Cassava - Knowledge (XXG)

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that extensive galling can be observed even at low densities following infection. Other pests and diseases can gain entry through the physical damage caused by gall formation, leading to rots. They have not been shown to cause direct damage to the enlarged tuberous roots, but plant height can be reduced if the root system is reduced. Nematicides reduce the numbers of galls per feeder root, along with fewer rots in the tuberous roots. The organophosphorus nematicide femaniphos does not reduce crop growth or harvest yield. Nematicide use in cassava is not terribly effective at increasing harvested yield, but lower infestation at harvest and lower subsequent storage loss provide a higher effective yield. The use of tolerant and resistant cultivars is the most practical management method in most locales.

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expressed transcripts of different haplotype origins were enriched for different functionality during tissue development. In each tissue, 20–30% of transcripts showed allele-specific expression differences with <2% of direction-shifting. Despite high gene synteny, the HiFi genome assembly revealed extensive chromosome rearrangements and abundant intra-genomic and inter-genomic divergent sequences, with significant structural variations mostly related to long terminal repeat retrotransposons.

1051: 1934: 2605: 1500: 699: 2593: 1087: 60: 1488: 735: 81: 723: 869: 1448: 2581: 1733:, because it does well on poor soils and with low rainfall, and because it is a perennial that can be harvested as required. Its wide harvesting window allows it to act as a famine reserve and is invaluable in managing labor schedules. It offers flexibility to resource-poor farmers because it serves as either a subsistence or a cash crop. Worldwide, 800 million people depend on cassava as their primary food staple. 7540: 1910: 2061:. Traditionally, cassareep was boiled in a soft pot, the actual "pepper pot", which would absorb the flavors and also impart them (even if dry) to foods such as rice and chicken cooked in it. The poisonous but volatile hydrogen cyanide is evaporated by heating. Nevertheless, improperly cooked cassava has been blamed for a number of deaths. Amerindians from Guyana reportedly made an antidote by steeping 1617: 1581: 1545: 1989: 687: 1599: 1922: 1020:

sections of approximately 15 cm (5.9 in), these being planted prior to the wet season. Cassava growth is favorable under temperatures ranging from 25 to 29 °C (77 to 84 °F), but it can tolerate temperatures as low as 12 °C (54 °F) and as high as 40 °C (104 °F). These conditions are found, among other places, in the northern part of the

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or starch must be processed to remove the cyanogenic glucosides. The large roots are peeled and then ground into flour, which is then soaked in water, squeezed dry several times, and toasted. The starch grains that flow with the water during the soaking process are also used in cooking. The flour is used throughout South America and the

1692:, and able to grow productively on poor soil. Cassava grows well within 30° of the equator, where it can be produced at up to 2,000 m (7,000 ft) above sea level, and with 50 to 5,000 mm (2 to 200 in) of rain per year. These environmental tolerances suit it to conditions across much of South America and Africa. 891:, shown to be the progenitor of domesticated cassava, are centered in west-central Brazil, where it was likely first domesticated no more than 10,000 years ago. Forms of the modern domesticated species can also be found growing in the wild in the south of Brazil. By 4600 BC, cassava pollen appears in the 1837:

For some smaller-rooted, sweet varieties, cooking is sufficient to eliminate all toxicity. The cyanide is carried away in the processing water and the amounts produced in domestic consumption are too small to have environmental impact. The larger-rooted, bitter varieties used for production of flour

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While alternative methods for controlling post-harvest deterioration have been proposed, such as preventing reactive oxygen species effects by using plastic bags during storage and transport, coating the roots with wax, or freezing roots, such strategies have proved to be economically or technically

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initiated by cyanide release during mechanical harvesting. Cassava shelf life may be increased up to three weeks by overexpressing a cyanide-insensitive alternative oxidase, which suppressed ROS by 10-fold. Post-harvest deterioration is a major obstacle to the export of cassava. Fresh cassava can be

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Societies that traditionally eat cassava generally understand that processing (soaking, cooking, fermentation, etc.) is necessary to avoid getting sick. Brief soaking (four hours) of cassava is not sufficient, but soaking for 18–24 hours can remove up to half the level of cyanide. Drying may not be

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Cassava yields a large amount of food energy per unit area of land per day – 1,000,000 kJ/ha (250,000 kcal/ha), as compared with 650,000 kJ/ha (156,000 kcal/ha) for rice, 460,000 kJ/ha (110,000 kcal/ha) for wheat and 840,000 kJ/ha (200,000 kcal/ha) for maize.

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The traditional method used in West Africa is to peel the roots and put them into water for three days to ferment. The roots are then dried or cooked. In Nigeria and several other west African countries, including Ghana, Cameroon, Benin, Togo, Ivory Coast, and Burkina Faso, they are usually grated

1181:. This disease originated in South America and has followed cassava around the world. Bacterial blight has been responsible for near catastrophic losses and famine in past decades, and its mitigation requires active management practices. Several other bacteria attack cassava, including the related 970:

by Portuguese and Spanish traders, who planted it in their colonies in Goa, Malacca, Eastern Indonesia, Timor and the Philippines. Cassava has also become an important crop in Asia. While it is a valued food staple in parts of eastern Indonesia, it is primarily cultivated for starch extraction and

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The complete and haplotype-resolved African cassava (TME204) genome has been reconstructed and made available using the Hi-C technology. The genome shows abundant novel gene loci with enriched functionality related to chromatin organization, meristem development, and cell responses. Differentially

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subsistence lifestyle. A story tells that the great spirit Makunaima climbed a tree, cutting off pieces with his axe; when they landed on the ground, each piece became a type of animal. The opossum brought the people to the tree, where they found all the types of food, including bitter cassava. A

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spp. feeding produces physically damaging galls with eggs inside them. Galls later merge as the females grow and enlarge, and they interfere with water and nutrient supply. Cassava roots become tough with age and restrict the movement of the juveniles and the egg release. It is therefore possible

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are especially high in these toxins. A dose of 25 mg of pure cassava cyanogenic glucoside, which contains 2.5 mg of cyanide, is sufficient to kill a rat. Excess cyanide residue from improper preparation causes goiters and acute cyanide poisoning, and is linked to ataxia (a neurological

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Sayre, R.; Beeching, J. R.; Cahoon, E. B.; Egesi, C.; Fauquet, C.; Fellman, J.; Fregene, M.; Gruissem, W.; Mallowa, S.; Manary, M.; Maziya-Dixon, B.; Mbanaso, A.; Schachtman, D. P.; Siritunga, D.; Taylor, N.; Vanderschuren, H.; Zhang, P. (2011). "The BioCassava Plus Program: Biofortification of

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Optimal conditions for cassava cultivation are: mean annual temperatures between 20 and 29 °C (68 and 84 °F), annual precipitation between 1,000 and 2,500 mm (39 and 98 in), and an annual growth period of no less than 240 days. Cassava is propagated by cutting the stem into

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and by the transplanting of diseased plants into new fields. Sometime in the late-1980s, a mutation occurred in Uganda that made the virus even more harmful, causing the complete loss of leaves. This mutated virus spread at a rate of 80 kilometres (50 miles) per year, and as of 2005 was found

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in their early occupation of Caribbean islands did not want to eat cassava or maize, which they considered insubstantial, dangerous, and not nutritious. They much preferred foods from Spain, specifically wheat bread, olive oil, red wine, and meat, and considered maize and cassava damaging to

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Cassava tubers and hay are used worldwide as animal feed. Young cassava hay is harvested at three to four month, when it reaches about 30 to 45 cm (12 to 18 in) above ground; it is dried in the sun until its dry matter content approaches 85 percent. The hay contains 20–27 percent

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Legg, James P.; Sseruwagi, Peter; Boniface, Simon; Okao-Okuja, Geoffrey; Shirima, Rudolph; Bigirimana, Simon; et al. (2014). "Spatio-temporal patterns of genetic change amongst populations of cassava Bemisia tabaci whiteflies driving virus pandemics in East and Central Africa".

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to detoxify cassava is by peeling, grinding, and mashing; filtering the mash through a basket tube to remove the hydrogen cyanide; and drying and sieving the mash for flour. The poisonous filtrate water was boiled to release the hydrogen cyanide, and used as a base for stews.

2553:, including to improve the efficiency of conversion from cassava flour, and to convert crop residues such as stems and leaves as well as the more easily processed roots. China has created facilities to produce substantial amounts of ethanol fuel from cassava roots. 1003:, Vishakham Thirunal Maharaja, after a great famine hit the kingdom, as a substitute for rice. However, there are documented cases of cassava cultivation in parts of the state before the time of Vishakham Thirunal Maharaja. Cassava is called kappa or maricheeni in 946:

Europeans. The cultivation and consumption of cassava were nonetheless continued in both Portuguese and Spanish America. Mass production of cassava bread became the first Cuban industry established by the Spanish. Ships departing to Europe from Cuban ports such as

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A safe processing method known as the "wetting method" is to mix the cassava flour with water into a thick paste, spread it in a thin layer over a basket and then let it stand for five hours at 30 °C in the shade. In that time, about 83% of the cyanogenic

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Nematode pests of cassava are thought to cause harms ranging from negligible to seriously damaging, making the choice of management methods difficult. A wide range of plant parasitic nematodes have been reported associated with cassava worldwide. These include

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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).

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throughout Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo. Viruses are a severe production limitation in the tropics. They are the primary reason for the complete lack of yield increases in the 25 years up to 2021.

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Legg, James P.; Kumar, P. Lava; Makeshkumar, T.; Tripathi, Leena; Ferguson, Morag; Kanju, Edward; Ntawuruhunga, Pheneas; Cuellar, Wilmer (2015). "Cassava Virus Diseases: Biology, Epidemiology, and Management". In Loebenstein, Gad; Katis, Nikolaos I. (eds.).

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carried goods to Spain, but sailors needed to be provisioned for the voyage. The Spanish also needed to replenish their boats with dried meat, water, fruit, and large amounts of cassava bread. Sailors complained that it caused them digestive problems.

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Cassava is grown in sweet and bitter varieties; both contain toxins, but the bitter varieties have them in much larger amounts. Cassava has to be prepared carefully for consumption, as improperly prepared material can contain sufficient

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Sivamani, Selvaraju; Chandrasekaran, Arun Pandian; Balajii, Muthusamy; Shanmugaprakash, Muthusamy; Hosseini-Bandegharaei, Ahmad; Baskar, Rajoo (2018). "Evaluation of the potential of cassava-based residues for biofuels production".

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Akindahunsi, A. A.; Grissom, F. E.; Adewusi, S. R.; Afolabi, O. A.; Torimiro, S. E.; Oke, O. L. (1998). "Parameters of thyroid function in the endemic goitre of Akungba and Oke-Agbe villages of Akoko area of southwestern Nigeria".

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Morante, N.; Sánchez, T.; Ceballos, H.; Calle, F.; Pérez, J. C.; Egesi, C.; Cuambe, C. E.; Escobar, A. F.; Ortiz, D.; Chávez, A. L.; Fregene, M. (2010). "Tolerance to Postharvest Physiological Deterioration in Cassava Roots".

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Pope, Kevin O.; Pohl, Mary E. D.; Jones, John G.; Lentz, David L.; von Nagy, Christopher; Vega, Francisco J.; Quitmyer, Irvy R. (2001). "Origin and Environmental Setting of Ancient Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica".

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in the late 2010s, dozens of deaths were reported due to Venezuelans resorting to eating bitter cassava in order to curb starvation. Cases of cassava poisoning were also documented during the famine accompanying the

1305:, grasshoppers, leafhoppers, gall midges, leafcutter ants, and termites contribute to losses of cassava in the field, while others contribute to serious losses, between 19% and 30%, of dried cassava in storage. In 5325:"Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (AFC) on hydrocyanic acid in flavourings and other food ingredients with flavouring properties" 4868: 7589: 5759: 4610: 4463:

Coyne D. L.; Kagoda F.; Wambugu E.; Ragama P. (2006). "Response of cassava to nematicide application and plant-parasitic nematode infection in East Africa, with emphasis on root-knot nematode".

6375: 6836: 1761:. Cassava varieties are often categorized as either bitter (high in cyanogenic glycosides) or sweet (low in those bitter compounds). Sweet cultivars can contain as little as 20 milligrams of 1094:

Cassava is subject to pests from multiple taxonomic groups, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and insects. All cause reductions in yield, and some cause serious losses of crops.

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The harvested part of a cassava plant is the root. This is long and tapered, with an easily detached rough brown rind. The white or yellowish flesh is firm and even in texture. Commercial

5072: 4132: 1970:. The fermentation process also reduces the level of antinutrients, making the cassava a more nutritious food. The reliance on cassava as a food source and the resulting exposure to the 4950: 3777: 1677:

In 2022, world production of cassava root was 330 million tonnes, led by Nigeria with 18% of the total (table). Other major growers were Democratic Republic of the Congo and Thailand.

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causes the leaves of the cassava plant to wither, limiting the growth of the root. An outbreak of the virus in Africa in the 1920s led to a major famine. The virus is spread by the

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of West Africa, is an edible coarse flour obtained by grating cassava roots, pressing moisture off the obtained grated pulp, and finally drying it (and roasting in the case of both

5947: 1842:. Industrial production of cassava flour, even at the cottage level, may generate enough cyanide and cyanogenic glycosides in the effluents to have a severe environmental impact. 8479: 971:

bio-fuel production in Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. Cassava is sometimes described as the "bread of the tropics" but should not be confused with the tropical and equatorial

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Bumoko, G.M.-M.; Sadiki, N.H.; Rwatambuga, A.; Kayembe, K.P.; Okitundu, D.L.; Mumba Ngoyi, D.; Muyembe, J.-J.T.; Banea, J.-P.; Boivin, M.J.; Tshala-Katumbay, D. (2015).

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can be 5 to 10 centimetres (2 to 4 in) wide at the top, and some 15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 in) long, with a woody vascular bundle running down the middle. The

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farmers. These pests were rampant in the 1970s and 1980s but were brought under control following the establishment of the Biological Control Centre for Africa of the

8202: 7417: 1326: 1871:. It has to be prepared correctly to remove its toxicity. The root of the sweet variety is mild to the taste, like potatoes; Jewish households sometimes use it in 5829: 3414:. Proceedings of the Validation Forum on the Global Cassava Development Strategy. Vol. 2. Rome: The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 6180:

Oboh, G.; Oladunmoye, M.K. (2007). "Biochemical Changes in Micro-Fungi Fermented Cassava Flour Produced from Low- and Medium-Cyanide Variety of Cassava Tubers".

5516: 8429: 8355: 8254: 6874: 2956:"The haplotype-resolved chromosome pairs of a heterozygous diploid African cassava cultivar reveal novel pan-genome and allele-specific transcriptome features" 1463: 3626:

Del-Rosario-Arellano, José Luis; Aguilar-Rivera, Noe; Leyva-Ovalle, Otto Raúl; Andres-Meza, Pablo; Meneses-Marquez, Isaac; Bolio-López, Gloria Ivette (2022).

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Coyne, Danny L.; Cortada, Laura; Dalzell, Johnathan J.; Claudius-Cole, Abiodun O.; Haukeland, Solveig; Luambano, Nessie; Talwana, Herbert (25 August 2018).

992:. This description definitely holds in Africa and parts of South America; in Asian countries such as Vietnam fresh cassava barely features in human diets. 4578: 2724: 5727: 4681: 4655: 7803: 7795: 7770: 7663: 7422: 2485: 6155: 2604: 8140: 7935: 7735: 7730: 7618: 6138: 1475: 1813:

factors and toxins, with the bitter varieties containing much larger amounts. The more toxic varieties of cassava have been used in some places as

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McGregor, Andrew; Manley, M.; Tubuna, S.; Deo, R.; Bourke, Mike (2020). "Pacific Island food security: situation, challenges and opportunities".

1435: 5102: 810:(FT) is a gene producing FT proteins which affect the formation of storage roots in many plants, including this one. Alleles in cassava include 8329: 7864: 7823: 7813: 7785: 7760: 7708: 7608: 7600: 6730: 5034: 4762: 4103: 2885: 1447: 746: 710: 50: 4921: 3781: 8277: 7945: 7818: 7740: 7688: 7680: 7015: 6686: 6624: 6591: 6482: 5174: 3926: 3720: 3485: 5796:

Chiwona-Karltun, Linley; Katundu, Chrissie; Ngoma, James; Chipungu, Felistus; Mkumbira, Jonathan; Simukoko, Sidney; Jiggins, Janice (2002).

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Before harvest, the leafy stems are removed. The harvest is gathered by pulling up the base of the stem and cutting off the tuberous roots.

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whiteflies. Genetically engineered cassava offers opportunities for the improvement of virus resistance, including CMV and CBSD resistance.

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Portuguese traders introduced cassava to Africa from Brazil in the 16th century. Around the same period, it was introduced to Asia through

507:, native to South America, from Brazil, Paraguay and parts of the Andes. Although a perennial plant, cassava is extensively cultivated in 5955: 2638:

In Java, a myth relates that food derives from the body of Dewi Teknowati, who killed herself rather than accept the advances of the god

571:, and able to grow productively on poor soil. The largest producer is Nigeria, while Thailand is the largest exporter of cassava starch. 7077: 6870:"Effect of cassava hay and rice bran oil supplementation on rumen fermentation, milk yield and milk composition in lactating dairy cows" 3328: 8444: 7668: 7622: 7562: 6317: 6110: 4938: 4383: 4120: 3814: 3322: 3298: 1209:, the genus which causes potato blight. Cassava root rot can result in losses of as much as 80 percent of the crop. A major pest is a 1112: 213: 6681:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). 3468:

Adams, C.; Murrieta, R.; Siqueira, A.; Neves, W.; Sanches, R. (2009). "Bread of the Land: The Invisibility of Manioc in the Amazon".

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Symptoms of acute cyanide intoxication appear four or more hours after ingesting raw or poorly processed cassava: vertigo, vomiting,

1423: 1376:, which oxidizes and blackens the roots, making them inedible after a few days. This deterioration is related to the accumulation of 8424: 7642: 5389: 5381: 5166: 5006: 4979: 4894: 3968: 1487: 1411: 6644: 896: 526:

root. Cassava is predominantly consumed in boiled form, but substantial quantities are processed to extract cassava starch, called

5595:"Effect of cyanide-degrading bacteria inoculation on performance, rumen fermentation characteristics of sheep fed bitter cassava ( 3553: 2913: 7919: 1765:

per kilogram of fresh roots, whereas bitter cultivars may contain as much as 1000 milligrams per kilogram. Cassavas grown during

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Aregheore, E. M.; Agunbiade, O. O. (1991). "The toxic effects of cassava (manihot esculenta grantz) diets on humans: a review".

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Zárate-Chaves, Carlos A.; Gómez de la Cruz, Diana; Verdier, Valérie; López, Camilo E.; Bernal, Adriana; Szurek, Boris (2021).

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Alvarez, Elizabeth; Llano, Germán Alberto; Mejía, Juan Fernando (2012). "Cassava diseases in Latin America, Africa and Asia".

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A review of cassava in Africa with country case studies on Nigeria, Ghana, the United Republic of Tanzania, Uganda and Benin

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Soto-Blanco, Benito; Górniak, Silvana Lima (1 July 2010). "Toxic effects of prolonged administration of leaves of cassava (

4983: 4766: 1688:. making it an important staple; more than 500 million people depend on it. It offers the advantage of being exceptionally 8469: 1134: 7038: 758: 7174: 6640: 5457: 1881:, a dry meal made from cooked powdered cassava, is roasted in butter, eaten as a side dish, or sprinkled on other food. 1795:(which makes sulfur available for the patient's body to detoxify by converting the poisonous cyanide into thiocyanate). 1103: 7437: 5921: 5512: 8049: 7874: 7520: 7510: 4233: 4223: 2832: 2807: 2782: 1933: 1178: 5482: 3627: 3758: 3352:"The Economic History of Havana, Cuba: A City So Beautiful and Important It Was Once Worth More Than All of Florida" 3247: 2766:

Genus Manihot is from the Tupi-Guarani name "manioca" which means cassava. Species esculenta means edible by humans.

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is made from bitter cassava juice. The juice is boiled until it is reduced by half in volume, to the consistency of

1958:; the resulting hydrogen cyanide escapes to the atmosphere, making the flour safe for consumption the same evening. 1356:(a predatory mite) were found to effectively control the cassava mealybug and the cassava green mite, respectively. 8419: 8342: 7765: 6973:"Where Asian Indian folklore meets Arawak and Kalinago folklore, 'Sound' Symmetry and Asymmetry can make you jump!" 5411: 4713: 4513: 4051: 3055: 2719: 2677: 1806:, which can be fatal. The risk is highest in famines, when as many as 3 percent of the population may be affected. 1799: 1062: 4890: 3706: 1287: 8454: 8439: 8259: 8228: 7495: 7373: 6100: 5869: 4042: 3955:. Control of Plant Virus Diseases: Vegetatively-Propagated Crops. Vol. 91. Academic Press. pp. 85–142. 3630:[Edaphoclimatic zoning of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) for sustainable production of bioproducts]. 3628:"Zonificación edafoclimática de la yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) para la producción sostenible de bioproductos" 3592: 1393:

of cassava varieties with improved durability after harvest, achieved by different mechanisms. One approach used

1223:, can cause losses of over 80 percent of young cassava in Latin America when temperature and rainfall are high. 920: 664:, with small amounts of calcium (16 milligrams per 100 grams), phosphorus (27 mg/100 g), and 2580: 80: 8459: 7469: 7442: 6261:"Lower serum levels of selenium, copper, and zinc are related to neuromotor impairments in children with konzo" 5180: 4570: 3910: 2710: 1499: 1240: 1081: 1024:

in Mexico. In this part of Mexico the following soil types have been shown to be good for cassava cultivation:

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Talking Taino: Caribbean Natural History from a Native Perspective (Caribbean Archaeology and Ethnohistory)

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Cassava deteriorates after harvest, when the tuberous roots are first cut. The healing mechanism produces

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The new food lover's companion: comprehensive definitions of nearly 6,000 food, drink, and culinary terms

2069:. The natives of Guyana traditionally brought the product to town in bottles, and it is available on the 1321:). These pests can cause up to 80 percent crop loss, which is extremely detrimental to the production of 8464: 8158: 5593:

Suharti, Sri; Oktafiani, Hafni; Sudarman, Asep; Baik, Myunggi; Wiryawan, Komang Gede (1 December 2021).

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Rosane F. Schwan; Euziclei G. Almeida; Maria Aparecida G. Souza-Dias; Lene Jespersen (September 2007).

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to try to silence a gene involved in triggering deterioration; another strategy selected for plentiful

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Several fungi bring about significant crop losses, one of the most serious being cassava root rot; the

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producers, they are vital to productivity at particular times. Small cassava farmers are no exception.

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is Latin for 'edible'. The common name "cassava" is a 16th century word from the French or Portuguese

8269: 8088: 7554: 7203: 6801: 5551: 5118: 5094: 3172: 3114: 2687: 2408: 2382: 1909: 1868: 1862: 1750: 1311: 1270: 1116: 924: 5979:"Yeast diversity in rice-cassava fermentations produced by the indigenous Tapirapé people of Brazil" 5943: 3503:"Cassava consumption and the occurrence of cyanide in cassava in Vietnam, Indonesia and Philippines" 1729:. Cassava plays a particularly important role in agriculture in developing countries, especially in 864:

in 1565: grating tuberous roots into paste, shaping the bread, and cooking it on a fire-heated burén

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Padmaja, G.; Steinkraus, K. H. (1995). "Cyanide detoxification in cassava for food and feed uses".

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The Body of the Conquistador: Food, Race, and the Colonial Experience in Spanish America, 1492–1700

2642:. She was buried, and her lower leg grew into a cassava plant. In Trinidad, folk stories tell of a 1717:) are important sources of food in the tropics. The cassava plant gives the third-highest yield of 1322: 1119:(CMV) is widespread in Africa, causing cassava mosaic disease (CMD). Bredeson et al. 2016 find the 899:

archaeological site. The oldest direct evidence of cassava cultivation comes from a 1,400-year-old

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Latif, Sajid; Müller, Joachim (2015). "Potential of cassava leaves in human nutrition: a review".

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There is a legend that cassava was introduced in 1880–1885 CE to the South Indian state of

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Qi, W.; Lim, Y.; Patrignani, A.; Schläpfer, P.; Bratus-Neuenschwander, A.; et al. (2022).

8414: 8290: 8062: 7713: 7464: 7356: 7011: 6950: 6901: 6817: 6773: 6692: 6682: 6620: 6616: 6609: 6587: 6581: 6562: 6515: 6499: 6478: 6472: 6425: 6406: 6353: 6313: 6290: 6241: 6233: 6205: 6197: 6106: 6073: 6065: 6000: 5846: 5698: 5620: 5575: 5567: 5430: 5385: 5306: 5256: 5170: 5056: 4813: 4740: 4637: 4543: 4525: 4321: 4196: 4178: 4073: 4065: 4018: 3982: 3974: 3964: 3932: 3922: 3716: 3534: 3481: 3379: 3318: 3294: 3188: 3163: 3142: 3077: 3069: 2987: 2421: 2264: 1297: 1086: 932: 900: 580: 3312: 8295: 8181: 7964: 7914: 7396: 7307: 7147: 7003: 6891: 6883: 6809: 6765: 6552: 6544: 6533:"Cyanogenesis in Cassava : The Role of Hydroxynitrile Lyase in Root Cyanide Production" 6345: 6280: 6272: 6189: 6147: 6057: 5990: 5838: 5688: 5610: 5559: 5420: 5407:"Tropical calcific pancreatitis: strong association with SPINK1 trypsin inhibitor mutations" 5296: 5288: 5223: 5127: 5048: 4942: 4846: 4803: 4730: 4722: 4627: 4619: 4533: 4517: 4472: 4311: 4186: 4170: 4124: 4055: 4010: 3956: 3806: 3635: 3524: 3514: 3473: 3388: 3180: 3132: 3122: 3059: 3015: 2977: 2969: 2894: 1758: 1689: 951: 904: 610: 568: 567:; more than 500 million people depend on it. It offers the advantage of being exceptionally 4371: 4256: 4060: 4037: 868: 8474: 7854: 7505: 7367: 7317: 7229: 7050: 6756:

Bakky, Aa; Hoque, Mr; Islam, Ms (11 February 2021). "Production of Biofuel from Cassava".

6349: 4865:"Cassava production in 2022, Crops/World Regions/Production Quantity/Year from pick lists" 4790:"Variation in cassava germplasm for tolerance to post-harvest physiological deterioration" 3064: 3041: 1818: 1700: 1246: 936: 822: 588: 118: 2749: 2497:

for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from

1921: 1385:

or bleach as a fungicide, then wrapping in plastic, freezing, or applying a wax coating.

8031: 6805: 6517:

Meehans' monthly: a magazine of horticulture, botany and kindred subjects, Volumes 11-12

6451: 5555: 4521: 4159:"Cassava diseases caused by Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis and Xanthomonas cassavae" 3529: 3502: 3176: 3118: 2657:

people of Guyana is closely bound up with the growth and processing of cassava in their

1791:, partial paralysis, collapse, and death. It can be treated easily with an injection of 8434: 8321: 8316: 7904: 7718: 6896: 6869: 6285: 6260: 5914:"Manioc Root - Cargo Handbook - the world's largest cargo transport guidelines website" 5513:"Cassava poisoning was integral to Episode 177 of Series 17 of the BBC drama 'Doctors'" 5374: 5280: 5020: 4735: 4709:"Extending cassava root shelf life via reduction of reactive oxygen species production" 4708: 4632: 4601: 4538: 4499: 4316: 4291: 4191: 4158: 2982: 2955: 2924: 2860:. Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Archived from 2682: 2658: 2627: 2621: 2534: 2058: 2007: 2000: 1668: 1390: 1351: 1155: 1102:

Several viruses cause enough damage to cassava crops to be of economic importance. The

892: 873: 842: 105: 6374:. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Donald Danforth Plant Science Center. 2018. Archived from 5276:"Cyanogenesis in Cassava, The Role of Hydroxynitrile Lyase in Root Cyanide Production" 59: 8403: 8360: 7515: 7181: 6995: 6972: 6557: 6532: 6085: 5995: 5978: 5797: 5632: 5301: 5275: 3655: 3137: 3096: 2525:-ounce) reference serving, raw cassava provides 670 kilojoules (160 kilocalories) of 2132: 2070: 1809:

Like many other roots and tubers, both bitter and sweet varieties of cassava contain

1718: 1382: 1373: 1338: 1210: 1146: 928: 861: 826: 504: 164: 7043: 6726: 6583:

The History of British Guiana: Comprising a General Description of the Colony (1855)

5228: 5211: 5139: 4555: 4484: 4085: 3639: 3438: 3407: 3207: 1875:. It can be made into a flour that is used in breads, cakes and cookies. In Brazil, 8386: 8067: 7750: 7457: 7327: 7164: 7122: 7102: 6061: 5883: 5329: 5324: 4788:

Venturini, M. T; Santos, L. R; Vildoso, C. I; Santos, V. S; Oliveira, E. J (2016).

4014: 3271: 3212: 2650:, meaning to pound, for what is traditionally a woman's work of pounding cassava. 2108: 2062: 1810: 1777: 1746: 1710: 1680:

Cassava is the third-largest source of carbohydrates in food in the tropics, after

1302: 1252: 1205: 915:

of the native populations of northern South America, southern Mesoamerica, and the

877: 555:

Cassava is the third-largest source of carbohydrates in food in the tropics, after

154: 8054: 8041: 4602:"Correlation of Chemical Compositions of Cassava Varieties to Their Resistance to 3184: 2973: 7007: 6045: 6019: 5750:"Estragos de la crisis: Ocho niños han muerto en Aragua por consumir yuca amarga" 3960: 3477: 3355: 1962:

and lightly fried in palm oil to preserve them. The result is a foodstuff called

1830:(1958–1962) in China. Farmers may select bitter cultivars to reduce crop losses. 8241: 8166: 8014: 7500: 7452: 7447: 7432: 7240: 7218: 7191: 7152: 7137: 7112: 6769: 6046:"Parakari, an indigenous fermented beverage using amylolytic Rhizopus in Guyana" 5486: 4975: 4850: 4758: 2960: 2639: 2530: 2526: 2092: 1975: 1814: 1792: 1402: 912: 908: 779: 636:. The common name "yuca" or "yucca" is most likely also from Taíno, via Spanish 584: 564: 512: 481: 6676: 6193: 6151: 5615: 5594: 3392: 3106:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2898: 7894: 7391: 7361: 7297: 7142: 7107: 6813: 6276: 5842: 5754: 5722: 5693: 5679: 5674: 5563: 5039: 4476: 3936: 3679:. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Bangkok. Archived from 3578:

Materia medica of Hindoostan, and artisan's and agriculturalist's nomenclature

3519: 3443:

A review of cassava in Asia with country case studies on Thailand and Viet Nam

2395: 2281: 2247: 1955: 1900: 1754: 1741:

Cassava roots, peels and leaves are dangerous to eat raw because they contain

1726: 1398: 1346: 1000: 979: 972: 677: 673: 530:, which is used for food, animal feed, and industrial purposes. The Brazilian 6996:"Cassava and the Makushi: a shared history of resiliency and transformation"" 6821: 6777: 6237: 6201: 6069: 5624: 5571: 5449: 5060: 4529: 4182: 4069: 3978: 3647: 3073: 8101: 7899: 7780: 7658: 7613: 7485: 7401: 7302: 7127: 7086: 6887: 5425: 5406: 4623: 3127: 3040:

Zierer, Wolfgang; Rüscher, David; Sonnewald, Uwe; Sonnewald, Sophia (2021).

2507:

Raw cassava is 60% water, 38% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and has negligible

2314: 2030: 2019: 1971: 1951: 1839: 1742: 1722: 1705: 1394: 1004: 942: 799: 791: 665: 8373: 8005: 6905: 6696: 6357: 6294: 6245: 6209: 6077: 6004: 5702: 5579: 5434: 4817: 4744: 4641: 4547: 4325: 4214: 4200: 4077: 4038:"Cassava Mosaic and Brown Streak Diseases: Current Perspectives and Beyond" 4022: 3986: 3538: 3192: 3146: 3081: 2991: 6566: 6548: 6531:

White, W. L. B.; Arias-Garzon, D. I.; McMahon, J. M.; Sayre R. T. (1998).

6410: 6028:

Their staple food is cassava, from which they make cassava bread and brew

5850: 5490: 5310: 5292: 5260: 4726: 2803: 8368: 7999: 7889: 7828: 7385: 7350: 7275: 7265: 7208: 4808: 4789: 3239: 2778: 2571: 2230: 2046: 2034: 1896: 1798:

Chronic, low-level exposure to cyanide may contribute to both goiter and

1622: 1586: 1291:

Grasshoppers, here on cassava in Nigeria, are secondary pests of cassava.

1200: 1138: 1107: 1068: 1033: 1025: 916: 857: 653: 630: 508: 131: 5913: 5243:

Aregheore E. M.; Agunbiade O. O. (1991). "The toxic effects of cassava (

4864: 4600:

Osipitan, A. A.; Sangowusi, V. T.; Lawal, O. I.; Popoola, K. O. (2015).

3439:"Cassava in Asia. Expanding the Competitive Edge in Diversified Markets" 2828: 17: 8145: 8075: 7292: 7286: 7117: 7094: 5274:

White W. L. B.; Arias-Garzon D. I.; McMahon J. M.; Sayre R. T. (1998).

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Caveness, F. E. (1982). "Root-knot nematodes as parasites of cassava".

4128: 3576: 3314:

Conquest and food: consequences of the encounter of two worlds; page 75

2654: 2550: 2546: 2210: 1966:. Fermentation is also used in other places such as Indonesia, such as 1872: 1851: 1766: 1762: 1664: 1550: 1516: 1041: 1037: 1029: 1008: 959: 838: 669: 605: 591:. Farmers may however choose bitter cultivars to minimise crop losses. 583:. The more toxic varieties of cassava have been used in some places as 576: 527: 174: 8171: 4174: 3019: 2026:

and protein to improve the nutrition of people in sub-Saharan Africa.

927:

by the time of European contact in 1492. Cassava was a staple food of

7869: 7838: 7808: 7703: 7628: 7338: 7270: 7186: 7132: 5651: 3914: 3907:

Tropical Root and Tuber Crops: Cassava, Sweet Potato, Yams And Aroids

3599: 2567: 2297: 1892: 1877: 1788: 1784: 1640: 1306: 996: 955: 947: 661: 520: 500: 144: 7976: 5153: 5052: 3354:. San José State University, Department of Economics. Archived from 2914:"Preparation of cassava leaf products and their use as animal feeds" 6951:"The Folklore about Food Sustainability according Javanese Culture" 6131:"Simple wetting method to reduce cyanogen content of cassava flour" 5798:"Bitter cassava and women: an intriguing response to food security" 5131: 4922:"African Cassava Mosaic Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, and Control" 4500:"Plant-Parasitic Nematodes and Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa" 4261:

spp.) in pot experiments and farmer-managed field trials in Uganda"

3501:

Mota-Guttierez, Jatziri; O'Brien, Gerard Michael (September 2019).

798:, and smallholders tend to retain less productive but more diverse 8194: 8106: 7755: 7745: 7312: 7255: 7245: 7198: 3712: 3674:"Production techniques for sustainable cassava production in Asia" 3593:"Kappa for all seasons - many avatars of the magic starch root..." 2122: 2054: 2042: 2038: 1979: 1967: 1963: 1888: 1803: 1772: 1685: 1604: 1534: 1286: 1085: 867: 852: 657: 600: 560: 538: 523: 496: 92: 67: 33: 8282: 5948:"Eat this! Hearty Brazilian feijoada, just in time for Carnival!" 3445:. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 8093: 7280: 7250: 5954:. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide. Archived from 5162: 4869:

Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database

3377:

Super, John C. (1984). "Spanish Diet in the Atlantic Crossing".

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1295:

Insects such as stem borers and other beetles, moths including

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The Crop Productivity Symposium, IRRI, los Banos, Philippines

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Gapasin, R. M. (1980). "Reaction of golden yellow cassava to

4232:(Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International). 2019. 2723:. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2022. 672:, whereas the leaves are rich in it, except for being low in 7055: 5648:"Cassava's cyanide-producing abilities can cause neuropathy" 2858:

National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 28

2537:

in significant content (i.e. above 10% of the relevant DV).

5783:

The Great Famine in China, 1958-1962: A Documentary History

4759:"Storage and processing of roots and tubers in the tropics" 3005: 3003: 3001: 1090:

An agronomist examines a diseased cassava crop in Thailand.

6645:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels" 3873:"Uganda to launch innovative gene-edited cassava research" 841:

towards the reproductive organs, as shown by experimental

543: 531: 5675:"Transgenic approaches for cyanogen reduction in cassava" 1978:

has been responsible for the endemic goiters seen in the

1274:

are the most widely reported and economically important.

668:(20.6 mg/100 g). Cassava roots contains little 3293:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 54–57, 151. 2662:

bird told the people how to prepare the cassava safely.

5450:"How do people learn to cook a poisonous plant safely?" 5376:

Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition

6758:

Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources

4976:"Dimensions of Need: An atlas of food and agriculture" 4257:"Reaction of cassava cultivars to root-knot nematode ( 3097:"Evidence on the origin of cassava: phylogeography of 1770:

disorder affecting the ability to walk, also known as

5477: 5475: 1776:). It has also been linked to tropical fibrocalcific 32:"Yuca" redirects here. For the flowering shrubs, see 6868:

R. Lunsin; M. Wanapat; P. Rowlinson (October 2012).

6586:. Adamant Media Corporation (reprint). p. 185. 5370:"Ch. 7 Toxic substances and antinutritional factors" 4405:

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1405:

which may help to reduce oxidization after harvest.

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Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology

3919:

Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International

2626:Cassava is used in laundry products, especially as 2545:Cassava has been studied as a feedstock to produce 2470: 2458: 2433: 2420: 2407: 2394: 2381: 2368: 2355: 2334: 2313: 2296: 2280: 2263: 2246: 2229: 2208: 2173: 2149: 2131: 2121: 2105: 2091: 2086: 6678:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium 6608: 5373: 3470:Amazon Peasant Societies in a Changing Environment 2610:Drying on road to be used for pig and chicken feed 1123:cultivars most widely used on that continent have 931:peoples in the Americas and is often portrayed in 609:and the common name "manioc" both derive from the 5884:"Cassava: Benefits, toxicity, and how to prepare" 4684:. The World Food Prize Foundation. Archived from 4658:. The World Food Prize Foundation. Archived from 4296:on growth and storage-root formation of cassava ( 3708:Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production Volume II 2346: 2220: 939:people often depicted cassava in their ceramics. 7044:Why cassava? Global Cassava Development Strategy 6226:African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 5866:Hog and Hominy: Soul Food from Africa to America 5718:"La yuca amarga alimenta la muerte en Venezuela" 5673:Siritunga D; Sayre RT (September–October 2007). 4569:Uchechukwumgemezu, Chidinma (21 December 2020). 4104:"Cassava bacterial blight: a manageable disease" 3866: 3864: 3837:"Hungry African nations balk at biotech cassava" 7418:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels 6837:"China Biofuel Industry Faces Uncertain Future" 3801: 3799: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 1327:International Institute of Tropical Agriculture 790:is vital when productivity has declined due to 6520:. 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These are decomposed by the cassava enzyme 1721:per cultivated area among crop plants, after 1309:, a previous issue was the cassava mealybug ( 1145:found that these two areas have two distinct 8: 6445: 6443: 4571:"Nigeria to introduce new cassava varieties" 4036:Rey, Chrissie; Vanderschuren, Hervé (2017). 2081: 2010:has been applied to grow cassava with lower 1994:Tuber, peeled and soaking to reduce toxicity 1780:in humans, leading to chronic pancreatitis. 1191:, which causes bacterial angular leaf spot. 1115:is a major threat to cultivation worldwide. 923:, who grew it using a high-yielding form of 495:(among numerous regional names), is a woody 8480:Crops originating from indigenous Americans 6020:"Tribal cures for modern ailments, Surinam" 5781:Zhou Xun (2012). "Ch. 3 Seasons of death". 4897:of the United Nations (FAO). Archived from 3621: 3619: 3617: 2570:. 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Fire Ant Books. p. 74. 6062:10.1080/15572536.2006.11832833 4015:10.1016/j.virusres.2013.11.018 3672:Howeler, Reinhardt H. (2007). 3632:Norte Grande Geography Journal 3047:Annual Review of Plant Biology 1982:area of southwestern Nigeria. 716:Tuberous root in cross-section 1: 6977:Lokoratna Journal of Folklore 6607:Herbst, Sharon Tyler (2001). 5650:. cidpusa.org. Archived from 3185:10.1126/science.292.5520.1370 2923:(95): 111–125. Archived from 2912:Ravindran, Velmerugu (1992). 1945:Preparation of bitter cassava 1381:preserved like potato, using 7008:10.5040/9781350042162.ch-001 5804:. Vol. 18, no. 4. 4376:African Crop Science Journal 3961:10.1016/bs.aivir.2014.10.001 3634:(in Spanish) (81): 361–383. 3478:10.1007/978-1-4020-9283-1_13 2493:Percentages estimated using 1869:many ways of cooking cassava 1104:African cassava mosaic virus 7521:Issues relating to biofuels 7511:Energy return on investment 6770:10.3329/jesnr.v12i1-2.52032 6471:Harris, Dunstan A. (2003). 4851:10.2135/cropsci2009.11.0666 4372:"Nematode pests of cassava" 4348:Annals of Tropical Research 4224:Invasive Species Compendium 2974:10.1093/gigascience/giac028 2833:Online Etymology Dictionary 2808:Online Etymology Dictionary 2783:Online Etymology Dictionary 2486:Link to USDA Database entry 2097:670 kJ (160 kcal) 1179:bacterial blight of cassava 1137:. Although the ongoing CMD 8496: 6971:Provost, M. C. L. (2011). 6498:Wood, John George (1886). 6194:10.1177/026010600701800405 6152:10.1016/j.jfca.2005.04.012 5616:10.1016/j.aoas.2021.09.001 5015:reprinted as a chapter in 3953:Advances in Virus Research 3393:10.1179/008228884791016718 2899:10.1016/j.tifs.2015.04.006 2756:. Singapore National Parks 2720:Plants of the World Online 2619: 2029:In Guyana the traditional 1887:made from cassava include 1860: 1849: 1821:. For example, during the 1800:tropical ataxic neuropathy 1524:Cassava production – 2022 1514: 1333:. The Centre investigated 1315:) and cassava green mite ( 1079: 825:in leaves seems to not be 704:Unprocessed tuberous roots 31: 8445:Flora of Southern America 7954: 7534: 7496:Energy content of biofuel 6994:Schacht, Ryan N. (2013). 6814:10.1007/s11157-018-9475-0 6725:Tewe, Olumide O. (2004). 6580:Dalton, Henry G. (2005). 6277:10.1016/j.jns.2015.01.007 5870:Columbia University Press 5843:10.1080/10408399509527703 5564:10.1016/j.etp.2009.05.011 4611:Journal of Insect Science 4477:10.1080/09670870600722959 4421:: 261–287. Archived from 4163:Molecular Plant Pathology 4043:Annual Review of Virology 3715:Publishers. p. 273. 3520:10.1017/S136898001900524X 3012:Pacific Economic Bulletin 2598:A close-up of the product 2492: 2482: 2478: 2454: 2446: 2330: 2326: 2204: 2200: 2193: 2189: 2169: 2165: 2145: 2141: 2101: 1661: 1523: 1517:Tapioca § Production 1011:in Indian English usage. 872:17th-century painting by 563:, making it an important 544: 532: 227: 220: 203: 196: 76:Scientific classification 74: 66: 57: 48: 43: 8425:Central American cuisine 7470:Thermal depolymerization 7443:Industrial biotechnology 5888:www.medicalnewstoday.com 5785:. Yale University Press. 5515:. BBC. 5 February 2016. 3911:Wallingford, Oxfordshire 3602:, India. 1 February 2018 3406:Nweke, Felix I. (2005). 3350:Watkins, Thayer (2006). 2511:(table). In a 100-gram ( 1389:impractical, leading to 1241:Rotylenchulus reniformis 1203:involved are species of 1082:List of cassava diseases 784:economically inefficient 7438:Fischer–Tropsch process 7428:Biomass heating systems 7049:7 November 2016 at the 6924:www.botanischetuinen.nl 6888:10.5713/ajas.2012.12051 6424:Jackson, J. R. (1872). 6129:Bradbury, J.H. (2006). 6099:Howell, Edward (1995). 5694:10.1093/jaoac/90.5.1450 5426:10.1053/gast.2002.36028 4407:"Nematodes of Cassava, 3905:Lebot, Vincent (2020). 3842:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 3507:Public Health Nutrition 3244:Encyclopedia Britannica 3128:10.1073/pnas.96.10.5586 2678:Maní (Amazonian legend) 2495:US recommendations 1378:reactive oxygen species 1337:for cassava pests; two 1235:Pratylenchus brachyurus 8450:French Guianan cuisine 5155:Save and Grow: Cassava 5023:, 2021, pages 588-633. 4604:Prostephanus truncatus 3289:Earle, Rebecca (2012) 3014:. Asia Pacific Press. 2499:the National Academies 1823:shortages in Venezuela 1757:, releasing poisonous 1292: 1184:Xanthomonas campestris 1170:Xanthomonas axonopodis 1091: 880: 865: 314:Ruiz & Pav. ex Pax 279:Jatropha flabellifolia 6549:10.1104/pp.116.4.1219 6501:Man and his handiwork 6456:. Macmillan. p. 5293:10.1104/pp.116.4.1219 5169:. 2013. p. iii. 4727:10.1104/pp.112.200345 4624:10.1093/jisesa/ieu173 4370:Coyne, D. L. (1994). 4304:Journal of Nematology 4294:Meloidogyne incognita 2620:Further information: 2195:Vitamins and minerals 2012:cyanogenic glycosides 1751:cyanogenic glycosides 1441:Starch wet-processing 1318:Mononychellus tanajoa 1290: 1265:Meloidogyne incognita 1089: 1080:Further information: 871: 856: 515:regions as an annual 423:Manihot flabellifolia 263:Jatropha digitiformis 8470:Tropical agriculture 6920:"Tapioca or Cassava" 6182:Nutrition and Health 5654:on 24 September 2010 5119:Current Anthropology 4809:10.4238/gmr.15027818 4446:IITA Research Briefs 3877:Alliance for Science 3760:The Cassava Handbook 3472:. pp. 281–305. 3311:Long, Janet (2003). 2688:Cassava-based dishes 2653:The identity of the 1863:Cassava-based dishes 1834:sufficient, either. 1368:Handling and storage 1312:Phenacoccus manihoti 1271:Meloidogyne javanica 1220:Elsinoë brasiliensis 1117:Cassava mosaic virus 983:(Artocarpus altilis) 925:shifting agriculture 883:Wild populations of 391:Manihot digitiformis 346:(J.F.Gmel.) D.Parodi 7590:agricultural output 7526:Sustainable biofuel 6806:2018RESBT..17..553S 5983:FEMS Yeast Research 5958:on 12 February 2010 5946:(3 February 2010). 5890:. 9 February 2021. 5556:2010EToxP..62..361S 5542:Crantz) to goats". 5099:GardeningPlaces.com 4901:on 18 November 2016 4346:spp. Inoculation". 3278:Thames & Hudson 3177:2001Sci...292.1370P 3171:(5520): 1370–1373. 3119:1999PNAS...96.5586O 2586:Tubers being grated 2083: 1954:are broken down by 1885:Alcoholic beverages 1852:Tapioca § Uses 990:(Treculia africana) 447:Manihot melanobasis 351:Mandioca utilissima 319:Jatropha silvestris 311:Jatropha paniculata 7586:Lists of countries 5599:Crantz) leaf meal" 5493:on 2 February 2017 4947:10.1094/pd-74-0404 4219:(rust of cassava)" 4217:Uromyces manihotis 4129:10.1094/PD-70-1089 4123:(APS): 1089–1093. 3811:The New York Times 3778:"Cassava (manioc)" 2930:on 15 January 2012 2673:Columbian Exchange 2566:and 1.5–4 percent 2460:Other constituents 2037:and flavored with 1828:Great Leap Forward 1749:, which are toxic 1731:sub-Saharan Africa 1335:biological control 1331:Hans Rudolf Herren 1293: 1215:Uromyces manihotis 1092: 1022:Gulf Coastal Plain 987:African breadfruit 968:Columbian Exchange 881: 866: 660:roots are largely 536:, and the related 463:Manihot utilissima 434:Pax & K.Hoffm. 402:(J.F.Gmel.) Baill. 327:Jatropha stipulata 287:Jatropha loureiroi 8420:Caribbean cuisine 8397: 8396: 8309:Manihot esculenta 8291:Open Tree of Life 8021:Manihot esculenta 7991:Manihot esculenta 7983:Taxon identifiers 7974: 7973: 7552: 7551: 7465:Sabatier reaction 7017:978-1-350-04216-2 6882:(10): 1364–1373. 6688:978-0-309-48834-1 6626:978-0-7641-1258-4 6593:978-1-4021-8865-7 6484:978-1-58008-501-4 6399:Vet. Hum. Toxicol 6372:"BioCassava Plus" 6032:, 'cassava beer'. 5918:cargohandbook.com 5597:Manihot esculenta 5540:Manihot esculenta 5405:Bhatia E (2002). 5245:Manihot esculenta 5176:978-92-5-107641-5 4978:. United Nations 4409:Manihot esculenta 4298:Manihot esculenta 4175:10.1111/mpp.13094 4169:(12): 1520–1537. 3928:978-1-78924-336-9 3722:978-1-84826-368-0 3686:on 5 October 2016 3513:(13): 2410–2423. 3487:978-1-4020-9282-4 3380:Terrae Incognitae 3113:(10): 5586–5591. 3099:Manihot esculenta 2752:Manihot esculenta 2713:Manihot esculenta 2505: 2504: 2450: 2449: 2073:in bottled form. 1939:Noodles, Cambodia 1903:(South America), 1675: 1674: 1671: 1537: 1417:Starch processing 1298:Chilomima clarkei 1126:M. carthaginensis 921:Caribbean islands 895:lowlands, at the 788:Genetic diversity 477:Manihot esculenta 473: 472: 467: 459: 451: 443: 439:Manihot loureiroi 435: 427: 419: 411: 403: 395: 387: 379: 375:Manihot cannabina 371: 363: 355: 347: 339: 331: 323: 315: 307: 299: 291: 283: 275: 267: 259: 251: 243: 235: 207:Manihot esculenta 189:M. esculenta 16:(Redirected from 8487: 8455:Jamaican cuisine 8440:Flora of Jamaica 8390: 8389: 8377: 8376: 8364: 8363: 8351: 8350: 8338: 8337: 8325: 8324: 8312: 8311: 8299: 8298: 8286: 8285: 8273: 8272: 8263: 8262: 8250: 8249: 8237: 8236: 8224: 8223: 8211: 8210: 8198: 8197: 8185: 8184: 8175: 8174: 8162: 8161: 8149: 8148: 8136: 8135: 8123: 8122: 8110: 8109: 8097: 8096: 8084: 8083: 8071: 8070: 8058: 8057: 8045: 8044: 8035: 8034: 8025: 8024: 8023: 8010: 8009: 8008: 7978: 7965:Lists by country 7946:Organic farmland 7579: 7572: 7565: 7556: 7542: 7541: 7386:Pongamia pinnata 7080: 7073: 7066: 7057: 7022: 7021: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6968: 6962: 6961: 6955: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6916: 6910: 6909: 6899: 6865: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6848: 6841: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6764:(1–2): 171–174. 6753: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6722: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6671: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6637: 6631: 6630: 6614: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6577: 6571: 6570: 6560: 6543:(4): 1219–1225. 6537:Plant Physiology 6528: 6522: 6521: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6447: 6438: 6437: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6378:on 27 March 2016 6368: 6362: 6361: 6330: 6324: 6323: 6305: 6299: 6298: 6288: 6271:(1–2): 149–153. 6256: 6250: 6249: 6232:(3–4): 239–242. 6220: 6214: 6213: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6160: 6135: 6126: 6117: 6116: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6015: 6009: 6008: 5998: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5940: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5824: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5696: 5687:(5): 1450–1455. 5670: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5643: 5637: 5636: 5618: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5479: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5428: 5419:(4): 1020–1025. 5412:Gastroenterology 5402: 5396: 5395: 5379: 5366: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5304: 5287:(4): 1219–1225. 5271: 5265: 5264: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5207: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5185: 5160: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5030: 5024: 5014: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4955: 4941:(APS): 404–411. 4926: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4845:(4): 1333–1338. 4831: 4822: 4821: 4811: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4738: 4721:(4): 1396–1407. 4714:Plant Physiology 4704: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4635: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4541: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4367: 4356: 4355: 4339: 4330: 4329: 4319: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4194: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4137: 4108: 4099: 4090: 4089: 4063: 4033: 4027: 4026: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3921:). p. 541. 3902: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3868: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3803: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3780:. Archived from 3774: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3754: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3685: 3678: 3669: 3660: 3659: 3623: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3532: 3522: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3308: 3302: 3287: 3281: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3140: 3130: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3067: 3037: 3024: 3023: 3007: 2996: 2995: 2985: 2951: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2929: 2918: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2761: 2746: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2707: 2607: 2595: 2583: 2574:such as cattle. 2524: 2523: 2519: 2516: 2350: 2301: 2285: 2268: 2251: 2234: 2224: 2191: 2084: 1991: 1936: 1924: 1912: 1817:during times of 1759:hydrogen cyanide 1690:drought-tolerant 1662: 1639: 1637: 1636: 1621: 1619: 1618: 1603: 1601: 1600: 1585: 1583: 1582: 1567: 1565: 1564: 1549: 1547: 1546: 1532: 1521: 1502: 1490: 1478: 1466: 1450: 1438: 1426: 1414: 1341:natural enemies 1135:resistance genes 1065: 1053: 860:women preparing 809: 808: 761: 749: 737: 725: 713: 701: 689: 587:during times of 569:drought-tolerant 547: 535: 465: 457: 449: 441: 433: 431:Manihot flexuosa 425: 417: 409: 401: 393: 385: 377: 369: 361: 353: 345: 337: 329: 321: 313: 305: 297: 295:Jatropha manihot 289: 281: 273: 265: 257: 255:Jatropha diffusa 249: 241: 233: 209: 84: 83: 62: 53: 41: 21: 8495: 8494: 8490: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8485: 8484: 8460:Root vegetables 8400: 8399: 8398: 8393: 8385: 8380: 8372: 8367: 8359: 8354: 8346: 8341: 8333: 8328: 8320: 8315: 8307: 8302: 8294: 8289: 8281: 8276: 8268: 8266: 8258: 8253: 8245: 8240: 8232: 8227: 8219: 8214: 8206: 8201: 8193: 8188: 8180: 8178: 8170: 8165: 8157: 8152: 8144: 8139: 8131: 8126: 8118: 8113: 8105: 8100: 8092: 8087: 8079: 8074: 8066: 8061: 8053: 8048: 8040: 8038: 8030: 8028: 8019: 8018: 8013: 8004: 8003: 7998: 7985: 7975: 7970: 7969: 7950: 7924: 7843: 7790: 7675: 7595: 7583: 7553: 7548: 7530: 7506:Energy forestry 7474: 7406: 7368:Jatropha curcas 7329: 7322: 7230:Camelina sativa 7220: 7213: 7089: 7084: 7051:Wayback Machine 7030: 7025: 7018: 6993: 6992: 6988: 6970: 6969: 6965: 6953: 6948: 6947: 6943: 6933: 6931: 6918: 6917: 6913: 6867: 6866: 6862: 6852: 6850: 6846: 6839: 6834: 6833: 6829: 6790: 6789: 6785: 6755: 6754: 6750: 6740: 6738: 6724: 6723: 6716: 6706: 6704: 6689: 6673: 6672: 6668: 6658: 6656: 6639: 6638: 6634: 6627: 6606: 6605: 6601: 6594: 6579: 6578: 6574: 6530: 6529: 6525: 6514: 6513: 6509: 6497: 6496: 6492: 6485: 6470: 6469: 6465: 6449: 6448: 6441: 6423: 6422: 6418: 6396: 6395: 6391: 6381: 6379: 6370: 6369: 6365: 6332: 6331: 6327: 6320: 6307: 6306: 6302: 6258: 6257: 6253: 6222: 6221: 6217: 6179: 6178: 6174: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6133: 6128: 6127: 6120: 6113: 6098: 6097: 6093: 6043: 6042: 6038: 6017: 6016: 6012: 5976: 5975: 5971: 5961: 5959: 5944:Zeldes, Leah A. 5942: 5941: 5937: 5927: 5925: 5912: 5911: 5907: 5897: 5895: 5882: 5881: 5877: 5872:. chapters 1–2. 5863: 5862: 5858: 5826: 5825: 5821: 5811: 5809: 5795: 5794: 5790: 5780: 5779: 5775: 5765: 5763: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5733: 5731: 5715: 5714: 5710: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5657: 5655: 5646:Wagner, Holly. 5645: 5644: 5640: 5592: 5591: 5587: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5522: 5520: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5496: 5494: 5481: 5480: 5473: 5463: 5461: 5447: 5446: 5442: 5404: 5403: 5399: 5392: 5368: 5367: 5354: 5344: 5342: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5242: 5241: 5237: 5209: 5208: 5199: 5189: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5115: 5114: 5110: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5076: 5053:10.2307/1311903 5032: 5031: 5027: 5004: 5003: 4999: 4989: 4987: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4924: 4919: 4918: 4914: 4904: 4902: 4889: 4888: 4884: 4874: 4872: 4871:(FAOSTAT). 2024 4863: 4862: 4858: 4833: 4832: 4825: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4772: 4770: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4689: 4688:on 11 July 2015 4680: 4679: 4675: 4665: 4663: 4662:on 11 July 2015 4654: 4653: 4649: 4599: 4598: 4594: 4584: 4582: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4428: 4426: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4389: 4387: 4369: 4368: 4359: 4341: 4340: 4333: 4310:(4S): 475–477. 4289: 4288: 4284: 4274: 4272: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4239: 4237: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4106: 4101: 4100: 4093: 4035: 4034: 4030: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3971: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3929: 3904: 3903: 3896: 3886: 3884: 3870: 3869: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3849:on 3 March 2012 3835: 3834: 3830: 3820: 3818: 3813:. 31 May 2010. 3805: 3804: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3784:on 30 June 2015 3776: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3756: 3755: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3723: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3676: 3671: 3670: 3663: 3625: 3624: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3488: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3325: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3288: 3284: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3223: 3221: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3039: 3038: 3027: 3009: 3008: 2999: 2953: 2952: 2943: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2916: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2867: 2865: 2864:on 12 July 2017 2852: 2851: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2785: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2759: 2757: 2748: 2747: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2709: 2708: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2668: 2636: 2624: 2618: 2611: 2608: 2599: 2596: 2587: 2584: 2559: 2543: 2529:and 23% of the 2521: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2488: 2483: 2441: 2428: 2415: 2402: 2389: 2376: 2363: 2351: 2321: 2308: 2299: 2291: 2283: 2275: 2266: 2258: 2249: 2241: 2232: 2225: 2196: 2185: 2180: 2161: 2156: 2117: 2112: 2079: 1995: 1992: 1947: 1940: 1937: 1928: 1925: 1916: 1913: 1865: 1859: 1854: 1848: 1819:food insecurity 1811:antinutritional 1739: 1715:Ipomoea batatas 1634: 1632: 1616: 1614: 1598: 1596: 1580: 1578: 1562: 1560: 1544: 1542: 1519: 1513: 1506: 1503: 1494: 1491: 1482: 1479: 1470: 1467: 1458: 1451: 1442: 1439: 1430: 1427: 1418: 1415: 1370: 1362: 1343:Anagyrus lopezi 1262:spp., of which 1247:Helicotylenchus 1177:, which causes 1084: 1078: 1071: 1066: 1057: 1054: 1017: 999:by the King of 976:(Encephalartos) 851: 806: 805: 772: 765: 762: 753: 750: 741: 738: 729: 726: 717: 714: 705: 702: 693: 690: 676:, an essential 650: 629:, in turn from 597: 589:food insecurity 519:for its edible 482:commonly called 455:Manihot sprucei 383:Manihot diffusa 343:Mandioca dulcis 271:Jatropha dulcis 239:Janipha manihot 216: 211: 205: 192: 78: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8493: 8491: 8483: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8402: 8401: 8395: 8394: 8392: 8391: 8387:wfo-0000235507 8378: 8365: 8352: 8339: 8326: 8313: 8300: 8287: 8274: 8264: 8251: 8238: 8225: 8212: 8199: 8186: 8176: 8163: 8150: 8137: 8124: 8111: 8098: 8085: 8072: 8059: 8046: 8036: 8026: 8011: 7995: 7993: 7987: 7986: 7981: 7972: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7962: 7956: 7955: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7936:Irrigated land 7932: 7930: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7905:Sunflower seed 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7851: 7849: 7845: 7844: 7842: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7800: 7798: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7722: 7721: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7685: 7683: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7673: 7672: 7671: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7616: 7611: 7605: 7603: 7597: 7596: 7584: 7582: 7581: 7574: 7567: 7559: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7546: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7482: 7480: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7461: 7460: 7455: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7414: 7412: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7382: 7371: 7364: 7359: 7357:Chinese tallow 7354: 7347: 7342: 7334: 7332: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7225: 7223: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7211: 7206: 7204:Water hyacinth 7201: 7196: 7195: 7194: 7184: 7179: 7178: 7177: 7172: 7162: 7161: 7160: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7099: 7097: 7091: 7090: 7085: 7083: 7082: 7075: 7068: 7060: 7054: 7053: 7041: 7036: 7029: 7028:External links 7026: 7024: 7023: 7016: 6986: 6963: 6941: 6911: 6860: 6827: 6800:(3): 553–570. 6783: 6748: 6714: 6687: 6666: 6632: 6625: 6599: 6592: 6572: 6523: 6507: 6490: 6483: 6463: 6439: 6416: 6405:(3): 274–275. 6389: 6363: 6325: 6319:978-0817355081 6318: 6300: 6251: 6215: 6188:(4): 355–367. 6172: 6146:(4): 388–393. 6118: 6112:978-0895292216 6111: 6091: 6036: 6010: 5989:(6): 966–972. 5969: 5952:Dining Chicago 5935: 5905: 5875: 5856: 5837:(4): 299–339. 5819: 5802:LEISA Magazine 5788: 5773: 5741: 5726:(in Spanish). 5708: 5665: 5638: 5609:(2): 131–136. 5585: 5550:(4): 361–366. 5530: 5504: 5471: 5440: 5397: 5390: 5352: 5337:: 1–28. 2004. 5316: 5281:Plant Physiol. 5266: 5255:(3): 274–275. 5235: 5197: 5175: 5145: 5132:10.1086/341532 5126:(4): 611–630. 5108: 5086: 5047:(7): 441–451. 5025: 5021:Academic Press 4997: 4967: 4912: 4882: 4856: 4823: 4780: 4750: 4699: 4682:"1995: Herren" 4673: 4656:"1995: Herren" 4647: 4592: 4561: 4514:Annual Reviews 4490: 4471:(3): 215–223. 4455: 4436: 4425:on 3 June 2016 4397: 4382:(4): 355–359. 4357: 4331: 4282: 4247: 4206: 4149: 4091: 4052:Annual Reviews 4028: 4003:Virus Research 3992: 3969: 3942: 3927: 3894: 3860: 3828: 3795: 3769: 3766:. p. 258. 3740: 3721: 3697: 3661: 3613: 3584: 3567: 3544: 3493: 3486: 3460: 3429: 3398: 3369: 3342: 3324:978-9703208524 3323: 3303: 3299:978-1107693296 3282: 3261: 3231: 3198: 3152: 3087: 3056:Annual Reviews 3025: 2997: 2941: 2904: 2893:(2): 147–158. 2875: 2845: 2820: 2804:"cassava (n.)" 2795: 2770: 2738: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2690: 2685: 2683:Yellow cassava 2680: 2675: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2659:slash-and-burn 2635: 2632: 2622:Laundry starch 2617: 2616:Laundry starch 2614: 2613: 2612: 2609: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2578: 2558: 2555: 2542: 2539: 2535:micronutrients 2503: 2502: 2490: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2472: 2468: 2467: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2452: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2345: 2340: 2332: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2304: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2287: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2271: 2261: 2260: 2256: 2254: 2244: 2243: 2239: 2237: 2227: 2226: 2219: 2214: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2194: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2078: 2075: 2059:cayenne pepper 2014:combined with 2008:Bioengineering 1997: 1996: 1993: 1986: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1907: 1861:Main article: 1858: 1857:Food and drink 1855: 1847: 1844: 1802:, also called 1738: 1735: 1711:sweet potatoes 1673: 1672: 1669:United Nations 1659: 1658: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1539: 1538: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1461: 1459: 1455:Casabe burrero 1452: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1409: 1369: 1366: 1361: 1358: 1352:Typhlodromalus 1339:South American 1285: 1284: 1229: 1228: 1197: 1196: 1165: 1164: 1156:Bemisia tabaci 1147:subpopulations 1100: 1099: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1048: 1016: 1013: 933:indigenous art 919:people in the 911:. It became a 893:Gulf of Mexico 874:Albert Eckhout 850: 847: 843:overexpression 782:are otherwise 771: 768: 767: 766: 763: 756: 754: 751: 744: 742: 739: 732: 730: 727: 720: 718: 715: 708: 706: 703: 696: 694: 691: 684: 666:vitamin C 649: 646: 596: 593: 471: 470: 469: 468: 460: 452: 444: 436: 428: 420: 415:Manihot edulis 412: 404: 399:Manihot dulcis 396: 388: 380: 372: 364: 356: 348: 340: 332: 324: 316: 308: 303:Jatropha mitis 300: 292: 284: 276: 268: 260: 252: 244: 236: 234:(Pohl) J.Presl 225: 224: 218: 217: 212: 201: 200: 194: 193: 186: 184: 180: 179: 172: 168: 167: 162: 158: 157: 152: 148: 147: 142: 135: 134: 129: 122: 121: 116: 109: 108: 103: 96: 95: 90: 86: 85: 72: 71: 64: 63: 55: 54: 46: 45: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8492: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8407: 8405: 8388: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8265: 8261: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8177: 8173: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8037: 8033: 8027: 8022: 8016: 8012: 8007: 8001: 7997: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7979: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7957: 7953: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7927: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7846: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7793: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7720: 7717: 7716: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7678: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7644: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7624: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7591: 7587: 7580: 7575: 7573: 7568: 7566: 7561: 7560: 7557: 7545: 7537: 7536: 7533: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7516:Food vs. fuel 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7477: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7409: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7387: 7383: 7381: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7370: 7369: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7352: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7340: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7331: 7325: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7288: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7231: 7227: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7216: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7166: 7163: 7159: 7158:vegetable oil 7156: 7155: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7081: 7076: 7074: 7069: 7067: 7062: 7061: 7058: 7052: 7048: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7031: 7027: 7019: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6990: 6987: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6967: 6964: 6959: 6952: 6945: 6942: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6915: 6912: 6907: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6876: 6871: 6864: 6861: 6845: 6838: 6831: 6828: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6787: 6784: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6752: 6749: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6721: 6719: 6715: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6684: 6680: 6679: 6670: 6667: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6636: 6633: 6628: 6622: 6618: 6613: 6612: 6603: 6600: 6595: 6589: 6585: 6584: 6576: 6573: 6568: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6527: 6524: 6519: 6518: 6511: 6508: 6503: 6502: 6494: 6491: 6486: 6480: 6476: 6475: 6467: 6464: 6459: 6455: 6454: 6446: 6444: 6440: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6426:"New Edibles" 6420: 6417: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6393: 6390: 6377: 6373: 6367: 6364: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6338: 6329: 6326: 6321: 6315: 6311: 6304: 6301: 6296: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6255: 6252: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6219: 6216: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6176: 6173: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6140: 6132: 6125: 6123: 6119: 6114: 6108: 6104: 6103: 6095: 6092: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6040: 6037: 6033: 6031: 6025: 6021: 6014: 6011: 6006: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5973: 5970: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5939: 5936: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5909: 5906: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5876: 5871: 5867: 5860: 5857: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5823: 5820: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5792: 5789: 5784: 5777: 5774: 5761: 5757: 5756: 5751: 5745: 5742: 5729: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5712: 5709: 5704: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5669: 5666: 5653: 5649: 5642: 5639: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5598: 5589: 5586: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5534: 5531: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5505: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5444: 5441: 5436: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5413: 5408: 5401: 5398: 5393: 5391:9789251028629 5387: 5383: 5378: 5377: 5371: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5320: 5317: 5312: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5270: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5239: 5236: 5230: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5198: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5157: 5156: 5149: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5120: 5112: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5090: 5087: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5029: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5012: 5008: 5001: 4998: 4985: 4982:(FAO). 1995. 4981: 4977: 4971: 4968: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4930:Plant Disease 4923: 4916: 4913: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4883: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4857: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4839: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4796: 4791: 4784: 4781: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4751: 4746: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4703: 4700: 4687: 4683: 4677: 4674: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4612: 4607: 4605: 4596: 4593: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4565: 4562: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4494: 4491: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4459: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4437: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4410: 4401: 4398: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4286: 4283: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4260: 4251: 4248: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4225: 4220: 4218: 4210: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4150: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4113: 4112:Plant Disease 4105: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4032: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3996: 3993: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3970:9780128027622 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3946: 3943: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3924: 3920: 3917:, USA: CABI ( 3916: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3848: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3832: 3829: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3770: 3762: 3761: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3728: 3724: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3709: 3701: 3698: 3682: 3675: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3601: 3597: 3594: 3588: 3585: 3580: 3579: 3571: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3494: 3489: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3461: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3430: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3402: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3373: 3370: 3358:on 2 May 2016 3357: 3353: 3346: 3343: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3273: 3265: 3262: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3209: 3202: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3156: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3107: 3102: 3100: 3091: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3048: 3043: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2962: 2957: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2926: 2922: 2915: 2908: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2887: 2879: 2876: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2821: 2809: 2805: 2799: 2796: 2784: 2780: 2779:"manioc (n.)" 2774: 2771: 2767: 2755: 2753: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2726: 2722: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2694: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2623: 2615: 2606: 2601: 2594: 2589: 2582: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2510: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2445: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2305: 2303: 2295: 2288: 2286: 2279: 2272: 2270: 2262: 2255: 2253: 2248:Riboflavin (B 2245: 2238: 2236: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2192: 2188: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2134: 2133:Dietary fiber 2130: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2109:Carbohydrates 2104: 2100: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2063:chili peppers 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2016:fortification 2013: 2009: 2005: 2002: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1944: 1935: 1930: 1923: 1918: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1864: 1856: 1853: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1835: 1831: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1719:carbohydrates 1716: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1670: 1666: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1642: 1631: 1630: 1626: 1624: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1606: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1588: 1577: 1576: 1572: 1570: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1552: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1510: 1501: 1496: 1489: 1484: 1477: 1472: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1449: 1444: 1437: 1432: 1429:Starch flour 1425: 1420: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1386: 1384: 1383:thiabendazole 1379: 1375: 1374:coumaric acid 1367: 1365: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1303:burrower bugs 1300: 1299: 1289: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1272: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1248: 1243: 1242: 1237: 1236: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1222: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1171: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1088: 1083: 1075: 1070: 1064: 1059: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 993: 991: 988: 984: 981: 977: 974: 969: 964: 961: 957: 953: 949: 944: 940: 938: 934: 930: 929:pre-Columbian 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 905:Joya de Cerén 902: 898: 894: 890: 889:flabellifolia 886: 879: 875: 870: 863: 862:cassava bread 859: 855: 848: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 827:photoperiodic 824: 821: 817: 813: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 776: 769: 760: 755: 748: 743: 736: 731: 724: 719: 712: 707: 700: 695: 692:Cassava plant 688: 683: 681: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 647: 645: 643: 639: 635: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 607: 602: 594: 592: 590: 586: 582: 578: 572: 570: 566: 562: 558: 553: 551: 546: 541: 540: 534: 529: 525: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 505:Euphorbiaceae 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 483: 479: 478: 464: 461: 456: 453: 448: 445: 440: 437: 432: 429: 424: 421: 416: 413: 408: 407:Manihot edule 405: 400: 397: 392: 389: 384: 381: 376: 373: 368: 365: 360: 357: 352: 349: 344: 341: 336: 335:Mandioca aipi 333: 328: 325: 320: 317: 312: 309: 304: 301: 296: 293: 290:(Pohl) Steud. 288: 285: 282:(Pohl) Steud. 280: 277: 272: 269: 266:(Pohl) Steud. 264: 261: 258:(Pohl) Steud. 256: 253: 248: 247:Jatropha aipi 245: 240: 237: 232: 229: 228: 226: 223: 219: 215: 210: 208: 202: 199: 198:Binomial name 195: 191: 190: 185: 182: 181: 178: 177: 173: 170: 169: 166: 165:Euphorbiaceae 163: 160: 159: 156: 153: 150: 149: 146: 143: 140: 137: 136: 133: 130: 127: 124: 123: 120: 117: 114: 111: 110: 107: 106:Tracheophytes 104: 101: 98: 97: 94: 91: 88: 87: 82: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 56: 52: 47: 42: 39: 35: 30: 19: 8465:Staple foods 7990: 7859: 7384: 7378: 7374: 7366: 7349: 7345:Big bluestem 7337: 7330:energy crops 7285: 7235: 7228: 6999: 6989: 6980: 6976: 6966: 6957: 6944: 6932:. Retrieved 6923: 6914: 6879: 6873: 6863: 6851:. Retrieved 6830: 6797: 6793: 6786: 6761: 6757: 6751: 6739:. Retrieved 6705:. Retrieved 6677: 6669: 6657:. Retrieved 6648: 6635: 6610: 6602: 6582: 6575: 6540: 6536: 6526: 6516: 6510: 6500: 6493: 6473: 6466: 6452: 6433: 6430:Food Journal 6429: 6419: 6402: 6398: 6392: 6380:. Retrieved 6376:the original 6366: 6341: 6335: 6328: 6309: 6303: 6268: 6264: 6254: 6229: 6225: 6218: 6185: 6181: 6175: 6163:. Retrieved 6143: 6137: 6101: 6094: 6053: 6049: 6039: 6029: 6027: 6023: 6013: 5986: 5982: 5972: 5960:. Retrieved 5956:the original 5951: 5938: 5926:. Retrieved 5917: 5908: 5896:. Retrieved 5887: 5878: 5865: 5859: 5834: 5828: 5822: 5812:22 September 5810:. Retrieved 5801: 5791: 5782: 5776: 5764:. Retrieved 5753: 5744: 5732:. Retrieved 5721: 5711: 5684: 5678: 5668: 5656:. Retrieved 5652:the original 5641: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5588: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5521:. Retrieved 5507: 5495:. Retrieved 5491:the original 5462:. Retrieved 5453: 5443: 5416: 5410: 5400: 5375: 5343:. Retrieved 5334: 5330:EFSA Journal 5328: 5319: 5284: 5279: 5269: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5238: 5219: 5215: 5188:. Retrieved 5154: 5148: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5098: 5089: 5077:. Retrieved 5044: 5038: 5028: 5016: 5010: 5000: 4988:. Retrieved 4970: 4958:. Retrieved 4934: 4928: 4915: 4903:. Retrieved 4899:the original 4885: 4873:. Retrieved 4859: 4842: 4838:Crop Science 4836: 4799: 4793: 4783: 4771:. Retrieved 4753: 4718: 4712: 4702: 4690:. Retrieved 4686:the original 4676: 4664:. Retrieved 4660:the original 4650: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4595: 4583:. Retrieved 4574: 4564: 4509: 4503: 4493: 4468: 4464: 4458: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4427:. Retrieved 4423:the original 4418: 4414: 4408: 4400: 4390:22 September 4388:. Retrieved 4379: 4375: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4307: 4303: 4297: 4293: 4292:"Effects of 4285: 4275:22 September 4273:. Retrieved 4268: 4264: 4258: 4250: 4238:. Retrieved 4222: 4216: 4209: 4166: 4162: 4152: 4140:. Retrieved 4116: 4110: 4047: 4041: 4031: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3952: 3945: 3906: 3885:. Retrieved 3876: 3851:. Retrieved 3847:the original 3840: 3831: 3819:. Retrieved 3810: 3786:. Retrieved 3782:the original 3772: 3759: 3731:. Retrieved 3707: 3700: 3688:. Retrieved 3681:the original 3631: 3604:. Retrieved 3595: 3587: 3577: 3570: 3557: 3547: 3510: 3506: 3496: 3469: 3463: 3451:. Retrieved 3442: 3432: 3420:. Retrieved 3411: 3401: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3360:. Retrieved 3356:the original 3345: 3333:. Retrieved 3313: 3306: 3290: 3285: 3269: 3264: 3254:24 September 3252:. Retrieved 3243: 3234: 3222:. Retrieved 3213:The Guardian 3211: 3201: 3168: 3162: 3155: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3090: 3051: 3045: 3011: 2965: 2959: 2932:. Retrieved 2925:the original 2920: 2907: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2866:. Retrieved 2862:the original 2857: 2848: 2836:. Retrieved 2829:"yucca (n.)" 2823: 2811:. Retrieved 2798: 2786:. Retrieved 2773: 2765: 2758:. Retrieved 2751: 2729:. Retrieved 2718: 2712: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2637: 2625: 2560: 2544: 2506: 2464: 2459: 2347: 2342: 2335: 2221: 2216: 2209: 2175: 2151: 2107: 2082:Cassava, raw 2028: 2006: 1998: 1960: 1948: 1883: 1876: 1866: 1836: 1832: 1808: 1797: 1782: 1778:pancreatitis 1771: 1747:lotaustralin 1740: 1714: 1704: 1698: 1694: 1679: 1676: 1655: 1650: 1533:millions of 1454: 1403:antioxidants 1387: 1371: 1363: 1350: 1342: 1316: 1310: 1296: 1294: 1275: 1269: 1263: 1257: 1253:Scutellonema 1251: 1245: 1239: 1233: 1230: 1218: 1214: 1206:Phytophthora 1204: 1198: 1188: 1182: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1154: 1142: 1129: 1125: 1121:M. esculenta 1120: 1101: 1093: 1018: 994: 989: 982: 975: 965: 941: 888: 885:M. esculenta 884: 882: 878:Dutch Brazil 834: 833:clearly is. 830: 819: 815: 811: 804: 780:smallholders 777: 773: 651: 641: 637: 633: 626: 622: 618: 614: 613:(Tupi) name 604: 598: 573: 554: 549: 537: 492: 488: 484: 476: 475: 474: 462: 454: 446: 438: 430: 422: 414: 406: 398: 390: 382: 374: 367:Manihot aypi 366: 359:Manihot aipi 358: 350: 342: 334: 326: 318: 310: 302: 294: 286: 278: 270: 262: 254: 250:(Pohl) Göpp. 246: 238: 231:Janipha aipi 230: 206: 204: 188: 187: 175: 155:Malpighiales 138: 125: 112: 99: 38: 29: 8242:NatureServe 8167:iNaturalist 8015:Wikispecies 7501:Energy crop 7448:Pellet fuel 7433:Biorefinery 7397:Switchgrass 7241:Coconut oil 7219:Energy from 7153:Cooking oil 7138:Biogasoline 7113:Babassu oil 6741:24 November 6436:: 372-378 . 6344:: 251–272. 6056:(1): 1–11. 5766:25 February 5734:25 February 5523:13 February 5487:ProMED-mail 5464:4 September 4990:23 November 4905:24 November 4585:21 December 4516:: 381–403. 4415:Nematropica 4344:Meloidogyne 4259:Meloidogyne 4054:: 429–452. 3821:24 February 3733:29 December 3058:: 551–580. 2961:GigaScience 2731:11 November 2640:Batara Guru 2557:Animal feed 2531:Daily Value 2527:food energy 2231:Thiamine (B 2116:38.1 g 2041:—including 1976:thiocyanate 1974:effects of 1972:goitrogenic 1815:famine food 1793:thiosulfate 1727:sugar beets 1709:spp.), and 1505:Picked buds 1399:carotenoids 1323:subsistence 1276:Meloidogyne 1259:Meloidogyne 1015:Cultivation 913:staple food 909:El Salvador 887:subspecies 752:Flower buds 740:Leaf detail 648:Description 585:famine food 513:subtropical 354:(Pohl) Link 338:(Pohl) Link 119:Angiosperms 27:Staple crop 8410:Manihoteae 8404:Categories 8322:kew-119804 8317:Plant List 7900:Sugar cane 7895:Sugar beet 7796:Vegetables 7619:Corn/Maize 7411:Technology 7392:Salicornia 7375:Miscanthus 7298:Sugar beet 7170:cellulosic 7143:Bioliquids 7123:Biobutanol 6960:(3): 8–11. 6853:8 November 5962:5 February 5755:La Patilla 5680:J AOAC Int 5497:29 January 5190:27 October 5040:BioScience 4960:10 January 4240:27 October 4142:14 January 3937:1110672215 3596:Onmanorama 3453:28 January 3276:New York: 3020:1885/39234 2868:7 December 2695:References 2396:Phosphorus 2184:1.4 g 2160:0.3 g 2137:1.8 g 2127:1.7 g 1956:linamarase 1952:glycosides 1915:Heavy cake 1901:nihamanchi 1891:(Brazil), 1867:There are 1850:See also: 1755:linamarase 1515:See also: 1511:Production 1453:Spreading 1395:gamma rays 1360:Harvesting 1349:wasp) and 1347:parasitoid 1213:caused by 1001:Travancore 980:breadfruit 973:bread tree 897:San Andrés 823:expression 800:gene pools 678:amino acid 674:methionine 450:Müll. Arg. 242:(L.) Kunth 8133:200012596 8120:200012596 7804:Artichoke 7781:Raspberry 7771:Pineapple 7659:Triticale 7614:Buckwheat 7486:Agflation 7379:giganteus 7308:Sunflower 7303:Sugarcane 7221:foodstock 7128:Biodiesel 7087:Bioenergy 7002:: 15–29. 6822:1569-1705 6778:2408-8633 6238:0309-3913 6202:0260-1060 6086:218588548 6070:0027-5514 6050:Mycologia 5633:244191058 5625:0570-1783 5572:0940-2993 5061:1525-3244 5007:"Cassava" 4891:"Cassava" 4618:(1): 13. 4530:0066-4286 4452:(2): 2–3. 4271:: 153–158 4183:1464-6722 4070:2327-056X 4009:: 61–75. 3979:0065-3527 3887:15 August 3853:11 August 3656:249657496 3648:0718-3402 3558:The Hindu 3422:1 January 3387:: 60–63. 3362:20 August 3335:24 August 3074:1543-5008 2934:13 August 2572:ruminants 2409:Potassium 2383:Magnesium 2315:Vitamin C 2298:Folate (B 2282:Vitamin B 2265:Niacin (B 2077:Nutrition 2071:US market 2031:cassareep 2020:vitamin A 1840:Caribbean 1743:linamarin 1723:sugarcane 1706:Dioscorea 1699:Cassava, 1256:spp. and 1227:Nematodes 1201:pathogens 1174:manihotis 1130:glaziovii 1005:Malayalam 943:Spaniards 778:Although 654:cultivars 623:esculenta 595:Etymology 581:poisoning 579:to cause 274:J.F.Gmel. 183:Species: 89:Kingdom: 8415:Biofuels 8374:12800237 8369:Tropicos 8247:2.139193 8208:11022519 8195:351790-1 8000:Wikidata 7941:Land use 7890:Palm oil 7829:Rapeseed 7736:Eggplant 7731:Cucumber 7593:rankings 7544:Category 7479:Concepts 7362:Duckweed 7351:Camelina 7328:Non-food 7276:Rapeseed 7266:Palm oil 7209:Wood gas 7182:Methanol 7175:mixtures 7095:Biofuels 7047:Archived 6934:30 March 6928:Archived 6906:25049491 6844:Archived 6735:Archived 6701:Archived 6697:30844154 6659:28 March 6653:Archived 6643:(2024). 6382:23 March 6358:21526968 6295:25592410 6246:10497657 6210:18087867 6165:23 March 6156:Archived 6078:16389951 6024:BBC News 6005:17697080 5928:30 March 5922:Archived 5898:30 March 5892:Archived 5806:Archived 5760:Archived 5728:Archived 5703:17955993 5580:19559583 5517:Archived 5458:Archived 5454:BBC News 5435:12360463 5380:. Rome: 5339:Archived 5222:: 6–12. 5181:Archived 5140:18867515 5103:Archived 5079:19 April 5073:Archived 4984:Archived 4951:Archived 4818:27173317 4767:Archived 4745:22711743 4642:25700536 4579:Archived 4556:49615468 4548:29958072 4485:84771539 4384:Archived 4354:: 49–53. 4326:19270997 4234:Archived 4201:34227737 4133:Archived 4086:25767024 4078:28645239 4023:24291251 3987:25591878 3881:Archived 3815:Archived 3727:Archived 3562:Archived 3539:32438936 3530:11374567 3447:Archived 3416:Archived 3329:Archived 3317:. 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