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tribute to the earth (Mama Pacha), were doing nothing other than recognizing the goodness of God and his beneficent presence, which provided them food by means of the land they cultivated." On May 11, 1988, he stated that God "knows what we need from the food that the earth produces, this varied and expressive reality that your ancestors called "Pachamama" and that reflects the work of divine providence as it offers us its gifts for the good of man."
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also been "the object of
Christian reinterpretations," both implicit and explicit. One of these reinterpretations is that Pachamama represents the natural bounty created by God. For some Andeans, he writes, "Pachamama has lost its original identity and has changed into a symbol of the providence of the one God, or a sacred reality that feeds humankind on behalf of God."
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mischief, Andeans believe that they must be on very good terms with nature to keep themselves and their crops and livestock healthy and protected. In order to do this, families perform cleansing rituals by burning plants, wood, and other items in order to scare evil spirits, who are thought to be more abundant at this time. People also drink
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On the night before August 1, families prepare to honor
Pachamama by cooking all night. The host of the gathering then makes a hole in the ground. If the soil comes out nicely, this means that it will be a good year; if not, the year will not be bountiful. Before any of the guests are allowed to eat,
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Rituals to honor
Pachamama take place all year, but are especially abundant in August, right before the sowing season. Because August is the coldest month of the winter in the southern Andes, people feel more vulnerable to illness. August is therefore regarded as a "tricky month." During this time of
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A main attraction of the
Pachamama festival is the Sunday parade. The organizational committee of the festival searches for the oldest woman in the community and elects her the "Pachamama Queen of the Year." This election first occurred in 1949. Indigenous women, in particular senior women, are seen
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Marzal also states that for some
Andeans, Pachamama retains an "intermediary role" between God and man within a primarily Catholic framework similar to that of the saints. Some ethnographic scholars have also noted a syncretic identification of Pachamama with the Virgin Mary. Pachamama is sometimes
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Along similar lines, Pope John Paul II, in two homilies delivered in Peru and
Bolivia, identified homage to Pachamama as an ancestral recognition of divine providence that in some sense prefigured a Christian attitude toward creation. On February 3, 1985, he stated that "your ancestors, by paying
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According to scholar Manuel Marzal, in modern day Peru, the cult of
Pachamama has, in some cases, taken on Christian characteristics or been reinterpreted within a Catholic religious framework. Rites like the offering to Pachamama have incorporated "certain Christian symbols and prayers" and have
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peoples. Believers perform a weekly ritual worship which takes place on
Sundays and includes invocations to Pachamama in Quechua, although there may be some references in Spanish. They have a temple, which inside contains a large stone with a medallion on it, symbolizing the New Age group and its
479:. Wooden sculptures in the form of a pregnant woman were wrongly labeled "Pachamama" in the media, and used as shorthand for them thereafter, despite not matching traditional representation of Pachamama, and the sculptures being called "Our Lady of the Amazon" at the event.
164:. She is also an ever-present and independent deity who has her own creative power to sustain life on this earth. Her shrines are hallowed rocks, or the boles of legendary trees, and her artists envision her as an adult female bearing harvests of potatoes or
365:"The most important ritual is the challaco. Challaco is a deformation of the Quechua words 'ch'allay' and 'ch'allakuy', that refer to the action to insistently sprinkle. In the current language of the campesinos of the southern Central Andes, the word
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in Aymara, in performing ancient rites to bring good luck or the good will of the goddess, such as sacrificing guinea pigs or burning llama fetuses (although this is rare today). The festival coincides with the
Christian holiday of
218:. In the 21st century, many indigenous peoples in South America base environmental concerns in these ancient beliefs, saying that problems arise when people take too much from nature because they are taking too much from Pachamama.
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held a symbolic inauguration on 28 July 2001 atop Machu Picchu. The ceremony featured a
Quechua religious elder giving an offering to Pachamama. Some Andean intellectuals identify Pachamama as an example of
348:(payment). It is carried out during all of August, and in many places also on the first Friday of each month. Other ceremonies are carried out in special times, as upon leaving for a trip or upon passing an
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is used in the sense of "to feed and to give drink to the land". The challaco covers a complex series of ritual steps that begin in the family dwellings the night before. They cook a special food, the
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Certain travel agencies have drawn upon the emerging New Age movement in Andean communities (drawn from Quechua ritual practices) to urge tourists to visit Inca sites. Tourists visiting such sites as
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318:(Challa's Tuesday). People bury food, throw candies, and burn incense to thank Pachamama for their harvests. In some cases, celebrants assist traditional priests, known as
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by assailants who accused them of idolatry. In his statement, the Pope clarified that there "was no idolatrous intention" in bringing the statues to the Vatican. Cardinal
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languages). The Inca goddess can be referred to in multiple ways; the primary way being Pachamama. Other names for her are: Mama Pacha, La Pachamama, and Mother Earth.
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invoked the name of Pachamama, as well as using language and symbolism that appealed to Bolivia's indigenous population, in speeches throughout his presidency.
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as incarnations of tradition and as living symbols of wisdom, life, fertility, and reproduction. The Pachamama queen who is elected is escorted by the
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As Andean cultures formed modern nations, the figure of Pachamama was still believed to be benevolent, generous with her gifts, and a local name for
410:, who circle the plaza on their horses and salute her during the Sunday parade. The Sunday parade is considered to be the climax of the festival.
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the host must first give a plate of food to Pachamama. Food that was left aside is poured onto the ground and a prayer to Pachamama is recited.
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373:. The ceremony culminates at a pond or stream, where the people offer a series of tributes to Pachamama, including "food, beverage, leaves of
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Matthews-Salazar, Patricia. (2006) "Becoming All Indian: Gauchos, Pachamama Queens, and Tourists in the Remaking of an Andean Festival."
716:
Molinie, Antoinette (2004). "The Resurrection of the Inca: The Role of Indian Representations in the Invention of the Peruvian Nation".
838:
Mario Rabey y Rodolfo Merlino (1988). Jorge Flores Ochoa (ed.). "El control ritual-rebaño entre los pastores del altiplano argentino".
361:. According to Mario Rabey and Rodolfo Merlino, Argentine anthropologists who studied the Andean culture from the 1970s to the 1990s,
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GĂłmez-Barris, Macarena (November 1, 2012). "Andean Translations: New Age Tourism and Cultural Exchange in the Sacred Valley, Peru".
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297:. People usually give a toast to honor Pachamama before meetings and festivities. In some regions, people perform a special kind of
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Merlino, Rodolfo y Mario Rabey (1992). "Resistencia y hegemonĂa: Cultos locales y religiĂłn centralizada en los Andes del Sur".
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beliefs. A bowl of dirt on the right of the stone is there to represent Pachamama, because of her status as a Mother Earth.
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In October 2019, native Amazonian artworks were displayed in the Vatican gardens, and in a Roman church, ahead of the
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principles – Water, Earth, Sun, and Moon – claim Pachamama as their prime origin. Priests sacrifice offerings of
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Pachamama is also referred to the reverend spirit in guiding modern ayahuasca ceremonies in western culture
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1119:"The Guardian view on 'pagan idols' in the Vatican: church culture wars should concern us all"
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Belief in Pachamama features prominently in the Peruvian national narrative. Former President
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stated that "The great mistake was to bring the idols into the church, not to put them out."
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858:"Pastores del Altiplano Andino Meridional: Religiosidad, Territorio y Equilibrio EcolĂłgico"
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Hill, Michael D. (2010). "Myth, Globalization, and Mestizaje in New Age Andean Religion".
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and Cusco, are also offered the chance to participate in ritual offerings to Pachamama.
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Many rituals related to the Pachamama are practiced in conjunction with those of
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184:), and elaborate, miniature, burned garments to her. Pachamama is the mother of
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was associated with that of the Pachamama for many of the indigenous people.
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who presides over planting and harvesting, embodies the mountains, and causes
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Bolivia enshrines natural world's rights with equal status for Mother Earth
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Ed. David Picard and Mike Robinson. N.p.: Channel View Publications. 71–81.
600:. (1992) "Pachamama: The Inka Earth Mother of the Long Sweeping Garment."
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Bolivian Indigenous Activist: We Must Respect Mother Earth, Our Pachamama
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practice of worship to Pachamama has developed among Andean white and
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Tierra encantada: Tratado de antropologĂa religiosa de AmĂ©rica Latina
391:(a South American hot beverage), which is thought to give good luck.
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Hill, Michael (2008). "Inca of the Blood, Inca of the Soul".
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the moon goddess. Mama Killa is said to be the wife of Inti.
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Representation of Pachamama in the cosmology, illustrated by
269:, are worshipped as benevolent deities in the area known as
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Hugo Chávez: Oil, Politics, and the Challenge to the U.S
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on the floor, for the goddess, and then drink the rest.
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Festivals, Tourism and Social Change: Remaking Worlds.
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Llamichos y Paqocheros: Pastores de Llamas y Alpacas
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1093:"Pope Francis's apology over Amazon statues theft"
305:on a daily basis. They spill a small amount of
60:Juan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui Salcamaygua
46:Earth, life, harvest, farming, crops, fertility
1067:"Pachamama, Celibacy, and the Amazonian Synod"
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1041:"COSMOVISION Y RELIGIOSIDAD EN LA FESTIVIDAD"
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758:Journal of the American Academy of Religion
662:"Cloth and Its Functions in the Inca State"
314:Pachamama has a special worship day called
820:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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477:Synod of Bishops for the Pan-Amazon region
62:(1613), after a picture in the Sun Temple
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273:. Tawantinsuyu is the name of the former
78:Mama Pacha, Mother Earth, Queen Pachamama
856:Merlino, Rodolfo y Mario Rabey (1983).
608:. New York/Oxford: Berg. 145-63. Print.
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340:The central ritual to Pachamama is the
970:. Editorial Trotta. pp. 198–205.
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602:Dress and Gender: Making and Meaning.
329:, also celebrated among Catholics as
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1145:"Information Services Latin America"
197:Spanish colonization of the Americas
1198:Bolivia's offerings to Mother Earth
842:(in Spanish). Cusco, Perú: 113–120.
25:
549:Law of the Rights of Mother Earth
1158:Kozloff, Nikolas (2007-08-07).
1008:"Homily in Cochabamba, Bolivia"
428:Since the late 20th century, a
265:Pachamama and her son-husband,
1166:. Palgrave Macmillan. p.
879:10.36901/allpanchis.v15i21.888
804:Diccionario Kkechuwa – Español
703:10.36901/allpanchis.v24i40.799
168:leaves. The four cosmological
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679:10.1525/aa.1962.64.4.02a00020
261:Pachamama Museum in Argentina
1043:(in Spanish). Archived from
697:(in Spanish) (40): 173–200.
140:is a goddess revered by the
1006:John Paul II (1988-05-11).
991:John Paul II (1985-02-03).
933:Latin American Perspectives
730:10.1080/0275720042000257467
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1039:Manuel Paredes Izaguirre.
515:Former Bolivian president
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29:Pachamama (disambiguation)
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718:History and Anthropology
34:Andean fertility goddess
993:"Homily in Cuzco, Peru"
966:Marzal, Manuel (2002).
666:American Anthropologist
660:Murra, John V. (1962).
1262:Agricultural goddesses
802:Lira, Jorge A (1944).
575:Gastrotheca pacchamama
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156:" type goddess, and a
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1020:Marzal, pp. 411–412.
604:Ed. Ruth Barnes and
470:Virgin of Candelaria
207:, the figure of the
27:For other uses, see
1252:Fertility goddesses
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203:. Due to religious
1182:pachamama morales.
1125:. October 31, 2019
1099:. October 25, 2019
1073:. Catholic Answers
808:Tucumán, Argentina
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253:Modern-day rituals
142:indigenous peoples
977:978-84-8164-566-8
872:, Perú: 149–171.
382:Household rituals
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158:fertility goddess
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301:known as a
275:Inca Empire
209:Virgin Mary
182:guinea pigs
162:earthquakes
152:she is an "
112:Pacha Kamaq
91:Inca Empire
75:Other names
1226:Categories
1051:2010-02-15
862:Allpanchis
695:Allpanchis
672:(4): 714.
582:References
422:See also:
335:Mardi Gras
205:syncretism
195:After the
190:Mama Killa
130:Mama Killa
64:Qurikancha
18:Mama Pacha
953:144458589
888:224855452
816:cite book
738:162202435
485:Pachamama
371:tijtincha
331:Carnevale
295:Argentina
227:Pachamama
222:Etymology
138:Pachamama
122:Offspring
102:Viracocha
40:Pachamama
1097:BBC News
786:20198583
778:20681090
523:See also
351:apacheta
299:libation
1077:6 April
434:mestizo
430:New Age
407:gauchos
367:challar
321:yatiris
283:Ecuador
279:Bolivia
247:Quechua
170:Quechua
144:of the
108:Consort
98:Parents
1174:
974:
951:
886:
868:(21).
784:
776:
736:
529:Atabey
342:Challa
308:chicha
303:challa
243:Aymara
174:llamas
83:Region
949:S2CID
884:S2CID
870:Cusco
782:S2CID
734:S2CID
534:Bhumi
489:Tiber
358:]
287:Chile
232:pacha
148:. In
146:Andes
68:Cusco
1172:ISBN
1131:2021
1105:2021
1079:2022
972:ISBN
822:link
774:PMID
539:Gaia
389:mate
375:coca
346:Pago
291:Peru
267:Inti
245:and
238:mama
186:Inti
166:coca
126:Inti
116:Inti
1168:171
941:doi
914:doi
874:doi
766:doi
726:doi
699:doi
674:doi
344:or
333:or
178:cuy
66:in
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