Cassava - Knowledge

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that extensive galling can be observed even at low densities following infection. Other pests and diseases can gain entry through the physical damage caused by gall formation, leading to rots. They have not been shown to cause direct damage to the enlarged tuberous roots, but plant height can be reduced if the root system is reduced. Nematicides reduce the numbers of galls per feeder root, along with fewer rots in the tuberous roots. The organophosphorus nematicide femaniphos does not reduce crop growth or harvest yield. Nematicide use in cassava is not terribly effective at increasing harvested yield, but lower infestation at harvest and lower subsequent storage loss provide a higher effective yield. The use of tolerant and resistant cultivars is the most practical management method in most locales.

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expressed transcripts of different haplotype origins were enriched for different functionality during tissue development. In each tissue, 20–30% of transcripts showed allele-specific expression differences with <2% of direction-shifting. Despite high gene synteny, the HiFi genome assembly revealed extensive chromosome rearrangements and abundant intra-genomic and inter-genomic divergent sequences, with significant structural variations mostly related to long terminal repeat retrotransposons.

1051: 1934: 2605: 1500: 699: 2593: 1087: 60: 1488: 735: 81: 723: 869: 1448: 2581: 1733:, because it does well on poor soils and with low rainfall, and because it is a perennial that can be harvested as required. Its wide harvesting window allows it to act as a famine reserve and is invaluable in managing labor schedules. It offers flexibility to resource-poor farmers because it serves as either a subsistence or a cash crop. Worldwide, 800 million people depend on cassava as their primary food staple. 7645: 1910: 2061:. Traditionally, cassareep was boiled in a soft pot, the actual "pepper pot", which would absorb the flavors and also impart them (even if dry) to foods such as rice and chicken cooked in it. The poisonous but volatile hydrogen cyanide is evaporated by heating. Nevertheless, improperly cooked cassava has been blamed for a number of deaths. Amerindians from Guyana reportedly made an antidote by steeping 1617: 1581: 1545: 1989: 687: 1599: 1922: 1020:

sections of approximately 15 cm (5.9 in), these being planted prior to the wet season. Cassava growth is favorable under temperatures ranging from 25 to 29 °C (77 to 84 °F), but it can tolerate temperatures as low as 12 °C (54 °F) and as high as 40 °C (104 °F). These conditions are found, among other places, in the northern part of the

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or starch must be processed to remove the cyanogenic glucosides. The large roots are peeled and then ground into flour, which is then soaked in water, squeezed dry several times, and toasted. The starch grains that flow with the water during the soaking process are also used in cooking. The flour is used throughout South America and the

1692:, and able to grow productively on poor soil. Cassava grows well within 30° of the equator, where it can be produced at up to 2,000 m (7,000 ft) above sea level, and with 50 to 5,000 mm (2 to 200 in) of rain per year. These environmental tolerances suit it to conditions across much of South America and Africa. 891:, shown to be the progenitor of domesticated cassava, are centered in west-central Brazil, where it was likely first domesticated no more than 10,000 years ago. Forms of the modern domesticated species can also be found growing in the wild in the south of Brazil. By 4600 BC, cassava pollen appears in the 1837:

For some smaller-rooted, sweet varieties, cooking is sufficient to eliminate all toxicity. The cyanide is carried away in the processing water and the amounts produced in domestic consumption are too small to have environmental impact. The larger-rooted, bitter varieties used for production of flour

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While alternative methods for controlling post-harvest deterioration have been proposed, such as preventing reactive oxygen species effects by using plastic bags during storage and transport, coating the roots with wax, or freezing roots, such strategies have proved to be economically or technically

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initiated by cyanide release during mechanical harvesting. Cassava shelf life may be increased up to three weeks by overexpressing a cyanide-insensitive alternative oxidase, which suppressed ROS by 10-fold. Post-harvest deterioration is a major obstacle to the export of cassava. Fresh cassava can be

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Societies that traditionally eat cassava generally understand that processing (soaking, cooking, fermentation, etc.) is necessary to avoid getting sick. Brief soaking (four hours) of cassava is not sufficient, but soaking for 18–24 hours can remove up to half the level of cyanide. Drying may not be

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Cassava yields a large amount of food energy per unit area of land per day – 1,000,000 kJ/ha (250,000 kcal/ha), as compared with 650,000 kJ/ha (156,000 kcal/ha) for rice, 460,000 kJ/ha (110,000 kcal/ha) for wheat and 840,000 kJ/ha (200,000 kcal/ha) for maize.

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The traditional method used in West Africa is to peel the roots and put them into water for three days to ferment. The roots are then dried or cooked. In Nigeria and several other west African countries, including Ghana, Cameroon, Benin, Togo, Ivory Coast, and Burkina Faso, they are usually grated

1181:. This disease originated in South America and has followed cassava around the world. Bacterial blight has been responsible for near catastrophic losses and famine in past decades, and its mitigation requires active management practices. Several other bacteria attack cassava, including the related 970:

by Portuguese and Spanish traders, who planted it in their colonies in Goa, Malacca, Eastern Indonesia, Timor and the Philippines. Cassava has also become an important crop in Asia. While it is a valued food staple in parts of eastern Indonesia, it is primarily cultivated for starch extraction and

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The complete and haplotype-resolved African cassava (TME204) genome has been reconstructed and made available using the Hi-C technology. The genome shows abundant novel gene loci with enriched functionality related to chromatin organization, meristem development, and cell responses. Differentially

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subsistence lifestyle. A story tells that the great spirit Makunaima climbed a tree, cutting off pieces with his axe; when they landed on the ground, each piece became a type of animal. The opossum brought the people to the tree, where they found all the types of food, including bitter cassava. A

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spp. feeding produces physically damaging galls with eggs inside them. Galls later merge as the females grow and enlarge, and they interfere with water and nutrient supply. Cassava roots become tough with age and restrict the movement of the juveniles and the egg release. It is therefore possible

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are especially high in these toxins. A dose of 25 mg of pure cassava cyanogenic glucoside, which contains 2.5 mg of cyanide, is sufficient to kill a rat. Excess cyanide residue from improper preparation causes goiters and acute cyanide poisoning, and is linked to ataxia (a neurological

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Sayre, R.; Beeching, J. R.; Cahoon, E. B.; Egesi, C.; Fauquet, C.; Fellman, J.; Fregene, M.; Gruissem, W.; Mallowa, S.; Manary, M.; Maziya-Dixon, B.; Mbanaso, A.; Schachtman, D. P.; Siritunga, D.; Taylor, N.; Vanderschuren, H.; Zhang, P. (2011). "The BioCassava Plus Program: Biofortification of

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Optimal conditions for cassava cultivation are: mean annual temperatures between 20 and 29 °C (68 and 84 °F), annual precipitation between 1,000 and 2,500 mm (39 and 98 in), and an annual growth period of no less than 240 days. Cassava is propagated by cutting the stem into

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and by the transplanting of diseased plants into new fields. Sometime in the late-1980s, a mutation occurred in Uganda that made the virus even more harmful, causing the complete loss of leaves. This mutated virus spread at a rate of 80 kilometres (50 miles) per year, and as of 2005 was found

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in their early occupation of Caribbean islands did not want to eat cassava or maize, which they considered insubstantial, dangerous, and not nutritious. They much preferred foods from Spain, specifically wheat bread, olive oil, red wine, and meat, and considered maize and cassava damaging to

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Cassava tubers and hay are used worldwide as animal feed. Young cassava hay is harvested at three to four month, when it reaches about 30 to 45 cm (12 to 18 in) above ground; it is dried in the sun until its dry matter content approaches 85 percent. The hay contains 20–27 percent

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Legg, James P.; Sseruwagi, Peter; Boniface, Simon; Okao-Okuja, Geoffrey; Shirima, Rudolph; Bigirimana, Simon; et al. (2014). "Spatio-temporal patterns of genetic change amongst populations of cassava Bemisia tabaci whiteflies driving virus pandemics in East and Central Africa".

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to detoxify cassava is by peeling, grinding, and mashing; filtering the mash through a basket tube to remove the hydrogen cyanide; and drying and sieving the mash for flour. The poisonous filtrate water was boiled to release the hydrogen cyanide, and used as a base for stews.

2553:, including to improve the efficiency of conversion from cassava flour, and to convert crop residues such as stems and leaves as well as the more easily processed roots. China has created facilities to produce substantial amounts of ethanol fuel from cassava roots. 1003:, Vishakham Thirunal Maharaja, after a great famine hit the kingdom, as a substitute for rice. However, there are documented cases of cassava cultivation in parts of the state before the time of Vishakham Thirunal Maharaja. Cassava is called kappa or maricheeni in 946:

Europeans. The cultivation and consumption of cassava were nonetheless continued in both Portuguese and Spanish America. Mass production of cassava bread became the first Cuban industry established by the Spanish. Ships departing to Europe from Cuban ports such as

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A safe processing method known as the "wetting method" is to mix the cassava flour with water into a thick paste, spread it in a thin layer over a basket and then let it stand for five hours at 30 °C in the shade. In that time, about 83% of the cyanogenic

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Nematode pests of cassava are thought to cause harms ranging from negligible to seriously damaging, making the choice of management methods difficult. A wide range of plant parasitic nematodes have been reported associated with cassava worldwide. These include

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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).

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throughout Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo. Viruses are a severe production limitation in the tropics. They are the primary reason for the complete lack of yield increases in the 25 years up to 2021.

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Legg, James P.; Kumar, P. Lava; Makeshkumar, T.; Tripathi, Leena; Ferguson, Morag; Kanju, Edward; Ntawuruhunga, Pheneas; Cuellar, Wilmer (2015). "Cassava Virus Diseases: Biology, Epidemiology, and Management". In Loebenstein, Gad; Katis, Nikolaos I. (eds.).

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carried goods to Spain, but sailors needed to be provisioned for the voyage. The Spanish also needed to replenish their boats with dried meat, water, fruit, and large amounts of cassava bread. Sailors complained that it caused them digestive problems.

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Cassava is grown in sweet and bitter varieties; both contain toxins, but the bitter varieties have them in much larger amounts. Cassava has to be prepared carefully for consumption, as improperly prepared material can contain sufficient

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Sivamani, Selvaraju; Chandrasekaran, Arun Pandian; Balajii, Muthusamy; Shanmugaprakash, Muthusamy; Hosseini-Bandegharaei, Ahmad; Baskar, Rajoo (2018). "Evaluation of the potential of cassava-based residues for biofuels production".

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Akindahunsi, A. A.; Grissom, F. E.; Adewusi, S. R.; Afolabi, O. A.; Torimiro, S. E.; Oke, O. L. (1998). "Parameters of thyroid function in the endemic goitre of Akungba and Oke-Agbe villages of Akoko area of southwestern Nigeria".

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Morante, N.; Sánchez, T.; Ceballos, H.; Calle, F.; Pérez, J. C.; Egesi, C.; Cuambe, C. E.; Escobar, A. F.; Ortiz, D.; Chávez, A. L.; Fregene, M. (2010). "Tolerance to Postharvest Physiological Deterioration in Cassava Roots".

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Pope, Kevin O.; Pohl, Mary E. D.; Jones, John G.; Lentz, David L.; von Nagy, Christopher; Vega, Francisco J.; Quitmyer, Irvy R. (2001). "Origin and Environmental Setting of Ancient Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica".

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in the late 2010s, dozens of deaths were reported due to Venezuelans resorting to eating bitter cassava in order to curb starvation. Cases of cassava poisoning were also documented during the famine accompanying the

1305:, grasshoppers, leafhoppers, gall midges, leafcutter ants, and termites contribute to losses of cassava in the field, while others contribute to serious losses, between 19% and 30%, of dried cassava in storage. In 5430:"Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (AFC) on hydrocyanic acid in flavourings and other food ingredients with flavouring properties" 4973: 7694: 5864: 4568:

Coyne, D. L.; Kagoda, F.; Wambugu, E.; Ragama, P. (2006). "Response of cassava to nematicide application and plant-parasitic nematode infection in East Africa, with emphasis on root-knot nematode".

4715: 6480: 6941: 1761:. Cassava varieties are often categorized as either bitter (high in cyanogenic glycosides) or sweet (low in those bitter compounds). Sweet cultivars can contain as little as 20 milligrams of 1094:

Cassava is subject to pests from multiple taxonomic groups, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and insects. All cause reductions in yield, and some cause serious losses of crops.

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The harvested part of a cassava plant is the root. This is long and tapered, with an easily detached rough brown rind. The white or yellowish flesh is firm and even in texture. Commercial

5177: 4132: 1970:. The fermentation process also reduces the level of antinutrients, making the cassava a more nutritious food. The reliance on cassava as a food source and the resulting exposure to the 5055: 3777: 1677:

In 2022, world production of cassava root was 330 million tonnes, led by Nigeria with 18% of the total (table). Other major growers were Democratic Republic of the Congo and Thailand.

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causes the leaves of the cassava plant to wither, limiting the growth of the root. An outbreak of the virus in Africa in the 1920s led to a major famine. The virus is spread by the

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of West Africa, is an edible coarse flour obtained by grating cassava roots, pressing moisture off the obtained grated pulp, and finally drying it (and roasting in the case of both

6052: 1842:. Industrial production of cassava flour, even at the cottage level, may generate enough cyanide and cyanogenic glycosides in the effluents to have a severe environmental impact. 8584: 971:

bio-fuel production in Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. Cassava is sometimes described as the "bread of the tropics" but should not be confused with the tropical and equatorial

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Bumoko, G.M.-M.; Sadiki, N.H.; Rwatambuga, A.; Kayembe, K.P.; Okitundu, D.L.; Mumba Ngoyi, D.; Muyembe, J.-J.T.; Banea, J.-P.; Boivin, M.J.; Tshala-Katumbay, D. (2015).

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can be 5 to 10 centimetres (2 to 4 in) wide at the top, and some 15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 in) long, with a woody vascular bundle running down the middle. The

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farmers. These pests were rampant in the 1970s and 1980s but were brought under control following the establishment of the Biological Control Centre for Africa of the

8307: 7522: 1326: 1871:. It has to be prepared correctly to remove its toxicity. The root of the sweet variety is mild to the taste, like potatoes; Jewish households sometimes use it in 5934: 3414:. Proceedings of the Validation Forum on the Global Cassava Development Strategy. Vol. 2. Rome: The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 6285:

Oboh, G.; Oladunmoye, M.K. (2007). "Biochemical Changes in Micro-Fungi Fermented Cassava Flour Produced from Low- and Medium-Cyanide Variety of Cassava Tubers".

5621: 8534: 8460: 8359: 6979: 2956:"The haplotype-resolved chromosome pairs of a heterozygous diploid African cassava cultivar reveal novel pan-genome and allele-specific transcriptome features" 1463: 3626:

Del-Rosario-Arellano, José Luis; Aguilar-Rivera, Noe; Leyva-Ovalle, Otto Raúl; Andres-Meza, Pablo; Meneses-Marquez, Isaac; Bolio-López, Gloria Ivette (2022).

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Coyne, Danny L.; Cortada, Laura; Dalzell, Johnathan J.; Claudius-Cole, Abiodun O.; Haukeland, Solveig; Luambano, Nessie; Talwana, Herbert (25 August 2018).

992:. This description definitely holds in Africa and parts of South America; in Asian countries such as Vietnam fresh cassava barely features in human diets. 4683: 2724: 5832: 4786: 4760: 7908: 7900: 7875: 7768: 7527: 2485: 6260: 2604: 8245: 8040: 7840: 7835: 7723: 6243: 1475: 1813:

factors and toxins, with the bitter varieties containing much larger amounts. The more toxic varieties of cassava have been used in some places as

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McGregor, Andrew; Manley, M.; Tubuna, S.; Deo, R.; Bourke, Mike (2020). "Pacific Island food security: situation, challenges and opportunities".

1435: 5207: 810:(FT) is a gene producing FT proteins which affect the formation of storage roots in many plants, including this one. Alleles in cassava include 8434: 7969: 7928: 7918: 7890: 7865: 7813: 7713: 7705: 6835: 5139: 4867: 4103: 2885: 1447: 746: 710: 50: 5026: 3781: 8382: 8050: 7923: 7845: 7793: 7785: 7120: 6791: 6729: 6696: 6587: 5279: 4256:"Early detection of Super-elongation disease in Manihot esculenta Crantz (cassava) using molecular markers for gibberellic acid biosynthesis" 3926: 3720: 3485: 5901:

Chiwona-Karltun, Linley; Katundu, Chrissie; Ngoma, James; Chipungu, Felistus; Mkumbira, Jonathan; Simukoko, Sidney; Jiggins, Janice (2002).

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Before harvest, the leafy stems are removed. The harvest is gathered by pulling up the base of the stem and cutting off the tuberous roots.

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whiteflies. Genetically engineered cassava offers opportunities for the improvement of virus resistance, including CMV and CBSD resistance.

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Portuguese traders introduced cassava to Africa from Brazil in the 16th century. Around the same period, it was introduced to Asia through

507:, native to South America, from Brazil, Paraguay and parts of the Andes. Although a perennial plant, cassava is extensively cultivated in 6060: 2638:

In Java, a myth relates that food derives from the body of Dewi Teknowati, who killed herself rather than accept the advances of the god

571:, and able to grow productively on poor soil. The largest producer is Nigeria, while Thailand is the largest exporter of cassava starch. 7182: 6975:"Effect of cassava hay and rice bran oil supplementation on rumen fermentation, milk yield and milk composition in lactating dairy cows" 3328: 1209:, the genus which causes potato blight. Cassava root rot can result in losses of as much as 80 percent of the crop. A major pest is a 8549: 7773: 7727: 7667: 6422: 6215: 5043: 4488: 4120: 3814: 3322: 3298: 1112: 213: 6786:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). 3468:

Adams, C.; Murrieta, R.; Siqueira, A.; Neves, W.; Sanches, R. (2009). "Bread of the Land: The Invisibility of Manioc in the Amazon".

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Symptoms of acute cyanide intoxication appear four or more hours after ingesting raw or poorly processed cassava: vertigo, vomiting,

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root. Cassava is predominantly consumed in boiled form, but substantial quantities are processed to extract cassava starch, called

5700:"Effect of cyanide-degrading bacteria inoculation on performance, rumen fermentation characteristics of sheep fed bitter cassava ( 3553: 2913: 1223:, can cause losses of over 80 percent of young cassava in Latin America and the Caribbean when temperature and rainfall are high. 8024: 1765:

per kilogram of fresh roots, whereas bitter cultivars may contain as much as 1000 milligrams per kilogram. Cassavas grown during

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Aregheore, E. M.; Agunbiade, O. O. (1991). "The toxic effects of cassava (manihot esculenta grantz) diets on humans: a review".

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Zárate-Chaves, Carlos A.; Gómez de la Cruz, Diana; Verdier, Valérie; López, Camilo E.; Bernal, Adriana; Szurek, Boris (2021).

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Alvarez, Elizabeth; Llano, Germán Alberto; Mejía, Juan Fernando (2012). "Cassava diseases in Latin America, Africa and Asia".

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A review of cassava in Africa with country case studies on Nigeria, Ghana, the United Republic of Tanzania, Uganda and Benin

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Soto-Blanco, Benito; Górniak, Silvana Lima (1 July 2010). "Toxic effects of prolonged administration of leaves of cassava (

5088: 4871: 1688:. making it an important staple; more than 500 million people depend on it. It offers the advantage of being exceptionally 8574: 1134: 7143: 758: 7279: 6745: 5562: 1881:, a dry meal made from cooked powdered cassava, is roasted in butter, eaten as a side dish, or sprinkled on other food. 1795:(which makes sulfur available for the patient's body to detoxify by converting the poisonous cyanide into thiocyanate). 1103: 7542: 6026: 5617: 8154: 7979: 7625: 7615: 4232: 4223: 2832: 2807: 2782: 1933: 1178: 5587: 3627: 3758: 3352:"The Economic History of Havana, Cuba: A City So Beautiful and Important It Was Once Worth More Than All of Florida" 3247: 2766:

Genus Manihot is from the Tupi-Guarani name "manioca" which means cassava. Species esculenta means edible by humans.

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is made from bitter cassava juice. The juice is boiled until it is reduced by half in volume, to the consistency of

1958:; the resulting hydrogen cyanide escapes to the atmosphere, making the flour safe for consumption the same evening. 1356:(a predatory mite) were found to effectively control the cassava mealybug and the cassava green mite, respectively. 8524: 8447: 7870: 7078:"Where Asian Indian folklore meets Arawak and Kalinago folklore, 'Sound' Symmetry and Asymmetry can make you jump!" 5516: 4818: 4618: 4051: 3055: 2719: 2677: 1806:, which can be fatal. The risk is highest in famines, when as many as 3 percent of the population may be affected. 1799: 1062: 4995: 4287:"Characterization of the Cassava Mycobiome in Symptomatic Leaf Tissues Displaying Cassava Superelongation Disease" 3706: 1287: 8559: 8544: 8364: 8333: 7600: 7478: 6205: 5974: 4042: 3955:. Control of Plant Virus Diseases: Vegetatively-Propagated Crops. Vol. 91. Academic Press. pp. 85–142. 3630:[Edaphoclimatic zoning of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) for sustainable production of bioproducts]. 3628:"Zonificación edafoclimática de la yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) para la producción sostenible de bioproductos" 3592: 1393:

of cassava varieties with improved durability after harvest, achieved by different mechanisms. One approach used

920: 664:, with small amounts of calcium (16 milligrams per 100 grams), phosphorus (27 mg/100 g), and 2580: 80: 8564: 7574: 7547: 6366:"Lower serum levels of selenium, copper, and zinc are related to neuromotor impairments in children with konzo" 5285: 3910: 2710: 1499: 1240: 1081: 1024:

in Mexico. In this part of Mexico the following soil types have been shown to be good for cassava cultivation:

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Talking Taino: Caribbean Natural History from a Native Perspective (Caribbean Archaeology and Ethnohistory)

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Cassava deteriorates after harvest, when the tuberous roots are first cut. The healing mechanism produces

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The new food lover's companion: comprehensive definitions of nearly 6,000 food, drink, and culinary terms

2069:. The natives of Guyana traditionally brought the product to town in bottles, and it is available on the 1321:). These pests can cause up to 80 percent crop loss, which is extremely detrimental to the production of 8569: 8263: 5698:

Suharti, Sri; Oktafiani, Hafni; Sudarman, Asep; Baik, Myunggi; Wiryawan, Komang Gede (1 December 2021).

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Rosane F. Schwan; Euziclei G. Almeida; Maria Aparecida G. Souza-Dias; Lene Jespersen (September 2007).

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to try to silence a gene involved in triggering deterioration; another strategy selected for plentiful

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Several fungi bring about significant crop losses, one of the most serious being cassava root rot; the

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producers, they are vital to productivity at particular times. Small cassava farmers are no exception.

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is Latin for 'edible'. The common name "cassava" is a 16th century word from the French or Portuguese

8374: 8193: 7659: 7308: 6906: 5656: 5223: 5199: 3172: 3114: 2687: 2408: 2382: 1909: 1868: 1862: 1750: 1311: 1270: 1116: 924: 6084:"Yeast diversity in rice-cassava fermentations produced by the indigenous Tapirapé people of Brazil" 6048: 3503:"Cassava consumption and the occurrence of cyanide in cassava in Vietnam, Indonesia and Philippines" 1729:. Cassava plays a particularly important role in agriculture in developing countries, especially in 864:

in 1565: grating tuberous roots into paste, shaping the bread, and cooking it on a fire-heated burén

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Padmaja, G.; Steinkraus, K. H. (1995). "Cyanide detoxification in cassava for food and feed uses".

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The Body of the Conquistador: Food, Race, and the Colonial Experience in Spanish America, 1492–1700

2642:. She was buried, and her lower leg grew into a cassava plant. In Trinidad, folk stories tell of a 1717:) are important sources of food in the tropics. The cassava plant gives the third-highest yield of 1322: 1119:(CMV) is widespread in Africa, causing cassava mosaic disease (CMD). Bredeson et al. 2016 find the 899:

archaeological site. The oldest direct evidence of cassava cultivation comes from a 1,400-year-old

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Latif, Sajid; Müller, Joachim (2015). "Potential of cassava leaves in human nutrition: a review".

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There is a legend that cassava was introduced in 1880–1885 CE to the South Indian state of

8413: 8312: 2954:

Qi, W.; Lim, Y.; Patrignani, A.; Schläpfer, P.; Bratus-Neuenschwander, A.; et al. (2022).

8519: 8395: 8167: 7818: 7569: 7461: 7116: 7055: 7006: 6922: 6878: 6797: 6787: 6725: 6721: 6714: 6692: 6686: 6667: 6620: 6604: 6583: 6577: 6530: 6511: 6458: 6418: 6395: 6346: 6338: 6310: 6302: 6211: 6178: 6170: 6105: 5951: 5803: 5725: 5680: 5672: 5535: 5490: 5411: 5361: 5275: 5161: 4918: 4845: 4742: 4648: 4630: 4426: 4318: 4255: 4196: 4178: 4073: 4065: 4018: 3982: 3974: 3964: 3932: 3922: 3716: 3534: 3481: 3379: 3318: 3294: 3188: 3163: 3142: 3077: 3069: 2987: 2421: 2264: 1297: 1086: 932: 900: 580: 3312: 8400: 8286: 8069: 8019: 7501: 7412: 7252: 7108: 6996: 6988: 6914: 6870: 6657: 6649: 6638:"Cyanogenesis in Cassava : The Role of Hydroxynitrile Lyase in Root Cyanide Production" 6450: 6385: 6377: 6294: 6252: 6162: 6095: 5943: 5793: 5715: 5664: 5525: 5512:"Tropical calcific pancreatitis: strong association with SPINK1 trypsin inhibitor mutations" 5401: 5393: 5328: 5232: 5153: 5047: 4951: 4908: 4835: 4827: 4732: 4724: 4638: 4622: 4577: 4416: 4308: 4298: 4267: 4186: 4170: 4124: 4055: 4010: 3956: 3806: 3635: 3524: 3514: 3473: 3388: 3180: 3132: 3122: 3059: 3015: 2977: 2969: 2894: 1758: 1689: 951: 904: 610: 568: 567:; more than 500 million people depend on it. It offers the advantage of being exceptionally 4476: 4337: 4060: 4037: 868: 8579: 7959: 7610: 7472: 7422: 7334: 7155: 6861:

Bakky, Aa; Hoque, Mr; Islam, Ms (11 February 2021). "Production of Biofuel from Cassava".

6454: 4970:"Cassava production in 2022, Crops/World Regions/Production Quantity/Year from pick lists" 4895:"Variation in cassava germplasm for tolerance to post-harvest physiological deterioration" 4381: 3064: 3041: 1818: 1700: 1246: 936: 822: 588: 118: 2749: 2497:

for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from

1921: 1385:

or bleach as a fungicide, then wrapping in plastic, freezing, or applying a wax coating.

8136: 6910: 6622:

Meehans' monthly: a magazine of horticulture, botany and kindred subjects, Volumes 11-12

6556: 5660: 4626: 4313: 4159:"Cassava diseases caused by Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis and Xanthomonas cassavae" 3529: 3502: 3176: 3118: 2657:

people of Guyana is closely bound up with the growth and processing of cassava in their

1791:, partial paralysis, collapse, and death. It can be treated easily with an injection of 8539: 8426: 8421: 8009: 7823: 7001: 6974: 6390: 6365: 6019:"Manioc Root - Cargo Handbook - the world's largest cargo transport guidelines website" 5618:"Cassava poisoning was integral to Episode 177 of Series 17 of the BBC drama 'Doctors'" 5479: 5385: 5125: 4840: 4814:"Extending cassava root shelf life via reduction of reactive oxygen species production" 4813: 4737: 4706: 4643: 4604: 4421: 4396: 4191: 4158: 2982: 2955: 2924: 2860:. Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Archived from 2682: 2658: 2627: 2621: 2534: 2058: 2007: 2000: 1668: 1390: 1351: 1155: 1102:

Several viruses cause enough damage to cassava crops to be of economic importance. The

892: 873: 842: 105: 6479:. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Donald Danforth Plant Science Center. 2018. Archived from 5381:"Cyanogenesis in Cassava, The Role of Hydroxynitrile Lyase in Root Cyanide Production" 59: 8508: 8465: 7620: 7286: 7100: 7077: 6662: 6637: 6190: 6100: 6083: 5902: 5737: 5406: 5380: 3655: 3137: 3096: 2525:-ounce) reference serving, raw cassava provides 670 kilojoules (160 kilocalories) of 2132: 2070: 1809:

Like many other roots and tubers, both bitter and sweet varieties of cassava contain

1718: 1382: 1373: 1338: 1210: 1146: 928: 861: 826: 504: 164: 7148: 6831: 6688:

The History of British Guiana: Comprising a General Description of the Colony (1855)

5333: 5316: 5244: 4660: 4589: 4085: 3639: 3438: 3407: 3207: 1875:. It can be made into a flour that is used in breads, cakes and cookies. In Brazil, 8491: 8172: 7855: 7562: 7432: 7269: 7227: 7207: 6166: 5988: 5434: 5429: 4893:

Venturini, M. T; Santos, L. R; Vildoso, C. I; Santos, V. S; Oliveira, E. J (2016).

4014: 3271: 3212: 2650:, meaning to pound, for what is traditionally a woman's work of pounding cassava. 2108: 2062: 1810: 1777: 1746: 1710: 1680:

Cassava is the third-largest source of carbohydrates in food in the tropics, after

1302: 1252: 1205: 915:

of the native populations of northern South America, southern Mesoamerica, and the

877: 555:

Cassava is the third-largest source of carbohydrates in food in the tropics, after

154: 8159: 8146: 4707:"Correlation of Chemical Compositions of Cassava Varieties to Their Resistance to 3184: 2973: 17: 7112: 6150: 6124: 5855:"Estragos de la crisis: Ocho niños han muerto en Aragua por consumir yuca amarga" 3960: 3477: 3355: 1962:

and lightly fried in palm oil to preserve them. The result is a foodstuff called

1830:(1958–1962) in China. Farmers may select bitter cultivars to reduce crop losses. 8346: 8271: 8119: 7605: 7557: 7552: 7537: 7345: 7323: 7296: 7257: 7242: 7217: 6874: 6151:"Parakari, an indigenous fermented beverage using amylolytic Rhizopus in Guyana" 5591: 5080: 4955: 4863: 2960: 2639: 2530: 2526: 2092: 1975: 1814: 1792: 1402: 912: 908: 779: 636:. The common name "yuca" or "yucca" is most likely also from Taíno, via Spanish 584: 564: 512: 481: 6781: 6298: 6256: 5720: 5699: 3392: 3106:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2898: 7999: 7496: 7466: 7402: 7247: 7212: 6918: 6381: 5947: 5859: 5827: 5798: 5784: 5779: 5668: 5144: 4581: 4271: 3936: 3679:. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Bangkok. Archived from 3578:

Materia medica of Hindoostan, and artisan's and agriculturalist's nomenclature

3519: 3443:

A review of cassava in Asia with country case studies on Thailand and Viet Nam

2395: 2281: 2247: 1955: 1900: 1754: 1741:

Cassava roots, peels and leaves are dangerous to eat raw because they contain

1726: 1398: 1346: 1000: 979: 972: 677: 673: 530:, which is used for food, animal feed, and industrial purposes. The Brazilian 7101:"Cassava and the Makushi: a shared history of resiliency and transformation"" 6926: 6882: 6342: 6306: 6174: 5729: 5676: 5554: 5165: 4634: 4182: 4069: 3978: 3647: 3073: 8206: 8004: 7885: 7763: 7718: 7590: 7506: 7407: 7232: 7191: 6992: 5530: 5511: 4728: 3127: 3040:

Zierer, Wolfgang; Rüscher, David; Sonnewald, Uwe; Sonnewald, Sophia (2021).

2507:

Raw cassava is 60% water, 38% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and has negligible

2314: 2030: 2019: 1971: 1951: 1839: 1742: 1722: 1705: 1394: 1004: 942: 799: 791: 665: 8478: 8110: 7010: 6801: 6462: 6399: 6350: 6314: 6182: 6109: 5807: 5684: 5539: 4922: 4849: 4746: 4652: 4430: 4322: 4286: 4214: 4200: 4077: 4038:"Cassava Mosaic and Brown Streak Diseases: Current Perspectives and Beyond" 4022: 3986: 3538: 3192: 3146: 3081: 2991: 6671: 6653: 6636:

White, W. L. B.; Arias-Garzon, D. I.; McMahon, J. M.; Sayre R. T. (1998).

6515: 6133:

Their staple food is cassava, from which they make cassava bread and brew

5955: 5595: 5415: 5397: 5365: 4831: 2803: 8473: 8104: 7994: 7933: 7490: 7455: 7380: 7370: 7313: 4913: 4894: 3239: 2778: 2571: 2230: 2046: 2034: 1896: 1798:

Chronic, low-level exposure to cyanide may contribute to both goiter and

1622: 1586: 1291:

Grasshoppers, here on cassava in Nigeria, are secondary pests of cassava.

1200: 1138: 1107: 1068: 1033: 1025: 916: 857: 653: 630: 508: 131: 6018: 5348:

Aregheore E. M.; Agunbiade O. O. (1991). "The toxic effects of cassava (

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3439:"Cassava in Asia. Expanding the Competitive Edge in Diversified Markets" 2828: 8250: 8180: 7397: 7391: 7222: 7199: 5379:

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2654: 2550: 2546: 2210: 1966:. Fermentation is also used in other places such as Indonesia, such as 1872: 1851: 1766: 1762: 1664: 1550: 1516: 1041: 1037: 1029: 1008: 959: 838: 669: 605: 591:. Farmers may however choose bitter cultivars to minimise crop losses. 583:. The more toxic varieties of cassava have been used in some places as 576: 527: 174: 8276: 4174: 3019: 2026:

and protein to improve the nutrition of people in sub-Saharan Africa.

927:

by the time of European contact in 1492. Cassava was a staple food of

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Tropical Root and Tuber Crops: Cassava, Sweet Potato, Yams And Aroids

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spp.) in pot experiments and farmer-managed field trials in Uganda"

3501:

Mota-Guttierez, Jatziri; O'Brien, Gerard Michael (September 2019).

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Insects such as stem borers and other beetles, moths including

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4231:(Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International). 2019. 2723:. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2022. 672:, whereas the leaves are rich in it, except for being low in 7160: 5753:"Cassava's cyanide-producing abilities can cause neuropathy" 4395:

Makumbi-Kidza, N. N.; Speijer, P. R.; Sikora, R. A. (2000).

2858:

National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 28

2537:

in significant content (i.e. above 10% of the relevant DV).

5888:

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An agronomist examines a diseased cassava crop in Thailand.

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Alleyne, A.T.; Gilkes, J.M.; Briggs, G. (1 January 2015).

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towards the reproductive organs, as shown by experimental

543: 531: 5780:"Transgenic approaches for cyanogen reduction in cassava" 1978:

has been responsible for the endemic goiters seen in the

1274:

are the most widely reported and economically important.

668:(20.6 mg/100 g). Cassava roots contains little 4285:

Alleyne, Angela; Mason, Shanice; Vallès, Yvonne (2023).

3293:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 54–57, 151. 2662:

bird told the people how to prepare the cassava safely.

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6863:

Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources

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disorder affecting the ability to walk, also known as

5582: 5580: 1776:). It has also been linked to tropical fibrocalcific 32:"Yuca" redirects here. For the flowering shrubs, see 6973:

R. Lunsin; M. Wanapat; P. Rowlinson (October 2012).

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which may help to reduce oxidization after harvest.

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Global Cassava Development Strategy 6331:African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 5971:Hog and Hominy: Soul Food from Africa to America 5823:"La yuca amarga alimenta la muerte en Venezuela" 5778:Siritunga D; Sayre RT (September–October 2007). 4674:Uchechukwumgemezu, Chidinma (21 December 2020). 4104:"Cassava bacterial blight: a manageable disease" 3866: 3864: 3837:"Hungry African nations balk at biotech cassava" 7523:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels 6942:"China Biofuel Industry Faces Uncertain Future" 3801: 3799: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 1327:International Institute of Tropical Agriculture 790:is vital when productivity has declined due to 6625:. 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Archived from 3729:from the original on 11 May 2021 3554:"How tapioca came to Travancore" 3206:Carroll, Rory (23 August 2007). 2715:Crantz, Rei Herb. 1: 167 (1766)" 2603: 2591: 2579: 1987: 1932: 1920: 1908: 1633: 1615: 1597: 1579: 1569:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1561: 1543: 1498: 1486: 1474: 1462: 1446: 1434: 1422: 1410: 1061: 1049: 757: 745: 733: 721: 709: 697: 685: 79: 6808:from the original on 9 May 2024 5821:Castro, Maolis (6 March 2017). 5708:Annals of Agricultural Sciences 5588:"CASSAVA POISONING – VENEZUELA" 5354:Veterinary and Human Toxicology 5334:10.1590/S0104-79301996000100002 4900:Genetics and Molecular Research 4610:Annual Review of Phytopathology 3640:10.4067/S0718-34022022000100361 3240:"Taino | History & Culture" 1895:(Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname), 1329:(IITA) under the leadership of 8065:List of international rankings 6442:Annual Review of Plant Biology 6417:. Fire Ant Books. p. 74. 6167:10.1080/15572536.2006.11832833 4336:Coyne, D. 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(2003). 4956:10.2135/cropsci2009.11.0666 4477:"Nematode pests of cassava" 4453:Annals of Tropical Research 4224:Invasive Species Compendium 2974:10.1093/gigascience/giac028 2833:Online Etymology Dictionary 2808:Online Etymology Dictionary 2783:Online Etymology Dictionary 2486:Link to USDA Database entry 2097:670 kJ (160 kcal) 1179:bacterial blight of cassava 1137:. Although the ongoing CMD 8601: 7076:Provost, M. C. L. (2011). 6603:Wood, John George (1886). 6299:10.1177/026010600701800405 6257:10.1016/j.jfca.2005.04.012 5721:10.1016/j.aoas.2021.09.001 5120:reprinted as a chapter in 3953:Advances in Virus Research 3393:10.1179/008228884791016718 2899:10.1016/j.tifs.2015.04.006 2756:. Singapore National Parks 2720:Plants of the World Online 2619: 2029:In Guyana the traditional 1887:made from cassava include 1860: 1849: 1821:. For example, during the 1800:tropical ataxic neuropathy 1524:Cassava production – 2022 1514: 1333:. The Centre investigated 1315:) and cassava green mite ( 1079: 825:in leaves seems to not be 704:Unprocessed tuberous roots 31: 8550:Flora of Southern America 8059: 7639: 7601:Energy content of biofuel 7099:Schacht, Ryan N. (2013). 6919:10.1007/s11157-018-9475-0 6830:Tewe, Olumide O. (2004). 6685:Dalton, Henry G. (2005). 6382:10.1016/j.jns.2015.01.007 5975:Columbia University Press 5948:10.1080/10408399509527703 5669:10.1016/j.etp.2009.05.011 4716:Journal of Insect Science 4582:10.1080/09670870600722959 4526:: 261–287. Archived from 4272:10.1007/s10658-014-0517-3 4163:Molecular Plant Pathology 4043:Annual Review of Virology 3715:Publishers. p. 273. 3520:10.1017/S136898001900524X 3012:Pacific Economic Bulletin 2598:A close-up of the product 2492: 2482: 2478: 2454: 2446: 2330: 2326: 2204: 2200: 2193: 2189: 2169: 2165: 2145: 2141: 2101: 1661: 1523: 1517:Tapioca § Production 1011:in Indian English usage. 872:17th-century painting by 563:, making it an important 544: 532: 227: 220: 203: 196: 76:Scientific classification 74: 66: 57: 48: 43: 8530:Central American cuisine 7575:Thermal depolymerization 7548:Industrial biotechnology 5993:www.medicalnewstoday.com 5890:. Yale University Press. 5620:. BBC. 5 February 2016. 3911:Wallingford, Oxfordshire 3602:, India. 1 February 2018 3406:Nweke, Felix I. (2005). 3350:Watkins, Thayer (2006). 2511:(table). In a 100-gram ( 1389:impractical, leading to 1241:Rotylenchulus reniformis 1203:involved are species of 1082:List of cassava diseases 784:economically inefficient 7543:Fischer–Tropsch process 7533:Biomass heating systems 7154:7 November 2016 at the 7029:www.botanischetuinen.nl 6993:10.5713/ajas.2012.12051 6529:Jackson, J. R. (1872). 6234:Bradbury, J.H. (2006). 6204:Howell, Edward (1995). 5799:10.1093/jaoac/90.5.1450 5531:10.1053/gast.2002.36028 4512:"Nematodes of Cassava, 3905:Lebot, Vincent (2020). 3842:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 3507:Public Health Nutrition 3244:Encyclopedia Britannica 3128:10.1073/pnas.96.10.5586 2678:Maní (Amazonian legend) 2495:US recommendations 1378:reactive oxygen species 1337:for cassava pests; two 1235:Pratylenchus brachyurus 8555:French Guianan cuisine 5260:Save and Grow: Cassava 5128:, 2021, pages 588-633. 4709:Prostephanus truncatus 3289:Earle, Rebecca (2012) 3014:. Asia Pacific Press. 2499:the National Academies 1823:shortages in Venezuela 1757:, releasing poisonous 1292: 1184:Xanthomonas campestris 1170:Xanthomonas axonopodis 1091: 880: 865: 314:Ruiz & Pav. ex Pax 279:Jatropha flabellifolia 6654:10.1104/pp.116.4.1219 6606:Man and his handiwork 6561:. Macmillan. p. 5398:10.1104/pp.116.4.1219 5274:. 2013. p. iii. 4832:10.1104/pp.112.200345 4729:10.1093/jisesa/ieu173 4475:Coyne, D. L. (1994). 4409:Journal of Nematology 4399:Meloidogyne incognita 2620:Further information: 2195:Vitamins and minerals 2012:cyanogenic glycosides 1751:cyanogenic glycosides 1441:Starch wet-processing 1318:Mononychellus tanajoa 1290: 1265:Meloidogyne incognita 1089: 1080:Further information: 871: 856: 515:regions as an annual 423:Manihot flabellifolia 263:Jatropha digitiformis 8575:Tropical agriculture 7025:"Tapioca or Cassava" 6287:Nutrition and Health 5759:on 24 September 2010 5224:Current Anthropology 4914:10.4238/gmr.15027818 4551:IITA Research Briefs 3877:Alliance for Science 3760:The Cassava Handbook 3472:. pp. 281–305. 3311:Long, Janet (2003). 2688:Cassava-based dishes 2653:The identity of the 1863:Cassava-based dishes 1834:sufficient, either. 1368:Handling and storage 1312:Phenacoccus manihoti 1271:Meloidogyne javanica 1220:Elsinoë brasiliensis 1117:Cassava mosaic virus 983:(Artocarpus altilis) 925:shifting agriculture 883:Wild populations of 391:Manihot digitiformis 346:(J.F.Gmel.) D.Parodi 7695:agricultural output 7631:Sustainable biofuel 6911:2018RESBT..17..553S 6088:FEMS Yeast Research 6063:on 12 February 2010 6051:(3 February 2010). 5995:. 9 February 2021. 5661:2010EToxP..62..361S 5647:Crantz) to goats". 5204:GardeningPlaces.com 5006:on 18 November 2016 4451:spp. Inoculation". 3278:Thames & Hudson 3177:2001Sci...292.1370P 3171:(5520): 1370–1373. 3119:1999PNAS...96.5586O 2586:Tubers being grated 2083: 1954:are broken down by 1885:Alcoholic beverages 1852:Tapioca § Uses 990:(Treculia africana) 447:Manihot melanobasis 351:Mandioca utilissima 319:Jatropha silvestris 311:Jatropha paniculata 7691:Lists of countries 5704:Crantz) leaf meal" 5598:on 2 February 2017 5052:10.1094/pd-74-0404 4304:10.3390/jof9121130 4219:(rust of cassava)" 4217:Uromyces manihotis 4129:10.1094/PD-70-1089 4123:(APS): 1089–1093. 3811:The New York Times 3778:"Cassava (manioc)" 2930:on 15 January 2012 2673:Columbian Exchange 2566:and 1.5–4 percent 2460:Other constituents 2037:and flavored with 1828:Great Leap Forward 1749:, which are toxic 1731:sub-Saharan Africa 1335:biological control 1331:Hans Rudolf Herren 1293: 1215:Uromyces manihotis 1092: 1022:Gulf Coastal Plain 987:African breadfruit 968:Columbian Exchange 881: 866: 660:roots are largely 536:, and the related 463:Manihot utilissima 434:Pax & K.Hoffm. 402:(J.F.Gmel.) Baill. 327:Jatropha stipulata 287:Jatropha loureiroi 18:Manihot utilissima 8525:Caribbean cuisine 8502: 8501: 8414:Manihot esculenta 8396:Open Tree of Life 8126:Manihot esculenta 8096:Manihot esculenta 8088:Taxon identifiers 8079: 8078: 7657: 7656: 7570:Sabatier reaction 7122:978-1-350-04216-2 6987:(10): 1364–1373. 6793:978-0-309-48834-1 6731:978-0-7641-1258-4 6698:978-1-4021-8865-7 6589:978-1-58008-501-4 6504:Vet. Hum. Toxicol 6477:"BioCassava Plus" 6137:, 'cassava beer'. 6023:cargohandbook.com 5702:Manihot esculenta 5645:Manihot esculenta 5510:Bhatia E (2002). 5350:Manihot esculenta 5281:978-92-5-107641-5 5083:. United Nations 4514:Manihot esculenta 4403:Manihot esculenta 4175:10.1111/mpp.13094 4169:(12): 1520–1537. 3928:978-1-78924-336-9 3722:978-1-84826-368-0 3686:on 5 October 2016 3513:(13): 2410–2423. 3487:978-1-4020-9282-4 3380:Terrae Incognitae 3113:(10): 5586–5591. 3099:Manihot esculenta 2752:Manihot esculenta 2713:Manihot esculenta 2505: 2504: 2450: 2449: 2073:in bottled form. 1939:Noodles, Cambodia 1903:(South America), 1675: 1674: 1671: 1537: 1417:Starch processing 1298:Chilomima clarkei 1126:M. carthaginensis 921:Caribbean islands 895:lowlands, at the 788:Genetic diversity 477:Manihot esculenta 473: 472: 467: 459: 451: 443: 439:Manihot loureiroi 435: 427: 419: 411: 403: 395: 387: 379: 375:Manihot cannabina 371: 363: 355: 347: 339: 331: 323: 315: 307: 299: 291: 283: 275: 267: 259: 251: 243: 235: 207:Manihot esculenta 189:M. esculenta 16:(Redirected from 8592: 8560:Jamaican cuisine 8545:Flora of Jamaica 8495: 8494: 8482: 8481: 8469: 8468: 8456: 8455: 8443: 8442: 8430: 8429: 8417: 8416: 8404: 8403: 8391: 8390: 8378: 8377: 8368: 8367: 8355: 8354: 8342: 8341: 8329: 8328: 8316: 8315: 8303: 8302: 8290: 8289: 8280: 8279: 8267: 8266: 8254: 8253: 8241: 8240: 8228: 8227: 8215: 8214: 8202: 8201: 8189: 8188: 8176: 8175: 8163: 8162: 8150: 8149: 8140: 8139: 8130: 8129: 8128: 8115: 8114: 8113: 8083: 8070:Lists by country 8051:Organic farmland 7684: 7677: 7670: 7661: 7647: 7646: 7491:Pongamia pinnata 7185: 7178: 7171: 7162: 7127: 7126: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7073: 7067: 7066: 7060: 7051: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7021: 7015: 7014: 7004: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6953: 6946: 6937: 6931: 6930: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6869:(1–2): 171–174. 6858: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6827: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6776: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6742: 6736: 6735: 6719: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6682: 6676: 6675: 6665: 6648:(4): 1219–1225. 6642:Plant Physiology 6633: 6627: 6626: 6617: 6611: 6610: 6600: 6594: 6593: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6552: 6543: 6542: 6526: 6520: 6519: 6499: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6483:on 27 March 2016 6473: 6467: 6466: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6393: 6376:(1–2): 149–153. 6361: 6355: 6354: 6337:(3–4): 239–242. 6325: 6319: 6318: 6282: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6265: 6240: 6231: 6222: 6221: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6103: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5966: 5960: 5959: 5929: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5801: 5792:(5): 1450–1455. 5775: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5723: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5584: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5533: 5524:(4): 1020–1025. 5517:Gastroenterology 5507: 5501: 5500: 5484: 5471: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5409: 5392:(4): 1219–1225. 5376: 5370: 5369: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5312: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5290: 5265: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5218: 5212: 5211: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5135: 5129: 5119: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5060: 5046:(APS): 404–411. 5031: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5011: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4950:(4): 1333–1338. 4936: 4927: 4926: 4916: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4843: 4826:(4): 1396–1407. 4819:Plant Physiology 4809: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4740: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4646: 4600: 4594: 4593: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4472: 4461: 4460: 4444: 4435: 4434: 4424: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4369: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4316: 4306: 4291:Journal of Fungi 4282: 4276: 4275: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4194: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4137: 4108: 4099: 4090: 4089: 4063: 4033: 4027: 4026: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3921:). p. 541. 3902: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3868: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3803: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3780:. Archived from 3774: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3754: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3685: 3678: 3669: 3660: 3659: 3623: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3532: 3522: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3308: 3302: 3287: 3281: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3140: 3130: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3067: 3037: 3024: 3023: 3007: 2996: 2995: 2985: 2951: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2929: 2918: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2761: 2746: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2707: 2607: 2595: 2583: 2574:such as cattle. 2524: 2523: 2519: 2516: 2350: 2301: 2285: 2268: 2251: 2234: 2224: 2191: 2084: 1991: 1936: 1924: 1912: 1817:during times of 1759:hydrogen cyanide 1690:drought-tolerant 1662: 1639: 1637: 1636: 1621: 1619: 1618: 1603: 1601: 1600: 1585: 1583: 1582: 1567: 1565: 1564: 1549: 1547: 1546: 1532: 1521: 1502: 1490: 1478: 1466: 1450: 1438: 1426: 1414: 1341:natural enemies 1135:resistance genes 1065: 1053: 860:women preparing 809: 808: 761: 749: 737: 725: 713: 701: 689: 587:during times of 569:drought-tolerant 547: 535: 465: 457: 449: 441: 433: 431:Manihot flexuosa 425: 417: 409: 401: 393: 385: 377: 369: 361: 353: 345: 337: 329: 321: 313: 305: 297: 295:Jatropha manihot 289: 281: 273: 265: 257: 255:Jatropha diffusa 249: 241: 233: 209: 84: 83: 62: 53: 41: 21: 8600: 8599: 8595: 8594: 8593: 8591: 8590: 8589: 8565:Root vegetables 8505: 8504: 8503: 8498: 8490: 8485: 8477: 8472: 8464: 8459: 8451: 8446: 8438: 8433: 8425: 8420: 8412: 8407: 8399: 8394: 8386: 8381: 8373: 8371: 8363: 8358: 8350: 8345: 8337: 8332: 8324: 8319: 8311: 8306: 8298: 8293: 8285: 8283: 8275: 8270: 8262: 8257: 8249: 8244: 8236: 8231: 8223: 8218: 8210: 8205: 8197: 8192: 8184: 8179: 8171: 8166: 8158: 8153: 8145: 8143: 8135: 8133: 8124: 8123: 8118: 8109: 8108: 8103: 8090: 8080: 8075: 8074: 8055: 8029: 7948: 7895: 7780: 7700: 7688: 7658: 7653: 7635: 7611:Energy forestry 7579: 7511: 7473:Jatropha curcas 7434: 7427: 7335:Camelina sativa 7325: 7318: 7194: 7189: 7156:Wayback Machine 7135: 7130: 7123: 7098: 7097: 7093: 7075: 7074: 7070: 7058: 7053: 7052: 7048: 7038: 7036: 7023: 7022: 7018: 6972: 6971: 6967: 6957: 6955: 6951: 6944: 6939: 6938: 6934: 6895: 6894: 6890: 6860: 6859: 6855: 6845: 6843: 6829: 6828: 6821: 6811: 6809: 6794: 6778: 6777: 6773: 6763: 6761: 6744: 6743: 6739: 6732: 6711: 6710: 6706: 6699: 6684: 6683: 6679: 6635: 6634: 6630: 6619: 6618: 6614: 6602: 6601: 6597: 6590: 6575: 6574: 6570: 6554: 6553: 6546: 6528: 6527: 6523: 6501: 6500: 6496: 6486: 6484: 6475: 6474: 6470: 6437: 6436: 6432: 6425: 6412: 6411: 6407: 6363: 6362: 6358: 6327: 6326: 6322: 6284: 6283: 6279: 6269: 6267: 6263: 6238: 6233: 6232: 6225: 6218: 6203: 6202: 6198: 6148: 6147: 6143: 6122: 6121: 6117: 6081: 6080: 6076: 6066: 6064: 6049:Zeldes, Leah A. 6047: 6046: 6042: 6032: 6030: 6017: 6016: 6012: 6002: 6000: 5987: 5986: 5982: 5977:. chapters 1–2. 5968: 5967: 5963: 5931: 5930: 5926: 5916: 5914: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5885: 5884: 5880: 5870: 5868: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5838: 5836: 5820: 5819: 5815: 5777: 5776: 5772: 5762: 5760: 5751:Wagner, Holly. 5750: 5749: 5745: 5697: 5696: 5692: 5642: 5641: 5637: 5627: 5625: 5616: 5615: 5611: 5601: 5599: 5586: 5585: 5578: 5568: 5566: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5509: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5473: 5472: 5459: 5449: 5447: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5347: 5346: 5342: 5314: 5313: 5304: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5252: 5220: 5219: 5215: 5198: 5197: 5193: 5183: 5181: 5158:10.2307/1311903 5137: 5136: 5132: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5094: 5092: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5029: 5024: 5023: 5019: 5009: 5007: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4979: 4977: 4976:(FAOSTAT). 2024 4968: 4967: 4963: 4938: 4937: 4930: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4877: 4875: 4862: 4861: 4857: 4811: 4810: 4806: 4796: 4794: 4793:on 11 July 2015 4785: 4784: 4780: 4770: 4768: 4767:on 11 July 2015 4759: 4758: 4754: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4602: 4601: 4597: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4533: 4531: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4494: 4492: 4474: 4473: 4464: 4446: 4445: 4438: 4415:(4S): 475–477. 4394: 4393: 4389: 4372: 4362: 4355: 4353: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4106: 4101: 4100: 4093: 4035: 4034: 4030: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3971: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3929: 3904: 3903: 3896: 3886: 3884: 3870: 3869: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3849:on 3 March 2012 3835: 3834: 3830: 3820: 3818: 3813:. 31 May 2010. 3805: 3804: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3784:on 30 June 2015 3776: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3756: 3755: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3723: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3676: 3671: 3670: 3663: 3625: 3624: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3488: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3325: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3288: 3284: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3223: 3221: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3039: 3038: 3027: 3009: 3008: 2999: 2953: 2952: 2943: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2916: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2867: 2865: 2864:on 12 July 2017 2852: 2851: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2785: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2759: 2757: 2748: 2747: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2709: 2708: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2668: 2636: 2624: 2618: 2611: 2608: 2599: 2596: 2587: 2584: 2559: 2543: 2529:and 23% of the 2521: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2488: 2483: 2441: 2428: 2415: 2402: 2389: 2376: 2363: 2351: 2321: 2308: 2299: 2291: 2283: 2275: 2266: 2258: 2249: 2241: 2232: 2225: 2196: 2185: 2180: 2161: 2156: 2117: 2112: 2079: 1995: 1992: 1947: 1940: 1937: 1928: 1925: 1916: 1913: 1865: 1859: 1854: 1848: 1819:food insecurity 1811:antinutritional 1739: 1715:Ipomoea batatas 1634: 1632: 1616: 1614: 1598: 1596: 1580: 1578: 1562: 1560: 1544: 1542: 1519: 1513: 1506: 1503: 1494: 1491: 1482: 1479: 1470: 1467: 1458: 1451: 1442: 1439: 1430: 1427: 1418: 1415: 1370: 1362: 1343:Anagyrus lopezi 1285: 1262:spp., of which 1247:Helicotylenchus 1229: 1197: 1177:, which causes 1165: 1100: 1084: 1078: 1071: 1066: 1057: 1054: 1017: 999:by the King of 976:(Encephalartos) 851: 806: 805: 772: 765: 762: 753: 750: 741: 738: 729: 726: 717: 714: 705: 702: 693: 690: 676:, an essential 650: 629:, in turn from 597: 589:food insecurity 519:for its edible 482:commonly called 455:Manihot sprucei 383:Manihot diffusa 343:Mandioca dulcis 271:Jatropha dulcis 239:Janipha manihot 216: 211: 205: 192: 78: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8598: 8596: 8588: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8507: 8506: 8500: 8499: 8497: 8496: 8492:wfo-0000235507 8483: 8470: 8457: 8444: 8431: 8418: 8405: 8392: 8379: 8369: 8356: 8343: 8330: 8317: 8304: 8291: 8281: 8268: 8255: 8242: 8229: 8216: 8203: 8190: 8177: 8164: 8151: 8141: 8131: 8116: 8100: 8098: 8092: 8091: 8086: 8077: 8076: 8073: 8072: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8057: 8056: 8054: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8041:Irrigated land 8037: 8035: 8031: 8030: 8028: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8010:Sunflower seed 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7956: 7954: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7905: 7903: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7827: 7826: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7790: 7788: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7778: 7777: 7776: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7721: 7716: 7710: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7689: 7687: 7686: 7679: 7672: 7664: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7651: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7587: 7585: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7566: 7565: 7560: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7519: 7517: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7487: 7476: 7469: 7464: 7462:Chinese tallow 7459: 7452: 7447: 7439: 7437: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7330: 7328: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7316: 7311: 7309:Water hyacinth 7306: 7301: 7300: 7299: 7289: 7284: 7283: 7282: 7277: 7267: 7266: 7265: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7204: 7202: 7196: 7195: 7190: 7188: 7187: 7180: 7173: 7165: 7159: 7158: 7146: 7141: 7134: 7133:External links 7131: 7129: 7128: 7121: 7091: 7068: 7046: 7016: 6965: 6932: 6905:(3): 553–570. 6888: 6853: 6819: 6792: 6771: 6737: 6730: 6704: 6697: 6677: 6628: 6612: 6595: 6588: 6568: 6544: 6521: 6510:(3): 274–275. 6494: 6468: 6430: 6424:978-0817355081 6423: 6405: 6356: 6320: 6293:(4): 355–367. 6277: 6251:(4): 388–393. 6223: 6217:978-0895292216 6216: 6196: 6141: 6115: 6094:(6): 966–972. 6074: 6057:Dining Chicago 6040: 6010: 5980: 5961: 5942:(4): 299–339. 5924: 5907:LEISA Magazine 5893: 5878: 5846: 5831:(in Spanish). 5813: 5770: 5743: 5714:(2): 131–136. 5690: 5655:(4): 361–366. 5635: 5609: 5576: 5545: 5502: 5495: 5457: 5442:: 1–28. 2004. 5421: 5386:Plant Physiol. 5371: 5360:(3): 274–275. 5340: 5302: 5280: 5250: 5237:10.1086/341532 5231:(4): 611–630. 5213: 5191: 5152:(7): 441–451. 5130: 5126:Academic Press 5102: 5072: 5017: 4987: 4961: 4928: 4885: 4855: 4804: 4787:"1995: Herren" 4778: 4761:"1995: Herren" 4752: 4697: 4666: 4619:Annual Reviews 4595: 4576:(3): 215–223. 4560: 4541: 4530:on 3 June 2016 4502: 4487:(4): 355–359. 4462: 4436: 4387: 4328: 4277: 4246: 4206: 4149: 4091: 4052:Annual Reviews 4028: 4003:Virus Research 3992: 3969: 3942: 3927: 3894: 3860: 3828: 3795: 3769: 3766:. p. 258. 3740: 3721: 3697: 3661: 3613: 3584: 3567: 3544: 3493: 3486: 3460: 3429: 3398: 3369: 3342: 3324:978-9703208524 3323: 3303: 3299:978-1107693296 3282: 3261: 3231: 3198: 3152: 3087: 3056:Annual Reviews 3025: 2997: 2941: 2904: 2893:(2): 147–158. 2875: 2845: 2820: 2804:"cassava (n.)" 2795: 2770: 2738: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2690: 2685: 2683:Yellow cassava 2680: 2675: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2659:slash-and-burn 2635: 2632: 2622:Laundry starch 2617: 2616:Laundry starch 2614: 2613: 2612: 2609: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2578: 2558: 2555: 2542: 2539: 2535:micronutrients 2503: 2502: 2490: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2472: 2468: 2467: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2452: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2345: 2340: 2332: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2304: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2287: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2271: 2261: 2260: 2256: 2254: 2244: 2243: 2239: 2237: 2227: 2226: 2219: 2214: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2194: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2078: 2075: 2059:cayenne pepper 2014:combined with 2008:Bioengineering 1997: 1996: 1993: 1986: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1907: 1861:Main article: 1858: 1857:Food and drink 1855: 1847: 1844: 1802:, also called 1738: 1735: 1711:sweet potatoes 1673: 1672: 1669:United Nations 1659: 1658: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1539: 1538: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1461: 1459: 1455:Casabe burrero 1452: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1409: 1369: 1366: 1361: 1358: 1352:Typhlodromalus 1339:South American 1284: 1281: 1228: 1225: 1196: 1193: 1164: 1161: 1156:Bemisia tabaci 1147:subpopulations 1099: 1096: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1048: 1016: 1013: 933:indigenous art 919:people in the 911:. It became a 893:Gulf of Mexico 874:Albert Eckhout 850: 847: 843:overexpression 782:are otherwise 771: 768: 767: 766: 763: 756: 754: 751: 744: 742: 739: 732: 730: 727: 720: 718: 715: 708: 706: 703: 696: 694: 691: 684: 666:vitamin C 649: 646: 596: 593: 471: 470: 469: 468: 460: 452: 444: 436: 428: 420: 415:Manihot edulis 412: 404: 399:Manihot dulcis 396: 388: 380: 372: 364: 356: 348: 340: 332: 324: 316: 308: 303:Jatropha mitis 300: 292: 284: 276: 268: 260: 252: 244: 236: 234:(Pohl) J.Presl 225: 224: 218: 217: 212: 201: 200: 194: 193: 186: 184: 180: 179: 172: 168: 167: 162: 158: 157: 152: 148: 147: 142: 135: 134: 129: 122: 121: 116: 109: 108: 103: 96: 95: 90: 86: 85: 72: 71: 64: 63: 55: 54: 46: 45: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8597: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8512: 8510: 8493: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8370: 8366: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8296: 8292: 8288: 8282: 8278: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8142: 8138: 8132: 8127: 8121: 8117: 8112: 8106: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8084: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8062: 8058: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8032: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7951: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7906: 7904: 7902: 7898: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7787: 7783: 7775: 7772: 7771: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7749: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7729: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7696: 7692: 7685: 7680: 7678: 7673: 7671: 7666: 7665: 7662: 7650: 7642: 7641: 7638: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7621:Food vs. fuel 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7582: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7555: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7514: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7492: 7488: 7486: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7475: 7474: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7457: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7445: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7393: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7336: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7327: 7321: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7272: 7271: 7268: 7264: 7263:vegetable oil 7261: 7260: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7186: 7181: 7179: 7174: 7172: 7167: 7166: 7163: 7157: 7153: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7132: 7124: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7095: 7092: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7072: 7069: 7064: 7057: 7050: 7047: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7020: 7017: 7012: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6981: 6976: 6969: 6966: 6950: 6943: 6936: 6933: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6892: 6889: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6857: 6854: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6826: 6824: 6820: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6789: 6785: 6784: 6775: 6772: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6741: 6738: 6733: 6727: 6723: 6718: 6717: 6708: 6705: 6700: 6694: 6690: 6689: 6681: 6678: 6673: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6632: 6629: 6624: 6623: 6616: 6613: 6608: 6607: 6599: 6596: 6591: 6585: 6581: 6580: 6572: 6569: 6564: 6560: 6559: 6551: 6549: 6545: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6531:"New Edibles" 6525: 6522: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6498: 6495: 6482: 6478: 6472: 6469: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6443: 6434: 6431: 6426: 6420: 6416: 6409: 6406: 6401: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6360: 6357: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6324: 6321: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6281: 6278: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6245: 6237: 6230: 6228: 6224: 6219: 6213: 6209: 6208: 6200: 6197: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6145: 6142: 6138: 6136: 6130: 6126: 6119: 6116: 6111: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6078: 6075: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6044: 6041: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6014: 6011: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5984: 5981: 5976: 5972: 5965: 5962: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5936: 5928: 5925: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5897: 5894: 5889: 5882: 5879: 5866: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5850: 5847: 5834: 5830: 5829: 5824: 5817: 5814: 5809: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5786: 5781: 5774: 5771: 5758: 5754: 5747: 5744: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5703: 5694: 5691: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5639: 5636: 5623: 5619: 5613: 5610: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5549: 5546: 5541: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5506: 5503: 5498: 5496:9789251028629 5492: 5488: 5483: 5482: 5476: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5425: 5422: 5417: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5375: 5372: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5341: 5335: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5262: 5261: 5254: 5251: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5217: 5214: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5195: 5192: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5134: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5113: 5106: 5103: 5090: 5087:(FAO). 1995. 5086: 5082: 5076: 5073: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5036: 5035:Plant Disease 5028: 5021: 5018: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4988: 4975: 4971: 4965: 4962: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4944: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4889: 4886: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4859: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4808: 4805: 4792: 4788: 4782: 4779: 4766: 4762: 4756: 4753: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4710: 4701: 4698: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4599: 4596: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4564: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4545: 4542: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4515: 4506: 4503: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4404: 4400: 4391: 4388: 4383: 4374:|first2= 4367: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4341: 4332: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4281: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4247: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4225: 4220: 4218: 4210: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4150: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4113: 4112:Plant Disease 4105: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4032: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3996: 3993: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3970:9780128027622 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3946: 3943: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3924: 3920: 3917:, USA: CABI ( 3916: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3848: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3832: 3829: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3770: 3762: 3761: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3728: 3724: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3709: 3701: 3698: 3682: 3675: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3601: 3597: 3594: 3588: 3585: 3580: 3579: 3571: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3494: 3489: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3461: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3430: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3402: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3373: 3370: 3358:on 2 May 2016 3357: 3353: 3346: 3343: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3273: 3265: 3262: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3209: 3202: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3156: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3107: 3102: 3100: 3091: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3048: 3043: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2962: 2957: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2926: 2922: 2915: 2908: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2887: 2879: 2876: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2821: 2809: 2805: 2799: 2796: 2784: 2780: 2779:"manioc (n.)" 2774: 2771: 2767: 2755: 2753: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2726: 2722: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2694: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2623: 2615: 2606: 2601: 2594: 2589: 2582: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2510: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2445: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2305: 2303: 2295: 2288: 2286: 2279: 2272: 2270: 2262: 2255: 2253: 2248:Riboflavin (B 2245: 2238: 2236: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2192: 2188: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2134: 2133:Dietary fiber 2130: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2109:Carbohydrates 2104: 2100: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2063:chili peppers 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2016:fortification 2013: 2009: 2005: 2002: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1944: 1935: 1930: 1923: 1918: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1864: 1856: 1853: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1835: 1831: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1719:carbohydrates 1716: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1670: 1666: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1642: 1631: 1630: 1626: 1624: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1606: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1588: 1577: 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929:pre-Columbian 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 905:Joya de Cerén 902: 898: 894: 890: 889:flabellifolia 886: 879: 875: 870: 863: 862:cassava bread 859: 855: 848: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 827:photoperiodic 824: 821: 817: 813: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 776: 769: 760: 755: 748: 743: 736: 731: 724: 719: 712: 707: 700: 695: 692:Cassava plant 688: 683: 681: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 647: 645: 643: 639: 635: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 607: 602: 594: 592: 590: 586: 582: 578: 572: 570: 566: 562: 558: 553: 551: 546: 541: 540: 534: 529: 525: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 505:Euphorbiaceae 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 483: 479: 478: 464: 461: 456: 453: 448: 445: 440: 437: 432: 429: 424: 421: 416: 413: 408: 407:Manihot edule 405: 400: 397: 392: 389: 384: 381: 376: 373: 368: 365: 360: 357: 352: 349: 344: 341: 336: 335:Mandioca aipi 333: 328: 325: 320: 317: 312: 309: 304: 301: 296: 293: 290:(Pohl) Steud. 288: 285: 282:(Pohl) Steud. 280: 277: 272: 269: 266:(Pohl) Steud. 264: 261: 258:(Pohl) Steud. 256: 253: 248: 247:Jatropha aipi 245: 240: 237: 232: 229: 228: 226: 223: 219: 215: 210: 208: 202: 199: 198:Binomial name 195: 191: 190: 185: 182: 181: 178: 177: 173: 170: 169: 166: 165:Euphorbiaceae 163: 160: 159: 156: 153: 150: 149: 146: 143: 140: 137: 136: 133: 130: 127: 124: 123: 120: 117: 114: 111: 110: 107: 106:Tracheophytes 104: 101: 98: 97: 94: 91: 88: 87: 82: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 56: 52: 47: 42: 39: 35: 30: 19: 8570:Staple foods 8095: 7964: 7489: 7483: 7479: 7471: 7454: 7450:Big bluestem 7442: 7435:energy crops 7390: 7340: 7333: 7104: 7094: 7085: 7081: 7071: 7062: 7049: 7037:. Retrieved 7028: 7019: 6984: 6978: 6968: 6956:. Retrieved 6935: 6902: 6898: 6891: 6866: 6862: 6856: 6844:. Retrieved 6810:. Retrieved 6782: 6774: 6762:. Retrieved 6753: 6740: 6715: 6707: 6687: 6680: 6645: 6641: 6631: 6621: 6615: 6605: 6598: 6578: 6571: 6557: 6538: 6535:Food Journal 6534: 6524: 6507: 6503: 6497: 6485:. Retrieved 6481:the original 6471: 6446: 6440: 6433: 6414: 6408: 6373: 6369: 6359: 6334: 6330: 6323: 6290: 6286: 6280: 6268:. Retrieved 6248: 6242: 6206: 6199: 6158: 6154: 6144: 6134: 6132: 6128: 6118: 6091: 6087: 6077: 6065:. Retrieved 6061:the original 6056: 6043: 6031:. Retrieved 6022: 6013: 6001:. Retrieved 5992: 5983: 5970: 5964: 5939: 5933: 5927: 5917:22 September 5915:. Retrieved 5906: 5896: 5887: 5881: 5869:. Retrieved 5858: 5849: 5837:. Retrieved 5826: 5816: 5789: 5783: 5773: 5761:. Retrieved 5757:the original 5746: 5711: 5707: 5701: 5693: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5626:. Retrieved 5612: 5600:. Retrieved 5596:the original 5567:. 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Retrieved 4349: 4345: 4339: 4331: 4297:(12): 1130. 4294: 4290: 4280: 4266:(1): 27–34. 4263: 4259: 4249: 4237:. Retrieved 4222: 4216: 4209: 4166: 4162: 4152: 4140:. Retrieved 4116: 4110: 4047: 4041: 4031: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3952: 3945: 3906: 3885:. Retrieved 3876: 3851:. Retrieved 3847:the original 3840: 3831: 3819:. Retrieved 3810: 3786:. Retrieved 3782:the original 3772: 3759: 3731:. Retrieved 3707: 3700: 3688:. Retrieved 3681:the original 3631: 3604:. Retrieved 3595: 3587: 3577: 3570: 3557: 3547: 3510: 3506: 3496: 3469: 3463: 3451:. Retrieved 3442: 3432: 3420:. Retrieved 3411: 3401: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3360:. Retrieved 3356:the original 3345: 3333:. Retrieved 3313: 3306: 3290: 3285: 3269: 3264: 3254:24 September 3252:. Retrieved 3243: 3234: 3222:. Retrieved 3213:The Guardian 3211: 3201: 3168: 3162: 3155: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3090: 3051: 3045: 3011: 2965: 2959: 2932:. Retrieved 2925:the original 2920: 2907: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2866:. Retrieved 2862:the original 2857: 2848: 2836:. Retrieved 2829:"yucca (n.)" 2823: 2811:. Retrieved 2798: 2786:. Retrieved 2773: 2765: 2758:. Retrieved 2751: 2729:. Retrieved 2718: 2712: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2637: 2625: 2560: 2544: 2506: 2464: 2459: 2347: 2342: 2335: 2221: 2216: 2209: 2175: 2151: 2107: 2082:Cassava, raw 2028: 2006: 1998: 1960: 1948: 1883: 1876: 1866: 1836: 1832: 1808: 1797: 1782: 1778:pancreatitis 1771: 1747:lotaustralin 1740: 1714: 1704: 1698: 1694: 1679: 1676: 1655: 1650: 1533:millions of 1454: 1403:antioxidants 1387: 1371: 1363: 1350: 1342: 1316: 1310: 1296: 1294: 1275: 1269: 1263: 1257: 1253:Scutellonema 1251: 1245: 1239: 1233: 1230: 1218: 1214: 1206:Phytophthora 1204: 1198: 1188: 1182: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1154: 1142: 1129: 1125: 1121:M. esculenta 1120: 1101: 1093: 1018: 994: 989: 982: 975: 965: 941: 888: 885:M. esculenta 884: 882: 878:Dutch Brazil 834: 833:clearly is. 830: 819: 815: 811: 804: 780:smallholders 777: 773: 651: 641: 637: 633: 626: 622: 618: 614: 613:(Tupi) name 604: 598: 573: 554: 549: 537: 492: 488: 484: 476: 475: 474: 462: 454: 446: 438: 430: 422: 414: 406: 398: 390: 382: 374: 367:Manihot aypi 366: 359:Manihot aipi 358: 350: 342: 334: 326: 318: 310: 302: 294: 286: 278: 270: 262: 254: 250:(Pohl) Göpp. 246: 238: 231:Janipha aipi 230: 206: 204: 188: 187: 175: 155:Malpighiales 138: 125: 112: 99: 38: 29: 8347:NatureServe 8272:iNaturalist 8120:Wikispecies 7606:Energy crop 7553:Pellet fuel 7538:Biorefinery 7502:Switchgrass 7346:Coconut oil 7324:Energy from 7258:Cooking oil 7243:Biogasoline 7218:Babassu oil 6846:24 November 6541:: 372-378 . 6449:: 251–272. 6161:(1): 1–11. 5871:25 February 5839:25 February 5628:13 February 5592:ProMED-mail 5569:4 September 5095:23 November 5010:24 November 4690:21 December 4621:: 381–403. 4520:Nematropica 4449:Meloidogyne 4340:Meloidogyne 4054:: 429–452. 3821:24 February 3733:29 December 3058:: 551–580. 2961:GigaScience 2731:11 November 2640:Batara Guru 2557:Animal feed 2531:Daily Value 2527:food energy 2231:Thiamine (B 2116:38.1 g 2041:—including 1976:thiocyanate 1974:effects of 1972:goitrogenic 1815:famine food 1793:thiosulfate 1727:sugar beets 1709:spp.), and 1505:Picked buds 1399:carotenoids 1323:subsistence 1276:Meloidogyne 1259:Meloidogyne 1015:Cultivation 913:staple food 909:El Salvador 887:subspecies 752:Flower buds 740:Leaf detail 648:Description 585:famine food 513:subtropical 354:(Pohl) Link 338:(Pohl) Link 119:Angiosperms 27:Staple crop 8515:Manihoteae 8509:Categories 8427:kew-119804 8422:Plant List 8005:Sugar cane 8000:Sugar beet 7901:Vegetables 7724:Corn/Maize 7516:Technology 7497:Salicornia 7480:Miscanthus 7403:Sugar beet 7275:cellulosic 7248:Bioliquids 7228:Biobutanol 7065:(3): 8–11. 6958:8 November 6067:5 February 5860:La Patilla 5785:J AOAC Int 5602:29 January 5295:27 October 5145:BioScience 5065:10 January 4239:27 October 4142:14 January 3937:1110672215 3596:Onmanorama 3453:28 January 3276:New York: 3020:1885/39234 2868:7 December 2695:References 2396:Phosphorus 2184:1.4 g 2160:0.3 g 2137:1.8 g 2127:1.7 g 1956:linamarase 1952:glycosides 1915:Heavy cake 1901:nihamanchi 1891:(Brazil), 1867:There are 1850:See also: 1755:linamarase 1515:See also: 1511:Production 1453:Spreading 1395:gamma rays 1360:Harvesting 1349:wasp) and 1347:parasitoid 1213:caused by 1001:Travancore 980:breadfruit 973:bread tree 897:San Andrés 823:expression 800:gene pools 678:amino acid 674:methionine 450:Müll. Arg. 242:(L.) 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