida
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6817:Saddle nose
6584:Webbed toes
6575:Polydactyly
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1389:paraparesis
1365:laminectomy
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1058:miscarriage
961:haemophilia
894:bone marrow
840:dyscalculic
829:mathematics
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542:nasal polyp
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312:anencephaly
225:middle back
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197:spinal cord
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6792:Platybasia
6728:Oxycephaly
6641:Phocomelia
6635:Ectromelia
6611:Stub thumb
6579:Syndactyly
6546:Hammer toe
6515:Pigeon toe
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6295:Congenital
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1451:neurologic
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