672:: the same size and both could move, catalogued only as "+" or "-" types. In anisogamy, the mating cells are called gametes. The female gamete is larger than the male gamete, and usually immotile. Anisogamy remains poorly understood, as there is no fossil record of its emergence. Numerous theories exist as to why anisogamy emerged. Many share a common thread, in that larger female gametes are more likely to survive, and that smaller male gametes are more likely to find other gametes because they can travel faster. Current models often fail to account for why isogamy remains in a few species. Anisogamy appears to have evolved multiple times from isogamy; for example female
478:
687:(genitalia, in animals) have an extreme range of variation among species and even within species. The evolution of female genitalia remains poorly understood compared to male genitalia, reflecting a now-outdated belief that female genitalia are less varied than male genitalia, and thus less useful to study. The difficulty of reaching female genitalia has also complicated their study. New 3D technology has made female genital study simpler. Genitalia evolve very quickly. There are three main hypotheses as to what impacts female genital evolution: lock-and-key (genitals must fit together),
844:
specific functions of each gamete. The differences become apparent during the latter stages of spermatogenesis (for male gametes) and oogenesis (for female gametes)....After oogenetic meiosis, the morphological transformation of the female gamete generally includes development of a large oocyte that does not move around....The ambiguous term "egg" is often applied to oocytes and other fertilizable stages of female gametes....Spermatogenesis and oogenesis most often occur in different individual animals known as males and females respectively.
2673:
1898:
29:
888:
Female 1. Denoting the gamete (sex cell) that, during sexual reproduction, fuses with a male gamete in the process of fertilization. Female gametes are generally larger than the male gametes and are usually immotile (see
Oosphere; Ovum). 2. (Denoting) an individual organism whose reproductive organs
656:
splits itself in half. From a strict numbers perspective, a species that is half males/half females can produce half the offspring an asexual population can, because only the females are having offspring. Being male can also carry significant costs, such as in flashy sexual displays in animals (such
843:
During sexual reproduction, each parent animal must form specialized cells known as gametes...In virtually all animals that reproduce sexually, the gametes occur in two morphologically distinct forms corresponding to male and female. These distinctions in form and structure are related to the
235:
is primarily used to describe non-human animals, to refer to biologically female humans in an impersonal technical context (e.g., "Females were more likely than males to develop an autoimmune disease"), or to impartially include a range of people without reference to age (e.g.,
737:, because it resembles a bronze mirror with a handle, but modern scholars consider that fanciful, and the most established view is that the female and male symbols derive from contractions in Greek script of the Greek names of the planets Thouros (Mars) and Phosphoros (Venus).
157:
918:
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Other than the defining difference in the type of gamete produced, differences between males and females in one lineage cannot always be predicted by differences in another. The concept is not limited to animals; egg cells are produced by
1491:
1083:
Katherine Martin, head of U.S. dictionaries at Oxford
University Press...cites the OED's original entry for female in 1895, in which the editors described its usage as "now commonly avoided by good writers, exc. with contemptuous
657:
as big antlers or colorful feathers), or needing to produce an outsized amount of pollen as a plant in order to get a chance to fertilize a female. Yet despite the costs of being male, there must be some advantage to the process.
625:
The young of some species develop into one sex or the other depending on local environmental conditions, e.g. the sex of crocodilians is influenced by the temperature of their eggs. Other species (such as the
1998:
1919:
Bachtrog, Doris; Mank, Judith E.; Peichel, Catherine L.; Kirkpatrick, Mark; Otto, Sarah P.; Ashman, Tia-Lynn; Hahn, Matthew W.; Kitano, Jun; Mayrose, Itay; Ming, Ray; Perrin, Nicolas (2014-07-01).
1882:
613:, the male contributes either an X sperm or a Y sperm, while the female always contributes an X egg. A Y sperm and an X egg produce a male, while an X sperm and an X egg produce a female. The
1610:
699:, i.e. unrelated genes that are affected by environmental conditions like low food also affect genitals. This hypothesis is unlikely to apply to a significant number of species, but
2709:
212:
exclusively referred to humans and always indicated that the speaker spoke of a woman or a girl. A century later, the meaning was stretched to include non-human female organisms.
2095:
1367:(1962), p. 167: "To minimize confusion, the connector portions with projecting prongs are referred to as the 'male' portion, and the sockets as the 'female' portion."
1277:
1165:
as a noun, or on the argument that mentioning the sex of the office holder is automatically sexist, unless the sex of the person denoted is relevant in the context.
1713:
535:
in each cell of placental mammals while the paternally derived X is inactivated in marsupials. In birds and some reptiles, by contrast, it is the female which is
2058:"Bangiomorpha pubescens n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes"
3367:
1298:
1640:
680:. Although sexual evolution emerged at least 1.2 billion years ago, the lack of anisogamous fossil records make it hard to pinpoint when females evolved.
2702:
589:
The sex of a particular organism may be determined by genetic or environmental factors, or may naturally change during the course of an organism's life.
1107:
2594:
371:. There is an argument that this pattern was driven by the physical constraints on the mechanisms by which two gametes get together as required for
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1992:
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630:) can transform, as adults, from one sex to the other in response to local reproductive conditions (such as a brief shortage of males).
617:, where females have ZW (as opposed to ZZ in males) sex chromosomes, is found in birds, reptiles and some insects and other organisms.
3200:
500:. Mammary glands are modified sweat glands that produce milk, which is used to feed the young for some time after birth. Only mammals
283:
648:
The question of how females evolved is mainly a question of why males evolved. The first organisms reproduced asexually, usually via
231:
was often considered disparaging, usually on the grounds that it grouped humans with other animals. In the 21st century, the noun
3282:
2649:
2464:
2232:
The origin of these symbols has long been of interest to scholars. Probably none now accepts the interpretation of
Scaliger that
2057:
639:
477:
963:
902:
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208:. It has been used as both noun and adjective since the 14th century. Originally, from its first appearance in the 1300s,
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1701:
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2644:
2444:
2427:
122:
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2368:
2363:
2358:
2287:
1512:
Buck WR & Goffinet B (August 2000). "Morphology and classification of mosses". In Shaw AJ & Goffinet B (ed.).
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286:, such as screws, electrical pins, and technical equipment. Under this convention, sockets and receptacles are called
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1236:
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118:
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without access to the gametes of a male, and vice versa, but in some species females can reproduce by themselves
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1214:
485:
for comparison. (Both models have partially shaved body hair to show anatomy, i.e., clean-shaven pubic regions.)
3408:
2353:
584:
98:
512:, because the female human body stores large amounts of fatty tissue near the nipples, resulting in prominent
363:
species, which include humans, in which the female gamete is much larger than the male and has no ability to
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2904:
2634:
2253:
Sex, drugs, and rock and roll: Sex symbols ancient and modern: their origins and iconography on the pedigree
1982:
1594:
1097:
20:
516:. Mammary glands are present in all mammals, although they are normally redundant in males of the species.
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2550:
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2336:
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1313:
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and carries a Z and a W chromosome while the male carries two Z chromosomes. In mammals, females can have
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designate not only the egg- and sperm-producing organisms and structures, but also the structures of the
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2654:
1038:
695:(a sort of sexual arms race). There is also a hypothesis that female genital evolution is the result of
688:
3332:
3307:
3027:
2589:
2071:
326:
1318:
2815:
2486:
2454:
1299:"The Inexorable Rise of Gender and the Decline of Sex: Social Change in Academic Titles, 1945â2001"
372:
322:
310:
87:
73:
117:. Characteristics of organisms with a female sex vary between different species, having different
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3084:
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2599:
2577:
2562:
2223:
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where they are the same size). The exact mechanism of female gamete evolution remains unknown.
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1380:(2013), p. 96: "female Refers to a socket type connector, which must receive a male connector"
1331:
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1000:
908:
866:
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796:
782:
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33:
1542:
Bachtrog D, Mank JE, Peichel CL, Kirkpatrick M, Otto SP, Ashman TL, et al. (July 2014).
664:, which led to the evolution of male and female function. Before the evolution of anisogamy,
248:
is still used in some contexts, particularly when the sex of the person is relevant, such as
227:
and was preferred for that reason; however, by 1895, the linguistic fashion had changed, and
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2439:
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729:: Alt+12), a circle with a small cross underneath, is commonly used to represent females.
692:
544:
490:
330:
276:
145:
102:
1327:
2075:
1151:
friends, officers, patients, roles, students, workers, and of the female body, sexuality
3423:
3418:
3337:
3297:
3226:
3047:
2785:
2395:
2198:
Stearn, William T. (May 1962). "The Origin of the Male and Female
Symbols of Biology".
1955:
1920:
1796:
1761:
1570:
1543:
653:
649:
569:
In sex determination for mammals, female is the default sex, while in the poplar genus
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249:
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3262:
3241:
3231:
3190:
3158:
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1847:
787:
712:
497:
461:
452:
444:
126:
2227:
2091:
2032:
1429:
955:
204:, but in the late 14th century the English spelling was altered to parallel that of
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3277:
3185:
2997:
2899:
2874:
2676:
2528:
2405:
2400:
2346:
1343:
716:
610:
562:, have analogous reproductive structures; and some other non-mammals, such as some
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524:
520:
409:
347:
with gametes of identical form and behavior (but different at the molecular level),
307:
114:
53:
3210:
2957:
2847:
2830:
2019:
Kumar R, Meena M, Swapnil P (2019). "Anisogamy". In Vonk J, Shackelford T (eds.).
1416:
Kumar R, Meena M, Swapnil P (2019). "Anisogamy". In Vonk J, Shackelford T (eds.).
2175:
1937:
1560:
860:
815:
3342:
3097:
3007:
2992:
2972:
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2864:
2842:
2825:
2775:
1884:
The
Evolution of Anisogamy: A Fundamental Phenomenon Underlying Sexual Selection
677:
665:
429:
421:
389:
344:
318:
167:
156:
141:
84:
69:
2687:
605:. It is also possible in a variety of species, including humans, to have other
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751:
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684:
661:
597:
The sex of most mammals, including humans, is genetically determined by the
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540:
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437:
368:
350:
2152:
1964:
1864:
1805:
1579:
1335:
1273:
1185:
28:
3347:
3312:
3057:
2920:
2852:
2533:
2434:
1161:, etc. Their objections are based either on the negative connotations of
528:
433:
314:
41:
1133:(Fourth ed.). Oxford ; New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
1068:
3175:
3170:
3148:
3022:
2982:
2967:
2857:
2501:
2474:
2219:
1686:
John R. McCarrey, Ursula K. Abbott, "Sex
Determination in Animals", in
1265:
722:
669:
571:
456:
381:
340:
91:
2135:
2118:
1837:
1820:
3123:
3052:
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2925:
2889:
2790:
2742:
2523:
2496:
1819:
Gemmell, Neil J.; Muncaster, Simon; Liu, Hui; Todd, Erica V. (2016).
1206:
513:
509:
505:
443:
In some species, female and hermaphrodite individuals may coexist, a
425:
385:
360:
354:
268:
137:
106:
65:
2211:
1256:
531:, have different combinations. One of the female's X chromosomes is
57:
1762:"Default Sex and Single Gene Sex Determination in Dioecious Plants"
3195:
2935:
2894:
2755:
563:
559:
476:
420:
Species that are divided into females and males are classified as
393:
191:
155:
110:
27:
1456:, Chapter 20. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts
3002:
2760:
2324:
800:
761:
746:
627:
482:
303:
200:
161:
80:
61:
2691:
2276:
1129:
Fowler, H. W.; Butterfield, Jeremy (2015). "female, feminine".
3143:
2750:
2303:
643:
451:. In a few species, female individuals coexist with males and
271:, although they are often used interchangeably. The adjective
45:
558:
females, which lay eggs. Some non-mammalian species, such as
1821:"Bending Genders: The Biology of Natural Sex Change in Fish"
1023:, second edition (1986, University of Arizona Press), p. 113
219:
as a noun was considered more respectful than calling her a
2084:
10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0386:BPNGNS>2.0.CO;2
995:
Fowler, Henry W.; Butterfield, Jeremy (2015). "female".
2170:, Springer International Publishing, pp. 293â310,
1981:
Sawada, Hitoshi; Inoue, Naokazu; Iwano, Megumi (2014).
691:(females affect whether males can fertilize them), and
2272:
703:
in general has some role in female genital evolution.
601:
where females have XX (as opposed to XY in males) sex
465:(a species of shrimp), females coexist with males and
1389:
David E. Sadava, H. Craig Heller, William K. Purves,
1039:"Using 'Lady,' 'Woman,' and 'Female' to Modify Nouns"
733:
once speculated that the symbol was associated with
321:, are produced by males. Generally, a female cannot
123:
characteristics secondary to the reproductive system
3325:
3255:
3219:
3116:
3083:
3070:
2873:
2741:
2730:
2620:
2453:
2310:
1593:Fusco, Giuseppe; Minelli, Alessandro (2019-10-10).
1474:Fusco, Giuseppe; Minelli, Alessandro (2019-10-10).
901:Fusco, Giuseppe; Minelli, Alessandro (2019-10-10).
481:Photograph of an adult female human, with an adult
2166:Taylor, Robert B. (2016), "Now and Future Tales",
1921:"Sex Determination: Why So Many Ways of Doing It?"
1544:"Sex determination: why so many ways of doing it?"
999:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
90:, wherein gametes are of different sizes (unlike
1733:Terry Vaughan, James Ryan, Nicholas Czaplewski,
1599:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 133â135.
1537:
1535:
1533:
1480:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 115â116.
907:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 111â113.
1881:Togashi, Tatsuya; Cox, Paul Alan (2011-04-14).
1876:
1874:
1760:Cronk, Quentin; MĂŒller, Niels A. (2020-07-29).
198:. It is not etymologically related to the word
36:is used to represent the female sex in biology.
2027:. Cham: Springer International. pp. 1â5.
1424:. Cham: Springer International. pp. 1â5.
676:(a type of green algae) evolved from the plus
523:, while males have only one X and one smaller
519:Most mammalian females have two copies of the
2703:
2288:
2025:Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior
1887:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1â15.
1422:Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior
854:
852:
8:
3368:Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures
2236:represents the shield and spear of Mars and
2117:Sloan, Nadia S.; Simmons, Leigh W. (2019).
1131:Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage
1021:English Words from Latin and Greek Elements
997:Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage
185:
179:
105:, or environmental conditions. Most female
3080:
2738:
2710:
2696:
2688:
2295:
2281:
2273:
1378:Film and Video Lighting Terms and Concepts
1153:, etc....Some people object to the use of
1098:"The Problem With Calling Women 'Females'"
1069:"Why We Need to Reclaim the Word 'Female'"
950:
948:
2134:
1984:Sexual Reproduction in Animals and Plants
1976:
1974:
1954:
1936:
1846:
1836:
1795:
1777:
1702:"Genetic Mechanisms of Sex Determination"
1569:
1559:
1317:
1255:
336:Patterns of sexual reproduction include:
1516:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
865:. Oxford University Press. p. 222.
859:Martin, Elizabeth; Hine, Robert (2015).
783:"The Male and Female Symbols of Biology"
97:In species that have males and females,
773:
489:A distinguishing characteristic of the
83:. Females and males are results of the
1662:Chromosomes: Organization and Function
215:For several centuries, using the word
1633:"Strange but True: Males Can Lactate"
1404:The Physiology of Insect Reproduction
1159:female police officer, female senator
820:. Vol. 1. Gale. pp. 16â17.
781:Stearn, William T. (17 August 1961).
7:
2098:from the original on 1 February 2022
1211:Office of Research on Women's Health
1033:
1031:
1029:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
660:The advantages are explained by the
16:Sex of an organism that produces ova
2391:Heterogametic sex / Homogametic sex
2119:"The evolution of female genitalia"
79:A female has larger gametes than a
2259:2005;331:1509-1510 (24 December),
1328:10.1023/B:ASEB.0000014323.56281.0d
1235:Udry, J. Richard (November 1994).
817:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
14:
2056:Butterfield, Nicholas J. (2000).
1365:How to Build Electronic Equipment
284:shape of connectors and fasteners
3283:Attraction to transgender people
2672:
2671:
2465:Evolution of sexual reproduction
1690:(1979), volume 20, pages 219-220
1283:from the original on 2016-12-11.
1067:Newton-Small, Jay (2016-04-19).
640:Evolution of sexual reproduction
396:, among others. In land plants,
313:, while the smaller and usually
32:The symbol of the Roman goddess
2123:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
2033:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_340-1
2001:from the original on 2024-04-04
1901:from the original on 2024-05-10
1716:from the original on 2017-08-19
1675:Genetics: A Conceptual Approach
1643:from the original on 2019-12-23
1613:from the original on 2024-05-10
1494:from the original on 2024-05-10
1430:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_340-1
1402:Franz Engelmann, G. A. Kerkut,
1217:from the original on 2020-07-23
1110:from the original on 7 May 2024
1096:Brown, Kara (5 February 2015).
1049:from the original on 2022-08-04
966:from the original on 2023-03-07
921:from the original on 2024-05-10
879:from the original on 2023-01-14
834:from the original on 2024-05-10
455:; this sexual system is called
282:The word can also refer to the
275:can describe a person's sex or
68:(sex cell) that fuses with the
2573:Sexual reproduction in animals
1700:Hake, Laura; O'Connor, Clare.
1:
3373:Social construction of gender
1746:Quentin Bone, Richard Moore,
136:can also be used to refer to
3358:Sex as a biological variable
2445:Sex as a biological variable
2428:Simultaneous hermaphroditism
2176:10.1007/978-3-319-29055-3_12
1938:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001899
1561:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001899
1452:Dusenbery, David B. (2009).
1391:Life: The Science of Biology
940:Gender in Philosophy and Law
889:produce only female gametes.
527:; some mammals, such as the
290:and the corresponding plugs
194:", by way of the Old French
121:, with some species showing
1596:The Biology of Reproduction
1477:The Biology of Reproduction
1306:Archives of Sexual Behavior
1149:(in fiction and so forth),
1147:female athletes, characters
904:The Biology of Reproduction
644:Sex § Evolution of sex
621:Environmental determination
615:ZW sex-determination system
599:XY sex-determination system
408:that give rise to male and
119:female reproductive systems
3440:
3273:Androphilia and gynephilia
2583:Penile-vaginal intercourse
2423:Sequential hermaphroditism
1766:Frontiers in Plant Science
814:Grzimek, Bernhard (2003).
710:
637:
582:
467:protandrous hermaphrodites
306:, the larger gametes in a
240:) or social status (e.g.,
18:
2667:
2413:Testis-determining factor
2265:10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1509
357:of male and female types,
343:species with two or more
184:, the diminutive form of
2821:Non-binary / genderqueer
2354:Sex-determination system
735:Venus, goddess of beauty
585:Sex-determination system
566:, also bear live young.
554:, with the exception of
298:Defining characteristics
64:(egg cell), the type of
3383:Transgender archaeology
1779:10.3389/fpls.2020.01162
1157:as an adjective, as in
960:www.merriam-webster.com
862:A Dictionary of Biology
162:
140:in the social sense of
101:may be based on either
21:Female (disambiguation)
3378:Split attraction model
3363:Sexâgender distinction
2337:Sexual differentiation
2240:Venus's looking glass.
1237:"The Nature of Gender"
956:"Definition of FEMALE"
731:Joseph Justus Scaliger
662:evolution of anisogamy
486:
416:Females across species
367:. Oogamy is a form of
186:
180:
171:
37:
3353:Queer heterosexuality
2379:Temperature-dependent
1848:10536/DRO/DU:30153787
1631:Swaminathan, Nikhil.
1454:Living at Micro Scale
1178:"Gender and Genetics"
689:cryptic female choice
593:Genetic determination
575:the default is male.
504:. Mammary glands are
480:
265:conceptually distinct
244:). As an adjective,
178:comes from the Latin
159:
60:) if it produces the
31:
3333:Anti-gender movement
3308:Romantic orientation
1737:(2011), pp. 391, 412
1688:Advances in Genetics
1673:Benjamin A. Pierce,
1363:J. Richard Johnson,
1188:on November 11, 2012
533:randomly inactivated
254:or to distinguish a
132:In humans, the word
72:(sperm cell) during
19:For other uses, see
3085:Sexual orientations
2816:Masculine of center
2595:Hormonal motivation
2568:Fungal reproduction
2487:Reproductive system
2076:2000Pbio...26..386B
1637:Scientific American
496:is the presence of
373:sexual reproduction
311:reproduction system
260:from a female one.
152:Etymology and usage
109:, including female
88:reproduction system
74:sexual reproduction
3206:Same gender loving
3117:Alternative labels
2600:Human reproduction
2578:Sexual intercourse
2563:Plant reproduction
1825:Sexual Development
1660:Adrian T. Sumner,
1376:Richard Ferncase,
1207:"Sex & Gender"
668:in a species were
550:Mammalian females
487:
329:, for example via
323:reproduce sexually
263:Biological sex is
172:
38:
3391:
3390:
3338:Gender assignment
3321:
3320:
3066:
3065:
2806:Gender neutrality
2685:
2684:
2605:Lordosis behavior
2320:Sexual dimorphism
2185:978-3-319-29053-9
2136:10.1111/jeb.13503
2042:978-3-319-47829-6
1994:978-4-431-54589-7
1894:978-1-139-50082-1
1838:10.1159/000449297
1748:Biology of Fishes
1664:(2008), pp. 97-98
1606:978-1-108-49985-9
1523:978-0-521-66794-4
1514:Bryophyte Biology
1487:978-1-108-49985-9
1462:978-0-674-03116-6
1439:978-3-319-47829-6
1140:978-0-19-966135-0
1019:Donald M. Ayers,
1006:978-0-19-966135-0
938:Laura Palazzani,
914:978-1-108-49985-9
872:978-0-19-871437-8
827:978-0-7876-5362-0
701:natural selection
579:Sex determination
170:word for 'female'
99:sex-determination
3431:
3181:Non-heterosexual
3081:
2739:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2689:
2675:
2674:
2635:Animal sexuality
2558:Sexual selection
2297:
2290:
2283:
2274:
2267:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2168:White Coat Tales
2163:
2157:
2156:
2138:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1940:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1850:
1840:
1831:(5â6): 223â241.
1816:
1810:
1809:
1799:
1781:
1757:
1751:
1750:(2008), page 234
1744:
1738:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1706:Nature Education
1697:
1691:
1684:
1678:
1671:
1665:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1563:
1539:
1528:
1527:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1471:
1465:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1413:
1407:
1400:
1394:
1387:
1381:
1374:
1368:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1346:. Archived from
1321:
1303:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1259:
1241:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1184:. Archived from
1174:
1168:
1167:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1035:
1024:
1017:
1011:
1010:
992:
975:
974:
972:
971:
952:
943:
936:
930:
929:
927:
926:
898:
892:
891:
885:
884:
856:
847:
846:
840:
839:
811:
805:
804:
795:(248): 412â413.
778:
473:Mammalian female
302:Females produce
189:
183:
165:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3409:Terms for women
3394:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3317:
3268:Analloeroticism
3251:
3247:Heterosociality
3215:
3112:
3075:
3073:
3062:
2877:
2869:
2811:Gender variance
2801:Gender fluidity
2733:
2726:
2716:
2686:
2681:
2663:
2650:Differentiation
2640:Human sexuality
2630:Plant sexuality
2616:
2512:Spermatogenesis
2456:
2449:
2312:
2306:
2301:
2271:
2270:
2250:
2246:
2237:
2233:
2212:10.2307/1217734
2197:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2004:
2002:
1995:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1931:(7): e1001899.
1918:
1917:
1913:
1904:
1902:
1895:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1745:
1741:
1732:
1728:
1719:
1717:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1685:
1681:
1672:
1668:
1659:
1655:
1646:
1644:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1616:
1614:
1607:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1554:(7): e1001899.
1541:
1540:
1531:
1524:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1497:
1495:
1488:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1401:
1397:
1388:
1384:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1358:
1353:on 25 May 2011.
1350:
1319:10.1.1.359.9143
1301:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1257:10.2307/2061790
1239:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1220:
1218:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1189:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1141:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1113:
1111:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1077:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1052:
1050:
1043:MerriamâWebster
1037:
1036:
1027:
1018:
1014:
1007:
994:
993:
978:
969:
967:
954:
953:
946:
937:
933:
924:
922:
915:
900:
899:
895:
882:
880:
873:
858:
857:
850:
837:
835:
828:
813:
812:
808:
780:
779:
775:
770:
743:
719:
711:Main articles:
709:
693:sexual conflict
646:
636:
623:
595:
587:
581:
552:bear live young
475:
424:in animals, as
418:
331:parthenogenesis
300:
277:gender identity
251:female athletes
154:
146:gender identity
103:sex chromosomes
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3437:
3435:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3396:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3298:Plurisexuality
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3227:Sociosexuality
3223:
3221:
3220:Social aspects
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3166:Heteroflexible
3163:
3162:
3161:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3078:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3048:Vakasalewalewa
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2840:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2736:
2728:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2692:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2461:
2459:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2396:Sex chromosome
2393:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2316:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2268:
2244:
2206:(4): 109â113.
2190:
2184:
2158:
2129:(9): 882â899.
2109:
2048:
2041:
2011:
1993:
1970:
1911:
1893:
1870:
1811:
1752:
1739:
1726:
1692:
1679:
1666:
1653:
1623:
1605:
1585:
1529:
1522:
1504:
1486:
1466:
1445:
1438:
1408:
1395:
1393:(2008), p. 899
1382:
1369:
1356:
1297:(April 2004).
1286:
1250:(4): 561â573.
1227:
1198:
1169:
1139:
1121:
1088:
1059:
1025:
1012:
1005:
976:
944:
942:(2012), page v
931:
913:
893:
871:
848:
826:
806:
772:
771:
769:
766:
765:
764:
759:
754:
749:
742:
739:
721:The symbol â (
708:
705:
650:binary fission
635:
632:
622:
619:
594:
591:
583:Main article:
580:
577:
498:mammary glands
474:
471:
453:hermaphrodites
417:
414:
377:
376:
358:
348:
299:
296:
153:
150:
127:mammary glands
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3436:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3303:Postgenderism
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3293:Monosexuality
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3263:Allosexuality
3261:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:Homosociality
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3232:Antisexuality
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3069:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2905:Bugis genders
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2875:Third genders
2872:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2796:Gender bender
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:Cross-dresser
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2678:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2610:Pelvic thrust
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2541:Fertilization
2539:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2507:Gametogenesis
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2440:parasexuality
2438:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2418:Hermaphrodite
2416:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2384:Haplodiploidy
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2052:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2012:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1677:(2012), p. 73
1676:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1409:
1406:(2015), p. 29
1405:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
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3343:Gender roles
3288:Kinsey scale
3278:Aromanticism
3154:Gray asexual
3103:Heterosexual
3028:Sworn virgin
2998:Mukhannathun
2900:Binabinaaine
2765:
2529:spermatozoon
2457:reproduction
2406:Y chromosome
2401:X chromosome
2347:Virilization
2342:Feminization
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659:
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611:reproduction
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537:heterozygous
525:Y chromosome
521:X chromosome
518:
502:produce milk
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345:mating types
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308:heterogamous
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129:in mammals.
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3201:Questioning
3074:orientation
2993:Mudoko dako
2953:Femminiello
2865:Transsexual
2843:Trans woman
2826:Transgender
1295:Haig, David
678:mating type
603:chromosomes
430:seed plants
406:sporophytes
394:land plants
351:Anisogamous
319:spermatozoa
190:, meaning "
168:Old English
142:gender role
113:, have two
85:anisogamous
70:male gamete
3398:Categories
3237:Asociality
3191:Polysexual
3159:Demisexual
3129:Bi-curious
3108:Homosexual
3076:identities
3043:Two-spirit
2948:Fakafifine
2943:Fa'afafine
2885:Androgynos
2734:identities
2725:identities
2590:Copulation
2311:Biological
2070:(3): 386.
2005:2021-09-09
1905:2021-11-27
1720:2021-04-13
1647:2017-10-06
1617:2021-08-17
1498:2021-08-17
1244:Demography
1221:2020-07-31
1192:2020-07-31
1078:2024-05-10
1053:2022-08-04
970:2023-03-07
925:2021-09-09
883:2020-07-12
838:2020-07-09
768:References
757:Femininity
697:pleiotropy
685:sex organs
674:Volvocales
638:See also:
607:karyotypes
449:gynodioecy
438:cryptogams
422:gonochoric
257:male nurse
125:, as with
3211:TakatÄpui
3186:Pansexual
3139:Ex-ex-gay
2978:Koekchuch
2958:GĂŒevedoce
2878:and sexes
2848:Fakaleitī
2838:Trans man
2831:Akava'ine
2781:Cisgender
2771:Androgyne
2645:Mechanics
2622:Sexuality
2517:Oogenesis
2492:Sex organ
2482:Germ cell
2470:Anisogamy
2145:1420-9101
2021:Anisogamy
1947:1545-7885
1857:1661-5425
1788:1664-462X
1735:Mammalogy
1712:(1): 25.
1418:Anisogamy
1314:CiteSeerX
752:Pregnancy
727:Alt codes
725:: U+2640
670:isogamous
634:Evolution
609:. During
556:monotreme
426:dioecious
369:anisogamy
341:Isogamous
327:asexually
174:The word
3348:Intersex
3326:See also
3313:Sapphism
3098:Bisexual
3058:X-gender
3033:Travesti
3008:NĂĄdleehi
2921:Chibados
2853:Mak nyah
2677:Category
2655:Activity
2551:Internal
2546:External
2435:Intersex
2228:87030547
2153:31267594
2102:12 April
2096:Archived
2092:36648568
1999:Archived
1965:24983465
1899:Archived
1865:27820936
1806:32849717
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1641:Archived
1611:Archived
1580:24983465
1492:Archived
1336:15146141
1278:Archived
1215:Archived
1108:Archived
1047:Archived
964:Archived
919:Archived
877:Archived
832:Archived
801:59030638
741:See also
529:platypus
494:Mammalia
434:dioicous
382:chytrids
361:Oogamous
42:organism
3176:Lesbian
3171:Khanith
3149:Gay men
3093:Asexual
3023:Sipiniq
2983:Lhamana
2968:Kathoey
2915:Calalai
2912:Calabai
2858:Rae-rae
2743:Genders
2502:Meiosis
2475:Isogamy
2220:1217734
2072:Bibcode
1956:4077654
1797:7403218
1571:4077654
1344:7005542
1274:7890091
1266:2061790
1103:Jezebel
723:Unicode
683:Female
572:Populus
560:guppies
514:breasts
506:obvious
457:trioecy
447:termed
432:and as
386:diatoms
355:gametes
288:female,
196:femelle
181:femella
107:mammals
92:isogamy
3404:Female
3134:Ex-gay
3124:Banjee
3072:Sexual
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3038:Tumtum
3018:Palopa
2931:Eunuch
2926:Enaree
2890:Apwint
2791:Femboy
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