467:, Book VIII: "democracy comes into being after the poor have conquered their opponents, slaughtering some and banishing some, while to the remainder they give an equal share of freedom and power; and this is the form of government in which the magistrates are commonly elected by lot... "the forgiving spirit of democracy, and the 'don't care' about trifles, and the disregard which she shows of all the fine principles which we solemnly laid down at the foundation of the city... how grandly does she trample all these fine notions of ours under her feet, never giving a thought to the pursuits which make a statesman, and promoting to honour any one who professes to be the people's friend... "in what manner does tyranny arise? — that it has a democratic origin is evident..."
256:(the essence of collaboration), acting as a point of mediation between the individual collaborators and the outcome which may or may not eventuate from the discussions. Mass collaboration reverses this relationship with the work being done providing the point of mediation between collaborators, with associated discussions being an optional component. It is of course debatable that discussion is optimal, as most (if not all) mass collaborations have discussions associated with the content being developed. However it is possible to contribute (to
186:. In fact, it is, with the exception being the implicit and explicit relationships formed by the interdependence that many sites within a mass collaboration share through hypertext and coauthorship with differing sets of collaborators. This interdependence of collaborative sites coauthored by a large number of people is what gives a mass collaboration one of its most distinguishing features - a coherent collaboration emerging from the interrelated collection of its parts.
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Though the author's understandings and interpretations are most certainly a negotiation of the understandings of all who read and contribute to the discussion, the fact that there was only one author of a given entry reduces the entry's collaborative complexity to the discursive/interpretive as opposed to constructive/‘negotiative’ levels
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textual medium. Music is also a possible medium for mass collaboration, for instance on live performance recordings where audience members' voices have become part of the standard version of a song. Most "anonymous" folk songs and "traditional" tunes are also arguably sites of long term mass collaboration.
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Another important distinction is the borders around which a mass cooperation can be defined. Due to the extremely general characteristics and lack of need for fine grain negotiation and consensus when cooperating, the entire internet, a city, and even the global economy may be regarded as examples of
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Many of the web applications associated with
Bulletin boards, or forums can include a wide variety of tools that allows individuals to keep track of sites and content that they find on the internet. Users are able to bookmark from their browser by editing the title, adding a description and most
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system follows this model, by enabling employers to distribute minute tasks to thousands of registered workers. In the advertising industry, Giant Hydra employs mass collaboration to enable creatives to collaborate on advertising ideas online and create what they call an 'idea matrix', a highly
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communication means the textual content does not take the form of a single, coherent body. Of course the conceptual domain of the overall discussion exists as a single unified body, however the textual contributors can be linked back to the understandings and interpretations of a single author.
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couldn't work in other creative media. It could be argued that some projects within the open source software movement provide examples of mass collaboration outside of the traditional written language (see below), however, the code collaboratively created still exists as a language utilizing a
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for instance) without discussing the content you are contributing to. (Smaller scale collaborations might be conducted without discussions especially in a non-verbal mode of work - imagine two painters contributing to the same canvas - but the situation becomes increasingly problematic as more
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Modularity enables a mass of experiments to proceed in parallel, with different teams working on the same modules, each proposing different solutions. Modularity allows different "blocks" to be easily assembled, facilitating decentralised innovation that all fits together.
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Although an online discussion is certainly collaborative, mass collaboration differs from a large forum, email list, bulletin board, chat session or group discussion in that the discussion's structure of separate, individual posts generated through
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complex node of concepts, executions and ideas all connected to each other. In the financial industry, companies such as the Open Models
Valuation Company (OMVCO) also employ mass collaboration to improve the accuracy of financial forecasts.
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The sudden and unexpected importance of the
Knowledge (XXG), a free online encyclopedia created by tens of thousands of volunteers and coordinated in a deeply decentralized fashion, represents a radical new modality of content creation by
440:. This talk will discuss the unique principles and values which have enabled the Knowledge (XXG) community to succeed and will examine the intriguing prospects for application of these methods to a broad spectrum of intellectual endeavors
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that occurs when large numbers of people work independently on a single project, often modular in its nature. Such projects typically take place on the internet using
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Although the only widely successful examples of mass collaboration thus far evaluated exist in the textual medium, there is no immediate reason why this form of
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importantly classifying using tags. Other non-collective tools are also used in Mass collaborative environments such as commenting, rating and quick evaluation.
156:. Conversely, group members involved in cooperation needn't engage in a joint negotiation of understanding; they may simply execute instructions willingly.
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mass cooperation. Thus mass collaboration is more refined and complex in its process and production on the level of collective engagement.
117:, which provide a potentially infinite hypertextual substrate within which the collaboration may be situated. Open source software such as
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The concept of mass collaboration has led to a number of efforts to harness and commercialize shared tasks. Collectively known as
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From the perspective of individual sites of work within a mass collaboration, the activity may appear to be identical to that of
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239:, these ventures typically involve on an online system of accounts for coordinating buyers and sellers of labor. Amazon's
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In traditional collaborative scenarios, discussion plays a key role in the negotiation of jointly developed,
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224:, Don Tapscott and Anthony Williams list five ideas that the new art and science of wikinomics is based on:
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Cover story: Google's Next Big Dream, Imagine what you could do with the world's mightiest computer
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Collaboration and the
Semantic Web: Social Networks, Knowledge Networks, and Knowledge Resources
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562:"Translation Wikified: How will Massive Online Collaboration Impact the World of Translation?"
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608:"Leveraging Crowdsourcing: Activation-Supporting Components for IT-Based Ideas Competition"
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A. Désilets; L. Gonzalez; S. Paquet; M. Stojanovic (2006). "Translation the Wiki way".
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478:(London: Jonathan Cape, 1957), (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964).
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in that the creative acts taking place require the joint development of
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Leimeister, J. M.; Huber, M.; Bretschneider, U.; Krcmar, H. (2009).
64:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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Cress, Ulrike, Johannes
Moskaliuk, and Heisawn Jeong, (2016)
403:"Five principles for successful mass collaboration, part 2"
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Cress, Ulrike; Heisawn, Jeong; Moskaliuk, Johannes (2016).
492:. Pennsylvania: Information Science Reference. p. 66.
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Proceedings of the 2006 international symposium on Wikis
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222:MacroWikinomics-Rebooting business and the world
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589:We-Think – Mass innovation not mass production
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566:Proceedings of Translating and the Computer
612:Journal of Management Information Systems
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
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27:Many people working on a single project
121:was developed via mass collaboration.
148:Mass collaboration differs from mass
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476:The Liberal Temper in Greek Politics
438:massively distributed collaboration
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674:Mass collaboration and education
371:Mass collaboration and education
105:computer-supported collaboration
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488:Brüggermann, Stefan (2012).
454:, BusinessWeek, 2007-12-24.
432:, UC Berkeley, 2005-11-09:
60:the claims made and adding
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624:10.2753/MIS0742-1222260108
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379:10.1007/978-3-319-13536-6
320:Human flesh search engine
660:. Event occurs at start
521:10.1145/1149453.1149464
405:. Linux.com. 2008-04-01
310:Fisheries co-management
305:Decentralized knowledge
290:Collective intelligence
261:members are included.)
190:Collective online tools
650:(Guest) (2008-03-05).
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248:The role of discussion
210:Management cybernetics
656:(Radio). London, UK:
300:Digital collaboration
254:shared understandings
154:shared understandings
560:A. Désilets (2007).
357:Notes and references
585:Leadbeater, Charles
325:Intelligence agency
648:Charles Leadbeater
470:And see generally
428:2006-07-19 at the
423:Kapor presentation
335:Open collaboration
330:Mass communication
93:Mass collaboration
45:possibly contains
18:Mass Collaboration
598:978-1-86197-892-9
591:. Profile Books.
388:978-3-319-13535-9
271:collective action
97:collective action
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47:original research
16:(Redirected from
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618:: 197–224.
350:Think tanks
265:Non-textual
184:coauthoring
178:Coauthoring
171:turn-taking
150:cooperation
144:Cooperation
139:Differences
686:Categories
664:2008-03-12
576:2011-08-06
552:2011-08-06
409:2013-07-11
228:being open
208:See also:
130:Modularity
54:improve it
58:verifying
632:17485373
587:(2008).
426:Archived
278:See also
204:Business
110:such as
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463:Plato,
199:Changes
125:Factors
52:Please
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315:GitHub
628:S2CID
546:(PDF)
535:S2CID
513:(PDF)
119:Linux
108:tools
593:ISBN
525:ISBN
383:ISBN
220:and
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103:and
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