899:"Citizens, it is unfair that I have lived my life among one set of people but should have to defend it before ; but I shall be so bold as to ask you a question, since most of you were not there to witness my actions when I was carrying out my public offices: Varius Serverus from the Sucro claims that Aemilius Scaurus was bribed by a king and betrayed the empire of the Roman people; Aemilius Scaurus claims that he had nothing to do with such an offence. Which of the two do you believe?"
31:
349:. "The most outstanding event of Scaurus' consulship was his public humiliation of the praetor P Decius Subulo" in which Scaurus ripped Decius' vestments, smashed his curule chair, and forbade cases from being brought to before him, apparently because Decius refused to stand up in the presence of the consul. This was likely a political move: Decius had previously prosecuted Scaurus' ally Opimius.
345:(electoral corruption); Scaurus responded by countersuing Rufus for the same charge. Both were acquitted. He passed a sumptuary law attempting to eliminate certain aristocratic dishes and spending on banquets; he also passed a law on voting for freedmen, of which little is known. He also conducted a successful campaign against tribes in Gaul and Liguria; for this he was voted a
515:– one of the tribunes of the plebs – was not co-opted into the college of augurs, he sued Scaurus. However, " sense of honour made him unwilling to use the evidence that one of Scaurus' own slaves offered to provide" and the trial resulted in acquittal. In response, Domitius passed a bill which gave the power to appoint priests to the tribal assembly.
415:– whose account is very hostile towards Scaurus – both Bestia and Scaurus accepted bribes from Jugurtha to end the war early. Bates argues that Bestia and Scaurus more likely granted Jugurtha a truce in exchange for reparations and a diplomatic settlement, a choice reflecting Roman military weakness after the defeat in the
552:
and Lucius
Aurelius Cotta, Scaurus attempted veto the proceedings, but was driven back through violence: Scaurus was even struck in the head by a stone. Scaurus' reasons for opposing Caepio's prosecution likely did not have to do with the principle of prosecuting aristocrats – Scaurus was involved in
207:
of the
Republic. However, despite their patrician status, the Aemilii Scauri did not have the prominence of the other branches of the gens. No ancestor of Scaurus is known to have held a magistracy, albeit he might have descended from the Aemilii Barbulae, who counted several consuls between 317 and
366:
by the senate, an office which he held until his death. This was the foremost honour during this period, and usually went to the most senior patrician. For the relatively young
Scaurus to receive it was therefore considered a coup. Around this time, Scaurus married Metella, Metellus Delmaticus'
507:
are more clear, supporting proposals like the
Mamilian commission to prosecute treasonous behaviour, but also opposing indiscriminate prosecutions. Bates speculates that Scaurus contributed to the harshness of the Mamilian commission's sentences, but admits there is no direct evidence thereof.
434:) for the trial. Some scholars believe that Sallust confused Scaurus with the similarly named Marcus Aurelius Scaurus. However, Bates argues "we need not question Scaurus' appointment" and that our Scaurus may have instead been elected due to his previously voiced opposition to Jugurtha.
725:
The charges were promptly dismissed in the clamour of the people. Varius probably brought the charges against
Scaurus as part of "an attack on the most distinguished member of the Metellan faction... a conviction would have been a crippling blow to the Metellan bloc".
693:, p. 61 argues that Scaurus supported Drusus' programme with the exception of Italian citizenship and that he would not have so easily swapped from his earlier opposition to Italian citizenship in the past. After Drusus' assassination and the outbreak of the
772:
as an unscrupulous and greedy politician. Sallust claims that
Scaurus accepted bribes from the Numidian king Jugurtha, and calls him "a noble full of energy, a partisan, greedy for power, fame, and riches, but clever in concealing his faults"
450:
as his colleague. However, when Drusus suddenly died during their year of office, Scaurus was forced against his will to abdicate his censorship, only relenting from the position when tribunes ordered him to be dragged off to prison.
729:
The younger Caepio also charged
Scaurus before the court. It is unknown whether the charges were dropped, dismissed, or simply lapsed. Caepio was killed in action early in 90 BC and Scaurus was dead by 88 BC, when his wife
670:, Scaurus was Drusus' main conservative champion and helped pass his extensive legislative programme. However, after the sudden death of Crassus in September 91 BC, Drusus rapidly lost his support in the senate, and the consul
490:
rather than a first step in inducing political conversion". Scaurus' political views – especially on the four major issues of the day: (1) land reform, (2) court reform, (3) citizenship for the
Italians, and (4) questions of
800:
With his first wife, whose name is unknown, Scaurus had one son; the only details preserved about the son are that he held the rank of legate and killed himself after being defeated in battle. Scaurus' second wife was
495:– are not well-known; most scholars place him among the conservatives with little further comment. It is possible that Scaurus supported land reform, or at least the Gracchan proposals to enforce limits on use of the
864:
Scaurus was known for his relatively harshness and rigid commitment to traditional moral values: after learning of his son fleeing from battle in the
Cimbric war, he banished him from his house, leading to his son's
762:
included
Scaurus in his list of severe fathers, noting specifically Scaurus' reaction to his son's flight from battle against the Cimbri, where his disapproval of his son's actions led the son to commit suicide.
651:(extortion), specifically, for receiving money which had been extorted by someone else. Scaurus was somehow successful in bringing the younger Caepio to trial first in a countersuit; both men were acquitted.
548:, which had mysteriously disappeared as it was being shipped to Rome. Given that Caepio's defence was a flimsy assertion of bad luck, the outcome of the trial was not greatly in doubt. Alongside the tribune
282:
throughout the campaign. Scaurus may have been among those in Orestes' staff who were offended by Gracchus' successes in obtaining supplies from the Sardinian natives, as well as grain from the
914:
If Scaurus died between mid-November 89 and February 88, as claimed by Tansey, then there would have been enough time for trial. The charges, therefore, must have been dropped or dismissed.
639:
In 92 BC, Scaurus was probably involved in the defence of Publius Rutilius Rufus, whose honest governance during his time as a legate in Asia province had aroused the enmity of the
544:
in 105 BC. After passing a law with the effect of expelling Caepio from the senate, Norbanus successfully prosecuted Caepio before the popular assembly for the theft of the
208:
230. Scaurus' father, also named Marcus, was even said to be a charcoal merchant. Scaurus wrote in his autobiography that he only inherited from his father estates worth 35,000
172:, occupying the post from 115 until his death in late 89 or early 88 BC, and as such was widely considered one of the most prestigious and influential politicians of the
2145:
632:
Scaurus supported the prosecution of Norbanus for his use of violence in the trial of Caepio, testifying as a major witness for the prosecution. He also supported the
605:), which took place some time between 96 and 98 BC. It is, however, not clear whether he engaged in travel or just supported the mission. The mission likely included
398:. The evidence supports that Scaurus was "not well disposed towards Jugurtha or his intrigues". When Jugurtha refused the demands, war was declared and the consul
430:, to look into charges of bribery. According to Sallust, Scaurus not only avoided prosecution but even managed to get himself elected as one of the three judges (
371:
2241:
512:
116:
843:
Bates relates a passage in the trial where both sides quarrelled over the meaning of the letters AFPR in Rufus' account book. Scaurus claimed it meant
2407:
802:
731:
593:
to initiate action in matters of such import", Scaurus also did seem to have "nurtured an especially vigorous personal antipathy towards Saturninus".
334:
129:
589:
that would lead to both the deaths of Saturninus and Glaucia. While "it is possible... to over-emphasise this fact... it probably devolved upon the
533:
824:
671:
267:
236:
742:
in 89 BC and his priesthood was succeeded in 88 BC, it can be narrowed to relative precision to between mid-November 89 BC and February 88 BC.
260:
2447:
2319:
2300:
2222:
2201:
1734:
1685:
1540:
1103:
1033:
636:, a law to investigate Italians usurping the privileges of Roman citizens, likely in a move to buttress the senate's position in the state.
522:
to his third consulships, in a period with "the poorest showing yet of senatorial military prowess". Scaurus led the opposition against the
518:
The next year, 103, started showing in public the corruption and short-sightedness of the senatorial elite, started with the re-election of
806:
644:
357:
353:
568:
on the capital charge of violating their diplomatic inviolability. Both prosecutions were unsuccessful. In 102, Scaurus was reappointed
2467:
701:. Varius summoned Scaurus to a trial before the people. Scaurus, who at this point was aged, gout-ridden, and infirm, retorted to the
333:; he was successful the next year, buoyed with aristocratic support as a political conservative, becoming consul for 115 BC with
2363:
2117:
572:, perhaps as a gesture in support of his hard line against Saturninus, or possibly as a matter of course (there are no records of a
560:
Scaurus was involved in an unsuccessful prosecution of Gaius Memmius and Gaius Flavius Fimbria. He also encouraged ambassadors from
399:
2398:
750:
Scaurus' prestige outlived his death, and he was remembered by subsequent generations of Romans as a figure of great importance.
618:
235:
Little is known of Scaurus' early career. Scaurus served as a common soldier in Spain, where the Republic waged several long and
2178:
2166:
655:
2462:
2452:
2391:
330:
643:. He was convicted even though his innocence was widely known. Following the Rufus trial, Scaurus was himself prosecuted by
2415:
553:
the Mamilian commission which had previously done that – but rather with the use of the popular assemblies to disrupt the
447:
2339:
290:. In 124, Scaurus possibly denounced Gracchus before the censors for having left his post early in order to run for the
2419:
565:
463:
426:
embarked on "a general assault upon the nobility" in 109 BC. Mamilius passed a law creating a special court, the
111:
766:
However, judgements on Scaurus were not always positive. Most notably, the historian Sallust portrays Scaurus in the
263:—all later opponents of Scaurus. Perhaps his distinguished service in Spain convinced Scaurus to engage in politics.
395:
694:
585:
677:
It is possible that Scaurus supported Drusus' proposals to enfranchise the Italians and was sympathetic to the
201:
313:'s proposed voting reform law, which would have made it more difficult for patrons to influence voting in the
629:
also was dispatched east as propraetor in Cilicia, where he contested Mithridates' advances into Cappadocia.
2437:
667:
580:
2442:
810:
698:
626:
622:
614:
561:
537:
455:
338:
256:
754:
in particular was a keen admirer, and once commented that "almost the whole world was ruled by his nod" (
775:
homo nobilis impiger factiosus, avidus potentiae honoris divitiarum, ceterum vitia sua callide occultans
374:. He also was accused by one Marcus Brutus of extortion, but was acquitted and "came through with his
789:
291:
271:
1314:
1310:
and elsewhere believes that Delmaticus, rather than Diadematus, held the censorship in 115 BC.
617:'s campaigns in Cappadocia without arousing suspicion. Following the mission, the senate dispatched
2387:
427:
30:
2277:
2269:
2154:
1729:. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 93.
1722:
1039:
967:
768:
36:
243:
suggested he could have been one of the many ambitious young men who enlisted in the army that
2369:
2359:
2315:
2296:
2261:
2228:
2218:
2197:
2123:
2113:
1730:
1691:
1681:
1546:
1536:
1335:
1109:
1099:
1029:
959:
785:
541:
244:
2457:
2349:
2253:
1327:
1094:
140) Scaurus (1), Marcus". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.).
759:
416:
370:
After his consulship, Scaurus may have been on the jury as one of the pontifices during the
362:
168:
93:
486:, but it may also have been an attack, possibly to steal credit, "on an already proclaimed
658:– elected tribune of the plebs in 91 BC – to enlarge the senate by adding around 300
1813:
784:
as the primary source of his prestige. After his death, the turmoil of the civil wars of
625:
to Asia in a successful administration of the province. A few years later in 92 BC,
557:
of the senate. Norbanus was eventually tried around 95 BC for this act of violence.
887:
Bates says that Badian dates to 97 or 96 BC while B A Marshall dates it to 98 or 97 BC.
545:
529:
423:
387:
275:
173:
536:(consul 106 BC) after the Caepio's refusal as proconsul to cooperate with then-consul
212:
and six slaves, and that he was not sure whether he should go in banking or politics.
2431:
2281:
346:
1043:
1023:
606:
549:
519:
443:
310:
252:
194:
163:
85:
79:
2290:
2191:
329:
Scaurus stood for election to the consulship in 116 BC but was defeated by
240:
181:
218:
209:
2265:
2232:
1695:
1676:
5), Gaius". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.).
1339:
1113:
963:
579:
In 100 BC, during the height of the violence brought about by Saturninus and
2373:
2127:
1550:
524:
482:
274:
between 126 and 124. It is probably at this time that he became an enemy of
305:
either in 120 or 119 BC (though Bates prefers 119 BC, as does Broughton in
2214:
The storm before the storm: the beginning of the end of the Roman Republic
2212:
878:
abrogated by the people from the senate, which happened to include Caepio.
738:. A precise date of death is unknown, but because Scaurus was reappointed
2353:
2107:
1530:
875:
792:
would submerge the prestige and authority beneath the power of the army.
718:
468:
391:
318:
297:
In 123 BC, he was co-opted into the college of augurs. He next served as
279:
248:
1331:
971:
947:
412:
302:
287:
283:
2273:
2158:
2136:
411:
during the first year of the war (112 BC). According to the historian
818:
751:
666:
into the senate. Scaurus was one of Drusus' main advisors. Alongside
473:
407:
390:(112–106 BC), he was sent as envoy to Numidia with a demand for
298:
216:
commented that Scaurus was so poor "he had to work his way up like a
213:
301:
in charge of the public games in 122 BC, and afterwards was elected
2257:
689:, p. 275 argues that he supported Drusus' Italian bill, while
735:
674:
succeeded in abrogating Drusus' laws on religious technicalities.
2355:
Memorable deeds and sayings: one thousand tales from ancient Rome
1864:, p. 7. Broughton puts these events in the year 97 BC.
1680:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 1020.
185:, which was probably the first autobiography in Roman history.
1098:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 22.
1025:
The Orators in Cicero's Brutus: Prosopography and Chronology
2185:. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.
2173:. Vol. 1. New York: American Philological Association.
1251:
1249:
1169:
1167:
266:
Scaurus is found again serving in Sardinia in the staff of
1962:
1960:
654:
This affair drove Scaurus to support the legal reforms of
717:
denies the charge, and there is no witness. Which of us,
851:(a correction), and a supporter of Rufus joked it meant
601:
Scaurus may have participated in a mission to the east (
1979:
1977:
1975:
1911:
1909:
1884:
1882:
1845:
1843:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1765:
1763:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1603:
1601:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1532:
A historical commentary on Sallust's Bellum Jugurthinum
1380:
1378:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1266:
1264:
1208:
1206:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1137:
1135:
713:, has summoned the allies to arms. Marcus Scaurus, the
2358:. Translated by Walker, Henry. Indianapolis: Hackett.
2344:. Translated by Rolfe, John C. Loeb Classical Library.
780:
Scaurus was the last person who claimed the office of
681:. Historians disagree as to Scaurus' positions on the
422:
When the settlement became known in Rome, the tribune
2314:(in German). Vol. 1. Passau: Verlag Karl Stutz.
193:
Scaurus was born probably in 161 BC into the famous
874:The law technically expelled persons who had their
609:– travelling on the pretext of fulfilling a vow to
352:In the same year, Scaurus was nominated, either by
135:
125:
104:
72:
64:
56:
43:
21:
2109:Trials in the late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC
1313:
709:Varius the Spaniard says that Marcus Scaurus, the
697:, Scaurus was prosecuted in 90 BC by tribune
2146:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
855:(i.e. Aemilius did it but Rutilius is blamed).
813:. From this marriage, Scaurus had two children:
662:and transfer the court jury pools back from the
503:methods rather than policy themes. His views on
480:was the spark that drove Saturninus towards the
2141:: A Political Biography of M. Aemilius Scaurus"
948:"The Death of M Aemilius Scaurus (cos. 115 BC)"
897:
707:
394:to cease hostilities against the Numidian king
8:
1085:
1083:
941:
939:
937:
935:
576:not being reappointed during his lifetime).
1028:. University of Toronto Press. p. 69.
91:
16:Roman princeps senatus and consul in 115 BC
2381:
454:In 104 BC, Scaurus became responsible for
29:
18:
2217:(1st ed.). New York: PublicAffairs.
1966:
1927:
1873:
1861:
1535:. Liverpool: F Cairns. pp. 119–121.
1504:
1444:
1408:
1396:
1294:
1282:
1255:
1228:
1173:
952:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
756:cuius nutu prope terrarum orbis regebatur
2112:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
540:, leading to the catastrophic defeat at
462:; his appointment was at the expense of
2088:
2068:
2056:
1516:
1468:
1456:
1420:
931:
836:
166:in 115 BC. He was also a long-standing
1798:
1725:. In Crook, John; et al. (eds.).
1708:
162:) was a Roman statesman who served as
35:1st-century BC bust of Scaurus in the
2193:The Fragments of the Roman Historians
2183:The magistrates of the Roman republic
2171:The magistrates of the Roman republic
2072:
2044:
2019:
2007:
1995:
1983:
1951:
1939:
1915:
1900:
1888:
1849:
1834:
1786:
1769:
1754:
1659:
1638:
1626:
1607:
1592:
1575:
1563:
1492:
1480:
1432:
1384:
1369:
1357:
1270:
1240:
1224:
1212:
1197:
1185:
1158:
1141:
996:
984:
902:
690:
686:
438:Censorship and 'father of the senate'
7:
1126:
1077:, vol. II, p. 435; vol. III, p. 273.
807:Lucius Caecilius Metellus Delmaticus
645:Quintus Servilius Caepio the Younger
358:Lucius Caecilius Metellus Delmaticus
354:Lucius Caecilius Metellus Diadematus
179:After his consulship, Scaurus wrote
2106:Alexander, Michael Charles (1990).
809:, who was later the fourth wife of
437:
2295:. University of California Press.
2190:Cornell, Tim; et al. (2013).
853:Aemilius fecit, plectitur Rutilius
405:Scaurus served as one of Bestia's
372:114 BC trial of the Vestal Virgins
14:
1672:Badian, Ernst (2012). "Norbanus (
1090:Badian, Ernst (2012). "Aemilius (
613:– but more likely to investigate
321:'s claim to the Numidian throne.
307:Magistrates of the Roman Republic
2179:Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon
2167:Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon
619:Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex
1678:The Oxford classical dictionary
1096:The Oxford classical dictionary
1022:Sumner, Graham Vincent (1973).
442:In 109 BC, Scaurus was elected
317:. He also opposed in that year
247:successfully commanded against
1727:Last age of the Roman republic
1723:"Political History, 146–96 BC"
1012:, t. III, pp. lxxxvi, lxxxvii.
583:, Scaurus moved the so-called
448:Marcus Livius Drusus the Elder
331:Quintus Fabius Maximus Eburnus
1:
200:, one of the most successful
156:
149:
47:
2448:2nd-century BC Roman consuls
2246:The Journal of Roman Studies
817:Aemilia, the second wife of
476:judges that the loss of the
2196:. Oxford University Press.
1529:Paul, G M; Sallust (1984).
1308:Oxford Classical Dictionary
513:Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus
499:(public land), but opposed
464:Lucius Appuleius Saturninus
309:). In 119, Scaurus opposed
2484:
2135:Bates, Richard L. (1986).
827:, a praetor in 56 BC.
270:, consul and proconsul in
2468:Roman Republican praetors
2412:
2408:Marcus Caecilius Metellus
2396:
2392:Q. Fabius Maximus Eburnus
2384:
847:, Rufus claimed it meant
845:actum fide Publii Rutilii
586:senatus consultum ultimum
341:, prosecuted Scaurus for
335:Marcus Caecilius Metellus
28:
1721:Lintott, Andrew (1994).
1315:"The Consuls, 179-49 BC"
946:Tansey, Patrick (2003).
849:ante factum post relatum
721:, is it meet to believe?
672:Lucius Marcius Philippus
534:Quintus Servilius Caepio
424:Gaius Mamilius Limetanus
400:Lucius Calpurnius Bestia
337:. One of his opponents,
2310:Zmeskal, Klaus (2009).
2240:Gruen, Erich S (1965).
825:Marcus Aemilius Scaurus
668:Lucius Licinius Crassus
581:Gaius Servilius Glaucia
268:Lucius Aurelius Orestes
146:Marcus Aemilius Scaurus
23:Marcus Aemilius Scaurus
1312:Badian, Ernst (1990).
1010:L'Annalistique romaine
901:
811:Lucius Cornelius Sulla
723:
699:Quintus Varius Severus
627:Lucius Cornelius Sulla
623:Publius Rutilius Rufus
538:Gnaeus Mallius Maximus
339:Publius Rutilius Rufus
257:Publius Rutilius Rufus
112:L Appuleius Saturninus
92:
2463:Ancient Roman censors
2453:1st-century BC Romans
2416:Manius Acilius Balbus
2289:Syme, Ronald (1964).
2211:Duncan, Mike (2017).
1306:Ernst Badian, in the
1060:", in Cornell (ed.),
758:). Ancient historian
1812:Suolahti, J (1972).
1129:, p. 155 n. 55.
987:, pp. 253, 256.
656:Marcus Livius Drusus
402:was sent to Africa.
60:mid-Nov 89–Feb 88 BC
2388:Gaius Licinius Geta
1243:, pp. 257–258.
1058:M. Aemilius Scaurus
1044:10.3138/j.ctvcj2j22
999:, pp. 256–257.
456:Rome's grain supply
428:Mamilian commission
360:, and confirmed as
294:elections for 123.
278:, who was Orestes'
88:(109 BC; abdicated)
2420:Gaius Porcius Cato
2341:Bellum Iugurthinum
1814:"Princeps senatus"
1332:10.34780/l11c-1967
1297:, pp. 531–32.
769:Bellum Jugurthinum
117:Q Servilius Caepio
51: 159 BC
37:Chiaramonti Museum
2426:
2425:
2413:Succeeded by
2338:Sallust (1921) .
2321:978-3-88849-304-1
2302:978-0-520-02374-1
2224:978-1-61039-721-6
2203:978-0-19-927705-6
2022:, pp. 63–64.
1942:, pp. 274–5.
1903:, pp. 273–4.
1837:, pp. 270–1.
1801:, pp. 157–8.
1736:978-0-521-25603-2
1687:978-0-19-954556-8
1566:, pp. 262–3.
1542:978-0-905205-16-8
1372:, pp. 258–9.
1200:, pp. 256–7.
1188:, pp. 253–4.
1105:978-0-19-954556-8
1064:, vol. I, p. 267.
1035:978-1-4875-8553-2
896:Also recorded as
634:lex Licinia Mucia
542:Battle of Arausio
511:In 104 BC, after
245:Scipio Aemilianus
189:Family background
143:
142:
2475:
2385:Preceded by
2382:
2377:
2350:Valerius Maximus
2345:
2325:
2306:
2285:
2236:
2207:
2186:
2174:
2162:
2131:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2075:, 5.8.4; Front.
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1970:
1964:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1773:
1767:
1758:
1752:
1741:
1740:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1611:
1605:
1596:
1590:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1344:
1343:
1317:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1259:
1253:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1162:
1156:
1145:
1139:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1087:
1078:
1071:
1065:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1019:
1013:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
975:
943:
915:
912:
906:
894:
888:
885:
879:
872:
866:
862:
856:
841:
803:Caecilia Metella
782:princeps senatus
760:Valerius Maximus
740:princeps senatus
732:Caecilia Metella
715:princeps senatus
711:princeps senatus
603:legatio Asiatica
591:princeps senatus
574:princeps senatus
570:princeps senatus
532:'s targeting of
466:, at the time a
417:Battle of Noreia
363:princeps senatus
169:princeps senatus
161:
158:
154:
151:
130:Caecilia Metella
97:
94:princeps senatus
52:
49:
33:
19:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2404:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2366:
2348:
2337:
2331:Ancient sources
2328:
2322:
2309:
2303:
2288:
2242:"The Lex Varia"
2239:
2225:
2210:
2204:
2189:
2177:
2165:
2134:
2120:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2030:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1973:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1914:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1776:
1768:
1761:
1753:
1744:
1737:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1688:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1614:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1543:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1347:
1326:: 403 (n. 14).
1311:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1262:
1254:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1227:, p. 255;
1223:
1219:
1211:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1165:
1157:
1148:
1140:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1106:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1073:Cornell (ed.),
1072:
1068:
1055:
1051:
1036:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1007:
1003:
995:
991:
983:
979:
945:
944:
933:
923:
918:
913:
909:
895:
891:
886:
882:
873:
869:
863:
859:
842:
838:
834:
798:
748:
599:
440:
384:
327:
233:
228:
191:
159:
152:
121:
100:
50:
39:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2481:
2479:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2438:160s BC births
2430:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2414:
2411:
2403:115 BC
2395:
2386:
2379:
2378:
2364:
2346:
2334:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2307:
2301:
2286:
2258:10.2307/297431
2252:(1/2): 59–73.
2237:
2223:
2208:
2202:
2187:
2175:
2163:
2153:(3): 251–288.
2132:
2118:
2102:
2099:Modern sources
2094:
2093:
2081:
2071:, p. 25;
2061:
2049:
2037:
2024:
2012:
2000:
1988:
1986:, p. 276.
1971:
1967:Alexander 1990
1956:
1954:, p. 275.
1944:
1932:
1928:Broughton 1952
1920:
1918:, p. 274.
1905:
1893:
1891:, p. 273.
1878:
1874:Broughton 1952
1866:
1862:Broughton 1952
1854:
1852:, p. 271.
1839:
1827:
1803:
1791:
1789:, p. 270.
1774:
1772:, p. 269.
1759:
1757:, p. 272.
1742:
1735:
1713:
1711:, p. 121.
1701:
1686:
1664:
1662:, p. 268.
1643:
1641:, p. 267.
1631:
1629:, p. 265.
1612:
1610:, p. 266.
1597:
1595:, p. 264.
1580:
1578:, p. 263.
1568:
1556:
1541:
1521:
1509:
1507:, p. 546.
1505:Broughton 1951
1497:
1495:, p. 262.
1485:
1483:, p. 261.
1473:
1461:
1449:
1447:, p. 541.
1445:Broughton 1951
1437:
1435:, p. 260.
1425:
1413:
1411:, p. 539.
1409:Broughton 1951
1401:
1397:Alexander 1990
1389:
1387:, p. 259.
1374:
1362:
1360:, p. 256.
1345:
1299:
1295:Broughton 1951
1287:
1285:, p. 532.
1283:Broughton 1951
1275:
1273:, p. 257.
1260:
1258:, p. 531.
1256:Broughton 1951
1245:
1233:
1229:Alexander 1990
1217:
1215:, p. 255.
1202:
1190:
1178:
1176:, p. 526.
1174:Broughton 1951
1163:
1161:, p. 253.
1146:
1144:, p. 252.
1131:
1119:
1104:
1079:
1066:
1056:C. J. Smith, "
1049:
1034:
1014:
1001:
989:
977:
930:
929:
922:
919:
917:
916:
907:
889:
880:
867:
857:
835:
833:
830:
829:
828:
822:
805:, daughter of
797:
794:
747:
744:
615:Mithridates VI
598:
595:
546:Gold of Tolosa
530:Gaius Norbanus
439:
436:
388:Jugurthine War
383:
382:Jugurthine War
380:
326:
323:
276:Gaius Gracchus
237:uncertain wars
232:
229:
227:
224:
190:
187:
141:
140:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
120:
119:
114:
108:
106:
102:
101:
99:
98:
89:
83:
76:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
45:
41:
40:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2480:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2443:80s BC deaths
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2409:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2365:0-87220-675-0
2361:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2139:Rex in Senatu
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2119:0-8020-5787-X
2115:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2091:, p. 25.
2090:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2001:
1998:, p. 62.
1997:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1969:, p. 53.
1968:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1933:
1930:, p. 21.
1929:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1876:, p. 18.
1875:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1399:, p. 19.
1398:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1231:, p. 18.
1230:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1002:
998:
993:
990:
986:
981:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
942:
940:
938:
936:
932:
928:
927:
920:
911:
908:
904:
900:
893:
890:
884:
881:
877:
871:
868:
861:
858:
854:
850:
846:
840:
837:
831:
826:
823:
820:
816:
815:
814:
812:
808:
804:
796:Personal life
795:
793:
791:
787:
783:
778:
776:
771:
770:
764:
761:
757:
753:
745:
743:
741:
737:
733:
727:
722:
720:
716:
712:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
596:
594:
592:
588:
587:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
556:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
526:
521:
516:
514:
509:
506:
502:
498:
497:ager publicus
494:
489:
485:
484:
479:
475:
471:
470:
465:
461:
457:
452:
449:
445:
435:
433:
429:
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
409:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
381:
379:
377:
373:
368:
365:
364:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
324:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:curule aedile
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
261:Gaius Memmius
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
230:
225:
223:
221:
220:
215:
211:
206:
203:
199:
197:
188:
186:
184:
183:
177:
175:
174:late Republic
171:
170:
165:
147:
138:
134:
131:
128:
124:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
107:
103:
96:
95:
90:
87:
84:
81:
78:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
46:
42:
38:
32:
27:
20:
2406:
2399:Roman consul
2397:
2354:
2340:
2330:
2329:
2311:
2291:
2249:
2245:
2213:
2192:
2182:
2170:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2108:
2098:
2097:
2089:Zmeskal 2009
2084:
2076:
2069:Zmeskal 2009
2064:
2057:Sallust 1921
2052:
2040:
2032:
2027:
2015:
2003:
1991:
1947:
1935:
1923:
1896:
1869:
1857:
1830:
1821:
1817:
1806:
1794:
1726:
1716:
1704:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1634:
1571:
1559:
1531:
1524:
1517:Sallust 1921
1512:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1469:Sallust 1921
1464:
1457:Sallust 1921
1452:
1440:
1428:
1421:Sallust 1921
1416:
1404:
1392:
1365:
1323:
1319:
1307:
1302:
1290:
1278:
1236:
1220:
1193:
1181:
1122:
1095:
1091:
1074:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1024:
1017:
1009:
1008:Chassignet,
1004:
992:
980:
955:
951:
925:
924:
910:
898:
892:
883:
870:
860:
852:
848:
844:
839:
799:
781:
779:
774:
767:
765:
755:
749:
739:
728:
724:
714:
710:
708:
702:
682:
678:
676:
663:
659:
653:
648:
640:
638:
633:
631:
610:
607:Gaius Marius
602:
600:
590:
584:
578:
573:
569:
559:
554:
550:Titus Didius
523:
520:Gaius Marius
517:
510:
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
481:
478:cura annonae
477:
467:
460:cura annonae
459:
453:
441:
431:
421:
406:
404:
385:
375:
369:
361:
351:
342:
328:
314:
311:Gaius Marius
306:
296:
265:
253:Gaius Marius
234:
231:Early career
217:
204:
195:
192:
180:
178:
167:
160: 89 BC
145:
144:
2033:pro Fonteio
1799:Duncan 2017
1709:Duncan 2017
611:magna mater
562:Mithradates
432:quaesitores
419:in 113 BC.
386:Before the
292:tribunician
241:Ronald Syme
182:De vita sua
65:Nationality
2432:Categories
2020:Gruen 1965
1996:Gruen 1965
1984:Bates 1986
1952:Bates 1986
1940:Bates 1986
1916:Bates 1986
1901:Bates 1986
1889:Bates 1986
1850:Bates 1986
1835:Bates 1986
1824:: 207–218.
1787:Bates 1986
1770:Bates 1986
1755:Bates 1986
1660:Bates 1986
1639:Bates 1986
1627:Bates 1986
1608:Bates 1986
1593:Bates 1986
1576:Bates 1986
1564:Bates 1986
1493:Bates 1986
1481:Bates 1986
1433:Bates 1986
1385:Bates 1986
1370:Bates 1986
1358:Bates 1986
1271:Bates 1986
1241:Bates 1986
1225:Bates 1986
1213:Bates 1986
1198:Bates 1986
1186:Bates 1986
1159:Bates 1986
1142:Bates 1986
997:Bates 1986
985:Bates 1986
958:(3): 383.
921:References
695:Social war
691:Gruen 1965
687:Bates 1986
649:repetundis
566:Saturninus
555:auctoritas
376:auctoritas
367:daughter.
325:Consulship
251:, such as
219:novus homo
153: 159
2312:Adfinitas
2282:154549582
2266:1753-528X
2233:972386931
2073:Val. Max.
2045:Val. Max.
2008:Val. Max.
1810:See also
1696:959667246
1340:2510-5396
1127:Syme 1964
1114:959667246
1075:Fragments
1062:Fragments
964:0018-2311
926:Citations
903:Val. Max.
832:Footnotes
703:accusator
525:popularis
501:popularis
488:popularis
483:populares
378:intact".
210:sesterces
202:patrician
105:Opponents
2374:53231884
2352:(2004).
2181:(1952).
2169:(1951).
2128:41156621
2047:, 5.8.4.
2031:Cicero,
2010:, 3.7.8.
1551:11867550
1471:, 29-32.
905:, 3.7.8.
876:imperium
865:suicide.
734:married
719:Quirites
528:tribune
505:maiestas
493:maiestas
469:quaestor
396:Adherbal
392:Jugurtha
319:Jugurtha
284:Numidian
280:quaestor
272:Sardinia
249:Numantia
136:Children
82:(115 BC)
2458:Aemilii
2292:Sallust
2079:4.1.13.
1519:, 40.4.
1459:, 28.5.
972:4436698
664:equites
660:equites
641:equites
564:to sue
413:Sallust
347:triumph
343:ambitus
315:comitia
303:praetor
288:Micipsa
198:Aemilia
2405:With:
2372:
2362:
2318:
2299:
2280:
2274:297431
2272:
2264:
2231:
2221:
2200:
2159:986827
2157:
2126:
2116:
1818:Arctos
1733:
1694:
1684:
1549:
1539:
1338:
1320:Chiron
1112:
1102:
1042:
1032:
970:
962:
819:Pompey
752:Cicero
746:Legacy
597:90s BC
474:Cicero
458:, the
444:censor
408:legati
259:, and
226:Career
214:Cicero
205:gentes
164:consul
126:Spouse
86:Censor
80:Consul
73:Office
2278:S2CID
2270:JSTOR
2155:JSTOR
2059:, 15.
1423:, 25.
1040:JSTOR
968:JSTOR
821:, and
790:Sulla
786:Cinna
736:Sulla
683:socii
679:socii
446:with
286:king
68:Roman
2370:OCLC
2360:ISBN
2316:ISBN
2297:ISBN
2262:ISSN
2229:OCLC
2219:ISBN
2198:ISBN
2124:OCLC
2114:ISBN
2077:Str.
1731:ISBN
1692:OCLC
1682:ISBN
1547:OCLC
1537:ISBN
1336:ISSN
1110:OCLC
1100:ISBN
1030:ISBN
960:ISSN
788:and
647:for
621:and
196:gens
57:Died
44:Born
2254:doi
2151:130
2035:24.
1328:doi
777:).
356:or
222:".
2434::
2368:.
2276:.
2268:.
2260:.
2250:55
2248:.
2244:.
2227:.
2149:.
2143:.
2122:.
1974:^
1959:^
1908:^
1881:^
1842:^
1820:.
1816:.
1777:^
1762:^
1745:^
1690:.
1674:RE
1646:^
1615:^
1600:^
1583:^
1545:.
1377:^
1348:^
1334:.
1324:20
1322:.
1318:.
1263:^
1248:^
1205:^
1166:^
1149:^
1134:^
1108:.
1092:RE
1082:^
1038:.
966:.
956:52
954:.
950:.
934:^
705::
685::
472:.
255:,
239:.
176:.
157:c.
155:–
150:c.
48:c.
2376:.
2324:.
2305:.
2284:.
2256::
2235:.
2206:.
2161:.
2137:"
2130:.
1822:7
1739:.
1698:.
1553:.
1342:.
1330::
1116:.
1046:.
974:.
773:(
148:(
139:2
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
