Haplogroup A (Y-DNA)

1323: 203: 47: 2470:"we date the Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor (MRCA) in Africa at 254 (95% CI 192–307) kya and detect a cluster of major non-African founder haplogroups in a narrow time interval at 47–52 kya, consistent with a rapid initial colonization model of Eurasia and Oceania after the out-of-Africa bottleneck. In contrast to demographic reconstructions based on mtDNA, we infer a second strong bottleneck in Y-chromosome lineages dating to the last 10 ky. We hypothesize that this bottleneck is caused by cultural changes affecting variance of reproductive success among males." 1194:. it has also been observed in Eastern, Central and Southern of Arabia. Current results, according to FTDNA, suggest that some branches such as A-V1127 originated in Arabia. Additionally, as suggested by experts as seen in TMRCA in Yfull tree, this haplogroup must have undergone a bottleneck time when people who represent this haplogroup suffered some sort of extinction and sharply decreased in number. Noteworthy, non semitic speakers don't have this haplogroup neither the koi-san or the nilots or the Cushites. 195: 5346: 975:

ancestral state of all known Y chromosome SNPs. To further characterize this lineage, which we dubbed A00, for proposed nomenclature)"; "We have renamed the basal branch in Cruciani et al. as A0 (previously A1b) and refer to the presently reported lineage as A00. For deep branches discovered in the future, we suggest continuing the nomenclature A000, and so on." It has an estimated age of around 275 kya, so is roughly contemporary with the known appearance of earliest known

347:. According to Wood et al. (2005) and Rosa et al. (2007), such relatively recent population movements from West Africa changed the pre-existing population Y chromosomal diversity in Central, Southern and Southeastern Africa, replacing the previous haplogroups in these areas with the now dominant E1b1a lineages. Traces of ancestral inhabitants, however, can be observed today in these regions via the presence of the Y DNA haplogroups A-M91 and 2721:(2012) agreed with a plausible placement in "the north-western quadrant of the African continent" for the emergence of the A1b haplogroup: "the hypothesis of an origin in the north-western quadrant of the African continent for the A1b haplogroup, and, together with recent findings of ancient Y-lineages in central-western Africa, provide new evidence regarding the geographical origin of human MSY diversity". 1350:

new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

2675:, suggesting plausibility for the Y-MRCA living in the general region of North-Central Africa". In a sample of 2204 African Y-chromosomes, 8 chromosomes belonged to either haplogroup A1b or A1a. Haplogroup A1a was identified in two Moroccan Berbers, one Fulbe and one Tuareg people from Niger. Haplogroup A1b was identified in three Bakola pygmies from Southern Cameroon and one Algerian Berber. 1354: 4410:

others carried DYS19-15). These 11 chromosomes were all found in a sample of 174 (~6.3%) Mbo individuals from western Cameroon (Figure 2). Seven of these Mbo chromosomes were available for further testing, and the genotypes were found to be identical at 37 of 39 SNPs known to be derived on the A00 chromosome (i.e., two of these genotyped SNPs were ancestral in the Mbo samples)".

2530:

Crevecoeur, Isabelle; de Maret, Pierre; Fomine, Forka Leypey Mathew; Lavachery, Philippe; Mindzie, Christophe Mbida; Orban, Rosine; Sawchuk, Elizabeth; Semal, Patrick; Thomas, Mark G.; Van Neer, Wim; Veeramah, Krishna R.; Kennett, Douglas J.; Patterson, Nick; Hellenthal, Garrett; Lalueza-Fox, Carles; MacEachern, Scott; Prendergast, Mary E.; Reich, David (30 January 2020).

1376:). While the SNP marker M91 had been regarded as a key to identifying haplogroup BT, it was realised that the region surrounding M91 was a mutational hotspot, which is prone to recurrent back-mutations. Moreover, the 8T stretch of Haplogroup A represented the ancestral state of M91, and the 9T of haplogroup BT a derived state, which arose following the 3049:

Francalacci P, Morelli L, Angius A, Berutti R, Reinier F, Atzeni R, Pilu R, Busonero F, Maschio A, Zara I, Sanna D, Useli A, Urru MF, Marcelli M, Cusano R, Oppo M, Zoledziewska M, Pitzalis M, Deidda F, Porcu E, Poddie F, Kang HM, Lyons R, Tarrier B, Gresham JB, Li B, Tofanelli S, Alonso S, Dei M, Lai

4423:

Quotes: We can now clearly see that with 40% A00, the Bangwa represent the epicentre of A00 in this region, and very possibly in the world. As I shared in the last Lab Note, we found that so far there are two main subgroups of A00, defined by different Y-SNP mutations, which, naturally, divide along

1349:

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single

1238:

The subclade A1b1b2b (M13; formerly A3b2) is primarily distributed among Nilotic populations in East Africa and northern Cameroon. It is different from the A subclades that are found in the Khoisan samples and only remotely related to them (it is actually only one of many subclades within haplogroup

245:

in 2013), have been detected in West Africa, Northwest Africa and Central Africa. Cruciani et al. (2011) suggest that these lineages may have emerged somewhere in between Central and Northwest Africa. Scozzari et al. (2012) also supported "the hypothesis of an origin in the north-western quadrant of

2529:

Lipson, Mark; Ribot, Isabelle; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Olalde, Iñigo; Adamski, Nicole; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Lawson, Ann Marie; López, Saioa; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Stewardson, Kristin; Asombang, Raymond Neba’ane; Bocherens, Hervé; Bradman, Neil; Culleton, Brendan J.; Cornelissen, Els;

1380:

of 1T. This explained why subclades A1b and A1a, the deepest branches of Haplogroup A, both possessed the 8T stretch. Similarly, the P97 marker, which was also used to identify haplogroup A, possessed the ancestral state in haplogroup A, but a derived state in haplogroup BT. Ultimately the tendency

4409:

Mendez et al. (2013), p. 455. Quote: "Upon searching a large pan-African database consisting of 5,648 samples from ten countries we identified 11 Y chromosomes that were invariant and identical to the A00 chromosome at five of the six Y-STRs (2 of the 11 chromosomes carried DYS19-16, whereas the

974:

Mendez et al. (2013) announced the discovery of a previously unknown haplogroup, for which they proposed the designator "A00". "Genotyping of a DNA sample that was submitted to a commercial genetic-testing facility demonstrated that the Y chromosome of this African American individual carried the

6005:

K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik

315:

of modern humans) is believed to have originated. Estimates of its time depth have varied greatly, at either close to 190 kya or close to 140 kya in separate 2013 studies, and with the inclusion of the previously unknown "A00" haplogroup to about 270 kya in 2015 studies.

1141:

The subclade A1b1a1a (M6; formerly A2 and A1b1a1a-M6) is typically found among Khoisan peoples. The authors of one study have reported finding haplogroup A-M6(xA-P28) in 28% (8/29) of a sample of Tsumkwe San and 16% (5/32) of a sample of

1129:

sharing the unusual surname Revis were identified as being from the A1a (M31) subclade. It was discovered that these men had a common male-line ancestor from the 18th century, but no previous information about African ancestry was known.

4511:(2008). "Southern Sudanese" includes 26 Dinka, 15 Shilluk, and 12 Nuer. "Western Sudanese" includes 26 Borgu, 32 Masalit, and 32 Fur. "Northern Sudanese" includes 39 Nubians, 42 Beja, 33 Copts, 50 Gaalien, 28 Meseria, and 24 Arakien. 4323:

Mendez, Fernando L.; Krahn, Thomas; Schrack, Bonnie; Krahn, Astrid-Maria; Veeramah, Krishna R.; Woerner, August E.; Fomine, Forka Leypey Mathew; Bradman, Neil; Thomas, Mark G.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Hammer, Michael F. (March 2013).

4273:

237:

lineages are also largely restricted to the San. However, the A lineages of Southern Africa are sub-clades of A lineages found in other parts of Africa, suggesting that A sub-haplogroups arrived in Southern Africa from elsewhere.

1277:. Another study has reported finding haplogroup A3b2b-M118 in 6.8% (6/88) and haplogroup A3b2*-M13(xA3b2a-M171, A3b2b-M118) in 5.7% (5/88) of a mixed sample of Ethiopians, amounting to a total of 12.5% (11/88) A3b2-M13. 3766:

Shen P, Lavi T, Kivisild T, et al. (September 2004). "Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence variation".

5841: 1158:. The authors of another study have reported finding haplogroup A2 in 15.4% (6/39) of a sample of Khoisan males, including 5/39 A2-M6/M14/M23/M29/M49/M71/M135/M141(xA2a-M114) and 1/39 A2a-M114. 1357:

The revised y-chromosome family tree by Cruciani et al. 2011 compared with the family tree from Karafet et al. 2008. (The "A1a-T" shown here is now known as A1 and "A2-T" is now known as A1b.)

937:

A3a2 (A-M13; formerly A3b2), has been observed at very low frequencies in some Mediterranean islands. Without testing for any subclade, haplogroup A has been found in a sample of Greeks from

4132:

Di Giacomo F, Luca F, Anagnou N, et al. (September 2003). "Clinal patterns of human Y chromosomal diversity in continental Italy and Greece are dominated by drift and founder effects".

1381:

of M91 to back-mutate and (hence) its unreliability, led to M91 being discarded as a defining SNP by ISOGG in 2016. Conversely, P97 has been retained as a defining marker of Haplogroup BT.

3606:

Hassan HY, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Ibrahim ME (November 2008). "Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history".

1002:(Bantu) (out of a sample of 174 (6.32%). Subsequent research suggested that the overall rate of A00 was even higher among the Mbo, i.e. 9.3% (8 of 86) were later found to fall within 2332: 218:; in other words, it is defined by the absence of the defining mutation of that group (M91). By this definition, haplogroup A includes all mutations that took place between the 5152:

Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; et al. (2000), "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective",

4446:

Gonçalves R, Rosa A, Freitas A, et al. (November 2003). "Y-chromosome lineages in Cabo Verde Islands witness the diverse geographic origin of its first male settlers".

229:

Bearers of haplogroup A (i.e. absence of the defining mutation of haplogroup BT) have been found in Southern Africa's hunter-gatherer inhabited areas, especially among the

4627:

Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner PJ, et al. (November 2000). "The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective".

987:

man who had submitted his DNA for commercial genealogical analysis. The subsequent discovery of other males belonging to A00 led to the reclassification of Perry's Y as

4564: 4167:

Gonçalves R, Freitas A, Branco M, et al. (July 2005). "Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry".

3212:"Regional Differences in the Accumulation of SNPs on the Male-Specific Portion of the Human Y Chromosome Replicate Autosomal Patterns: Implications for Genetic Dating" 2589:"Regional Differences in the Accumulation of SNPs on the Male-Specific Portion of the Human Y Chromosome Replicate Autosomal Patterns: Implications for Genetic Dating" 983:. A00 is also sometimes known as "Perry's Y-chromosome" (or simply "Perry's Y"). This previously unknown haplogroup was discovered in 2012 in the Y chromosome of an 5868:

Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome".

5233:

Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations".

4056:"Supplementary Data: Signatures of the Preagricultural Peopling Processes in Sub-Saharan Africa as Revealed by the Phylogeography of Early Y Chromosome Lineages" 1344: 893:, occurring among 41% of one sample from this population (Cruciani et al. 2002). Elsewhere in the region, haplogroup A has been reported in 14.6% (7/48) of an 1024:

group of Cameroon (Grassfields Bantu): 27 of 67 (40.3%) samples were positive for A00a (L1149). One Bangwa individual did not fit into either A00a or A00b.

889:

Haplogroup A is found at low to moderate frequencies in the Horn of Africa. The clade is observed at highest frequencies among the 41% of a sample of the

1361:

Initial sequencing of the human Y-chromosome had suggested that first split in the Y-Chromosome family tree occurred with the mutations that separated

929:

In Asia, haplogroup A has been observed at low frequencies in Asia Minor and the Middle East among Aegean Turks, Palestinians, Jordanians, Yemenites.

710:

In a composite sample of 3551 African men, Haplogroup A had a frequency of 5.4%. The highest frequencies of haplogroup A have been reported among the

5287: 3815:"Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages" 149: 2418:(see there); including the A00 lineage, Karmin et al. (2015) and Trombetta et al. (2015) estimate ages of 254,000 and 291,000 ybp, respectively. 5846: 2587:

Trombetta, Beniamino; d'Atanasio, Eugenia; Massaia, Andrea; Myres, Natalie M.; Scozzari, Rosaria; Cruciani, Fulvio; Novelletto, Andrea (2015).

1322: 210:

Though there are terminological challenges to define it as a haplogroup, haplogroup A has come to mean "the foundational haplogroup" (viz. of

2833:"Signatures of the preagricultural peopling processes in sub-Saharan Africa as revealed by the phylogeography of early Y chromosome lineages" 4424:

ethnic lines: A00a among the Bangwa, and A00b among the Mbo. We also found the one Bangwa sample which didn't belong to either subgroup.".

4220:

Capelli C, Redhead N, Romano V, et al. (March 2006). "Population structure in the Mediterranean basin: a Y chromosome perspective".

3099:

Poznik GD, Henn BM, Yee MC, Sliwerska E, Euskirchen GM, Lin AA, Snyder M, Quintana-Murci L, Kidd JM, Underhill PA, Bustamante CD (2013).

226:) and the mutation defining haplogroup BT (estimated at some 140–150 kya), including any extant subclades that may yet to be discovered. 4372:

At first, via Mendez et al. (2013), this was announced as "extremely ancient" (95% confidence interval 237–581 kya for the age of the

5330: 2337: 2327: 141: 3660:

Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA, et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations".

180:; these branches are only very distantly related, and are not more closely related to each other than they are to haplogroup BT. 5074:"Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages" 6065: 4712: 1182:

The subclade (appropriately considered as a distinct haplogroup) A1b1b1 (M28; formerly A3a) has only been rarely observed in the

845: 815: 5320: 4925: 4419:

Which of Cameroon's peoples have members of haplogroup A00? // experiment.com update of funded research (Schrack/Fomine Forka)

953:, though they have not definitively excluded the possibility that either of these individuals may belong to a rare subclade of 2677:

Cruciani, Fulvio; Trombetta, Beniamino; Massaia, Andrea; Destro-Bisol, Giovanni; Sellitto, Daniele; Scozzari, Rosaria (2011).

202: 144:, which includes all living human Y chromosomes. Bearers of extant sub-clades of haplogroup A are almost exclusively found in 46: 5292: 3716:"A back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome haplotypes" 1086:

have reported finding A1a-M31 in 5.1% (14/276) of a sample from Guinea-Bissau and in 0.5% (1/201) of a pair of samples from

4739:

Scorrano, Gabriele; Viva, Serena; Pinotti, Thomaz; Fabbri, Pier Francesco; Rickards, Olga; Macciardi, Fabio (26 May 2022).

1369:

and haplogroup A more broadly. Subsequently, many intervening splits between Y-chromosomal Adam and BT, also became known.

1074:

The subclade A1a (M31) has been found in approximately 2.8% (8/282) of a pool of seven samples of various ethnic groups in

762:

Further downstream around the Nile valley, the subclade A3b2 has also been observed at very low frequencies in a sample of

4966:"A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania" 4935: 743:

In North Africa, haplogroup A is largely absent. Its subclade A1 has been observed at trace frequencies among Moroccans.

4390: 755:(53%), especially the Dinka Sudanese (61.5%). Haplogroup A3b2-M13 also has been observed in another sample of a South 4521:

Cinnioğlu C, King R, Kivisild T; et al. (January 2004). "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia".

913:-speaking tribes with frequency ranging from 10% to 70%. This particular haplogroup was not found in a sample of the 3500:"Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes" 976: 5987:

Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.

4741:"Bioarchaeological and palaeogenomic portrait of two Pompeians that died during the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD" 4398: 328: 4884:"An African American paternal lineage adds an extremely ancient root to the human Y chromosome phylogenetic tree" 4326:"An African American Paternal Lineage Adds an Extremely Ancient Root to the Human Y Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree" 4276:"An African American Paternal Lineage Adds an Extremely Ancient Root to the Human Y Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree" 4714:

Genetic Patterns of Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation, with Implications to the Peopling of the Sudan

5509: 2365: 2355: 2350: 1995: 1934: 1568: 1319:

Haplogroup A-M13 has been found among three Neolithic period fossils excavated from the Kadruka site in Sudan.

949:. The authors of one study have reported finding what appears to be haplogroup A in 3.1% (2/65) of a sample of 332: 2395: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2360: 1873: 1812: 1751: 1690: 1629: 1446: 1166:

The clade A1b1b (M32; formerly A3) contains the most populous branches of haplogroup A and is mainly found in

5449: 2891:"A revised root for the human Y chromosomal phylogenetic tree: the origin of patrilineal diversity in Africa" 2679:"A Revised Root for the Human Y Chromosomal Phylogenetic Tree: The Origin of Patrilineal Diversity in Africa" 2390: 1507: 1210:/Sekele, 6/29 = 21% Tsumkwe San, 1/18 = 6% Dama). However, it also has been found with lower frequency among 6033:

Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)

5712: 5439: 5190:"Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age" 4055: 2134: 1187: 840:

Without testing for any subclade, haplogroup A Y-DNA has been observed in samples of several populations of

157: 6042:

Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

5536: 5519: 4436:

et al. Ancient Human DNA from Shum Laka (Cameroon) in the Context of African Population History // SAA 2019

1009:

Further research in 2015 indicates that the modern population with the highest concentration of A00 is the

5701: 5693: 5433: 5298: 4964:

Capelli, Cristian; Wilson, James F.; Richards, Martin; Stumpf, Michael P.H.; et al. (February 2001).

999: 194: 5527: 3050:

S, Mulas A, Whalen MB, Uzzau S, Jones C, Schlessinger D, Abecasis GR, Sanna S, Sidore C, Cucca F (2013).

5763: 5609: 4558: 2309: 1362: 995: 5686: 5679: 5672: 5072:

Kaladjieva, Luba; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A; Angelicheva, Dora; et al. (February 2001).

5282: 4672:"Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan" 2723:

Scozzari R; Massaia A; D'Atanasio E; Myres NM; Perego UA; et al. (2012). Caramelli, David (ed.).

2057:

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

1280:

Haplogroup A-M13 also has been observed occasionally outside of Central and Eastern Africa, as in the

241:

The two most basal lineages of haplogroup A, A0 and A1 (prior to the announcement of the discovery of

5802: 5721: 5656: 5600: 5585: 5571: 5492: 5464: 5161: 5009:

Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Redd, Alan J.; Jarjanazi, Hamdi; et al. (1 July 2001).

4861: 4798:"New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree" 4752: 4636: 3401: 3223: 3112: 3063: 3013: 2954: 2736: 2600: 2543: 1377: 348: 336: 124: 31: 5795: 5790: 3346:"Genetic and demographic implications of the Bantu expansion: insights from human paternal lineages" 1090:. The authors of another study have reported finding haplogroup A1a-M31 in 5% (2/39) of a sample of 120: 116: 5313: 3002:"Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago" 1202:

The subclade A1b1b2a (M51; formerly A3b1) occurs most frequently among Khoisan peoples (6/11 = 55%

1146:/Sekele, and haplogroup A2b-P28 in 17% (5/29) of a sample of Tsumkwe San, 9% (3/32) of a sample of 214:); it is not defined by any mutation, but refers to any haplogroup which is not descended from the 3925:

Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Falaschi F, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA (January 2002).

3541:"The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations" 3101:"Sequencing Y chromosomes resolves discrepancy in time to common ancestor of males versus females" 857: 849: 343:

from where it spread around 5,000 years ago to Central, Southern and Southeastern Africa with the

5893: 5731: 5405: 5388: 5258: 4546: 4481: 4255: 4202: 4111: 3979:"Africans in Yorkshire? The deepest-rooting clade of the Y phylogeny within an English genealogy" 3792: 3685: 3570: 1366: 1297: 161: 103: 87: 3871:"The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations" 30:

This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. For the unrelated human mtDNA haplogroup, see

807: 5962: 5943:

F-Y27277, sometimes known as F2'4, is both the parent clade of F2 and F4 and a child of F-M89.

5885: 5823: 5818: 5809: 5752: 5743: 5663: 5634: 5594: 5552: 5504: 5422: 5250: 5221: 5177: 5140: 5109:"Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes" 5095: 5061: 5032: 4997: 4913: 4827: 4778: 4693: 4652: 4609: 4538: 4473: 4386: 4355: 4305: 4247: 4194: 4149: 4103: 4095: 4087: 4008: 3956: 3900: 3844: 3784: 3745: 3677: 3623: 3562: 3521: 3429: 3367: 3305: 3251: 3190: 3138: 3089: 3031: 2982: 2920: 2864: 2813: 2764: 2708: 2628: 2569: 2511: 2461: 1079: 910: 1219: 5877: 5785: 5543: 5497: 5242: 5211: 5201: 5169: 5130: 5120: 5085: 5053: 5022: 4987: 4977: 4903: 4895: 4817: 4809: 4768: 4760: 4683: 4644: 4599: 4591: 4530: 4463: 4455: 4345: 4337: 4295: 4287: 4237: 4229: 4184: 4176: 4141: 4077: 4067: 3998: 3990: 3946: 3938: 3890: 3882: 3834: 3826: 3776: 3735: 3727: 3669: 3615: 3552: 3511: 3419: 3409: 3357: 3295: 3285: 3241: 3231: 3180: 3172: 3128: 3120: 3079: 3071: 3021: 2972: 2962: 2910: 2902: 2854: 2844: 2803: 2795: 2754: 2744: 2698: 2690: 2668: 2618: 2608: 2559: 2551: 2501: 2493: 2451: 2443: 1010: 984: 73: 339:

in general is believed to have originated in Northeast Africa, and was later introduced to

5557: 5027: 5010: 4929: 2434: 1330:

Haplogroup A-M13 was also found in a male victim of the Mt. Vesuvius eruption in Pompeii.

1215: 1171: 1091: 344: 292: 288: 4844: 3161:"A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture" 3052:"Low-pass DNA sequencing of 1200 Sardinians reconstructs European Y-chromosome phylogeny" 2784:"A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture" 2430:"A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture" 1015: 5359:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

5165: 4756: 4640: 3405: 3227: 3116: 3067: 3017: 2958: 2889:

Cruciani F, Trombetta B, Massaia A, Destro-Bisol G, Sellitto D, Scozzari R (June 2011).

2740: 2604: 2547: 17: 5773: 5566: 5399: 5306: 5216: 5189: 5135: 5108: 4992: 4965: 4908: 4883: 4822: 4797: 4773: 4740: 4604: 4579: 4394: 4350: 4325: 4300: 4275: 4003: 3978: 3895: 3870: 3839: 3814: 3557: 3540: 3424: 3390:"Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective" 3389: 3300: 3273: 3246: 3211: 3185: 3160: 3133: 3100: 3084: 3051: 2977: 2942: 2915: 2890: 2808: 2783: 2759: 2724: 2703: 2678: 2672: 2623: 2588: 2564: 2531: 2506: 2481: 2456: 2429: 1183: 1167: 1043:

The haplogroup names "A-V148" and "A-CTS2809/L991" refer to the exact same haplogroup.

1021: 559: 469: 431: 304: 300: 242: 99: 77: 5910: 5107:

Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; Wang, William; et al. (September 2001).

5057: 4718: 4145: 3951: 3926: 3740: 3715: 3327: 2943:"Molecular dissection of the basal clades in the human Y chromosome phylogenetic tree" 2725:"Molecular Dissection of the Basal Clades in the Human Y Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree" 6059: 5966: 5648: 5642: 5628: 5617: 5580: 5483: 5478: 5469: 5455: 5416: 5188:

Su, Bing; Xiao, Junhua; Underhill, Peter; Deka, Ranjan; et al. (December 1999).

4233: 4180: 3927:"Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny" 1289: 1281: 1270: 1211: 1155: 1107: 1075: 958: 954: 894: 803: 802:

Haplogroup A3b2-M13 has been observed in populations of northern Cameroon (2/9 = 22%

775: 719: 685: 672: 646: 620: 584: 533: 266: 250: 234: 215: 211: 153: 128: 112: 108: 5897: 5277: 5262: 4922: 4578:

Nebel A, Filon D, Brinkmann B, Majumder PP, Faerman M, Oppenheim A (November 2001).

4550: 4485: 4259: 4115: 3689: 2163:(A4987/YP3666, A4981, A4982/YP2683, A4984/YP2995, A4985/YP3292, A4986, A4988/YP3731) 4580:"The Y chromosome pool of Jews as part of the genetic landscape of the Middle East" 4206: 3796: 3574: 3272:

Abu-Amero KK, Hellani A, González AM, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM, Underhill PA (2009).

2415: 1372:

A major shift in the understanding of the Y-DNA tree came with the publication of (

1274: 1259: 1223: 1207: 1147: 1143: 1099: 1047: 980: 898: 878: 861: 659: 607: 481: 278: 254: 5173: 4648: 1035:

pygmies. One individual carried the deeply divergent Y chromosome haplogroup A00.

1027:

Geneticists sequenced genome-wide DNA data from four people buried at the site of

319:

The clade has also been observed at notable frequencies in certain populations in

249:

Haplogroup A1b1b2 has been found among ancient fossils excavated at Balito Bay in

4670:

Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM, Karadsheh N, Gonzalez AM (2005).

4020: 3236: 2967: 2749: 2613: 1269:, one study has reported finding haplogroup A-M13 in 14.6% (7/48) of a sample of 4796:

Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (2008).

2664: 1353: 1247: 1227: 1203: 1151: 917:

from Tanzania, a population sometimes proposed as a remnant of a Late Stone Age

890: 881:

in Tanzania (3/43 = 7.0% (Luis et al. 2004) to 1/6 = 17% (Knight et al. 2003)).

853: 823: 819: 752: 715: 633: 546: 507: 494: 405: 340: 4939: 4899: 4764: 4341: 4291: 3274:"Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions" 2906: 2694: 2497: 4688: 4671: 4534: 4459: 2555: 1095: 1087: 1031:

in Cameroon between 8000–3000 years ago, who were most genetically similar to

787: 520: 230: 223: 6018: 4099: 4091: 3321: 3319: 833:

Haplogroup A-M91(xA1a-M31, A2-M6/M14/P3/P4, A3-M32) has been observed in the

5090: 5073: 5044:

Jobling, Mark A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2000), "New uses for new haplotypes",

4072: 3994: 3516: 3499: 3414: 3362: 3345: 3290: 3124: 3075: 3026: 3001: 2849: 2832: 2532:"Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history" 1122: 1028: 918: 763: 730:

1 African American Male out of Lacrosse, WI USA, Moses, Ramon, A00, A00-AF8

382: 198:

Tree showing relationship between branches of haplogroup A and haplogroup BT

5889: 5254: 5225: 5181: 5144: 5099: 5065: 5036: 5001: 4917: 4831: 4782: 4697: 4656: 4613: 4542: 4477: 4359: 4309: 4251: 4198: 4153: 4107: 4012: 3960: 3904: 3848: 3788: 3749: 3681: 3627: 3566: 3525: 3433: 3371: 3309: 3255: 3194: 3142: 3093: 3035: 2986: 2924: 2868: 2817: 2768: 2712: 2632: 2573: 2515: 2465: 945:

and in samples of Portuguese from southern Portugal, central Portugal, and

3830: 3176: 2799: 2447: 1190:

from Ethiopia, 1.1% (1/88) of a sample of Ethiopians, and 0.5% (1/201) in

4468: 4189: 4082: 4024: 2859: 1301: 1266: 1051: 938: 572: 320: 5925:

Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).

4952:(chart highlighting new branches added to the A phylotree in March 2013) 5881: 4813: 3780: 3619: 1191: 1126: 1111: 1059: 1055: 946: 914: 711: 457: 356: 308: 296: 285: 6011: 5965:

was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to

4242: 6022:, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" 4373: 1305: 1285: 1255: 1106:. Haplogroup A1a-M31 also has been found in 3% (2/64) of a sample of 950: 942: 834: 759:

population at a frequency of 45% (18/40), including 1/40 A3b2a-M171.

312: 303:. However, haplogroup A's oldest sub-clades are exclusively found in 274: 270: 219: 189: 145: 5978:

Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.

5206: 5125: 4982: 4595: 3942: 3886: 3731: 1114:

and 2.3% (1/44) of a sample of unspecified ethnic affiliation from

206:

Projected spatial frequency distribution of haplogroup A in Africa.

5246: 4420: 3673: 2130: 1352: 1321: 1309: 1293: 1243: 1063: 1032: 841: 827: 811: 779: 756: 698: 418: 352: 324: 201: 193: 2831:

Batini C, Ferri G, Destro-Bisol G, et al. (September 2011).

1313: 1251: 1115: 1103: 1082:(5/64 = 7.8%). In an earlier study published in 2003, Gonçalves 783: 444: 5302: 3539:

Underhill PA, Passarino G, Lin AA, et al. (January 2001).

273:, though a very small handful of bearers have been reported in 5339: 5011:"Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity" 3813:

Cruciani F, Trombetta B, Sellitto D, et al. (July 2010).

3344:

Berniell-Lee G, Calafell F, Bosch E, et al. (July 2009).

2646: 2482:"The Divergence of Neandertal and Modern Human Y Chromosomes" 3714:

Cruciani F, Santolamazza P, Shen P, et al. (May 2002).

909:

One 2005 study has found haplogroup A in samples of various

257:, which have been dated to around 2149-1831 BP (2/2; 100%). 3977:

King TE, Parkin EJ, Swinfield G, et al. (March 2007).

901:

sample, and 13.6% (12/88) of another sample from Ethiopia.

351:

that are common in certain relict populations, such as the

5911:

International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015),

4865: 4389:

born in the United States between ca. 1819–1827, lived in

3869:

Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M, et al. (March 2004).

3388:

Rosa A, Ornelas C, Jobling MA, Brehm A, Villems R (2007).

107:(Subclades of these include haplogroups A00a, A00b, A00c, 5952:

Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.

4882:

Mendez FL, Krahn T, Schrack B, et al. (March 2013).

2941:

Scozzari R, Massaia A, D'Atanasio E, et al. (2012).

1326:

Geographical frequency distribution of Haplogroup A3-M13.

284:

The clade achieves its highest modern frequencies in the

3000:

Carina M. Schlebusch; et al. (28 September 2017).

2782:

Kamin M, Saag L, Vincente M, et al. (April 2015).

2065: 57:

270,000 BP, 275,000 BP (303,000-241,000 BP), 291,000 BP

3498:

Wood ET, Stover DA, Ehret C, et al. (July 2005).

2333:

Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa

1246:, haplogroup A-M13 has been found in 28/53 = 52.8% of 1133:

In 2023, Lacrosse, WI, 1 Male, A1a-M31, Moses, Ramon.

4376:

including the lineage of this postulated haplogroup).

1222:, 3/53 = 6% non-Khoisan Southern Africans, 4/80 = 5% 2663:

2011, the most basal lineages have been detected in

5381: 3339: 3337: 3155: 3153: 94: 83: 69: 61: 53: 39: 1239:A). This finding suggests an ancient divergence. 4127: 4125: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3267: 3265: 1186:. In 5% (1/20) of a mixed sample of speakers of 994:Researchers later found A00 was possessed by 11 246:the African continent for the A1b haplogroup". 233:. In addition, the most basal mitochondrial DNA 4711:Yousif, Hisham; Eltayeb, Muntaser (July 2009). 3808: 3806: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3206: 3204: 2936: 2934: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2157:(L1149, FGC25576, FGC26292, FGC26293, FGC27741) 6024:(Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017) 4054:Batini, Chiara; et al. (September 2011). 5314: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 1345:Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups 8: 4563:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3326:International Society of Genetic Genealogy. 2414:equivalent to an estimate of the age of the 2129:The above phylogenetic tree is based on the 877:Bantus in Kenya (14%, Luis et al. 2004) and 327:groups in Central Africa, and less commonly 5996:Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2. 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3761: 3759: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3383: 3381: 1304:(1/77 = 1.3%, 1/22 = 4.5%), the capital of 5321: 5307: 5299: 2069: 45: 5215: 5205: 5134: 5124: 5089: 5026: 4991: 4981: 4907: 4821: 4772: 4687: 4603: 4467: 4349: 4299: 4241: 4188: 4081: 4071: 4002: 3950: 3894: 3838: 3739: 3556: 3515: 3423: 3413: 3361: 3299: 3289: 3245: 3235: 3184: 3147:Cruciani et al. (2011) estimated 142 kya. 3132: 3083: 3025: 2976: 2966: 2914: 2858: 2848: 2807: 2758: 2748: 2702: 2622: 2612: 2563: 2505: 2455: 2077: 1262:, and 5/216 = 2.3% of Northern Sudanese. 837:people of southern Cameroon (3/33 = 9%). 269:", it is almost completely restricted to 220:Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor 164:. The known branches of haplogroup A are 5934:Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4. 5278:Family Tree DNA — Y-Haplogroup A Project 1383: 1373: 751:Haplogroup A3b2-M13 is common among the 5860: 3972: 3970: 2407: 2117: 2093: 156:, bearers of which participated in the 5194:The American Journal of Human Genetics 5113:The American Journal of Human Genetics 4970:The American Journal of Human Genetics 4556: 4330:The American Journal of Human Genetics 4280:The American Journal of Human Genetics 2683:The American Journal of Human Genetics 2486:The American Journal of Human Genetics 2101: 2085: 265:By definition of haplogroup A as "non- 65:275,000 BP (split with other lineages) 36: 5028:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906 2137:, and subsequent published research. 844:, including 9% (3/33) of a sample of 7: 5847:Y-DNA haplogroups of historic people 5822: 5817: 5808: 5806: 5801: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5778: 5771: 5761: 5759: 5749: 5741: 5729: 5727: 5718: 5710: 5668: 5661: 5655: 5653: 5647: 5641: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5615: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5584: 5579: 5570: 5565: 5556: 5551: 5515: 5501: 5384: 331:speakers, who largely belong to the 5489: 5429: 5412: 5283:African Haplogroup project at FTDNA 1254:of central Sudan, 25/90 = 27.8% of 5078:European Journal of Human Genetics 4936:"Y-Haplogroup A Phylogenetic Tree" 3604:28/53 (Dinka, Nuer, and Shilluk), 3558:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2001.6510043.x 2109: 1206:, 11/39 = 28% Khoisan, 7/32 = 22% 1150:/Sekele, 9% (1/11) of a sample of 25: 5916:. (Access date: 1 February 2015.) 4399:FamilyTreeDNA, Haplogroup A chart 4021:"Yorkshire clan linked to Africa" 2338:Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group 2328:Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup 311:, where it (and by extension the 142:human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup 27:Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup 5344: 4234:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00224.x 4181:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00161.x 2480:Mendez, L.; et al. (2016). 1273:and 10.3% (8/78) of a sample of 791: 5969:, the sibling of Haplogroup LT. 5015:Molecular Biology and Evolution 4060:Molecular Biology and Evolution 1154:, and 6% (1/18) of a sample of 860:, and 2% (1/60) of a sample of 786:, and one male individual from 212:contemporary human populations 1: 5174:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155 5058:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6 4957:Sources for conversion tables 4649:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155 4146:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00016-2 2217:(L602, V50, V82, V198, V224) 1296:(4/147 = 2.7%, 3/92 = 3.3%), 1098:and 2% (1/55) of a sample of 5331:Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups 4938:. March 2013. Archived from 3237:10.1371/journal.pone.0134646 2968:10.1371/journal.pone.0049170 2750:10.1371/journal.pone.0049170 2614:10.1371/journal.pone.0134646 2428:Karmin; et al. (2015). 2066:Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 778:, two male individuals from 774:Eight male individuals from 5329:Phylogenetic tree of human 4850:. (Access: 29 August 2017.) 897:sample, 10.3% (8/78) of an 856:, 2% (1/57) of a sample of 852:, 2% (1/46) of a sample of 848:, 3% (1/36) of a sample of 782:, one male individual from 295:, followed closely by many 6082: 5913:Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015 5815: 5782: 5739: 5708: 5699: 5691: 5684: 5677: 5670: 5625: 5591: 5577: 5563: 5549: 5533: 5517: 5386: 4900:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.02.002 4847:Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2016 4765:10.1038/s41598-022-10899-1 4342:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.02.002 4292:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.02.002 2907:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.002 2695:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.002 2498:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.02.023 2240:formerly A1b1a1a1b and A2b 2189:formerly A1a-T, A0 and A1b 1387:YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) 1342: 977:anatomically modern humans 187: 29: 5836: 5614: 5607: 5541: 5524: 5508: 5503: 5496: 5491: 5482: 5477: 5475: 5468: 5463: 5461: 5454: 5447: 5445: 5438: 5431: 5421: 5414: 5404: 5397: 5395: 5379: 5353:This article needs to be 5337: 4689:10.1007/s10038-005-0274-4 4535:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4 4460:10.1007/s00439-003-1007-4 4044:16/26, Hassan et al. 2008 2556:10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1 369: 44: 4717:(Thesis). Archived from 1258:, 4/32 = 12.5% of local 1121:In 2007, seven men from 941:on the Aegean island of 364:Haplogroup A frequencies 70:Possible place of origin 18:Macro-haplogroup A(X-BT) 6066:Human Y-DNA haplogroups 5961:Between 2002 and 2008, 5091:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597 4864:. FTDNA. Archived from 3995:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201771 3517:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408 3415:10.1186/1471-2148-7-124 3328:"Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree" 3291:10.1186/1471-2156-10-59 3125:10.1126/science.1237619 3076:10.1126/science.1237947 3027:10.1126/science.aao6266 1250:, 13/28 = 46.4% of the 1188:South Semitic languages 1078:, especially among the 1062:at 1.5%. Also found in 222:(estimated at some 270 158:Out of Africa migration 54:Possible time of origin 5288:Spread of Haplogroup A 3608:Am. J. Phys. Anthropol 2659:According to Cruciani 1358: 1327: 1218:, including 2/28 = 7% 1080:Papel-Manjaco-Mancanha 395:Tsumkwe San (Namibia) 207: 199: 4134:Mol. Phylogenet. Evol 4073:10.1093/molbev/msr089 3831:10.1038/ejhg.2009.231 3363:10.1093/molbev/msp069 3222:(7): e0134646. 2015. 3177:10.1101/gr.186684.114 2850:10.1093/molbev/msr089 2800:10.1101/gr.186684.114 2448:10.1101/gr.186684.114 1420:YCC 2010r (Longhand) 1356: 1325: 205: 197: 1417:YCC 2008 (Longhand) 1414:YCC 2005 (Longhand) 1411:YCC 2002 (Longhand) 1339:Phylogenetic history 1046:A0 is found only in 714:of Southern Africa, 313:patrilinear ancestor 152:), in contrast with 32:Haplogroup A (mtDNA) 5842:Y-DNA by population 5757: 5293:National Geographic 5166:2000Sci...290.1155S 4757:2022NatSR..12.6468S 4641:2000Sci...290.1155S 3406:2007BMCEE...7..124R 3228:2015PLoSO..1034646T 3171:(4): 459–66. 2015. 3117:2013Sci...341..562P 3068:2013Sci...341..565F 3018:2017Sci...358..652S 2959:2012PLoSO...749170S 2741:2012PLoSO...749170S 2605:2015PLoSO..1034646T 2548:2020Natur.577..665L 873:African Great Lakes 597:Mandara (Cameroon) 366: 162:early modern humans 5882:10.1002/humu.22468 5608: 5389:Y-chromosomal Adam 5046:Trends in Genetics 4928:2019-09-24 at the 4814:10.1101/gr.7172008 4745:Scientific Reports 3983:Eur. J. Hum. Genet 3819:Eur. J. Hum. Genet 3781:10.1002/humu.20077 3620:10.1002/ajpa.20876 3504:Eur. J. Hum. Genet 2142:Y-chromosomal Adam 2125:Phylogenetic trees 1367:Y-chromosomal Adam 1359: 1328: 362: 323:, as well as some 208: 200: 6053: 6052: 6015:, 2017, "K-M2335" 6013:YFull YTree v5.08 5963:Haplogroup T-M184 5831: 5830: 5776: 5766: 5756: 5747: 5735: 5724: 5716: 5704: 5696: 5689: 5682: 5675: 5620: 5539: 5531: 5522: 5452: 5436: 5419: 5402: 5374: 5373: 4942:on 18 August 2018 4888:Am. J. Hum. Genet 4584:Am. J. Hum. Genet 4507:Hisham Y. Hassan 3931:Am. J. Hum. Genet 3875:Am. J. Hum. Genet 3720:Am. J. Hum. Genet 3111:(6145): 562–565. 3062:(6145): 565–569. 3012:(6363): 652–655. 2895:Am. J. Hum. Genet 2542:(7792): 665–670. 2344:Y-DNA A subclades 2055: 2054: 1298:Palestinian Arabs 1248:Southern Sudanese 753:Southern Sudanese 708: 707: 379:Study population 135: 134: 16:(Redirected from 6073: 6043: 6040: 6034: 6031: 6025: 6003: 5997: 5994: 5988: 5985: 5979: 5976: 5970: 5959: 5953: 5950: 5944: 5941: 5935: 5932: 5926: 5923: 5917: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5865: 5772: 5762: 5750: 5742: 5730: 5720: 5711: 5700: 5692: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5616: 5535: 5526: 5518: 5448: 5432: 5415: 5398: 5382: 5369: 5366: 5360: 5348: 5347: 5340: 5323: 5316: 5309: 5300: 5266: 5229: 5219: 5209: 5200:(6): 1718–1724. 5184: 5160:(5494): 1155–9, 5148: 5138: 5128: 5103: 5093: 5068: 5040: 5030: 5021:(7): 1189–1203. 5005: 4995: 4985: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4921: 4911: 4870: 4869: 4857: 4851: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4825: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4776: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4726: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4691: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4635:(5494): 1155–9. 4624: 4618: 4617: 4607: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4562: 4554: 4518: 4512: 4505: 4499: 4498:23andme raw data 4496: 4490: 4489: 4471: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4421:available online 4417: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4385:Albert Perry, a 4383: 4377: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4353: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4303: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4245: 4228:(Pt 2): 207–25. 4217: 4211: 4210: 4192: 4175:(Pt 4): 443–54. 4164: 4158: 4157: 4129: 4120: 4119: 4085: 4075: 4066:(9): 2603–2613. 4051: 4045: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4032: 4016: 4006: 3974: 3965: 3964: 3954: 3922: 3909: 3908: 3898: 3866: 3853: 3852: 3842: 3810: 3801: 3800: 3763: 3754: 3753: 3743: 3711: 3694: 3693: 3657: 3632: 3631: 3602: 3579: 3578: 3560: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3519: 3495: 3438: 3437: 3427: 3417: 3385: 3376: 3375: 3365: 3341: 3332: 3331: 3323: 3314: 3313: 3303: 3293: 3269: 3260: 3259: 3249: 3239: 3208: 3199: 3198: 3188: 3157: 3148: 3146: 3136: 3097: 3087: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3029: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2980: 2970: 2938: 2929: 2928: 2918: 2886: 2873: 2872: 2862: 2852: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2811: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2762: 2752: 2716: 2706: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2626: 2616: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2567: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2509: 2477: 2471: 2469: 2459: 2425: 2419: 2412: 1384: 1316:(1/121 = 0.8%). 1312:(1/101=1%), and 1300:(2/143 = 1.4%), 1256:Western Sudanese 1226:, and 1/29 = 3% 1019: 1000:Western Cameroon 985:African-American 388: 367: 361: 355:Pygmies and the 309:Northwest Africa 150:African diaspora 74:Northwest Africa 49: 37: 21: 6081: 6080: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6070: 6056: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6028: 6004: 6000: 5995: 5991: 5986: 5982: 5977: 5973: 5960: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5942: 5938: 5933: 5929: 5924: 5920: 5909: 5905: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5857: 5851: 5832: 5375: 5370: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5349: 5345: 5333: 5327: 5274: 5269: 5235:Nature Genetics 5232: 5187: 5151: 5106: 5071: 5043: 5008: 4963: 4959: 4945: 4943: 4934: 4930:Wayback Machine 4881: 4878: 4873: 4860:Krahn, Thomas. 4859: 4858: 4854: 4843: 4839: 4802:Genome Research 4795: 4794: 4790: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4724: 4722: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4626: 4625: 4621: 4590:(5): 1095–112. 4577: 4576: 4572: 4555: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4493: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4432: 4428: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4404: 4384: 4380: 4371: 4367: 4322: 4321: 4317: 4272: 4271: 4267: 4222:Ann. Hum. Genet 4219: 4218: 4214: 4169:Ann. Hum. Genet 4166: 4165: 4161: 4131: 4130: 4123: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4039: 4030: 4028: 4019: 4017: 3976: 3975: 3968: 3924: 3923: 3912: 3868: 3867: 3856: 3812: 3811: 3804: 3765: 3764: 3757: 3726:(5): 1197–214. 3713: 3712: 3697: 3659: 3658: 3635: 3605: 3603: 3582: 3551:(Pt 1): 43–62. 3545:Ann. Hum. Genet 3538: 3537: 3533: 3497: 3496: 3441: 3387: 3386: 3379: 3350:Mol. Biol. Evol 3343: 3342: 3335: 3325: 3324: 3317: 3271: 3270: 3263: 3210: 3209: 3202: 3165:Genome Research 3159: 3158: 3151: 3098: 3048: 3047: 3043: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2940: 2939: 2932: 2888: 2887: 2876: 2837:Mol. Biol. Evol 2830: 2829: 2825: 2788:Genome Research 2781: 2780: 2776: 2722: 2676: 2658: 2654: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2599:(7): e0134646. 2586: 2585: 2581: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2479: 2478: 2474: 2435:Genome Research 2427: 2426: 2422: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2324: 2297:A1b1b2b1 (M118) 2283:A1b1b2a1 (P291) 2178:(CTS2809/L991) 2145: 2127: 2122: 2070:Kaladjieva 2001 1347: 1341: 1336: 1288:(2/30 = 6.7%), 1236: 1234:A1b1b2b (A-M13) 1216:Southern Africa 1200: 1198:A1b1b2a (A-M51) 1180: 1172:Southern Africa 1164: 1139: 1072: 1041: 1013: 972: 967: 935: 927: 907: 905:Southern Africa 887: 875: 870: 800: 772: 749: 741: 736: 728: 623:(South Africa) 386: 385: 345:Bantu expansion 293:Southern Africa 291:populations of 289:hunter-gatherer 263: 192: 186: 106: 62:Coalescence age 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6079: 6077: 6069: 6068: 6058: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6044: 6035: 6026: 5998: 5989: 5980: 5971: 5954: 5945: 5936: 5927: 5918: 5903: 5870:Human Mutation 5859: 5858: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5807: 5805: 5800: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5770: 5768: 5760: 5758: 5748: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5728: 5726: 5717: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5698: 5690: 5683: 5676: 5669: 5667: 5660: 5654: 5652: 5646: 5640: 5638: 5632: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5613: 5606: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5540: 5532: 5523: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5453: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5420: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5403: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5385: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5371: 5352: 5350: 5343: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5328: 5326: 5325: 5318: 5311: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5285: 5280: 5273: 5272:External links 5270: 5268: 5267: 5241:(3): 358–361. 5230: 5207:10.1086/302680 5185: 5149: 5126:10.1086/323299 5119:(3): 615–628. 5104: 5069: 5041: 5006: 4983:10.1086/318205 4976:(2): 432–443. 4960: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4953: 4932: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4871: 4868:on 2011-07-26. 4852: 4837: 4788: 4731: 4703: 4662: 4619: 4596:10.1086/324070 4570: 4513: 4500: 4491: 4438: 4426: 4412: 4402: 4395:South Carolina 4378: 4365: 4336:(3): 454–459. 4315: 4286:(3): 454–459. 4265: 4212: 4159: 4121: 4046: 4037: 4018:News article: 3966: 3943:10.1086/338306 3910: 3887:10.1086/382286 3854: 3802: 3755: 3732:10.1086/340257 3695: 3633: 3580: 3531: 3439: 3394:BMC Evol. Biol 3377: 3333: 3315: 3261: 3200: 3149: 3041: 2992: 2953:(11): e49170. 2930: 2874: 2843:(9): 2603–13. 2823: 2794:(4): 459–466. 2774: 2735:(11): e49170. 2673:Central Africa 2652: 2638: 2579: 2521: 2472: 2420: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2318: 2317: 2316: 2315: 2314: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2303: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2298: 2286: 2285: 2284: 2266: 2248: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2244: 2243: 2242: 2197: 2182: 2165: 2164: 2158: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2120: 2112: 2104: 2096: 2088: 2080: 2078:Underhill 2000 2072: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1626: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1343:Main article: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1235: 1232: 1199: 1196: 1184:Horn of Africa 1179: 1178:A1b1b1 (A-M28) 1176: 1168:Eastern Africa 1163: 1160: 1138: 1137:A1b1a1a (A-M6) 1135: 1071: 1068: 1054:) at 8.3% and 1048:Bakola Pygmies 1040: 1037: 1022:Yemba-speaking 971: 968: 966: 963: 934: 931: 926: 923: 906: 903: 886: 885:Horn of Africa 883: 874: 871: 869: 866: 814:) and eastern 799: 798:Central Africa 796: 792:haplogroup A1a 771: 768: 748: 745: 740: 737: 735: 732: 727: 724: 706: 705: 702: 696: 693: 692: 689: 683: 680: 679: 676: 670: 667: 666: 663: 657: 654: 653: 650: 644: 641: 640: 637: 631: 628: 627: 624: 618: 615: 614: 611: 605: 602: 601: 598: 595: 592: 591: 588: 582: 579: 578: 575: 570: 567: 566: 563: 557: 554: 553: 550: 544: 541: 540: 537: 531: 528: 527: 524: 518: 515: 514: 511: 505: 502: 501: 498: 492: 489: 488: 485: 479: 476: 475: 472: 470:Ethiopian Jews 467: 464: 463: 460: 455: 452: 451: 448: 442: 439: 438: 435: 429: 426: 425: 422: 416: 413: 412: 409: 403: 400: 399: 396: 393: 390: 389: 380: 377: 374: 373: 301:Eastern Africa 262: 259: 243:haplogroup A00 188:Main article: 185: 182: 148:(or among the 133: 132: 96: 92: 91: 85: 81: 80: 78:Central Africa 71: 67: 66: 63: 59: 58: 55: 51: 50: 42: 41: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6078: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6039: 6036: 6030: 6027: 6023: 6021: 6016: 6014: 6009: 6002: 5999: 5993: 5990: 5984: 5981: 5975: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5955: 5949: 5946: 5940: 5937: 5931: 5928: 5922: 5919: 5915: 5914: 5907: 5904: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5876:(2): 187–91. 5875: 5871: 5864: 5861: 5856: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5835: 5827: 5825: 5820: 5814: 5811: 5804: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5781: 5775: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5754: 5745: 5738: 5733: 5723: 5714: 5707: 5703: 5697: 5695: 5688: 5681: 5674: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5650: 5645: 5644: 5636: 5631: 5630: 5624: 5619: 5611: 5602: 5597: 5596: 5590: 5587: 5582: 5576: 5573: 5568: 5562: 5559: 5554: 5548: 5545: 5538: 5529: 5521: 5514: 5511: 5506: 5499: 5494: 5488: 5485: 5480: 5474: 5471: 5466: 5460: 5457: 5451: 5444: 5441: 5435: 5428: 5424: 5418: 5411: 5407: 5401: 5394: 5390: 5383: 5378: 5368: 5365:February 2021 5356: 5351: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5332: 5324: 5319: 5317: 5312: 5310: 5305: 5304: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5271: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5247:10.1038/81685 5244: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5084:(2): 97–104. 5083: 5079: 5075: 5070: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5052:(8): 356–62, 5051: 5047: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4961: 4956: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4919: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4867: 4863: 4856: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4845:ISOGG, 2016, 4841: 4838: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4735: 4732: 4721:on 2022-08-25 4720: 4716: 4715: 4707: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4682:(9): 435–41. 4681: 4677: 4676:J. Hum. Genet 4673: 4666: 4663: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4623: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4571: 4566: 4560: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4529:(2): 127–48. 4528: 4524: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4504: 4501: 4495: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4469:10400.13/3047 4465: 4461: 4457: 4454:(6): 467–72. 4453: 4449: 4442: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4427: 4422: 4416: 4413: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4319: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4269: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4190:10400.13/3018 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4140:(3): 387–95. 4139: 4135: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4083:10400.13/4486 4079: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4050: 4047: 4041: 4038: 4026: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3989:(3): 288–93. 3988: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3881:(3): 532–44. 3880: 3876: 3872: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3775:(3): 248–60. 3774: 3770: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3674:10.1038/81685 3671: 3668:(3): 358–61. 3667: 3663: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3614:(3): 316–23. 3613: 3609: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3510:(7): 867–76. 3509: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3356:(7): 1581–9. 3355: 3351: 3347: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3322: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3045: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2996: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2860:10400.13/4486 2856: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2827: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2648: 2642: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2583: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2492:(4): 728–34. 2491: 2487: 2483: 2476: 2473: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2442:(4): 459–66. 2441: 2437: 2436: 2431: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2402: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2343: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2312: 2311: 2307: 2296: 2295: 2294: 2293:formerly A3b2 2291:(M13/PF1374) 2290: 2287: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2279:formerly A3b1 2277:(M51/Page42) 2276: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2241: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2226: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2211:(L419/PF712) 2210: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2204:formerly A2-T 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2170: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2144: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2124: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1374:Cruciani 2011 1370: 1368: 1364: 1363:Haplogroup BT 1355: 1351: 1346: 1338: 1334:Phylogenetics 1333: 1331: 1324: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1292:(1/20 = 5%), 1291: 1290:Yemenite Jews 1287: 1283: 1282:Aegean Region 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1212:Bantu peoples 1209: 1205: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1162:A1b1b (A-M32) 1161: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1076:Guinea-Bissau 1069: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1023: 1020:(or Nweh), a 1017: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 992: 990: 986: 982: 978: 970:A00 (A00-AF6) 969: 964: 962: 960: 959:haplogroup CT 956: 955:haplogroup BT 952: 948: 944: 940: 932: 930: 924: 922: 920: 916: 912: 904: 902: 900: 896: 892: 884: 882: 880: 872: 867: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 838: 836: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 810:, 2/17 = 12% 809: 806:, 4/28 = 14% 805: 797: 795: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 776:Guinea Bissau 769: 767: 765: 760: 758: 754: 746: 744: 738: 733: 731: 726:North America 725: 723: 722:from Sudan. 721: 720:Nilo-Saharans 717: 713: 703: 700: 697: 695: 694: 690: 687: 686:South Semitic 684: 682: 681: 677: 674: 671: 669: 668: 664: 661: 658: 656: 655: 651: 648: 645: 643: 642: 638: 635: 632: 630: 629: 625: 622: 619: 617: 616: 612: 609: 606: 604: 603: 599: 596: 594: 593: 589: 586: 583: 581: 580: 576: 574: 571: 569: 568: 564: 561: 558: 556: 555: 551: 548: 545: 543: 542: 538: 535: 532: 530: 529: 525: 522: 519: 517: 516: 512: 509: 506: 504: 503: 499: 496: 493: 491: 490: 486: 483: 480: 478: 477: 473: 471: 468: 466: 465: 461: 459: 456: 454: 453: 449: 446: 443: 441: 440: 436: 433: 430: 428: 427: 423: 420: 417: 415: 414: 410: 407: 404: 402: 401: 397: 394: 392: 391: 384: 381: 378: 376: 375: 372: 368: 365: 360: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 317: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 287: 282: 280: 276: 272: 268: 260: 258: 256: 252: 251:KwaZulu-Natal 247: 244: 239: 236: 232: 227: 225: 221: 217: 216:haplogroup BT 213: 204: 196: 191: 183: 181: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 154:haplogroup BT 151: 147: 143: 139: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 105: 102:(AF6/L1284), 101: 97: 93: 89: 86: 82: 79: 75: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 43: 38: 33: 19: 6038: 6029: 6019: 6012: 6007: 6001: 5992: 5983: 5974: 5957: 5948: 5939: 5930: 5921: 5912: 5906: 5873: 5869: 5863: 5854: 5719: 5662: 5362: 5354: 5291: 5238: 5234: 5197: 5193: 5157: 5153: 5116: 5112: 5081: 5077: 5049: 5045: 5018: 5014: 4973: 4969: 4944:. 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Retrieved 4027:. 2007-01-24 3986: 3982: 3937:(1): 265–8. 3934: 3930: 3878: 3874: 3825:(7): 800–7. 3822: 3818: 3772: 3768: 3723: 3719: 3665: 3661: 3611: 3607: 3548: 3544: 3534: 3507: 3503: 3397: 3393: 3353: 3349: 3281: 3277: 3219: 3215: 3168: 3164: 3108: 3104: 3059: 3055: 3044: 3009: 3005: 2995: 2950: 2946: 2901:(6): 814–8. 2898: 2894: 2840: 2836: 2826: 2791: 2787: 2777: 2732: 2728: 2718: 2689:(6): 814–8. 2686: 2682: 2660: 2655: 2641: 2596: 2592: 2582: 2539: 2535: 2524: 2489: 2485: 2475: 2439: 2433: 2423: 2416:human Y-MRCA 2410: 2308: 2292: 2288: 2278: 2274: 2268: 2264:formerly A3a 2263: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2239: 2235: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2180:formerly A1b 2179: 2175: 2168: 2167: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2150:(AF6/L1284) 2147: 2146: 2141: 2140: 2139: 2128: 2118:Capelli 2001 2114: 2106: 2098: 2094:Karafet 2001 2090: 2082: 2074: 2062: 2056: 1371: 1360: 1348: 1329: 1318: 1279: 1264: 1260:Hausa people 1241: 1237: 1220:Sotho–Tswana 1201: 1181: 1165: 1140: 1132: 1120: 1083: 1073: 1045: 1042: 1026: 1008: 1003: 993: 988: 981:Jebel Irhoud 973: 957:, including 936: 928: 921:population. 908: 888: 876: 839: 832: 826:, 1/47 = 2% 822:, 1/18 = 6% 801: 773: 766:males (3%). 761: 750: 742: 739:North Africa 729: 709: 370: 363: 337:Haplogroup E 318: 283: 279:Western Asia 264: 261:Distribution 255:South Africa 248: 240: 228: 209: 177: 173: 169: 165: 138:Haplogroup A 137: 136: 88:Human Y-MRCA 40:Haplogroup A 4751:(1): 6468. 4434:Lipson Mark 4391:York County 2647:"A00 YTree" 2255:formerly A3 2225:formerly A2 2102:Semino 2000 2086:Hammer 2001 1441:ISOGG 2012 1438:ISOGG 2011 1435:ISOGG 2010 1432:ISOGG 2009 1429:ISOGG 2008 1426:ISOGG 2007 1423:ISOGG 2006 1070:A1a (A-M31) 1039:A0 (A-V148) 1014: [ 1006:(A-A4987). 991:(A-L1149). 891:Beta Israel 868:East Africa 818:(2/9 = 22% 770:West Africa 716:Beta Israel 688:(Ethiopia) 662:(Ethiopia) 636:(Cameroon) 387:(in %) 341:West Africa 329:Niger–Congo 95:Descendants 4862:"YCC Tree" 4725:2022-08-25 4523:Hum. Genet 4448:Hum. Genet 4243:2108/37090 4031:2007-01-27 3769:Hum. Mutat 3662:Nat. Genet 3400:(1): 124. 2403:References 1685:A1b1a1a1b 1624:A1b1a1a1a 1096:Senegambia 1088:Cabo Verde 979:, such as 788:Cabo Verde 747:Upper Nile 675:(Eritrea) 649:(Namibia) 573:Ethiopians 549:(Eritrea) 408:(Namibia) 299:groups in 231:San people 6020:PhyloTree 5855:Footnotes 4100:748733133 4092:0737-4038 3278:BMC Genet 2717:Scozzari 2669:Northwest 2051:A1b1b2b1 1378:insertion 1123:Yorkshire 1029:Shum Laka 998:males of 965:Subclades 919:Khoisanid 98:primary: 6060:Category 6017:, and; 6008:op. cit. 5898:23291764 5890:24166809 5528:F-Y27277 5263:12893406 5255:11062480 5226:10577926 5182:11073453 5145:11481588 5100:11313742 5066:10904265 5037:11420360 5002:11170891 4946:30 March 4926:Archived 4918:23453668 4832:18385274 4783:35618734 4698:16142507 4657:11073453 4614:11573163 4551:10763736 4543:14586639 4486:63381583 4478:12942365 4360:23453668 4310:23453668 4260:25536759 4252:16626331 4199:15996172 4154:12927125 4116:11190055 4108:21478374 4025:BBC News 4013:17245408 3961:11719903 3905:14973781 3849:20051990 3789:15300852 3750:11910562 3690:12893406 3682:11062480 3628:18618658 3567:11415522 3526:15856073 3434:17662131 3372:19369595 3310:19772609 3256:26226630 3216:PLOS ONE 3195:25770088 3143:23908239 3094:23908240 3036:28971970 2987:23145109 2947:PLOS ONE 2925:21601174 2869:21478374 2818:25770088 2769:23145109 2729:PLOS ONE 2713:21601174 2633:26226630 2593:PLOS ONE 2574:31969706 2516:27058445 2466:25770088 2322:See also 2236:A1b1a1a1 2171:(L1085) 1990:removed 1929:A1b1b2b 1868:A1b1b2a 1563:A1b1a1a 1302:Sardinia 1267:Ethiopia 1092:Mandinka 1052:Cameroon 951:Cypriots 939:Mitilini 790:carried 764:Egyptian 757:Sudanese 701:(Egypt) 610:(Sudan) 587:(Kenya) 562:(Sudan) 536:(Kenya) 523:(Sudan) 510:(Sudan) 497:(Sudan) 484:/Sekele 447:(Sudan) 434:(Sudan) 421:(Sudan) 321:Ethiopia 84:Ancestor 5732:K-M2313 5725: 5666: 5651: 5637: 5621: 5612: 5603: 5425: 5408: 5355:updated 5290:, from 5217:1288383 5162:Bibcode 5154:Science 5136:1235490 4993:1235276 4909:3591855 4823:2336805 4774:9135728 4753:Bibcode 4637:Bibcode 4629:Science 4605:1274378 4351:3591855 4301:3591855 4207:3229760 4004:2590664 3896:1182266 3840:2987365 3797:1571356 3575:9441236 3425:1976131 3402:Bibcode 3301:2759955 3247:4520482 3224:Bibcode 3186:4381518 3134:4032117 3113:Bibcode 3105:Science 3085:5500864 3064:Bibcode 3056:Science 3014:Bibcode 3006:Science 2978:3492319 2955:Bibcode 2916:3113241 2809:4381518 2760:3492319 2737:Bibcode 2704:3113241 2624:4520482 2601:Bibcode 2565:8386425 2544:Bibcode 2507:4833433 2457:4381518 2289:A1b1b2b 2275:A1b1b2a 2271:(L427) 2230:A1b1a1a 2202:(P108) 2187:(P305) 2110:Su 1999 1807:A1b1b1 1192:Somalis 1127:England 1112:Morocco 1108:Berbers 1060:Algeria 1056:Berbers 1050:(South 947:Madeira 915:Hadzabe 911:Khoisan 808:Mandara 712:Khoisan 560:Masalit 458:Khoisan 432:Shilluk 357:Khoisan 335:clade. 305:Central 297:Nilotic 286:Bushmen 90:(A00-T) 5967:K-M526 5896: 5888: 5755: 5751: 5746: 5734: 5715: 5542: 5534: 5530: 5525: 5261: 5253: 5224: 5214: 5180: 5143: 5133: 5098: 5064: 5035: 5000: 4990: 4923:as PDF 4916: 4906: 4830: 4820: 4781: 4771: 4696: 4655: 4612: 4602: 4549: 4541: 4509:et al. 4484: 4476: 4397:. See 4374:Y-MRCA 4358: 4348: 4308: 4298: 4258: 4250: 4205: 4197: 4152: 4114: 4106: 4098: 4090: 4011: 4001: 3959: 3952:384897 3949: 3903: 3893: 3847: 3837: 3795: 3787: 3748: 3741:447595 3738: 3688: 3680: 3626: 3573: 3565: 3524: 3432: 3422: 3370: 3308: 3298: 3284:: 59. 3254: 3244: 3193: 3183: 3141: 3131: 3092: 3082: 3034: 2985: 2975: 2923: 2913: 2867: 2816: 2806: 2767: 2757: 2719:et al. 2711: 2701: 2661:et al. 2631: 2621: 2572: 2562: 2536:Nature 2514: 2504: 2464: 2454: 2366:A-M171 2356:A-M118 2351:A-M114 2269:A1b1b2 2262:(M28) 2260:A1b1b1 2253:(M32) 2238:(P28) 2223:(M14) 2221:A1b1a1 1996:A-M118 1935:A-M171 1746:A1b1b 1569:A-M114 1306:Jordan 1286:Turkey 1271:Amhara 1084:et al. 1011:Bangwa 943:Lesvos 933:Europe 895:Amhara 835:Bakola 804:Tupuri 734:Africa 718:, and 673:Kunama 534:Maasai 371:Africa 275:Europe 271:Africa 190:Y-MRCA 184:Origin 176:, and 146:Africa 5894:S2CID 5544:GHIJK 5259:S2CID 4547:S2CID 4482:S2CID 4387:slave 4256:S2CID 4203:S2CID 4112:S2CID 3793:S2CID 3686:S2CID 3571:S2CID 2396:A-P28 2386:A-M51 2381:A-M32 2376:A-M31 2371:A-M28 2361:A-M13 2313:(M91) 2251:A1b1b 2232:(M6) 2215:A1b1a 2196:(M31) 2131:ISOGG 2048:A3b2b 2045:A3b2b 2042:A3b2b 2039:A3b2b 2036:A3b2b 2033:A3b2b 2030:A3b2b 2027:A3b2b 2024:A3b2b 2021:A3b2b 1987:A3b2a 1984:A3b2a 1981:A3b2a 1978:A3b2a 1975:A3b2a 1972:A3b2a 1969:A3b2a 1966:A3b2a 1963:A3b2a 1960:A3b2a 1899:A3b2* 1874:A-M13 1813:A-M51 1752:A-M28 1691:A-M32 1630:A-P28 1447:A-M31 1365:from 1310:Amman 1294:Egypt 1275:Oromo 1244:Sudan 1224:Xhosa 1208:!Kung 1148:!Kung 1144:!Kung 1110:from 1102:from 1100:Dogon 1094:from 1064:Ghana 1058:from 1033:Mbuti 1018:] 899:Oromo 879:Iraqw 862:Tsogo 858:Nzebi 850:Ndumu 842:Gabon 828:Mbuti 812:Fulbe 780:Niger 699:Arabs 660:Oromo 634:Fulbe 608:Hausa 585:Bantu 495:Borgu 482:!Kung 419:Dinka 383:Freq. 353:Mbuti 349:B-M60 333:E1b1a 325:Pygmy 140:is a 5886:PMID 5713:K2b1 5558:HIJK 5450:A1b1 5406:A0-T 5251:PMID 5222:PMID 5178:PMID 5141:PMID 5096:PMID 5062:PMID 5033:PMID 4998:PMID 4948:2013 4914:PMID 4828:PMID 4779:PMID 4694:PMID 4653:PMID 4610:PMID 4565:link 4539:PMID 4474:PMID 4356:PMID 4306:PMID 4248:PMID 4195:PMID 4150:PMID 4104:PMID 4096:OCLC 4088:ISSN 4009:PMID 3957:PMID 3901:PMID 3845:PMID 3785:PMID 3746:PMID 3678:PMID 3624:PMID 3563:PMID 3522:PMID 3430:PMID 3368:PMID 3306:PMID 3252:PMID 3191:PMID 3139:PMID 3090:PMID 3032:PMID 2983:PMID 2921:PMID 2865:PMID 2814:PMID 2765:PMID 2709:PMID 2671:and 2665:West 2629:PMID 2570:PMID 2512:PMID 2462:PMID 2391:A-M6 2209:A1b1 2169:A0-T 2161:A00b 2155:A00a 2068:and 1926:A3b2 1923:A3b2 1920:A3b2 1917:A3b2 1914:A3b2 1911:A3b2 1908:A3b2 1905:A3b2 1902:A3b2 1865:A3b1 1862:A3b1 1859:A3b1 1856:A3b1 1853:A3b1 1850:A3b1 1847:A3b1 1844:A3b1 1841:A3b1 1838:A3b1 1508:A-M6 1502:A1a 1408:(η) 1405:(ζ) 1402:(ε) 1399:(δ) 1396:(γ) 1393:(β) 1390:(α) 1314:Oman 1252:Nuba 1228:Zulu 1204:Nama 1170:and 1156:Dama 1152:Nama 1116:Mali 1104:Mali 1004:A00b 989:A00a 925:Asia 854:Duma 846:Baka 824:Hema 820:Alur 784:Mali 647:Dama 621:Khwe 547:Nara 508:Nuer 487:~40 445:Nuba 406:Nama 398:66% 277:and 178:A1b1 127:and 125:A1b1 104:A0-T 5878:doi 5796:P1a 5791:P1b 5786:P1c 5774:NO1 5702:K2a 5694:K2b 5687:K2c 5680:K2d 5673:K2e 5567:IJK 5440:A1b 5434:A1a 5400:A00 5243:doi 5212:PMC 5202:doi 5170:doi 5158:290 5131:PMC 5121:doi 5086:doi 5054:doi 5023:doi 4988:PMC 4978:doi 4904:PMC 4896:doi 4818:PMC 4810:doi 4769:PMC 4761:doi 4684:doi 4645:doi 4633:290 4600:PMC 4592:doi 4531:doi 4527:114 4464:hdl 4456:doi 4452:113 4346:PMC 4338:doi 4296:PMC 4288:doi 4238:hdl 4230:doi 4185:hdl 4177:doi 4142:doi 4078:hdl 4068:doi 3999:PMC 3991:doi 3947:PMC 3939:doi 3891:PMC 3883:doi 3835:PMC 3827:doi 3777:doi 3736:PMC 3728:doi 3670:doi 3616:doi 3612:137 3553:doi 3512:doi 3420:PMC 3410:doi 3358:doi 3296:PMC 3286:doi 3242:PMC 3232:doi 3181:PMC 3173:doi 3129:PMC 3121:doi 3109:341 3080:PMC 3072:doi 3060:341 3022:doi 3010:358 2973:PMC 2963:doi 2911:PMC 2903:doi 2855:hdl 2845:doi 2804:PMC 2796:doi 2755:PMC 2745:doi 2699:PMC 2691:doi 2619:PMC 2609:doi 2560:PMC 2552:doi 2540:577 2502:PMC 2494:doi 2452:PMC 2444:doi 2200:A1b 2194:A1a 2148:A00 2135:YCC 2012:Eu1 1951:Eu1 1890:Eu1 1804:A3a 1801:A3a 1798:A3a 1795:A3a 1792:A3a 1789:A3a 1786:A3a 1783:A3a 1780:A3a 1777:A3a 1682:A2b 1679:A2b 1676:A2b 1673:A2b 1670:A2b 1667:A2b 1664:A2b 1661:A2b 1658:A2b 1655:A2b 1621:A2a 1618:A2a 1615:A2a 1612:A2a 1609:A2a 1606:A2a 1603:A2a 1600:A2a 1597:A2a 1594:A2a 1533:A2* 1499:A1a 1496:A1a 1493:A1a 1490:A1a 1481:A1a 1284:of 1265:In 1242:In 1214:of 996:Mbo 830:). 816:DRC 691:10 678:10 665:10 652:11 639:12 626:12 613:13 600:14 590:14 577:14 565:19 552:20 539:27 526:31 521:Fur 513:33 500:35 474:41 462:44 450:46 437:53 424:62 411:64 224:kya 174:A1a 166:A00 160:of 121:A1b 117:A1a 100:A00 6062:: 6010:; 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Haplogroup A (Y-DNA)

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