565:- meaning a single male will mate with multiple females - and they aggressively defend their breeding territory. These males do not provide any help with nest building or parental care. After mating, females remain in the male's territory and either build a new nest out of sedges, reeds, and down, or sometimes occupy the pre-existing nests of coots and grebes. Clutches are typically 5 or 6 eggs, but can reach up to 12 when females put their own eggs in another female's nest. In addition to this egg dumping, female Maccoas have also been observed abandoning their young both before and during incubation periods. The incubation period typically lasts from 25 to 27 days, but the fledging period is not well understood. Chicks are born with dark legs, feet, and bills, a white face, and are covered in grey-brown down.
309:
297:
263:
80:
55:
466:
spread quite far apart with large spatial gaps between them - this is likely because there is a lack of desirable wetland habitats for the ducks due to climatic variation across the continent. The global population in 2012 was believed to be ~11 000, and approximately 75% of these resided in southern Africa at the time; South Africa alone is still home to half of the global Maccoa population.
28:
494:
568:
Interestingly, the breeding plumage of male Maccoa ducks can be influenced by their social rank. A study of captive Maccoa ducks in 1985 found that submissive males who were aggressively hassled by more dominant males had a lower social ranking, and these same males actually failed to acquire flashy
275:
The breeding male Maccoa stands out with its cobalt blue bill extending from a completely black head and throat. The breast and back are chestnut coloured while the underparts are often greyish-brown, the rump is dark brown, and the tail and feet are black. In flight, the male's off-white underwing
510:
whose diet consists primarily of aquatic invertebrates and plants. The average dive lasts about 15 to 22 seconds, and it uses this time to fill its bill with dark debris sitting at the bottom of the lake or pond – a perfect habitat for many invertebrates. It then uses its mouth to sift through the
258:
As members of the stiff-tailed duck group, Maccoas are often found wading in the water with their tail feathers cocked upwards. As diving ducks, their bodies are specialized for being agile underwater swimmers and thus have sacrificed the characteristics that allow them to move well on land. As a
465:
As mentioned, the Maccoa duck is found throughout the southern and eastern countries of Africa. It is considered a sedentary species, meaning it does not migrate for winters or breeding, and simply moves around to find new wetlands for food and nesting. The main populations throughout Africa are
284:
The female Maccoa is less colourful. It boasts a greyish-black bill with a light tip, and a light brown face with a dark crown and cheek stripe, and an off-white throat. The female also has a light brown breast, darker brown back, off-white underparts, black feet and black tail feathers.
582:
Unlike most other ducks who have a vegetarian diet, Maccoa ducks are omnivores who feed on plants as well as invertebrates. As a result, they are put in relatively high trophic positions compared to other ducks. For this reason, the species is more vulnerable to pollution because of the
469:
While many bird species can be negatively impacted by human disturbances and land-use change, Maccoa ducks have found a silver lining to water management techniques and human infrastructure. Many big groups of this species have been found living behind dams across
Namibia - namely the
455:
While breeding, these ducks enjoy similar habitats to those described above, but with one exception. A critical component of breeding grounds for
Maccoas is the presence of both open freshwater and some adjacent emerging vegetation. These ducks have been found to especially prefer
407:; however, the shape of their Old World clade and their evolutionary relationships relative to one another still remain unsolved. More recent studies have focused on comparing different genes across species, but these methods still yield conflicting results. Analyses examining
591:
As the global climate continues to warm, it is likely that the wetlands of southern Africa which
Maccoas depend on will start to dry up. Without such important breeding habitats, it can be expected that this species will soon show greater declines in their populations.
452:- which are filled with nutrients. This includes lakes, ponds, salty flooded water pans, dams, river mouths, and even sewage ponds. All of these places provide ample space for the Maccoa to land, take off, and of course dive underwater for its food.
439:
are the closest relatives. Furthermore, other types of analyses in this same study continue to go back and forth between the two possibilities, thus confirming that the true evolutionary history of these 3 species is still unknown.
1205:
604:. This has become more common as the need to catch fish to feed the growing human population continues to rise. This issue seems to be more relevant to eastern Africa populations who reside on large lakes.
338:) are sister groups, and these results have been shown in both trait-based and genome-based phylogenies over the past 30 years. This genus has been separated into 2 groups: the Old World ducks consist of
474:, Borodino Dam, and the Walvis Bay Sewage Works. These large dams provide deep freshwater habitats for these diving ducks and may actually prove to be a benefit for the conservation of this species.
583:
bioaccumulation and magnification of toxins in their diet. The most common sources of these dangerous pollutants are pesticides and herbicides carried in runoff from surrounding farms.
558:
This species mates and lays its eggs typically between
January and May, and spends this time in small, defended freshwater habitats with emerging vegetation, as mentioned above.
276:
feathers and white axillaries can be seen. Non-breeding males closely resemble the females, except for a few points: a darker crown and hints of chestnut colour on the back.
293:
As with many birds, juvenile Maccoa ducks have similar plumage to adult females. However, their tail feathers are slimmer and notched, and their crowns are a darker brown.
526:
genera - and will feed on their seeds, roots, and other plant debris. These ducks will also predate on multiple stage classes of aquatic invertebrate species, including
1270:
1322:
776:
Carboneras, Carles; Kirwan, Guy M.; Sharpe, Chris (2020-03-04), Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.),
1440:
1415:
1244:
1283:
1348:
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When putting on their mating displays, males will often give out short whistles or will produce a prrrr'ing sound for 2 or 3 seconds.
1430:
829:"Is Homoplasy or Lineage Sorting the Source of Incongruent mtDNA and Nuclear Gene Trees in the Stiff-Tailed Ducks (Nomonyx-Oxyura)?"
1435:
1374:
59:
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When foraging underwater for vegetation, Maccoa ducks will eat a variety of plants - but seem to prefer species from the
1327:
79:
259:
result, their legs are set further back on their bodies which makes them awkward when walking out of water.
1169:
1083:
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species in their breeding habitats, and will usually build their nests in hidden bundles of these reeds.
1361:
1148:
191:
174:
644:
296:
1379:
1231:
1161:
1130:
871:
Livezey, B. (1995). "Phylogeny and
Comparative Ecology of Stiff-Tailed Ducks (Anatidae: Oxyurini)".
562:
44:
949:. Namibia: Ministry of Environment and Tourism and Namibia Nature Foundation Windhoek. p. 37.
777:
448:
Outside of the breeding season, Maccoa ducks tend to occupy inland waters - ranging from fresh to
1420:
1121:
903:"Bird distribution dynamics 2 - Maccoa Duck Oxyura maccoa In South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland"
880:
793:
218:
74:
1366:
985:"International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Maccoa Duck Oxyura maccoa"
669:
Ride, W. D. L.; Cain, A. J.; Meinertzhagen, Richard; Hemming, Francis; Noakes, Diana N. (1956).
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1301:
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1038:
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341:
151:
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The Oxyura genus is commonly referred to as stiff-tailed ducks. It is widely agreed that
262:
600:
A less prominent but still relevant threat to the Maccoa duck is accidental capture in
449:
1135:
1409:
1296:
944:
797:
630:
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64:
884:
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131:
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share the most recent common ancestor. On the other hand, analyses comparing
522:
493:
354:
91:
789:
27:
250:) is a stiff-tailed diving duck found across Eastern and Southern Africa.
1340:
1100:
547:
507:
141:
111:
364:(andean duck). The exact relationships between the different species of
1249:
1156:
538:
528:
490:
When feeling threatened, both males and females will emit low grunts.
1143:
1058:"Socially induced suppression of breeding plumage in the Maccoa Duck"
101:
1262:
1223:
1077:
1218:
671:"Proposed use of the plenary powers to validate the specific name
458:
307:
295:
261:
726:. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman. p. 169.
1353:
1236:
395:
More recently, genetic analyses have found strong evidence that
121:
1081:
387:
was put into a separate clade along with the New World species
533:
511:
material and keep the desired seeds, vegetation, and insects.
983:
Berruti, A; Baker, N; Buijs, D; Colahan, B.D. (April 2007).
943:
Simmons, Rob; Brown, Christopher J; Kemper, Jessica (2015).
542:
eggs. Other invertebrates on the Maccoa duck's menu include
696:
Burchell, 1822 (Aves): Suppressed Under the
Plenary Powers"
399:
are more closely related to one another than they are to
946:
Birds to Watch in
Namibia: Red, Rare and Endemic Species
827:
McCracken, Kevin G.; Sorenson, Michael D. (2005-02-01).
1090:
332:(a genus with a single species - the masked duck -
645:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22679820A181759055.en
375:based solely on comparative traits suggested that
901:Underhill, Les G.; Brooks, Michael (2016-12-10).
675:as the name for the Hottentot teal (Class Aves)"
352:(blue-billed duck), and the New World ducks are
497:Mosquito larva. A member of the Diptera order.
8:
397:O. maccoa, O. australis, and O. leucocephala
266:Male (left) and female (right) Maccoa ducks.
1078:
53:
26:
17:
844:
643:
723:A monograph on the Anatidæ or Duck Tribe
492:
411:samples indicate that it is most likely
700:The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
679:The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
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735:
733:
690:Nye, I.W.B.; Melville, R.V. (1977).
1441:Taxa named by Thomas Campbell Eyton
631:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
431:was the first to diverge and that
14:
873:The Wilson Journal of Ornithology
383:were most closely related, while
1416:IUCN Red List endangered species
78:
620:BirdLife International (2021).
784:, Cornell Lab of Ornithology,
1:
1035:10.1080/00306525.1964.9639426
778:"Maccoa Duck (Oxyura maccoa)"
569:and bright breeding plumage.
427:show maximum likelihood that
1457:
561:The male Maccoa ducks are
907:Biodiversity Observations
846:10.1080/10635150590910249
638:: e.T22679820A181759055.
224:
217:
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180:
173:
75:Scientific classification
73:
51:
42:
34:
25:
20:
1431:Birds of Southern Africa
1013:Clark, A. (1964-12-01).
444:Habitat and distribution
415:diverged first and that
368:are still undetermined.
320:Taxonomy and systematics
1436:Birds described in 1838
312:The white-headed duck (
212: Extant (resident)
790:10.2173/bow.macduc1.01
506:The Maccoa duck is an
498:
316:
305:
300:The blue-billed duck (
267:
1362:Paleobiology Database
496:
311:
299:
265:
1426:Birds of East Africa
720:Eyton, T.C. (1838).
344:(white-headed duck),
314:Oxyura leucocephala)
45:Conservation status
1015:"The Maccoa Duck (
833:Systematic Biology
782:Birds of the World
573:Status and threats
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317:
306:
268:
1403:
1402:
1084:Taxon identifiers
409:mitochondrial DNA
373:phylogenetic tree
335:Nomonyx dominicus
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228:Erismatura maccoa
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358:(lake duck) and
302:Oxyura australis
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1075:Species of bird
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692:"Opinion 1078.
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619:
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614:
610:
598:
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580:
575:
556:
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437:O. leucocephala
413:O. leucocephala
381:O. leucocephala
342:O. leucocephala
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1112:
1096:
1094:
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1087:
1082:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1068:(36): 135–137.
1048:
1029:(4): 264–276.
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808:
729:
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587:Climate change
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579:
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555:
552:
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484:
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393:O. ferruginea.
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222:
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166:O. maccoa
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1393:Oxyura-maccoa
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1216:
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1211:oxyura-maccoa
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
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1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1154:
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1149:oxyura-maccoa
1145:
1141:
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1136:Oxyura_maccoa
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1128:
1123:
1122:Oxyura maccoa
1117:
1113:
1108:
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1098:
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1092:Oxyura maccoa
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1049:
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1032:
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1017:Oxyura maccoa
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694:Anas punctata
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472:Friedenau Dam
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405:O. ferruginea
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361:O. ferruginea
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205:Oxyura maccoa
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184:Oxyura maccoa
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175:Binomial name
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24:
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1091:
1065:
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1026:
1022:
1016:
991:. Retrieved
945:
906:
876:
872:
839:(1): 35–55.
836:
832:
801:, retrieved
781:
722:
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672:
661:
649:. Retrieved
635:
629:
623:
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554:Reproduction
537:
536:larvae, and
527:
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429:O. australis
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421:O. australis
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385:O. australis
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349:O. australis
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132:Anseriformes
35:
21:Maccoa duck
15:
1258:iNaturalist
1116:Wikispecies
879:: 214–234.
706:(1): 14–15.
685:(2): 35–48.
651:18 November
425:nuclear DNA
371:In 1995, a
340:O. maccoa,
254:Description
242:Maccoa duck
231:Eyton, 1838
1410:Categories
1388:Xeno-canto
803:2020-10-06
608:References
563:polygynous
544:gastropods
517:Persicaria
401:O. vittata
389:O. vittata
355:O. vittata
60:Endangered
36:O. maccoa,
1421:Oxyurinae
1043:0030-6525
1019:(Eyton))"
993:8 October
915:2219-0341
855:1063-5157
798:242140384
602:gill nets
578:Pollution
548:ostracods
523:Polygonum
478:Behaviour
433:O. maccoa
417:O. maccoa
377:O. maccoa
160:Species:
98:Kingdom:
92:Eukaryota
1302:22679820
1276:11409443
1175:22679820
1170:BirdLife
1101:Wikidata
1062:Wildfowl
885:55437989
673:punctata
508:omnivore
450:brackish
289:Juvenile
219:Synonyms
142:Anatidae
138:Family:
112:Chordata
108:Phylum:
102:Animalia
88:Domain:
65:IUCN 3.1
1250:5232470
1237:1048502
1224:macduc1
1185:macduc1
1157:Avibase
1107:Q279939
1023:Ostrich
909:: 1–8.
596:Bycatch
539:Daphnia
534:Diptera
532:worms,
529:Tubifex
330:Nomonyx
194:, 1838)
148:Genus:
128:Order:
118:Class:
63: (
1380:212676
1367:401336
1354:212676
1289:175180
1144:ARKive
1041:
913:
883:
853:
796:
366:Oxyura
326:Oxyura
280:Female
210:
207:range
153:Oxyura
1375:WoRMS
1341:70460
1328:90704
1271:IRMNG
1219:eBird
1198:4BMPK
1182:BOW:
988:(PDF)
881:S2CID
794:S2CID
459:Typha
192:Eyton
38:male
1349:OBIS
1323:NCBI
1297:IUCN
1284:ITIS
1263:7076
1245:GBIF
1039:ISSN
995:2020
911:ISSN
851:ISSN
653:2021
636:2021
546:and
520:and
502:Diet
435:and
419:and
403:and
391:and
379:and
346:and
328:and
271:Male
240:The
122:Aves
1310:NBN
1232:EoL
1206:CMS
1193:CoL
1131:ADW
1031:doi
877:107
841:doi
786:doi
640:doi
1412::
1390::
1377::
1364::
1351::
1338::
1325::
1312::
1299::
1286::
1273::
1260::
1247::
1234::
1221::
1208::
1195::
1172::
1159::
1146::
1133::
1118::
1103::
1066:36
1064:.
1060:.
1037:.
1027:35
1025:.
1021:.
1003:^
955:^
923:^
905:.
893:^
875:.
863:^
849:.
837:54
835:.
831:.
811:^
792:,
780:,
732:^
704:34
702:.
698:.
683:12
681:.
677:.
634:.
628:.
550:.
1045:.
1033::
997:.
917:.
887:.
857:.
843::
788::
655:.
642::
626:"
622:"
304:)
244:(
190:(
67:)
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