33:
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arrived about 2,000 years ago, there were many large and unusual animals living there, descended from species that were originally present when
Madagascar became an island, or from species that later crossed the sea to Madagascar. Ecological niches were often filled by animals with quite different
880:
are being described regularly and species may have disappeared before even being discovered; estimates suggest the island has between 135 and 150 native fish species that are restricted to freshwater (this number grows significantly if including widespread
542:
About 280 species of bird have been recorded on
Madagascar and about 200 of these breed. Although these are relatively low numbers for a large tropical island, there is a high degree of endemism. Over 100 bird species are endemic and 49 of these are
129:, Madagascar is still home to an incredible array of wildlife, the vast majority of which is unique in the world. Madagascar is a primary spot for ecotourism, with more than fifty national parks and other protected reserves.
217:. Due to their ability to fly, a greater variety of bats have reached the island. However, only about a third of these are endemic, a lower proportion than in other groups of land mammals. There are eight members of the
3210:
3211:
Moravec J. (2010): Tiger
Beetles of the Madagascan Region (Madagascar, Seychelles, Comoros, Mascarenes, and other islands) Taxonomic revision of the 17 genera occurring in the region (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae),430
509:: There are thought to have been three species of dwarf or pygmy hippopotamus in Madagascar, the last of which died out no earlier than 1,000 years ago, probably as a result of human settlement of the island.
3013:
New collections of freshwater crabs from northern
Madagascar, with the description of a new species of Foza Reed & Cumberlidge, 2006 (Brachyura, Potamonautidae), and comments on their conservation status.
1298:
was discovered in 2009. It is famous for making the strongest and largest spider webs (ranging from 900 – 28000 square centimetres). The silk produced by this spider is twice as strong as other common spider
537:
599:. They are thought to have become extinct within the last millennium, as a result of human activity. Other endemic birds that have disappeared since human settlement of the island include the
2621:
Sparks; and Smith (2004). 'Phylogeny and biogeography of the
Malagasy and Australasian rainbowfishes (Teleostei: Melanotaenioidei): Gondwanan vicariance and evolution in freshwater.
497:): The fossil record of Madagascar has yielded the remains of a recently extinct fossa which was about a quarter larger than the living species, making it close to the size of an
1909:
Most of
Madagascar's habitats are in danger; they are being threatened by today's demands and growing needs. Environmental damage has been especially severe for humid forests.
2377:"Holocene bird subfossils from the sites of Ampasambazimba, Antsirabe and Ampoza, Madagascar: Changes in the avifauna of south central Madagascar over the past few millennia"
2434:
Okajima, Y.; Kumazawa, Y. (15 July 2009). "Mitogenomic perspectives into iguanid phylogeny and biogeography: Gondwanan vicariance for the origin of
Madagascan oplurines".
2985:
Insular species of
Afrotropical freshwater crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamonautidae and Potamidae) with special reference to Madagascar and the Seychelles.
2402:
636:
Relatively few families and genera of reptile have reached
Madagascar but they have diversified into more than 260 species, with over 90% of these being endemic. The
1053:
patterns, comparable to those seen in other animal and plant groups of the island. For example, the closest relatives of the
Madagascar rainbowfish are the "true"
1231:
of Madagascar include 235 species, among which 138 (59%) are endemic and 64 (27%) have a known medical or veterinary interest because they can transmit diseases.
2054:; Rylands, A.; Hapke, A.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Mayor, M.; Louis, E.; Rumpler, Y.; Schwitzer, C.; Rasoloarison, R. (December 2008). "Lemur Diversity in Madagascar".
3333:
436:: At least 17 species of lemur have become extinct since man arrived on Madagascar, all of which were larger than the surviving lemur species. They include the
2376:
2751:
2592:
Phylogeny and biogeography of the Malagasy and Australasian rainbowfishes (Teleostei: Melanotaenioidei): Gondwanan vicariance and evolution in freshwater.
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1314:
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of New Zealand, rather than the nearby ostriches of Africa; i.e., their presence on the island appears to be due to long-range dispersal rather than
3083:
3478:
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329:) are found on the African mainland. The majority of tenrecs, around 30 species, are found in Madagascar. They have radiated into many different
99:
from Africa around 165 million years ago, then from India nearly 100 million years later. This isolation led to the development of a unique
32:
3255:
2579:
Revision of the endemic Malagasy catfish family Anchariidae (Teleostei: Siluriformes), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species.
1182:
Madagascar is home to huge variety of insects, the majority of which are endemic. Thousands of species are present in some groups such as the
3318:
2880:
2844:
2359:
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3216:
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1774:
2739:
Razafindrakoto, M., Csuzdi, Cs. & Blanchart, E. 2011. New and little known giant earthworms from Madagascar (Oligochaeta: Kynotidae).
1100:
and many other), with some suggesting that only a remnant of the natives can be saved. Among species already believed to be extinct are
3338:
304:), which, despite its scientific name, should not be confused with the fossa. Nor should it be confused with the very similarly named
2608:
2266:
2110:
2004:
1979:
1177:
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up to over three metres tall and half a tonne in weight. Genetic studies have revealed that their closest living relatives are the
1902:
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species in Madagascar with new species being found regularly. Nearly all of these are endemic and the majority are restricted to
501:. This species was believed to have preyed upon the larger lemurs that inhabited Madagascar until the island was settled by man.
1922:
As a part of conservation efforts, the Wildlife Conservation Society has recently opened a Madagascar! exhibit at the Bronx Zoo.
3224:
2282:
Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Cooper, A. (23 May 2014).
2127:
1190:. There are approximately 100,000 species of insects and counting in Madagascar. Distinctive species include the long-necked
2409:
631:
362:
About 30 species of indigenous rodent are known from Madagascar, three of which are now extinct. They are all members of the
2283:
640:
are very well represented with two-thirds of the world's species found there. The other lizard groups on Madagascar are the
1894:
1946:
1910:
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1303:
673:
661:
176:
3101:
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The seas around Madagascar host a high diversity of wildlife, including invertebrates. There is a still a large area of
730:
118:. A large proportion of these endemic Malagasy animals have died out since the arrival of humans, most particularly the
3589:
1889:
1720:
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relationship to other iguanas and are believed to have been present on the island since it separated from Africa. The
533:
201:
are another group of mammals characteristic of Madagascar. Most of the world's species of these small to medium-sized
126:
571:. In addition, recent studies suggest that several songbirds should be grouped together in a new endemic family: the
547:
with a range of less than 50,000 km. There are five bird families unique to Madagascar or shared only with the
428:): One or two species of mysterious aardvark-like tenrec relatives that may have gone extinct about 1000 years ago.
312:), also known as the Malagasy small-toothed civet. Five species of mongoose are also found in Madagascar, as is the
267:, 39 of which have been described by zoologists between 2000 and 2008. Of the 51 species that were evaluated by the
3353:
3248:
2403:"Turtles of the World 2010 Update: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution and Conservation Status"
2384:
2021:
401:
385:
2636:
Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the Malagasy and South Asian cichlids (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae).
384:
Approximately 69 species of bat are known from Madagascar, more than half of which are endemic to the island (see
1672:
669:
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2825:
2749:
3636:
3632:
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64:
that has evolved in appearance and behaviour to be so like a large cat that it was originally classified in
3628:
2947:
The ecology and conservation status of Madagascar's endemic freshwater crayfish (Parastacidae; Astacoides).
209:
are poorly represented on the island with only a handful of native species, all belonging to the subfamily
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1951:
1941:
1927:
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1640:
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86:
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1262:(Brooks & Michener 1988) with a body length of less than 2 mm, and to several other species of
1108:
726:
677:
505:
272:
264:
180:
152:. The other mammalian colonizations were those of the amphibious hippopotamuses (now extinct) and bats.
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species are large and colourful while others are small and very well-camouflaged. Many of the island's
3615:
3606:
3597:
3198:
2401:
Rhodin, Anders G.J.; van Dijk, Peter Paul; Inverson, John B.; Shaffer, H. Bradley (14 December 2010).
2236:
2159:"Phalangeal curvature and positional behavior in extinct sloth lemurs (Primates, Palaeopropithecidae)"
1392:
3508:
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1745:
1616:
1600:
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1514:
1458:
1360:
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656:. Over 60 different snakes occur on the island; none of these are harmful to man. There are six land
455:
115:
3593:
3463:
1342:
1330:
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3568:
3488:
3453:
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3128:
Les poissons des eaux douces de Madagascar et des iles voisines (Comores, Seychelles, Mascareignes)
2718:
2672:
2047:
1875:
1592:
1442:
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1142:
847:
489:
271:
that year, 43 were categorized as threatened to some degree, with six species being classified as "
145:
1366:
1336:
275:", the designation of highest risk. The evaluations became considerably more pessimistic in 2012.
3443:
2925:
2332:
2284:"Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution"
2081:
1704:
1656:
1544:
1093:
1077:
1072:
The freshwater fish fauna in Madagascar has declined drastically due to habitat loss (pollution,
339:
313:
214:
61:
2557:
3071:
1354:
1130:
193:. They can be found only on Madagascar. In the absence of monkeys and other competitors, these
3543:
3518:
3368:
3363:
3343:
3308:
3293:
3024:
Dell'Angelo, B., Prelle, G., Sosso, M. & Bonfitto, A. 2011. Intertidal chitons (Mollusca:
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2508:
2457:
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2198:
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2000:
1975:
1825:
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1269:
1221:
807:
742:
614:
604:
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467:
349:
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241:
133:
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of terrestrial mammals from mainland Africa. They brought to Madagascar the ancestors of its
3528:
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3413:
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3358:
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929:
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251:
159:
37:
2767:
Tantely, Michaël Luciano; Le Goff, Gilbert; Boyer, Sébastien; Fontenille, Didier (2016).
868:
was feared extinct in the wild (with only males in captivity) until rediscovered in 2013.
2302:
2174:
3513:
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934:
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512:
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289:
226:
57:
45:
3199:
Large database of local names of fauna of Madagascar with English and scientific names
1913:, abbreviated as FFI is one of the organizations that supports Madagascar's habitats.
1324:
Madagascar is home to several endemic freshwater crustaceans, including 17 species of
296:), an animal similar in appearance to a feline. Other Malagasy carnivores include the
3661:
3523:
3433:
3323:
3141:
A field guide to the seashores of Eastern Africa and the Western Indian Ocean islands
2704:
2695:
2658:
2649:
2336:
2193:
2158:
2100:
1847:
1789:
1753:
1506:
1146:
1050:
975:
923:
578:
560:
556:
516:
477:
437:
3221:
2929:
2085:
197:
have adapted to a wide range of habitats and diversified into numerous species. The
2051:
1853:
1552:
1480:
1371:
1249:
1238:
1203:
1008:
996:
980:
237:
41:
2898:"Combining morphology and DNA barcoding resolves the taxonomy of Western Malagasy
3182:
3115:
Guide de poisons commerciaux de Madagascar (espèces marines et d'eaux saumâtres)
1838:
1830:
1243:
1208:
1161:
1054:
1038:
1020:
970:
917:
911:
886:
877:
592:
451:
442:
432:
326:
202:
2784:
2769:"An updated checklist of mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) from Madagascar"
2453:
1437:
breed on the beaches, but many are taken for food by local people. For whales,
2998:
2067:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1376:
1275:
1263:
1228:
1195:
1165:
1138:
1085:
1058:
1032:
985:
961:
939:
885:
species). Among these are two families entirely restricted to Madagascar, the
882:
789:
649:
596:
472:
367:
320:
279:
222:
210:
149:
92:
81:
17:
3164:
2792:
2183:
1216:
are also well-camouflaged, mimicking dead leaves or bark. There are over 100
2310:
1804:
1217:
1125:
Thirty-eight species of earthworms are recorded in seven families, i.e. the
1073:
1026:
955:
835:
784:
780:
770:
753:
722:
718:
714:
637:
447:
375:
285:
218:
119:
2810:
2476:
2461:
2328:
2202:
523:), the only member of a family unique to Madagascar and the nearby Comoros.
3058:
Marine Mammals of the World: A Comprehensive Guide to their Identification
2920:
2897:
1425:
swamp around the coast, particularly in the west, and there are extensive
610:
2445:
2383:. Johannesburg: BirdLife South Africa. pp. 3071–3083. Archived from
1905:
are threatened by deforestation for the creation of farmland and pasture.
1422:
1280:
1046:
1002:
990:
966:
905:
873:
812:
764:
657:
363:
305:
297:
96:
69:
2025:
1784:
984:– strictly speaking near-endemic, as there is a single species from the
316:, one of the carnivores believed to have been introduced to the island.
1728:
1450:
1429:
around the island. Thousands of fish species occur, including the rare
1403:
1381:
1081:
894:
842:. Examples of well-known amphibian species found in Madagascar include
795:
776:
758:
710:
653:
482:
406:
194:
100:
65:
2945:
Jones; Andriahajaina; Hockley; Crandall; and Roavohangimalala (2007).
2319:
2076:
1489:
1234:
1183:
1014:
899:
872:
Madagascar has a rich freshwater fish fauna with a very high rate of
588:
552:
498:
357:
206:
198:
190:
137:
893:. Additionally, several genera are endemic to Madagascar, including
3233:
1898:
1893:
1783:
1409:
1391:
1268:
1160:
857:
806:
645:
641:
609:
568:
564:
511:
462:
395:
258:
246:
236:
186:
155:
154:
141:
110:
103:
77:
51:
31:
3056:
Jefferson, Thomas; Marc A. Webber & Robert L. Pitman (2015).
1931:
featured a number of animals of Madagascar as cartoon characters.
1045:
The geographic history of Madagascar (long isolated, but part of
2999:
Biological diversity in Madagascar and the Indian Ocean Islands.
1187:
698:
696:
which has become very rare due to hunting for its skin. Endemic
371:
268:
52:
3237:
2537:
Conservation Hail Mary works: Mate for near-extinct fish found!
2157:
Jungers WL, Godfrey LR, Simons EL, Chatrath PS (October 1997).
114:
histories from those on the African mainland, often leading to
3084:"Des baleines franches australes dans la Baie de Diego Suarez"
1076:
following deforestation, damming and alike), overfishing and
3217:
Madagascar and other Islands: Human Settlers Invade Paradise
3002:
Conservation International, EoEarth. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
2102:
Lemurs of Madagascar and the Comoros: The IUCN Red Data Book
621:), a large chameleon which has adapted to man-made habitats.
538:
Endemic birds of Madagascar and western Indian Ocean islands
2050:; Ganzhorn, J.; Konstant, W.; Glander, K.; Tattersall, I.;
3143:(2nd ed). Milan: SIDA/SAREC – University of Dar es Salaam.
2493:
2381:
Proceedings of the 22nd International Ornithology Congress
3086:[Southern right whales in the Diego-Suarez Bay].
481:
grew to over 200 kg, more massive than a silverback
343:) resemble river otters in appearance and behaviour. The
36:
The history of the fauna of Madagascar in the context of
1133:(giant earthworms; endemic family with a single genus),
988:). There are endemic species from other genera (notably
405:
is an extinct giant lemur, comparable in size to a male
221:
on the island, all now classified in the endemic family
95:
has been an isolated island for about 70 million years,
56:
A good example of Malagasy convergent evolution is the
1995:
Schuurman, Derek; Nick Garbutt; Bradt, Hilary (2001).
1042:), but these also have other species found elsewhere.
440:, three to five times as heavy as the extant species.
2638:
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30(3): 599–614.
1256:
Madagascar is home to the smallest bee in the World,
370:. These have also radiated into various niches, with
2594:
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33(3): 719–734
3577:
3552:
3271:
2354:. Poyser Monographs. A & C Black. p. 125.
1237:: Various species of beetles. For example, various
709:Madagascar is a stronghold for a wide diversity of
660:
species, five endemics and one introduced species (
2254:
1970:Benstead, Jonathan P.; Goodman, Steven D. (2003).
692:forages here. Madagascar's largest reptile is the
2216:Goodman SM, Rasoloarison RM, Ganzhorn JU (2004).
68:, when it is in fact more closely related to the
3011:Cumberlidge, Klaus, Meyer & Koppin (2015).
446:, which had three species, reached the size of
2875:. Vol. 2. ZlĂn: NakladatelstvĂ Kabourek.
2839:. Vol. 1. ZlĂn: NakladatelstvĂ Kabourek.
2719:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T44504A58308545.en
2673:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T15949A58297104.en
1441:breed off the south-western coasts such as at
1153:. Among the species reported 59% are endemic.
820:and are sometimes confused with the unrelated
3249:
2941:
2939:
2581:Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters 16(4): 303–323.
2218:"On the specific identification of subfossil
8:
1069:have their closest relatives in South Asia.
3169:1250 24th Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20037
2602:
2600:
2099:Jane Thornback; Harcourt, Caroline (1990).
3256:
3242:
3234:
2261:. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press.
717:and is considered the radiation point for
132:There are believed to have been only four
2919:
2800:
2717:
2671:
2609:List of Freshwater Fishes for Madagascar.
2396:
2394:
2350:Hume, Julian P; Walters, Michael (2012).
2318:
2192:
2182:
2075:
1867:Kilopilopitsofy, tsomgomby, railalomena:
1461:slowly increasing along Malagasy coasts.
1315:List of non-marine molluscs of Madagascar
676:. The shores are used for nesting by the
1974:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3015:European Journal of Taxonomy 109: 1–15.
2555:IUCN Freshwater Fish Specialist Group:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2379:. In Adams, N.J.; Slotow, R.H. (eds.).
2024:. mada.moreoless.net.au. Archived from
1962:
1241:(Cicindelidae): 109 species from genus
353:) resembles its namesake the hedgehog.
2987:Contributions to Zoology 77(2): 71–81.
2517:
2506:
2222:(Mammalia, Carnivora) from Madagascar"
1997:Madagascar Wildlife: A Visitor's Guide
3113:Bauchot, M-L. & G. Bianchi 1984.
2623:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1999:(2nd ed.). Bradt Travel Guides.
1823:Tratratratra, tretretretre: probably
213:. They include the large, endangered
7:
3222:New York Academy of Sciences Podcast
3130:. Tananarive : G. Pitot et Cie.
2949:Freshwater Biology 52(9): 1820–1833.
2056:International Journal of Primatology
1775:List of Malagasy mammal common names
1172:), one of the world's largest moths.
876:. The full diversity is unclear, as
2705:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2659:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1061:and Australia, while the killifish
189:are the best known of Madagascar's
3185:. Fauna & Flora International.
2128:"Lemurs sliding toward extinction"
664:). Land based turtles include the
378:varieties, and rabbit-like forms.
265:99 species and subspecies of lemur
25:
1972:The natural history of Madagascar
1178:List of butterflies of Madagascar
263:As of 2008, there are officially
48:arrived later than is indicated).
44:over the last 200 million years (
3564:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
3334:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2960:"TOP 10 RARE MADAGASCAR ANIMALS"
3153:More Madagascan mystery mammals
2126:Black, Richard (13 July 2012).
1457:on the Madagascar Plateau, and
1857:(monkey lemurs, baboon lemurs)
1474:Selected Malagasy fish names:
632:List of reptiles in Madagascar
166:), the largest of the tenrecs.
1:
3090:(in French). 13 October 2011.
2534:Mongabay (20 December 2013).
1947:List of mammals of Madagascar
1911:Fauna and Flora International
1529:Epinephelus coeruleopunctatus
1304:List of spiders of Madagascar
674:East African black mud turtle
325:Three species of tenrec (the
284:Primary among these malagasy
177:List of mammals of Madagascar
27:Native animals of Madagascar
3126:Pellegrin, M. Jacques 1933.
3102:Notes on Malagasy fish names
3028:) from southern Madagascar.
2235:(1): 129–143. Archived from
2163:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
2105:. World Conservation Union.
1561:Hippocampus cf. borboniensis
756:genera found in Madagascar:
731:Madagascar big-headed turtle
374:-like forms, arboreal mice,
2873:Tiger beetles of Madagascar
2869:(21 colour plates, 290 pp.)
2837:Tiger beetles of Madagascar
2833:(30 colour plates, 499 pp.)
2652:Pantanodon madagascariensis
1890:Deforestation in Madagascar
1721:Scomberomorus plurilineatus
1103:Pantanodon madagascariensis
785:lizard genera of Madagascar
739:flat-backed spider tortoise
534:List of birds of Madagascar
3684:
2862:"A monograph of the genus
2826:"A monograph of the genus
2590:Sparks; and Smith (2004).
2454:10.1016/j.gene.2008.06.011
1887:
1815:
1772:
1312:
1301:
1175:
1049:) has resulted in unusual
827:
662:Bell's hinge-back tortoise
629:
531:
402:Archaeoindris fontoynontii
386:List of bats of Madagascar
174:
125:Despite this, and massive
2068:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y
1673:Pseudanthias squamipinnis
1654:dangiara, filao papango:
670:yellow-bellied mud turtle
545:restricted-range endemics
229:is the largest of these.
205:are found on the island.
3319:Central African Republic
3043:3 September 2011 at the
2996:Hogan (26 August 2008).
2785:10.1051/parasite/2016018
2563:29 November 2014 at the
2184:10.1073/pnas.94.22.11998
1399:Solenostomus cyanopterus
1273:The freshwater crayfish
1247:, 65 species from genus
834:There are more than 290
830:Amphibians of Madagascar
749:are endangered species.
456:evolutionary convergence
392:Malagasy extinct mammals
2754:21 October 2011 at the
2612:Retrieved 29 June 2014.
2577:Ng, and Sparks (2005).
2568:Retrieved 29 June 2014.
2541:Retrieved 29 June 2014.
2494:http://amphibiaweb.org/
2311:10.1126/science.1251981
1925:The 2005 animated film
1713:Scomberomorus commerson
1697:Rhynchobatus djiddensis
1569:Istiophorus platypterus
1198:and the butterfly-like
865:Ptychochromis insolitus
690:olive ridley sea turtle
666:African helmeted turtle
506:Malagasy hippopotamuses
233:Malagasy living mammals
3171:. World Wildlife Fund.
2480:Retrieved 29 June 2014
2022:"Nature of Madagascar"
1952:Wildlife of Madagascar
1942:Madagascar Fauna Group
1906:
1793:
1689:Rastrelliger kanagurta
1641:Monodactylus argenteus
1418:
1407:
1396:Robust ghostpipefish (
1320:Freshwater crustaceans
1287:
1220:, including the large
1202:. About 80 species of
1200:Madagascan sunset moth
1173:
891:Madagascar rainbowfish
869:
825:
622:
524:
410:
345:lesser hedgehog tenrec
254:
244:
167:
87:wildlife of Madagascar
72:
49:
3479:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3339:Republic of the Congo
3227:12 April 2016 at the
3139:Richmond, M.D. 2002.
3031:African Invertebrates
2921:10.5733/afin.051.0210
2907:African Invertebrates
2860:Moravec Jiřà (2007).
2824:Moravec Jiřà (2007).
2742:African Invertebrates
2712:: e.T44504A58308545.
2698:Ptychochromis onilahy
2694:Sparks, J.S. (2016).
2666:: e.T15949A58297104.
2648:Sparks, J.S. (2016).
2257:Mammals of Madagascar
2253:Nick Garbutt (1999).
1903:dry deciduous forests
1897:
1869:Malagasy hippopotamus
1816:Further information:
1787:
1681:Pseudochromis dutoiti
1649:Monotaxis grandoculis
1523:Epinephelus fasciatus
1465:Malagasy faunal names
1459:southern right whales
1413:
1395:
1272:
1164:
1109:Ptychochromis onilahy
976:aplocheilid killifish
861:
810:
723:two genera of iguanas
678:loggerhead sea turtle
650:girdle-tailed lizards
613:
515:
399:
273:Critically Endangered
250:
240:
181:List of lemur species
158:
55:
35:
2983:Cumberlidge (2008).
2474:Staniszewski, M. S:
2375:Goodman, SM (1999).
2242:on 27 November 2006.
1751:sampramale, vivano:
1746:Thalassoma hebraicum
1662:fiandolo, lafalovo:
1617:Lutjanus fulviflamma
1601:Lethrinus variegatus
1577:Labroides dimidiatus
1515:Elagatis bipinnulata
1296:Darwin's bark spider
951:Old World silverside
848:golden mantella frog
747:ploughshare tortoise
686:hawksbill sea turtle
116:convergent evolution
3668:Fauna of Madagascar
3554:States with limited
3204:11 May 2018 at the
3088:La Tribune de Diego
3060:. London: Academic.
2303:2014Sci...344..898M
2175:1997PNAS...9411998J
1876:Cryptoprocta spelea
1836:Tokandia: probably
1710:lamatra, talafeta:
1593:Lethrinus nebulosus
1222:hissing cockroaches
959:), sleeper gobies (
521:Leptosomus discolor
495:Cryptoprocta spelea
426:P. madagascariensis
422:P. germainepetterae
134:colonization events
3117:. Rome : FAO.
2169:(22): 11998–2001.
2138:on 14 January 2013
2028:on 3 December 2013
1917:In popular culture
1907:
1794:
1735:drihy, tsarabora:
1705:Sardinella albella
1657:Platax orbicularis
1638:kipela, talatala:
1545:Fistularia petimba
1433:. Four species of
1419:
1408:
1288:
1174:
1094:blotched snakehead
1078:introduced species
870:
826:
816:frogs have bright
706:) became extinct.
623:
587:) were flightless
525:
411:
340:Limnogale mergulus
335:web-footed tenrecs
314:small Indian civet
294:Cryptoprocta ferox
255:
245:
215:Malagasy giant rat
168:
73:
62:Malagasy carnivore
50:
3655:
3654:
3581:other territories
3354:Equatorial Guinea
3070:WCS Madagascar –
2882:978-80-86447-13-1
2846:978-80-86447-13-1
2516:Missing or empty
2477:The Mantella FAQ.
2361:978-1-4081-5862-3
2297:(6186): 898–900.
1826:Palaeopropithecus
1780:Extinct megafauna
1665:Plotosus lineatus
1537:Euthynnus affinis
1455:pygmy blue whales
1259:Liotrigona bitika
1065:and the cichlids
887:anchariid catfish
822:poison dart frogs
743:radiated tortoise
619:Furcifer pardalis
615:Panther chameleon
605:Malagasy shelduck
584:Aepyornis maximus
573:Malagasy warblers
468:Palaeopropithecus
350:Echinops telfairi
310:Eupleres goudotii
242:Ring-tailed lemur
150:nesomyine rodents
85:is a part of the
16:(Redirected from
3675:
3642:
3641:(United Kingdom)
3637:Tristan da Cunha
3633:Ascension Island
3625:
3612:
3603:
3579:Dependencies and
3272:Sovereign states
3265:Fauna of Africa
3258:
3251:
3244:
3235:
3187:
3186:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3161:
3155:
3150:
3144:
3137:
3131:
3124:
3118:
3111:
3105:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3053:
3047:
3022:
3016:
3009:
3003:
2994:
2988:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2956:
2950:
2943:
2934:
2933:
2923:
2896:Koch, H (2010).
2893:
2887:
2886:
2870:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2834:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2804:
2764:
2758:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2721:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2675:
2645:
2639:
2632:
2626:
2619:
2613:
2604:
2595:
2588:
2582:
2575:
2569:
2553:
2542:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2487:
2481:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2414:
2408:. Archived from
2407:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2322:
2288:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2260:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2226:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2196:
2186:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2134:. Archived from
2123:
2117:
2116:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2079:
2062:(6): 1607–1656.
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1967:
1901:in Madagascar's
1762:Zanclus cornutus
1625:Lutjanus kasmira
1574:fiambondis (?):
1558:soavahindriaka:
1443:ĂŽle Sainte-Marie
1370:), 7 species of
1279:appears to be a
1214:praying mantises
1151:Glossoscolecidae
930:Ptychochromoides
824:of the Americas.
682:green sea turtle
601:Malagasy lapwing
416:Plesiorycteropus
164:Tenrec ecaudatus
21:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3650:
3640:
3623:
3610:
3601:
3582:
3580:
3573:
3557:
3555:
3548:
3267:
3262:
3229:Wayback Machine
3206:Wayback Machine
3195:
3190:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3147:
3138:
3134:
3125:
3121:
3112:
3108:
3100:Blench, Roger.
3099:
3095:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3045:Wayback Machine
3023:
3019:
3010:
3006:
2995:
2991:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2944:
2937:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2868:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2756:Wayback Machine
2738:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2634:Sparks (2004).
2633:
2629:
2625:33(3): 719–734.
2620:
2616:
2605:
2598:
2589:
2585:
2576:
2572:
2565:Wayback Machine
2554:
2545:
2533:
2529:
2515:
2505:
2498:
2496:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2473:
2469:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2415:on 17 July 2011
2412:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2387:on 19 May 2014.
2374:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2224:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2048:Mittermeier, R.
2046:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2020:Harris, Bruce.
2019:
2018:
2014:
2007:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1938:
1919:
1892:
1886:
1820:
1818:Subfossil lemur
1782:
1777:
1771:
1585:Lethrinus harak
1542:tserakantsiva:
1499:Cheilio inermis
1472:
1467:
1449:notably around
1439:humpback whales
1390:
1322:
1317:
1311:
1306:
1293:
1180:
1159:
1135:Acanthodrilidae
1123:
1118:
1098:green swordtail
1090:African arowana
946:Spratellomorpha
856:
854:Freshwater fish
832:
818:warning colours
805:
735:spider tortoise
725:present have a
634:
628:
540:
532:Main articles:
530:
394:
333:. For example,
252:Diademed sifaka
235:
225:. The cat-like
183:
175:Main articles:
173:
160:Tailless tenrec
38:plate tectonics
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3681:
3679:
3671:
3670:
3660:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:Western Sahara
3643:
3626:
3613:
3604:
3590:Canary Islands
3586:
3585:
3583:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3560:
3558:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3194:
3193:External links
3191:
3189:
3188:
3174:
3156:
3145:
3132:
3119:
3106:
3093:
3075:
3063:
3048:
3026:Polyplacophora
3017:
3004:
2989:
2976:
2964:Listverse Info
2951:
2935:
2914:(2): 413–421.
2888:
2881:
2852:
2845:
2816:
2759:
2732:
2686:
2640:
2627:
2614:
2596:
2583:
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2039:
2012:
2005:
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1980:
1961:
1959:
1956:
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1888:Main article:
1885:
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1773:Main article:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1757:
1749:
1741:
1738:Terapon jarbua
1733:
1724:
1716:
1708:
1702:maro taobana:
1700:
1692:
1684:
1676:
1668:
1660:
1652:
1644:
1636:
1633:Makaira indica
1628:
1620:
1612:
1609:Lutjanus bohar
1604:
1596:
1588:
1580:
1572:
1564:
1556:
1548:
1540:
1532:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1494:
1485:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1447:Omura's whales
1389:
1386:
1343:Hydrothelphusa
1321:
1318:
1313:Main article:
1310:
1307:
1302:Main article:
1292:
1289:
1192:giraffe weevil
1176:Main article:
1170:Argema mittrei
1158:
1155:
1127:Megascolecidae
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
935:round herrings
855:
852:
840:primary forest
828:Main article:
804:
801:
800:
799:
774:
694:Nile crocodile
627:
624:
579:Elephant birds
557:ground-rollers
549:Comoro Islands
529:
526:
475:-sized, while
460:South American
393:
390:
234:
231:
172:
169:
46:Aepyornithidae
26:
24:
18:Malagasy fauna
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3680:
3669:
3666:
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3663:
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3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3394:Guinea-Bissau
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
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3317:
3315:
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3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3254:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3059:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2901:
2892:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2865:
2856:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2829:
2820:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2748:(2): 285–294.
2747:
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2733:
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2523:
2510:
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2471:
2468:
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2397:
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2391:
2386:
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2368:
2363:
2357:
2353:
2352:Extinct Birds
2346:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2268:0-300-07751-3
2264:
2259:
2258:
2249:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2221:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2150:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2112:2-88032-957-4
2108:
2104:
2103:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2006:1-84162-029-7
2002:
1998:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1981:0-226-30306-3
1977:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1848:Hadropithecus
1844:
1842:(koala lemur)
1841:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1790:Elephant bird
1788:Madagascar's
1786:
1779:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1754:Variola louti
1750:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1606:tsivaravana:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1534:angoa, vohy:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1507:Coris formosa
1503:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1415:Omura's whale
1412:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1349:Madagapotamon
1345:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1319:
1316:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1239:tiger beetles
1236:
1232:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1147:Octochaetidae
1144:
1143:Ocneodrilidae
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1116:Invertebrates
1115:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:biogeographic
1048:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1004:
999:
998:
993:
992:
987:
983:
982:
977:
973:
972:
968:
964:
963:
958:
957:
952:
948:
947:
942:
941:
936:
932:
931:
926:
925:
924:Ptychochromis
920:
919:
914:
913:
908:
907:
902:
901:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
875:
867:
866:
860:
853:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
831:
823:
819:
815:
814:
809:
802:
798:
797:
792:
791:
786:
782:
778:
775:
773:
772:
767:
766:
761:
760:
755:
752:
751:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
707:
705:
701:
700:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
633:
625:
620:
616:
612:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
585:
580:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
561:cuckoo-roller
558:
554:
550:
546:
539:
535:
527:
522:
518:
517:Cuckoo-roller
514:
510:
508:
507:
502:
500:
496:
492:
491:
486:
484:
480:
479:
478:Archaeoindris
474:
470:
469:
464:
461:
457:
453:
450:. The eight
449:
445:
444:
439:
438:giant aye-aye
435:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
418:
417:
408:
404:
403:
398:
391:
389:
387:
383:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
359:
354:
352:
351:
346:
342:
341:
336:
332:
328:
324:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:Fossa fossana
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
281:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
260:
253:
249:
243:
239:
232:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
182:
178:
170:
165:
161:
157:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
128:
127:deforestation
123:
121:
117:
112:
107:
105:
102:
98:
97:breaking away
94:
90:
88:
84:
83:
79:
71:
67:
63:
59:
54:
47:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
3629:Saint Helena
3600:
3504:South Africa
3494:Sierra Leone
3423:
3299:Burkina Faso
3183:"Madagascar"
3177:
3168:
3165:"MADAGASCAR"
3159:
3148:
3140:
3135:
3127:
3122:
3114:
3109:
3096:
3087:
3078:
3066:
3057:
3051:
3034:
3029:
3020:
3012:
3007:
2997:
2992:
2984:
2979:
2967:. Retrieved
2963:
2954:
2946:
2911:
2905:
2902:Moure, 1961"
2899:
2891:
2872:
2864:Physodeutera
2863:
2855:
2836:
2827:
2819:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2723:. Retrieved
2709:
2703:
2697:
2689:
2677:. Retrieved
2663:
2657:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2630:
2622:
2617:
2607:
2591:
2586:
2578:
2573:
2556:
2535:
2530:
2518:|title=
2497:. Retrieved
2490:
2485:
2475:
2470:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2417:. Retrieved
2410:the original
2385:the original
2380:
2370:
2351:
2345:
2294:
2290:
2277:
2256:
2248:
2237:the original
2232:
2228:
2220:Cryptoprocta
2219:
2211:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2140:. Retrieved
2136:the original
2131:
2121:
2101:
2094:
2059:
2055:
2042:
2030:. Retrieved
2026:the original
2015:
1996:
1990:
1971:
1965:
1926:
1908:
1884:Habitat loss
1874:
1854:Archaeolemur
1852:
1846:
1837:
1824:
1803:
1802:Vorompatra:
1760:
1759:fiam'akoho:
1752:
1744:
1736:
1727:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1695:
1687:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1583:
1582:tapaporoha:
1575:
1567:
1559:
1553:Gerres oyena
1551:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1521:
1513:
1505:
1497:
1488:
1479:
1473:
1420:
1417:off Nosy Be.
1397:
1375:
1367:Skelosophusa
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1326:potamonautid
1323:
1294:
1274:
1257:
1255:
1250:Physodeutera
1248:
1242:
1233:
1226:
1207:
1204:stick insect
1181:
1169:
1124:
1107:
1101:
1071:
1066:
1063:Pachypanchax
1062:
1044:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1009:Glossogobius
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
981:Pachypanchax
979:
969:
960:
954:
944:
938:
928:
922:
916:
910:
904:
898:
871:
863:
862:The cichlid
833:
811:
794:
788:
769:
763:
757:
708:
703:
697:
635:
618:
582:
577:
541:
520:
504:
503:
494:
488:
487:
476:
466:
452:sloth lemurs
441:
433:Giant lemurs
431:
430:
425:
421:
414:
413:
412:
400:
381:
380:
356:
355:
348:
338:
327:otter shrews
319:
318:
309:
301:
293:
278:
277:
257:
256:
203:insectivores
184:
163:
131:
124:
108:
91:
76:
74:
42:paleoclimate
29:
3556:recognition
3509:South Sudan
3399:Ivory Coast
3037:(1): 21–37.
2828:Pogonostoma
2725:12 November
2679:12 November
2558:Madagascar.
2491:AmphibiaWeb
2419:15 December
1839:Megaladapis
1831:sloth lemur
1829:(a type of
1792:and ostrich
1726:akihoviko:
1622:fiamasika:
1550:ambariake:
1427:coral reefs
1388:Marine life
1244:Pogonostoma
1218:cockroaches
1209:Achrioptera
1206:occur; the
1194:, the huge
1121:Oligochaeta
1067:Paretroplus
1055:rainbowfish
1039:Sicyopterus
1021:Mesopristes
971:Typhleotris
967:troglobitic
918:Paretroplus
912:Paratilapia
878:new species
844:tomato frog
713:species of
704:V. robustus
490:Giant fossa
443:Megaladapis
146:carnivorans
3611:(Portugal)
3569:Somaliland
3489:Seychelles
3454:Mozambique
3439:Mauritania
3424:Madagascar
3379:The Gambia
3314:Cape Verde
3072:Blue Whale
2900:Liotrigona
2606:FishBase:
2320:2328/35953
2229:Zoosystema
2077:10161/6237
2052:Groves, C.
1958:References
1928:Madagascar
1879:or similar
1743:lemeleme:
1678:lemilemy:
1670:bodoloha:
1646:amgelika:
1614:amposama:
1598:romanjia:
1504:lemeleme:
1487:mahalogy:
1435:sea turtle
1431:coelacanth
1377:Astacoides
1374:crayfish (
1372:parastacid
1276:Astacoides
1264:Meliponini
1229:mosquitoes
1196:comet moth
1166:Comet moth
1139:Eudrilidae
1086:Nile perch
1059:New Guinea
1033:Pantanodon
986:Seychelles
962:Ratsirakia
940:Sauvagella
883:euryhaline
803:Amphibians
790:Chalarodon
719:day geckos
715:chameleons
688:while the
638:chameleons
630:See also:
597:vicariance
473:chimpanzee
448:orangutans
368:Nesomyinae
366:subfamily
321:Tenrecidae
286:carnivores
280:Eupleridae
223:Eupleridae
211:Nesomyinae
93:Madagascar
82:Madagascar
3444:Mauritius
2793:1776-1042
2448:: 28–35.
2337:206555952
2142:26 August
1873:Antamba:
1805:Aepyornis
1718:lamatra:
1694:soroboa:
1686:sabonto:
1590:ambitsy:
1496:tsenaby:
1355:Malagasya
1281:Gondwanan
1131:Kynotidae
1074:siltation
1027:Ophiocara
956:Teramulus
836:amphibian
771:Brookesia
754:Chameleon
658:tortoises
458:with the
376:fossorial
219:Carnivora
120:megafauna
3662:Category
3635: /
3631: /
3624:(France)
3618: /
3596: /
3592: /
3544:Zimbabwe
3519:Tanzania
3369:Ethiopia
3364:Eswatini
3344:Djibouti
3309:Cameroon
3294:Botswana
3225:Archived
3202:Archived
3041:Archived
2969:19 March
2930:49266406
2811:27101839
2773:Parasite
2752:Archived
2561:Archived
2509:cite web
2462:18598742
2446:Elsevier
2329:24855267
2203:11038588
2132:BBC News
2086:17614597
1936:See also
1845:Kidoky:
1630:ndwaro:
1566:ndwaro:
1512:lanora:
1423:mangrove
1384:shrimp.
1361:Marojejy
1309:Molluscs
1047:Gondwana
1003:Eleotris
991:Ambassis
965:and the
906:Oxylapia
895:cichlids
889:and the
874:endemics
813:Mantella
777:Iguanian
765:Furcifer
654:iguanids
626:Reptiles
567:and the
306:falanouc
298:fanaloka
195:primates
70:mongoose
3620:RĂ©union
3616:Mayotte
3607:Madeira
3602:(Spain)
3598:Melilla
3529:Tunisia
3499:Somalia
3484:Senegal
3469:Nigeria
3459:Namibia
3449:Morocco
3414:Liberia
3409:Lesotho
3359:Eritrea
3329:Comoros
3304:Burundi
3279:Algeria
2802:4840257
2499:28 June
2444:(1–2).
2299:Bibcode
2291:Science
2171:Bibcode
1769:Mammals
1729:Sphyrna
1520:alovo:
1451:Nosy Be
1404:Nosy Be
1380:), and
1328:crabs (
1291:Spiders
1235:Beetles
1184:beetles
1157:Insects
1082:tilapia
974:), and
796:Oplurus
781:iguanid
759:Calumma
711:endemic
642:geckoes
589:ratites
565:asities
553:mesites
483:gorilla
407:gorilla
358:Rodents
288:is the
207:Rodents
199:tenrecs
191:mammals
171:Mammals
138:tenrecs
109:Before
101:endemic
66:Felidae
3639:
3622:
3609:
3539:Zambia
3534:Uganda
3474:Rwanda
3429:Malawi
3389:Guinea
3284:Angola
2928:
2879:
2843:
2809:
2799:
2791:
2779:: 20.
2460:
2358:
2335:
2327:
2265:
2201:
2191:
2109:
2084:
2003:
1978:
1899:Lemurs
1862:Others
1812:Lemurs
1490:Caesio
1478:gogo:
1402:) off
1331:Boreas
1284:relict
1015:Kuhlia
900:Katria
721:. The
646:skinks
581:(e.g.
569:vangas
563:, the
559:, the
555:, the
551:: the
499:ocelot
463:sloths
364:muroid
331:niches
259:Lemurs
187:lemurs
142:lemurs
111:humans
3594:Ceuta
3514:Sudan
3464:Niger
3419:Libya
3404:Kenya
3384:Ghana
3374:Gabon
3349:Egypt
3289:Benin
2926:S2CID
2413:(PDF)
2406:(PDF)
2333:S2CID
2287:(PDF)
2240:(PDF)
2225:(PDF)
2194:23681
2082:S2CID
2032:1 May
1797:Birds
1481:Arius
1382:atyid
1299:silk.
1188:moths
997:Arius
727:basal
528:Birds
454:show
382:Bats:
290:fossa
227:fossa
104:fauna
78:fauna
58:fossa
3524:Togo
3434:Mali
3324:Chad
2971:2016
2877:ISBN
2841:ISBN
2807:PMID
2789:ISSN
2727:2021
2710:2016
2681:2021
2664:2016
2522:help
2501:2014
2458:PMID
2437:Gene
2421:2010
2356:ISBN
2325:PMID
2263:ISBN
2199:PMID
2144:2012
2107:ISBN
2034:2004
2001:ISBN
1976:ISBN
1732:spp.
1493:spp.
1484:spp.
1470:Fish
1364:and
1337:Foza
1227:The
1186:and
1149:and
1106:and
1036:and
943:and
927:and
846:and
793:and
779:(or
768:and
745:and
699:voay
684:and
672:and
652:and
603:and
593:kiwi
536:and
471:was
372:vole
269:IUCN
185:The
179:and
148:and
75:The
60:, a
40:and
3212:pp.
2916:doi
2797:PMC
2781:doi
2714:doi
2668:doi
2450:doi
2442:441
2315:hdl
2307:doi
2295:344
2189:PMC
2179:doi
2072:hdl
2064:doi
1851:or
1057:of
949:),
933:),
388:).
80:of
3664::
3167:.
3035:52
2962:.
2938:^
2924:.
2912:51
2910:.
2904:.
2871:.
2835:.
2805:.
2795:.
2787:.
2777:23
2775:.
2771:.
2746:52
2708:.
2702:.
2662:.
2656:.
2599:^
2546:^
2513::
2511:}}
2507:{{
2456:.
2440:.
2393:^
2331:.
2323:.
2313:.
2305:.
2293:.
2289:.
2233:26
2231:.
2227:.
2197:.
2187:.
2177:.
2167:94
2165:.
2161:.
2130:.
2080:.
2070:.
2060:29
2058:.
1526:,
1453:,
1445:,
1358:,
1352:,
1346:,
1340:,
1334:,
1266:.
1253:.
1224:.
1145:,
1141:,
1137:,
1129:,
1112:.
1096:,
1092:,
1088:,
1084:,
1030:,
1024:,
1018:,
1012:,
1006:,
1000:,
994:,
921:,
915:,
909:,
903:,
850:.
787::
783:)
762:,
741:,
737:,
733:,
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