1090:, for example, and for its almost equally steep decline after his death (Wyatt, 45 and 48). The tributary ruler could repudiate the relationship and seek either a different overlord or complete independence. The system was non-territorial. The overlord was owed allegiance by the tributary ruler, or at most by the tributary's main town, but not by all the people of a particular area. The tributary owner in turn had power either over tributary states further down the scale, or directly over "his" people, wherever they lived. No ruler had authority over unpopulated areas.
38:
1105:, for instance, defined the succession of this dynastic family. Dharmasetu was the Srivijayan Maharaja overlord, while the house of Sailendra in Java is suggested to be related and was subscribed to Srivijayan mandala domination. After Samaratungga married Princess Tara, the daughter of Dharmasetu, Samaratungga became his successor and the house of Sailendra was promoted to become the dynastic lineage of later Srivijayan kings, and for a century the center of Srivijaya was shifted from Sumatra to Java.
1020:
841:
1062:). The overlord ruler reciprocated with presents often of greater value than those supplied by the tributary. However, the tributary also had to provide men and supplies when called on, most often in time of war. The main benefit to the tributary was protection from invasion by other powers, although as South East Asia historian
1113:
The overlord-tributary relationship was not necessarily exclusive. A state in border areas might pay tribute to two or three stronger powers. The tributary ruler could then play the stronger powers against one another to minimize interference by either one, while for the major powers the tributaries
1066:
notes, this was often "mafia-like protection" from the threats of the overlord himself. In some cases, the overlord also controlled the succession in the tributary, but in general interference with the tributary's domestic affairs was minimal: he would retain his own army and powers of taxation, for
1383:: How did modern territorial states come to replace earlier forms of organization, defined by a wide variety of territorial and non-territorial forms of authority? Answering this question can help to explain both where our international political system came from and where it might be going ...
1081:
The emphasis on personal relationships was one of the defining characteristics of the mandala system. The tributary ruler was subordinate to the overlord ruler, rather than to the overlord state in the abstract. This had many important implications. A strong ruler could attract new tributaries, and
959:
as "an independent country that is slave of two" (Chandler p. 119). The system was eventually ended by the arrival of the
Europeans in the mid-19th century. Culturally, they introduced Western geographical practices, which assumed that every area was subject to one sovereign. Practically, the
1067:
example. In the case of the more tenuous relationships, the "overlord" might regard it as one of tribute, while the "tributary" might consider the exchange of gifts to be purely commercial or as an expression of goodwill (Thongchai p. 87).
972:
and Burma brought pressure from the colonisers for fixed boundaries to their possessions. The tributary states were then divided between the colonies and Siam, which exercised much more centralised power but over a smaller area than thitherto.
779:, but they diverged considerably in the opposite direction: the polity was defined by its centre rather than its boundaries, and it could be composed of numerous other tributary polities without undergoing administrative integration.
1006:
made an important contribution to study of the mandala in
Southeast Asian history by demonstrating that "three assumptions responsible for the view that Ayudhya was a strong centralized state" did not hold and that "in Ayudhya the
1585:
Historians of
Southeast Asia often face problems in using terms drawn from and applicable to European polities and societies to refer to non-European equivalents that do not conform to European models.
1082:
would have strong relationships over his existing tributaries. A weaker ruler would find it harder to attract and maintain these relationships. This was put forward as one cause of the sudden rise of
1130:
earlier were subject to
Srivijayan mandala, and in later periods contested by both Ayutthaya mandala in the north and Majapahit mandala in the south, before finally gaining its own gravity during
832:
polity" describe political patterns similar to the mandala. The historian Victor
Lieberman prefers the "solar polity" metaphor, referencing the gravitational pull the sun exerts over the planets.
1385:
The idea was originally proposed by
Stanley J. Tambiah, a professor of anthropology, in a 1977 article entitled "The Galactic Polity: The structure of Political Kingdoms in Southeast Asia."
739:
The map of earlier
Southeast Asia which evolved from the prehistoric networks of small settlements and reveals itself in historical records was a patchwork of often overlapping mandalas.
719:, when local power was more important than the central leadership. The concept of the mandala balances modern tendencies to look for unified political power, e.g. the power of large
1697:... I am interested in the ways in which Kautilya's theory of mandala has been interpreted by historians for the purpose of studying ancient states in South and Southeast Asia.
976:
The advent of Islam in the archipelago saw the application of this system which is still continued in the formation of the government, such as the formation of the 18th century
322:
1044:
The obligations on each side of the relationship varied according to the strength of the relationship and the circumstances. In general, the tributary was obliged to pay
681:
1907:
1179:
339:
1173:
1629:
Nevertheless, the
Ayudhya kings, as they are described in indigenous and foreign records, never successfully eliminated the hegemony of provincial governors.
1675:
1607:
609:
327:
1093:
The personal relationship between overlord and subordinate rulers also defined the dynamic of relationship within a mandala. The relations between
629:
932:
370:
1406:
Dellios, Rosita (2003-01-01). "Mandala: from sacred origins to sovereign affairs in traditional
Southeast Asia". Bond University Australia.
674:
1453:
1912:
1887:
1440:
1365:
1563:
1767:
1746:
1732:
1668:
1428:
603:
995:
uses the term "mandala" extensively to describe the history of the Lao kingdom of Lan Xang as a structure of loosely held together
1313:
1813:, Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Dordrecht and Providence, RI: Foris Publications
1150:
1144:
667:
759:. It was adopted by 20th century European historians from ancient Indian political discourse as a means of avoiding the term "
1867:
465:
817:; the comparison emphasises the radiation of power from each power center, as well as the non-physical basis of the system.
935:, although in practice the obligations imposed on the lesser kingdoms were minimal. The most notable tributary states were
304:
1786:
1897:
1892:
175:
1902:
1683:
1615:
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1421:
World
Conqueror and World Renouncer : A Study of Buddhism and Polity in Thailand against a Historical Background
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1338:
636:
716:
292:
42:
1416:
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31:
593:
1185:
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356:
1826:
Stanley J. Tambiah (1977), "The Galactic Polity. The Structure of Traditional Kingdoms in Southeast Asia",
1877:
1461:
1237:
583:
160:
91:
82:
1003:
936:
657:
445:
37:
1704:
Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800-1830, Volume 1: Integration on the Mainland
1336:
Source: 'Mapping the Sovereign State: Technology, Authority, and Systemic Change' by Jordan Branch, in
1831:
1780:
1063:
944:
928:
450:
425:
180:
1830:, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 293, no. 1, New York, pp. 69–97,
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768:
653:
1872:
1847:
1532:
1512:
588:
490:
420:
209:
146:
96:
17:
1564:"Conflicting conceptions of the state: Siam, France and Vietnam in the late nineteenth century"
1465:
1019:
1763:
1742:
1728:
1664:
1559:
1436:
1424:
1361:
Mapping the Sovereign State: Cartographic Technology, Political Authority, and Systemic Change
1289:
1131:
1083:
992:
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916:
864:
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415:
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54:
1839:
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1369:
1318:
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560:
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988:
and four outer districts. Another example is the post-Majapahit Islamic kingdoms in Java.
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896:
598:
555:
510:
495:
440:
190:
122:
117:
1835:
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that disintegrated after Lan Xang's conquest by Thailand starting in the 18th century.
900:
760:
744:
545:
535:
525:
470:
263:
1323:
1861:
1167:
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732:
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298:
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127:
50:
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707:
is a model for describing the patterns of diffuse political power distributed among
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1037:
1029:
981:
880:
868:
776:
724:
515:
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500:
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185:
62:
1050:, a regular tribute of various valuable goods and slaves, and miniature trees of
1272:
1203:
1127:
1115:
728:
485:
480:
27:
Southeast Asian pseudo-feudalistic political model between 5th and 15th century
1676:"Mandala, Segmentary State and Politics of Centralization in Medieval Ayudhya"
1608:"Mandala, Segmentary State and Politics of Centralization in Medieval Ayudhya"
1374:
1359:
1283:
1191:
1123:
1094:
904:
814:
756:
748:
377:
170:
165:
1820:
Kings and Cults. State Formation and Legitimation in India and Southeast Asia
1243:
1118:
to prevent direct conflict between them. For example, the Malay kingdoms in
1102:
1046:
1024:
908:
888:
840:
821:
565:
234:
137:
70:
66:
1796:. London&c: Lloyds Greater Britain Publishing Company. pp. 121–127
1596:
O.W. Wolters, pp. 142–143 citing Chutintaranond, 1990, pp. 97–98
1225:
1214:
1161:
1008:
956:
940:
920:
884:
852:
811:
787:
720:
712:
700:
219:
1811:
Circles of Kings: Political Dynamics in Early Continental Southeast Asia
1528:
1077:
Kinship § Recognition of fluidity in kinship meanings and relations
1197:
1076:
955:. Cambodia in the 18th century was described by the Vietnamese emperor
931:. China occupies a special place in that the others often in turn paid
803:
791:
704:
141:
1219:
1055:
996:
924:
872:
829:
772:
764:
752:
708:
58:
1206:- "circle of states" in India from 4th century BC to 2nd century AD
1018:
952:
856:
839:
807:
214:
132:
36:
1249:
1051:
1033:
912:
1433:
Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context c. 800-1830
1755:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Revised Edition, 1999.
767:
except Vietnam not conform to Chinese and European views of a
1164:- Hindu-Buddhist concept of deified royalty in Southeast Asia
1011:
of provincial governors was never successfully eliminated."
879:
Historically, the main suzerain or overlord states were the
727:
of later history – an inadvertent byproduct of 15th century
1753:
History, Culture and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives
1739:
History, Culture and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives
1606:
Sunait Chutintaranond, (Thai: สุเนตร ชุตินธรานนท์) (1990).
1458:
Professor of History, Department of History, appointed 1984
1200:- Siamese system of local administration from 1897 to 1933
763:" in the conventional sense. Not only did Southeast Asian
1619:. JSS Vol. 78.1i (digital). Siam Heritage Trust: image 11
1435:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003–2009
1792:. In Wright, Arnold; Breakspear, Oliver T (eds.).
1147:- mandalas led to Indianisation of Southeast Asia
1263:- centralized administration methods in antiquity
1240:- similar 11th and 12th centuries European system
1779:Political reasons for survey and map making in
1423:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.
1275:- position of kingship carries a sacred meaning
1741:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1982.
1687:. JSS Vol. 78.1 (digital). Siam Heritage Trust
1575:. JSS Vol. 82.0 (digital). Siam Heritage Trust
1180:Indian influences in early Philippine polities
1762:(2nd edition). Yale University Press, 2003.
1711:The Lao Kingdom of Lan Xang: Rise and Decline
1252:– system of local chiefdoms in southern China
1174:History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia
675:
8:
1523:(3). University of Chicago Press: 504–506.
1501:O.W. Wolters, 1999, pp. 27–40, 126-154
49:5th to 15th century). From north to south;
682:
668:
610:Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems
76:
1373:
1246:- a term for the centre of British Empire
1028:(Flowers of Gold), tribute from northern
1292:- a term used for those on the periphery
1194:- term mandalas originated from Sanskrit
1828:Anthropology and the Climate of Opinion
1513:"The galactic polity in Southeast Asia"
1305:
735:who further explored the idea in 1982:
630:Political and Legal Anthropology Review
90:
1727:. University of Hawaii Press, 1994.
286:Societies without hierarchical leaders
1908:Power (social and political) theories
1794:Twentieth century impressions of Siam
1269:- impact of geography on the politics
802:The term draws a comparison with the
743:It is employed to denote traditional
7:
1188:- responsible for spread of mandalas
1718:World Conqueror and World Renouncer
1706:, Cambridge University Press, 2003.
1517:HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory
729:advances in map-making technologies
1844:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1977.tb41806.x
1511:Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja (2013).
1481:Center for Southeast Asian Studies
1464:. February 4, 2005. Archived from
1366:University of California, Berkeley
1176:- expansion of Indianised mandalas
984:as a center flanked by four inner
25:
1431:. Chapter 7, cited in Lieberman,
1342:, Volume 65, Issue 1, Winter 2011
786:of Europe, states were linked in
604:Political economy in anthropology
43:classical Southeast Asian history
18:Mandala (Southeast Asian history)
1549:Martin-Fox, 1998, pp. 14–15
717:medieval Southeast Asian history
1674:Chutintaranond, Sunait (1990).
1378:. Publication Number 3469226.
1182:- mandalas of Srivijaya empire
1170:- mandalas were key components
747:political formations, such as
466:Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges
1:
1641:Thongchai Winichakul (1994).
1322:. Summer 2011. Archived from
895:; the successive kingdoms of
845:
637:Journal of Legal Anthropology
305:The Art of Not Being Governed
46:
1286:– allowing limited self-rule
782:In some ways similar to the
1684:Journal of the Siam Society
1616:Journal of the Siam Society
1572:Journal of the Siam Society
980:coalition which focused on
769:territorially defined state
703:word meaning 'circle'. The
1929:
1913:Sanskrit words and phrases
1663:. Westview Press, 1983.
1354:Branch, Jordan Nathaniel;
1339:International Organization
1228:- similar European concept
1074:
643:Journal of Law and Society
363:Colonialism and resistance
29:
1888:History of Southeast Asia
1809:Renée Hagesteijn (1989),
1760:Thailand: A Short History
1417:Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja
1396:O.W. Wolters, 1999, p. 27
1375:10.1017/S0020818310000299
1314:"How Maps Made the World"
1234:- similar European system
1211:Similar models elsewhere
317:Non-western state systems
293:African Political Systems
32:Mandala (disambiguation)
1723:Thongchai Winichakul.
1186:Indian maritime history
1151:Sanskrit-related topics
1032:in Malay peninsula for
851:: from north to south:
828:'s original idea of a "
342:and the State in Africa
1818:Hermann Kulke (1993),
1785:Giblin, R.W. (2008) .
1492:Lieberman, 2003, p. 33
1462:University of Michigan
1238:Honour (feudal barony)
1071:Personal relationships
1041:
876:
844:Intersecting mandalas
777:bureaucratic apparatus
741:
584:Circumscription theory
371:Europe and the People
340:Technology, Tradition,
74:
1868:Cultural assimilation
1661:A History of Cambodia
1654:Additional references
1454:"Victor B. Lieberman"
1075:Further information:
1022:
1004:Sunait Chutintaranond
843:
737:
658:cultural anthropology
446:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
299:Papuan Big man system
40:
1787:"Royal Survey Work."
1713:, White Lotus, 1998.
1709:Stuart-Fox, Martin,
1064:Thongchai Winichakul
945:Kingdom of Vientiane
937:post-Angkor Cambodia
757:center of domination
715:(principalities) in
451:Wolfgang Fikentscher
426:Henri J. M. Claessen
181:Pantribal sodalities
41:Notable mandalas in
30:For other uses, see
1898:Political geography
1893:Indianized kingdoms
1836:1977NYASA.293...69T
1702:Lieberman, Victor,
1529:10.14318/hau3.3.033
1279:Sphere of influence
1267:Political geography
1222:– European analogue
1060:bunga mas dan perak
1036:. National Museum,
731:. In the words of
594:Left–right paradigm
1903:Political theories
1720:, Cambridge, 1976.
1659:Chandler, David.
1560:Stuart-Fox, Martin
1042:
943:(succeeded by the
877:
589:Legal anthropology
491:Thomas Blom Hansen
421:Robert L. Carneiro
210:Segmentary lineage
147:Leveling mechanism
97:legal anthropology
75:
1883:Feudalism in Asia
1368:. pp. 1–36.
1326:on 11 August 2011
1290:Zomia (geography)
1158:- universal ruler
1132:Malacca Sultanate
1097:of Srivijaya and
993:Martin Stuart-Fox
966:Dutch East Indies
917:Ayutthaya Kingdom
753:vassalized polity
692:
691:
416:Jeremy Boissevain
401:Georges Balandier
396:E. Adamson Hoebel
16:(Redirected from
1920:
1854:
1822:
1814:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1791:
1716:Tambiah, S. J.,
1699:
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1647:
1646:
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1478:
1476:
1471:on July 22, 2011
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1388:
1387:
1377:
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1333:
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1319:Wilson Quarterly
1310:
962:French Indochina
960:colonisation of
933:tribute to China
850:
847:
751:of kingdoms or
684:
677:
670:
578:Related articles
561:Douglas R. White
551:Jonathan Spencer
531:Marshall Sahlins
521:Sally Falk Moore
77:
48:
21:
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1918:
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1774:Further reading
1758:Wyatt, David.
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1232:Homage (feudal)
1140:
1120:Malay Peninsula
1111:
1109:Non-exclusivity
1079:
1073:
1017:
1002:Thai historian
978:Negeri Sembilan
848:
838:
800:
794:relationships.
745:Southeast Asian
688:
648:
647:
624:
616:
615:
599:State formation
579:
571:
570:
556:Bjorn Thomassen
511:Elizabeth Mertz
496:Ted C. Lewellen
441:Pierre Clastres
391:
390:Major theorists
383:
382:
373:Without History
372:
341:
277:
269:
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191:Paramount chief
123:Achieved status
118:Ascribed status
110:Status and rank
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1751:Wolters, O.W.
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1737:Wolters, O.W.
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1441:978-0521804967
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1364:(PhD thesis).
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1261:Palace economy
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526:Rodney Needham
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471:Ernest Gellner
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105:Basic concepts
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1878:Globalization
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1328:. Retrieved
1324:the original
1317:
1308:
1156:Chakravartin
1114:served as a
1112:
1099:Samaratungga
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1088:Ramkhamhaeng
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1038:Kuala Lumpur
1030:Malay states
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516:Sidney Mintz
506:Ralph Linton
501:Edmund Leach
461:Morton Fried
456:Meyer Fortes
406:F. G. Bailey
338:
303:
291:
276:Case studies
235:Ethnic group
205:Band society
80:
1725:Siam Mapped
1643:Siam Mapped
1469:(Biography)
1273:Sacred king
1204:Rajamandala
1128:Tambralinga
1116:buffer zone
1015:Obligations
849: 1360
798:Terminology
771:with fixed
486:Ulf Hannerz
481:Lesley Gill
1862:Categories
1475:August 17,
1284:Suzerainty
1192:Indosphere
1124:Langkasuka
1095:Dharmasetu
991:Historian
927:and early
905:Singhasari
749:federation
378:Cargo cult
281:Acephelous
171:Matriarchy
166:Patriarchy
153:Leadership
1873:Diplomacy
1800:7 October
1790:(65.3 MB)
1691:March 17,
1623:March 17,
1579:April 12,
1244:Metropole
1103:Sailendra
1084:Sukhothai
1047:bunga mas
1025:Bunga mas
909:Majapahit
889:Srivijaya
865:Ayutthaya
861:Sukhothai
822:metaphors
815:worldview
792:tributary
566:Eric Wolf
138:Age grade
92:Political
71:Majapahit
67:Srivijaya
55:Ayutthaya
1852:84461786
1562:(1994).
1537:17733357
1381:Abstract
1358:(2011).
1257:General
1226:Hegemony
1215:Chiefdom
1162:Devaraja
1138:See also
1009:hegemony
957:Gia Long
941:Lan Xang
929:Đại Việt
921:Thailand
885:Cambodia
853:Lan Xang
830:galactic
824:such as
812:Buddhist
788:suzerain
765:polities
755:under a
721:kingdoms
713:Kedatuan
701:Sanskrit
623:Journals
220:Chiefdom
197:Polities
83:a series
81:Part of
1832:Bibcode
1443:. P. 33
1330:28 July
1198:Monthon
897:Mataram
836:History
806:of the
804:mandala
773:borders
705:mandala
696:Maṇḍala
328:Mandala
161:Big man
142:Age set
1850:
1766:
1745:
1731:
1679:(free)
1667:
1567:(free)
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1220:Fealty
1086:under
1056:silver
997:mueang
951:) and
925:Champa
915:; the
901:Kediri
873:Champa
820:Other
775:and a
709:Mueang
654:Social
323:Negara
63:Angkor
59:Champa
1848:S2CID
1611:(PDF)
1533:S2CID
1300:Notes
953:Lanna
869:Khmer
857:Lanna
808:Hindu
761:state
699:is a
312:State
215:Tribe
186:Chief
176:Elder
133:Caste
51:Bagan
1802:2011
1781:Siam
1764:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1729:ISBN
1693:2013
1665:ISBN
1625:2013
1581:2013
1477:2011
1437:ISBN
1425:ISBN
1332:2011
1250:Tusi
1126:and
1054:and
1052:gold
1034:Siam
947:and
913:Java
907:and
871:and
810:and
723:and
656:and
357:Kapu
69:and
1840:doi
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