268:, an African American beauty entrepreneur, and the owner of a cosmetic empire. Joyner worked for Walker as a sales representative. In 1920, Joyner oversaw 200 of Madam Walker's beauty schools as the national adviser. Joyner taught some 15,000 stylists and served as an instructor to coaching Walker's sales representatives door-to-door. After her time with Walker beauty schools, Joyner served as a leader in developing new products, such as her permanent wave machine. Joyner helped write the first cosmetology laws for the state of Illinois in the early 1940s. On October 27, 1945, Joyner, along with renowned educator,
182:; October 24, 1896 – December 27, 1994) was an American businesswoman, hair care entrepreneur, philanthropist, educator, and activist. Joyner is noted for being the first African-American woman to create and patent a permanent hair-wave machine. In addition to her career in hair care, Joyner was highly visible in the African-American community in Chicago, once serving as head of the
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in 1904 and her parents divorced three years later. After the divorce of her parents, Joyner lived with various relatives between Ohio and
Virginia. In 1912, aged 16, Joyner relocated to Chicago, Illinois to live with her mother. After arriving to Chicago, Joyner received a certificate for dramatic
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cooking with paper pins to quicken preparation time. Joyner experimented initially with these paper rods and soon designed a table that could be used to curl or straighten hair by wrapping hair. This method allowed hairstyles to last several days. At the beginning of her invention, there were
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That was when Joyner improved it with the simple idea of having a scalp protector while the lady is curling her hair. Her patent for this design, (U.S. pat. #1,693,515) established her as the first
African American woman to receive a
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in
Washington opened an exhibit featuring Joyner's permanent wave machine and a replica of her original salon. On October 24, 1990, Joyner's 95th birthday, she was honored by the city of Chicago, proclaiming her birthday
211:, Joyner was the daughter of George Emmanuel Stewart, a teacher and Annie Stewart (née Daugherty). Joyner was the granddaughter of a slave and a white slave-owner. Joyner's family relocated to
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founded the United Beauty School Owners and
Teachers Association, a national association for African-American beauticians. In the 1940s, Joyner was an advisor to the
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was the first
African American woman to hold a patent. It is sometimes falsely cited that Joyner was the original inventor of this type of the machine, called the
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Robert E. Joyner. They remained married until his death in 1973. Together, they had two daughters, Anne and
Barbara Joyner. Joyner died on December 27, 1994, of
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to graduate from the school. Joyner later received her high school diploma in 1939. In 1973, at the age of 77, Joyner was awarded a
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with both
African American and white women. The patent was credited to Walker's company and she received almost no money for it.
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In 1919, Joyner started looking for an easier way for women to curl their hair, taking her inspiration from a
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Encyclopedia of
African American Business: Updated and Revised Edition, 2nd ..., edited by Jessie Smith
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Black Firsts: 4,000 Ground-Breaking and
Pioneering Historical Events, By Jessie Carney Smith
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Shortly after graduating from beauty school, Joyner opened her salon. Joyner later met
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Being the first
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Joyner was married once and had two children. On April 4, 1916, aged 19, she married
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Women of Invention: Life-Changing Ideas by Remarkable Women, By Charlotte Montague
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546:. Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation. Archived from
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at her home in the Bronzeville neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, aged 98.
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Research Collection of African-American History and Literature at the
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Patent image of permanent wave machine invented in by Joyner, 1928.
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American businesswoman, activist and philanthropist and entrepreneur
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2nd sheet of patent image of permanent wave machine, 1928.
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agencies trying to reach out to African-American women.
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within the city. Currently, her papers reside in the
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391:List of African-American inventors and scientists
533:Encyclopedia of African American Popular Culture
499:African American women scientists and inventors
503:. Haskins, James, 1941-2005. New York: Wiley.
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544:"Invention at Play: Marjorie Joyner"
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574:About.com entry for Marjorie Joyner
649:African-American women in business
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619:Bethune–Cookman University alumni
609:American cosmetics businesspeople
386:African-American business history
331:) Joyner's design was popular in
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604:20th-century American inventors
495:Sullivan, Otha Richard (2002).
220:in 1914. Joyner began studying
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286:Democratic National Committee
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629:Businesspeople from Virginia
624:Businesspeople from Illinois
366:Marjorie Stewart Joyner Day
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599:African-American inventors
531:Jessie Carney Smith, ed.,
467:.Retrieved March 27, 2020.
450:.Retrieved March 27, 2020.
429:.Retrieved March 27, 3020.
569:Joyner on Black Inventors
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654:American women inventors
614:American make-up artists
216:art and expression from
203:Early life and education
361:Smithsonian Institution
339:Personal life and death
238:Bethune-Cookman College
218:Chicago Musical College
191:Bud Billiken Day Parade
96:Bethune-Cookman College
374:Chicago Public Library
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111:hair care entrepreneur
328:U.S. patent 1,522,258
296:Permanent wave design
272:and U.S. congressman
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634:Madam C. J. Walker
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78:(1994-12-07)
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222:cosmetology
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583:Categories
554:2006-07-24
510:047138707X
402:References
345:podiatrist
234:psychology
57:1896-10-24
302:pot roast
198:Biography
92:Education
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380:See also
290:New Deal
166:Children
120:activist
114:educator
180:Stewart
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355:Legacy
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
