239:
378:. Its muddy and sandy sediments are grouped as the Bannockburn Formation. Around the lake margins, distinctive shoreline facies developed. The most widespread of these is the Kawarau Member which contains diverse plant fossils. Distinctive facies within the Kawarau Member have been termed the Cromwell Submember and the Ewing Submember. The Ewing is typically intercalated with the Lauder Member, an informal unit of the Bannockburn Formation. This contains a fossil fauna (the
246:
39:
311:
argued that the sediments had been isolated by later mountain growth. Douglas placed the
Manuherikia Group sediments into a coherent genetic context. He drew attention to Manuherikia Group sediments on the top of mountain ranges, and to the observation that sequences in distinct basins were similar.
1086:
Lindqvist, J. K. 1994: Lacustrine stromatolites and oncoids: Manuherikia Group (Miocene), New
Zealand. In. Bertrand-Safati, J. and Monty, C. (Ed.) Phanerozoic Stromatolites II. Lacustrine stromatolites and oncoids: Manuherikia Group (Miocene), New Zealand, Kluwer Academic Publishers:
307:, understood that the Manuherikia Group was probably originally continuous. Although some workers came to believe the sediments were deposited in a series of small, interconnected basins between the mountain ranges, e.g. Park, later workers, like
1076:
Worthy, T. H., Tennyson, A. J. D., Archer, M., Musser, A. M., Hand, S. J., Jones, C., Douglas, B. J., McNamara, J. A. & Beck, R. M. D. 2006: Miocene mammal reveals a
Mesozoic ghost lineage on insular New Zealand, southwest Pacific. PNAS 103:
355:. The oldest unit of the Manuherikia Group is the Saint Bathans Member of the Dunstan Formation, consisting of the braided-river fill of valleys incised into the basement rocks. Traces of three St Bathans paleovalleys are known – one at
397:
developed and large thicknesses of coal built up on upper delta plains. These are termed the
Blackstone Delta and Teviot Delta. Fully lacustrine conditions ensued with the submergence of these deltas and for much of the mid Miocene,
1096:
Youngson, J. H., Craw, D., Landis, C. A. & Schmitt, K. R. 1998: Redefinition and interpretation of late
Miocene-Pleistocene terrestrial stratigraphy, Central Otago, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 41:
1047:
Worthy, T. H., Tennyson, A. J. D., Jones, C., McNamara, J. A. & Douglas, B. J. 2007: Miocene waterfowl and other birds from central Otago, New
Zealand. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, doi:10.1017/S1477201906001957 5:
1057:
Schwarzhans, W., Scofield, R. P., Tennyson, A. J. D., Worthy, J. P. & Worthy, T. H. 2012: Fish remains, mostly otoliths, from the non-marine early
Miocene of Otago, New Zealand. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 57:
1378:
Scofield, R. Paul; Worthy, Trevor H. & Tennyson, Alan J.D. (2010). "A heron (Aves: Ardeidae) from the Early
Miocene St Bathans Fauna of southern New Zealand.". In W.E. Boles & T.H. Worthy. (eds.).
1029:
Mildenhall, D. C. & Pocknall, D. T. 1989: Miocene-Pleistocene spores and pollen from
Central Otago, South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey Palaeontological Bulletin 59: 1–128.
1160:
316:
in a single (except for the earliest stages) very large basin that was later intruded by the growth of the mountain ranges. This basin ultimately grew into a single huge lake –
1020:
Mildenhall, D. C. 1989: Summary of the age and paleoecology of the
Miocene Manuherikia Group, Central Otago, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 19: 19–29.
1827:
Hill, R.S., Pole, M.S., 1994. Two new species of Pterostoma R.S. Hill from Cenozoic sediments in Australasia. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 80, 123–130.
1594:
1038:
Pole, M. S., Douglas, B. J. & Mason, G. 2003: The terrestrial Miocene biota of southern New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 33: 415–426
1002:
Couper, R. A. 1953: Upper Mesozoic and Cainozoic spores and pollen grains from New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey Palaeontological Bulletin n.s. 22: 77.
363:, is the best exposed. The St Bathans paleovalleys eventually filled, sedimentation spread out over a broader area, and the fluvial character became dominantly
2136:
2026:"Wading a lost southern connection: Miocene fossils from New Zealand reveal a new lineage of shorebirds (Charadriiformes) linking Gondwanan avifaunas"
1855:
1818:
Pole, M.S., 1993. Early Miocene flora of the Manuherikia Group, New Zealand. 8. Nothofagus. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 23, 329–344.
295:
mountains at roughly ninety degrees to each other. The Manuherika Group occurs in the current basins, and occasionally on the mountains themselves.
1809:
Pole, M.S., 1993. Early Miocene flora of the Manuherikia Group, New Zealand. 6. Lauraceae. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 23, 303–312.
1865:
Pole, M., 2007. Lauraceae Macrofossils and Dispersed Cuticle from the Miocene of Southern New Zealand. Palaeontologia Electronica 10 1: 3A, 1–38.
1800:
Pole, M.S., 1992. Early Miocene flora of the Manuherikia Group, New Zealand. 2. Conifer. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 22, 287–302.
1883:
Pole, M., Dawson, J., Denton, T., 2008. Fossil Myrtaceae from the Early Miocene of southern New Zealand. Australian Journal of Botany 56, 67–81.
1335:
Worthy, Trevor H.; Scofield, R. Paul; Salisbury, Steven W.; Hand, Suzanne J.; De Pietri, Vanesa L.; Blokland, Jacob C.; Archer, Michael (2021).
1657:
Paleornithological Research 2013. Proceedings of the 8th International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, Vienna, 2012
1427:
Tennyson, Alan J. D.; Greer, Liam; Lubbe, Pascale; Marx, Felix G.; Richards, Marcus D.; Giovanardi, Simone; Rawlence, Nicolas J. (2022-03-09).
238:
1664:
1011:
Couper, R. A. 1960: New Zealand Mesozoic and Cainozoic plant microfossils. New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin 32: 88 pp.
2171:
2131:
1892:
Pole, M., 2008. Dispersed leaf cuticle from the Early Miocene of southern New Zealand. Palaeontologia Electronica 11 (3) 15A:, 1–117.
993:
Douglas, B. J. 1986: Lignite resources of Central Otago. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee Publication P104: 367.
979:
Cotton, C. A. 1919: Problems presented by the Notocene beds of Central Otago. New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology 2: 69–72.
1836:
Pole, M.S., 1997. Miocene conifers from the Manuherikia Group, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 27, 355–370.
1110:
Worthy, Trevor H.; Scofield, R. Paul; Salisbury, Steven W.; Hand, Suzanne J.; De Pietri, Vanesa L.; Archer, Michael (2022-04-05).
1854:
Pole, M., 2007. Conifer and cycad distribution in the Miocene of southern New Zealand. Australian Journal of Botany 55, 143–164.
1112:"Two new neoavian taxa with contrasting palaeobiogeographical implications from the early Miocene St Bathans Fauna, New Zealand"
2176:
1874:
Pole, M., 2007. Monocot Macrofossils from the Miocene of Southern New Zealand. Palaeontologia Electronica 10, Issue 3; 15A:21p.
1784:
1720:
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1318:
1244:
2146:
1648:
Trevor H. Worthy; Jennifer P. Worthy; Alan J. D. Tennyson; Steven W. Salisbury; Suzanne J. Hand; R. Paul Scofield (2013).
2166:
2156:
323:
Palynological work by Couper, Mildenhall, Mildenhall and Pocknall has indicated that the Manuherikia Group is basically
114:
1926:"A sphenodontine (Rhynchocephalia) from the Miocene of New Zealand and palaeobiogeography of the tuatara ( Sphenodon )"
942:
304:
1186:
308:
160:
121:
347:
Following Douglas, the primary subdivision of the Manuherikia Group is into a lower, fluvial (commonly with coal)
2161:
2151:
2024:
De Pietri, Vanesa L.; Scofield, R. Paul; Tennyson, Alan J. D.; Hand, Suzanne J.; Worthy, Trevor H. (2016-07-02).
1649:
2141:
1546:
1680:
Worthy, Trevor H.; Hand, Suzanne J.; Worthy, Jennifer P.; Tennyson, Alan J.D. & Scofield, R. Paul (2009).
1484:
Worthy, Trevor H.; Scofield, R. Paul; Hand, Suzanne J.; De Pietri, Vanesa L.; Archer, Michael (2022-07-20).
598:
415:
2181:
1380:
1541:
Worthy, Trevor H.; Tennyson, Alan J.D.; Archer, Michael & Scofield, R. Paul (2010). "First record of
1924:
Jones, Marc E.H; Tennyson, Alan J.D; Worthy, Jennifer P; Evans, Susan E; Worthy, Trevor H (2009-04-07).
1742:
Werner Schwarzhans; R. Paul Scofield; Alan J. D. Tennyson; Jennifer P. Worthy; Trevor H. Worthy (2012).
642:
622:
610:
555:
468:
352:
661:
An extremely diverse macroflora flora, based on well-preserved cuticle. There are two cycad-like taxa:
348:
62:
1159:
Vanesa L. De Pietri; R. Paul Scofield; Alan J. D. Tennyson; Suzanne J. Hand; Trevor H. Worthy (2017).
970:
Park, J. 1906: The Geology of the Area covered by the Alexandra Sheet. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. n.s. 2.
2086:
2037:
1988:
1976:
1606:
1201:
961:
McKay, A. 1897: "Report on the Older Auriferous Drifts of Central Otago." 2nd Ed. N.Z. Govt. Printer.
2025:
1910:
Pole, M., 2010. Was New Zealand a primary source for the New Caledonian flora? Alcheringa 34, 61–74.
1486:"A swan-sized fossil anatid (Aves: Anatidae) from the early Miocene St Bathans Fauna of New Zealand"
519:
382:) of birds, fish, and a crocodilian, New Zealand's first known terrestrial mammal, as well as bats.
1977:"Sheathbill-like birds (Charadriiformes: Chionoidea) from the Oligocene and Miocene of Australasia"
1067:
Molnar, R. E. & Pole, M. S. 1997: A Miocene crocodilian from New Zealand. Alcheringa 21: 65–70.
648:
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379:
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2012:
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1261:
Trevor H. Worthy; Suzanne J. Hand; Michael Archer; R. Paul Scofield; Vanesa L. De Pietri (2019).
1227:
1141:
899:
1901:
Pole, M., 2008. The record of Araucariaceae macrofossils in New Zealand. Alcheringa 32, 405–426.
1845:
Pole, M.S., 1998. The Proteaceae record in New Zealand. Australian Systematic Botany 11, 343–372
673:
447:
1975:
De Pietri, V. L.; Scofield, R. P.; Hand, S. J.; Tennyson, A. J. D.; Worthy, T. H. (July 2016).
1548:
Proceedings of the VII International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution
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Proceedings of the VII International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution
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1341:(Aves: Anatidae) provides evidence of faunal turnover in the St Bathans fauna, New Zealand"
1579:
1413:
461:
52:
1650:"Miocene fossils show that kiwi (Apteryx, Apterygidae) are probably not phyletic dwarves"
2090:
2041:
1992:
1744:"Fish remains, mostly otoliths, from the non-marine early Miocene of Otago, New Zealand"
1610:
1545:(Aves: Phoenicopteriformes) from New Zealand". In W.E. Boles & T.H. Worthy. (eds.).
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Worthy, Trevor H.; Tennyson, Alan J. D.; Scofield, R. Paul; Hand, Suzanne J. (2013).
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Trevor H. Worthy; Jennifer P. Worthy; Alan J. D. Tennyson; R. Paul Scofield (2013).
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Contribuciones del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"
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Individual flood basin lakes began to coalesce into a true lacustrine system –
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1429:"A New Species of Large Duck (Aves: Anatidae) from the Miocene of New Zealand"
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1682:"A large fruit pigeon (Columbidae) from the Early Miocene of New Zealand"
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2075:"Early Miocene fossil frogs (Anura: Leiopelmatidae) from New Zealand"
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1161:"The diversity of early Miocene pigeons (Columbidae) in New Zealand"
1263:"Evidence for a giant parrot from the Early Miocene of New Zealand"
1187:"Miocene waterfowl and other birds from central Otago, New Zealand"
1595:"A bittern (Aves: Ardeidae) from the early Miocene of New Zealand"
786:
82:
1185:
Worthy TH, Tennyson AJ, Jones C, McNamara JA, Douglas BJ (2007).
320:– that extended over some 5,600 km (2,200 sq mi).
92:
312:
His conclusion was that the Manuherikia Group is the result of
367:. This material is grouped as the Fiddlers Member. Extensive
680:
The conifers total 16 species in 12 genera, including:
1930:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
371:
developed between the rivers and their flood basins.
331:, common in the lower Manuherikia Group, are mostly
303:
One of the earliest geologists to work in the area,
279:
area of New Zealand, at the site of the prehistoric
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402:was without known bounds. Rising mountains in the
1659:. Naturhistorisches Museum Wien. pp. 63–80.
1655:. In Ursula B. Göhlich; Andreas Kroh (eds.).
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8:
989:
987:
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2079:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
1981:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
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283:. The area consists of a valley and ridge
37:
17:
1957:
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915:Lauraceae, at least 22 species including
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213:>5,600 km (2,200 sq mi)
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7:
335:, perhaps with some in the earliest
2030:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1194:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
414:with gravel – the Maori Bottom, or
2137:Geologic formations of New Zealand
14:
1388:. Vol. 62. pp. 89–104.
1319:Croc Site L1, Mata Creek, H41/f84
43:Bannockburn Formation at Galloway
1560:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1545
1554:. Vol. 62. pp. 77–88.
1394:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1542
244:
237:
253:Manuherikia Group (New Zealand)
1:
2050:10.1080/14772019.2015.1087064
2001:10.1080/03036758.2016.1194297
1748:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1357:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.08.002
1245:Mata Creek, Site 5 (H41/f118)
2099:10.1080/03036758.2013.825300
389:At two locations around the
154:Approximate paleocoordinates
65:& Bannockburn Formations
2172:Paleontology in New Zealand
943:Stratigraphy of New Zealand
2198:
2132:Geologic groups of Oceania
1273:(8): Article ID 20190467.
1129:10.1007/s10336-022-01981-6
852:Elaeocarpaceae-Cunoniaceae
430:
1619:10.1134/s0031030113110154
1503:10.11646/zootaxa.5168.1.3
1214:10.1017/S1477201906001957
509:Miotadorna sanctibathansi
351:and an upper, lacustrine
232:
36:
25:
527:Nelepsittacus donmertoni
441:Aegotheles zealandivetus
275:sedimentary fill in the
1599:Paleontological Journal
1446:10.3390/taxonomy2010011
599:Galaxias angustiventris
2177:Central Otago District
1942:10.1098/rspb.2008.1785
1785:Blue Lake – St Bathans
1699:10.1525/auk.2009.08244
1279:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0467
1116:Journal of Ornithology
416:Maniototo Conglomerate
1761:10.4202/app.2010.0127
643:Prototroctes modestus
556:Pelecanoides miokuaka
427:Bannockburn Formation
353:Bannockburn Formation
2147:Sandstone formations
1721:Site 2, Vinegar Hill
793:The dicots include:
667:Pterostoma douglasii
476:Manuherikia douglasi
31:Early-Middle Miocene
2167:Lacustrine deposits
2157:Coal in New Zealand
2091:2013JRSNZ..43..211W
2042:2016JSPal..14..603D
1993:2016JRSNZ..46..181D
1936:(1660): 1385–1390.
1611:2013PalJ...47.1331W
1206:2007JSPal...5....1W
766:Other gymnosperms:
549:Palaelodus aotearoa
410:eventually deluged
380:Saint Bathans Fauna
287:, with a series of
172: /
133: /
27:Stratigraphic range
1468:Mata Creek, Site 9
1337:"A new species of
801:Atherospermataceae
774:Monocots include:
386:are also present.
327:in age. The plant
1666:978-3-902421-82-1
1605:(11): 1331–1343.
843:Paracryphiaceae (
657:St Bathans Member
349:Dunstan Formation
265:Manuherikia Group
261:
260:
21:Manuherikia Group
2189:
2162:Fluvial deposits
2152:Shale formations
2118:
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2020:
1987:(3–4): 181–199.
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906:Argophyllaceae (
897:Grisselinaceae (
433:St Bathans fauna
412:Lake Manuherikia
400:Lake Manuherikia
376:Lake Manuherikia
318:Lake Manuherikia
281:Lake Manuherikia
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2142:Miocene Oceania
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1918:Further reading
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1267:Biology Letters
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858:Nothofagaceae (
834:Casuarinaceae (
764:
692:Araucariaceae (
659:
654:
623:G. parvirostris
611:G. bobmcdowalli
489:M. primadividua
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2119:
2085:(4): 211–230.
2070:
2036:(7): 603–616.
2021:
1972:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1777:
1754:(2): 319–350.
1729:
1713:
1692:(3): 649–656.
1672:
1665:
1640:
1585:
1576:|journal=
1533:
1476:
1460:
1439:(1): 136–144.
1419:
1410:|journal=
1370:
1327:
1302:
1253:
1237:
1177:
1151:
1122:(3): 643–658.
1099:
1089:
1079:
1069:
1060:
1050:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1013:
1004:
995:
981:
972:
963:
953:
952:
950:
947:
946:
945:
940:
933:
930:
928:
927:
913:
904:
895:
892:
889:
882:Phellinaceae (
880:
865:
856:
853:
850:
841:
832:
817:
816:Menispermaceae
814:
811:
802:
799:
795:
791:
790:
783:
772:
771:
763:
762:
759:
752:
745:
738:
731:
724:
717:
710:
703:
690:
682:
678:
677:
670:
658:
655:
653:
652:
639:
632:
595:
587:
580:
573:
566:
559:
552:
545:
538:
532:N. daphneleeae
523:
516:
505:
498:
491:
472:
465:
458:
451:
444:
436:
431:Main article:
428:
425:
423:
422:Fossil content
420:
359:, adjacent to
344:
341:
337:Middle Miocene
300:
297:
259:
258:
252:
243:
242:
236:
235:
234:
233:
230:
229:
224:
220:
219:
215:
214:
211:
207:
206:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
176:49.7°S 179.6°W
156:
150:
149:
137:44.9°S 169.8°E
117:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
76:
72:
71:
67:
66:
60:
56:
55:
50:
46:
45:
42:
34:
33:
23:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2194:
2183:
2182:The Maniototo
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1420:
1415:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1383:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1254:
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1246:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1054:
1051:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1005:
999:
996:
990:
988:
986:
982:
976:
973:
967:
964:
958:
955:
948:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
931:
926:
925:
920:
919:
914:
911:
910:
905:
902:
901:
896:
893:
890:
887:
886:
881:
878:
877:
872:
871:
866:
863:
862:
857:
854:
851:
848:
847:
842:
839:
838:
833:
830:
829:
824:
823:
819:Santalaceae (
818:
815:
812:
809:
808:
803:
800:
797:
796:
794:
789:
788:
784:
782:
781:
777:
776:
775:
769:
768:
767:
760:
758:
757:
753:
751:
750:
746:
744:
743:
739:
737:
736:
732:
730:
729:
728:Lepidothamnus
725:
723:
722:
718:
716:
715:
711:
709:
708:
704:
701:
697:
696:
691:
689:
688:
684:
683:
681:
676:
675:
671:
669:
668:
664:
663:
662:
656:
651:
650:
645:
644:
640:
638:
637:
633:
631:
630:
625:
624:
619:
618:
617:G. papilionis
613:
612:
607:
606:
605:G. brevicauda
601:
600:
596:
594:
592:
588:
586:
585:
581:
579:
578:
574:
572:
571:
567:
565:
564:
560:
558:
557:
553:
551:
550:
546:
544:
543:
539:
537:
533:
529:
528:
524:
522:
521:
517:
515:
511:
510:
506:
504:
503:
499:
497:
496:
492:
490:
486:
482:
481:M. lacustrina
478:
477:
473:
471:
470:
466:
464:
463:
459:
457:
456:
452:
450:
449:
445:
443:
442:
438:
437:
434:
426:
421:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
392:
387:
385:
384:Stromatolites
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
342:
340:
338:
334:
333:Early Miocene
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
314:sedimentation
310:
306:
298:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
277:Central Otago
274:
270:
266:
240:
231:
228:
225:
221:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
197:
196:Central Otago
194:
190:
185:
181:-49.7; -179.6
157:
155:
151:
146:
118:
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
97:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
68:
64:
61:
57:
54:
51:
47:
40:
35:
32:
28:
24:
19:
16:
2082:
2078:
2033:
2029:
1984:
1980:
1933:
1929:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1796:
1780:
1751:
1747:
1716:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1656:
1643:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1547:
1542:
1536:
1496:(1): 39–50.
1493:
1489:
1479:
1463:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1381:
1373:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1330:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1240:
1197:
1193:
1180:
1171:
1167:
1154:
1119:
1115:
1092:
1082:
1072:
1063:
1053:
1043:
1034:
1025:
1016:
1007:
998:
975:
966:
957:
938:Foulden Maar
922:
916:
907:
898:
883:
876:Metrosideros
874:
868:
859:
844:
835:
826:
820:
805:
804:Monimiceae (
792:
785:
778:
773:
765:
756:Retrophyllum
754:
747:
740:
733:
726:
719:
712:
705:
699:
693:
685:
679:
672:
665:
660:
647:
641:
634:
627:
621:
615:
609:
603:
597:
590:
584:Zealandornis
582:
575:
568:
561:
554:
547:
540:
535:
531:
525:
518:
514:M. catrionae
513:
507:
500:
493:
488:
484:
480:
474:
467:
460:
453:
446:
439:
404:Late Miocene
395:river deltas
388:
373:
346:
343:Stratigraphy
329:macrofossils
322:
302:
264:
262:
218:Type section
142:-44.9; 169.8
108:South Island
15:
1789:Fossilworks
1725:Fossilworks
1472:Fossilworks
1339:Manuherikia
1323:Fossilworks
1249:Fossilworks
1200:(1): 1–39.
1077:19419–19423
924:Cryptocarya
909:Argophyllum
900:Grisselinia
894:Myrsinaceae
891:Sapindaceae
867:Myrtaceae (
846:Paracryphia
822:Amphorogyne
798:Winteraceae
770:Gnetalaceae
749:Prumnopitys
735:Papuacedrus
707:Dacrycarpus
636:Mataichthys
455:Dunstanetta
369:coal swamps
205:New Zealand
179: /
140: /
115:Coordinates
2126:Categories
1771:2440/75818
1627:2328/35957
1543:Palaelodus
1351:: 87–107.
1223:2440/43360
949:References
861:Nothofagus
837:Gymnostoma
828:Notothixos
813:Proteaceae
742:Podocarpus
698:and ?
674:Greylackia
629:G. tabidus
570:Proapteryx
536:N. minimus
448:Deliaphaps
391:depocenter
365:meandering
361:St Bathans
285:topography
273:lacustrine
2107:0303-6758
2058:1477-2019
2009:0303-6758
1950:0962-8452
1578:ignored (
1568:cite book
1528:250940807
1512:1175-5334
1455:2673-6500
1412:ignored (
1402:cite book
1365:245157909
1146:247993690
1138:2193-7206
918:Endiandra
855:Meliaceae
807:Hedycarya
714:Dacrydium
695:Araucaria
649:P. vertex
591:Leiopelma
577:Rupephaps
485:M. minuta
357:Blue Lake
293:greywacke
223:Named for
79:Sandstone
70:Lithology
59:Sub-units
2115:84562226
2066:85816940
2017:88709440
1968:19203920
1708:86799657
1635:85257680
1520:36101302
1433:Taxonomy
1297:31387471
1232:85230857
1174:: 49–68.
932:See also
885:Phelline
870:Syzygium
761:Taxaceae
721:Kakahuia
687:Acmopyle
563:Pikaihao
542:Notochen
469:Heracles
408:Pliocene
167:179°36′W
128:169°48′E
104:Location
99:Location
2087:Bibcode
2038:Bibcode
1989:Bibcode
1959:2660973
1686:The Auk
1607:Bibcode
1490:Zootaxa
1345:Geobios
1288:6731479
1202:Bibcode
1087:227–254
1058:319–350
780:Astelia
700:Agathis
495:Matanas
462:Hakawai
325:Miocene
299:History
269:fluvial
202:Country
164:49°42′S
125:44°54′S
75:Primary
63:Dunstan
2113:
2105:
2064:
2056:
2015:
2007:
1966:
1956:
1948:
1706:
1663:
1633:
1526:
1518:
1510:
1453:
1363:
1295:
1285:
1230:
1144:
1136:
1097:51–68.
593:indet.
520:Neilus
502:Matuku
309:Cotton
289:schist
210:Extent
192:Region
2111:S2CID
2062:S2CID
2013:S2CID
1704:S2CID
1653:(PDF)
1631:S2CID
1552:(PDF)
1524:S2CID
1386:(PDF)
1361:S2CID
1228:S2CID
1190:(PDF)
1164:(PDF)
1142:S2CID
787:Typha
305:McKay
267:is a
89:Other
83:shale
53:Group
2103:ISSN
2054:ISSN
2005:ISSN
1964:PMID
1946:ISSN
1791:.org
1727:.org
1661:ISBN
1580:help
1516:PMID
1508:ISSN
1494:5168
1474:.org
1451:ISSN
1414:help
1325:.org
1293:PMID
1251:.org
1134:ISSN
1048:1–39
921:and
810:sp.)
263:The
93:Coal
49:Type
2095:doi
2046:doi
1997:doi
1954:PMC
1938:doi
1934:276
1787:at
1766:hdl
1756:doi
1723:at
1694:doi
1690:126
1623:hdl
1615:doi
1556:doi
1498:doi
1470:at
1441:doi
1390:doi
1353:doi
1321:at
1283:PMC
1275:doi
1247:at
1218:hdl
1210:doi
1124:doi
1120:163
2128::
2109:.
2101:.
2093:.
2083:43
2081:.
2077:.
2060:.
2052:.
2044:.
2034:14
2032:.
2028:.
2011:.
2003:.
1995:.
1985:46
1983:.
1979:.
1962:.
1952:.
1944:.
1932:.
1928:.
1764:.
1752:57
1750:.
1746:.
1732:^
1702:.
1688:.
1684:.
1629:.
1621:.
1613:.
1603:47
1601:.
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1572::
1570:}}
1566:{{
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1514:.
1506:.
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1400:{{
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1291:.
1281:.
1271:15
1269:.
1265:.
1226:.
1216:.
1208:.
1196:.
1192:.
1170:.
1166:.
1140:.
1132:.
1118:.
1114:.
1102:^
984:^
873:,
825:,
646:,
626:,
620:,
614:,
608:,
602:,
534:,
530:,
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393:,
339:.
81:,
29::
2117:.
2097::
2089::
2068:.
2048::
2040::
2019:.
1999::
1991::
1970:.
1940::
1774:.
1768::
1758::
1710:.
1696::
1669:.
1637:.
1625::
1617::
1609::
1582:)
1562:.
1558::
1530:.
1500::
1457:.
1443::
1437:2
1416:)
1396:.
1392::
1367:.
1355::
1299:.
1277::
1234:.
1220::
1212::
1204::
1198:5
1172:7
1148:.
1126::
912:)
903:)
888:)
879:)
864:)
849:)
840:)
831:)
702:)
406:-
291:-
271:-
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
