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which tends to retain the lighter O, which increases the relative concentration of O in the atmosphere. The effect has also been linked to hydrologic processes, such as the enrichment of the lighter O as water vapor is transported poleward.
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and in seawater. This effect was reported by Dole in 1935. The effect is due to slightly different reaction rates for the two isotopes in
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Bender, Sowers and
Labeyrie (1994). "The Dole Effect and its variations during the last 130,000 years as measured in the Vostok Ice Core".
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in which he proved that the atomic weight of oxygen in air is greater than that of oxygen in water and for his work on
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Dole M, Mack LL, Hines RL, Mobley RC, Ferguson LD, Alice MB (1968). "Molecular Beams of
Macroions".
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Morita, N. (1935). "The increased density of air oxygen relative to water oxygen".
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Dole, Malcolm (1936). "The
Relative Atomic Weight of Oxygen in Water and in Air".
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Dole, M. (1935). "The relative atomic weight of oxygen in water and air".
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Birendra N. Pramanik; A.K. Ganguly; Michael L. Gross (28 February 2002).
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is a process in which a high voltage is applied to a liquid to create an
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containing highly charged droplets. Dole in 1968 was the first to use
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Applied
Electrospray Mass Spectrometry: Practical Spectroscopy Series
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The Dole effect is the inequality in the ratio of heavy oxygen
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A study of the dissociation of barium chloride in water
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The Glass
Electrode: Methods, Applications, and Theory
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193:(March 4, 1903 – November 29, 1990) was an
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310:Introduction to Statistical Thermodynamics
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327:The Radiation Chemistry of Macromolecules
667:Fellows of the American Physical Society
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224:to the more abundant O in the Earth's
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346:My Life in the Golden Age of America
450:"Malcolm Dole Papers, 1924 - 1990"
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662:Northwestern University faculty
672:20th-century American chemists
1:
528:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
564:Journal of Chemical Physics
474:Journal of Chemical Physics
348:. New York: Vantage Press.
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642:American physical chemists
604:. CRC Press. pp. 4–.
329:. Boston: Academic Press.
652:Harvard University alumni
647:Baylor University faculty
205:, polymer chemistry, and
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179:Theodore William Richards
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28:
410:"Obituary: Malcolm Dole"
256:with mass spectrometry.
254:electrospray ionization
203:electrospray ionization
147:Northwestern University
112:Electrospray ionization
344:Dole, Malcolm (1989).
325:Dole, Malcolm (1972).
308:Dole, Malcolm (1954).
283:Dole, Malcolm (1941).
266:Dole, Malcolm (1935).
197:chemist known for the
45:Melrose, Massachusetts
230:respiration in plants
67:Los Gatos, California
657:Mass spectrometrists
108:Polymer crosslinking
577:1968JChPh..49.2240D
540:1994GBioC...8..363B
509:J. Chem. Soc. Japan
486:1936JChPh...4..268D
426:1991PhT....44l.100K
391:10.1021/ja01315a511
100:Jones–Dole equation
404:Klotz, Irving M.;
129:Physical chemistry
86:Harvard University
611:978-0-8247-4419-9
585:10.1063/1.1670391
548:10.1029/94GB00724
494:10.1063/1.1749834
435:10.1063/1.2810380
408:(December 1991).
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151:Baylor University
137:Polymer chemistry
119:Scientific career
55:November 29, 1990
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246:Electrospray
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191:Malcolm Dole
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143:Institutions
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23:Malcolm Dole
637:1990 deaths
632:1903 births
420:(12): 100.
213:Dole effect
199:Dole Effect
96:Dole effect
74:Nationality
626:Categories
458:2014-10-12
364:References
293:B0007DVA2W
234:in animals
226:atmosphere
59:1990-11-30
318:54009934
301:41016574
276:35014525
195:American
77:American
573:Bibcode
536:Bibcode
515:: 1291.
482:Bibcode
422:Bibcode
250:aerosol
219:isotope
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167:(1928)
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158:Thesis
125:Fields
453:(PDF)
260:Books
606:ISBN
350:ISBN
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314:LCCN
297:LCCN
289:ASIN
272:LCCN
232:and
52:Died
38:Born
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