Perm (hairstyle) - Knowledge (XXG)

716:. The Toni company used a set of twins to advertise their products; one with a salon perm and one with the home perm. They introduced a number of types and brands over the next four decades (Silkwave, UnCurly, Tonette, Silver Curl, Prom, Scatter Perm, Lightwaves, Epic Waves) and a formula to remove curl: Curl-Free. The other popular brand was LILT by soap manufacturer Procter & Gamble which included a foam perm in a can called "Push Button" Lilt and a 'Milk Wave' that used fresh milk as part of the lotion as well as a children's perm. Other types of perms included no-lotion perms that used specially treated end papers to produce the wave (PACE, SELF) and self-neutralizing perms that needed no neutralizer but had to set by drying the hair on the perm rods after rinsing out the wave solution. No-mix liquid neutralizers were introduced as many perms were air-neutralized or used a powder that was mixed with water or a powder/liquid combination. Other brands included Richard Hudnut, Ogilvie, Revlon and Nutri-Tonic. At the peak of the second wave of popularity in the 1970s and 1980s, a number of new brands and types of perms were introduced including no-ammonia perms and "soft" perms (Rave) which guaranteed no-frizz results even on bleached or tinted hair, as well as temporary perms that lasted only a few weeks before washing away, leaving hair in virtually the same condition as before. Other types included customized versions that let consumers adjust the curl level before making it permanent and spot perms that let certain parts of the hair be curled (bangs, crown, ends), leaving the rest of the hair untouched. Another brand that was a household name in Britain in the late 1960s and 1970s was Twink (home perm). 196:

achieved by testing the tongs on a newspaper; if the paper browned slightly it was about right. The waving itself was safe if care was taken to keep the tongs away from the scalp. The procedure was to comb a lock of hair towards the operator, moving the comb slowly with one hand to maintain some tension, while applying the tongs to the hair successively down the lock of hair towards the point. Each time the tongs were applied, they were moved slightly in a direction normal to the lock of hair, thus producing a continuous flat or two-dimensional wave. Skill using the wrist could produce slight variations of the wave. Thus, Marcel waving produced a two-dimensional wave, by thermal means only and the change was produced by plastic flow of the hair, rather than by any chemical means. Because of the high temperature used, the process tended to degrade the hair. However, in spite of its drawbacks, forms of Marcel waving have persisted until today, when speedy results and low cost are important.

265:, the British jailed Nessler because he was German and forced him to surrender his assets. He escaped to New York City in 1915, buying passage on a steamship under an assumed name. In New York, he found that hundreds of copies of his machine were in use, but most did not work well and were unreliable. Nessler opened a shop on East 49th Street, and soon had salons in Chicago, Detroit, Palm Beach, Florida and Philadelphia. Nessler also developed a machine for home use that was sold for fifteen dollars. However, his machine made little impression in Europe and his first attempts were not even mentioned in the professional press, perhaps because they were too long-winded, cumbersome and dangerous. 286:

practical model consisting of two windings inserted into an aluminium tube. This ensured that when inserted over a root winding, the thicker hair nearer to the root became hotter than the thinner hair at the end. Suter patented the design in his own name and for the next 12 years ordered all his hairdressing equipment from Calvete but marketed under his commercial name, Eugene Ltd, which became synonymous with permanent waving throughout the world. At the same time, Calvete developed his own products which he manufactured under the name Icall, Ltd. The simultaneous manufacture of two competing lines would inevitably result in conflict.

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a process known a sectioning or squaring off. Each lock of hair was then wound onto the curler (which was basically a rod standing perpendicular to the head), starting at the bottom using the hair nearest the scalp and proceeding spirally up the curler for the length of the lock. For this reason, the process was colloquially referred to as root winding. Considerable ingenuity was exercised in designing the curler to minimize the time, effort and difficulties entailed in winding. In early models, the heaters had a tendency to flop downward on to the head, but with improved designs, they tended to point outwards (see illustration).

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the name of Bari-Woollss, who specialized in the subject. He carried out controlled experiments on known factors such as the effect of heat, water/steam and alkalinity and experimented on variations of the winding process, such as the type of hair, the tension or tightness of winding, the flatness of winding, the overlap and pitch. His practical lectures on the subject proved highly popular among hairdressing professionals, and he wrote a book on the subject.

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the heaters were suspended. The bottom of the pipe was mounted on a base with wheels which enabled the device to be moved easily between clients or to one side of the salon. By providing a structure from which to distribute the electricity to the heaters, as well as to keep all of them in the correct position and orientation, the chandelier helped minimize the weight of the entire system while also keeping things tidy.

140: 327: 647: 43: 522:) which was used not only because of its electrical properties in the windings of motors and heaters, but in the outer coverings of the heaters. They were less affected by corrosion and were less likely to burn the fingers of the hairdresser. Icall also used Bakelite for the outer casings of hand-held hair-dryers and also for the large linings of pedestal hair-dryers. 335: 224: 472:. A revolutionary system, as it did not use direct electrical heating. Steam was generated in a separate kettle, or later in small individual kettles, the steam being led by tubes to each "heater". Arrangements had to be made to remove the condensed water, but there was no risk of overheating nor of electric shock, but scalding was a risk. 595: 421:. Thus point winding tends to produce more of a curl, but both produce waved hair when pulled slightly. Point produces a thicker winding and so heat takes longer to penetrate the core of the winding. Root winding is heated over a greater length and the thickness of the winding will depend on the overlap between turns. 625:

and concave; each giving a different curl effect. The wrapping method is either spiral or croquinole, and various types and the positioning of end papers can be used with any combination of the above. Generally, smaller rods will produce smaller, tighter curls and increase the appearance of shortening the hair.

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perms are used for stronger, coarser hair. They work at room temperature and usually contain ammonium thioglycolate in the pH range of 9-10. Acid perms are used on more delicate or thinner hair. They require outside heat application and usually contain glyceryl monothioglycolate (GMT) in the pH range

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There are two parts to a perm: the physical action of wrapping the hair, and the chemical phase. Both of these can affect the result. Important physical variables involved are what type of rod is used, how the hair is wrapped and how end papers are used. The two most common types of rods are straight

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In the 1970s, acid perms were invented. These ammonia-free acid perms, sometimes called buffered waves, use glyceryl monothioglycolate in the place of ammonia. Acid perms, or buffered wavers, are slower but gentler to the hair. Heat is usually added by placing the client under a dryer, after covering

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Until about 1930, most progress was empirical, that is, each hairdresser tended to use a method which he had found to be useful. By then, although some academic work had been done on the subject of hair, Calvete felt that more research should be done on the chemistry of hair, and engaged a chemist by

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Apart from portable models which became available later, some system of support was necessary for the curlers. At first these were fixed to the ceiling, but these were soon replaced by a machine that was universally adopted. A vertical metal pipe held a circular unit, called a "chandelier" from which

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Bari-Woollss was probably instrumental in introducing a new factor-redox reduction. In chemistry, this is the opposite of oxidation and can mean the removal of oxygen or, in this case, the addition of hydrogen, which by breaking the bonds of the keratin in the hair, allowed waving to take place more

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Because of expense, the early models only had a few tubular heaters, and permanent-waving process took place in more than one stage. As the process became more popular and competitive, a whole head of hair could be processed in one sitting, using up to 22 heaters, some of which might be croquignole.

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The first heaters as described above were tubular, and were inserted over the hair which had been previously wound on to a form or curler. To facilitate this, after a preliminary preparation of the hair, such as washing, cutting or tapering, the hair was combed into up to about 22 sections or locks,

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holds volumes of the magazine covering the period 1928 to 1947. During the war, the company made millions of screws and rivets for airplanes and tanks in its factory. The company’s name was so well known that a 1945 page advertisement in Good Housekeeping magazine consisted of a blank page with just

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rollers and took six hours to complete. These hot rollers were kept from touching the scalp by a complex system of countering weights which were suspended from an overhead chandelier and mounted on a stand. Nessler conducted his first experiments on his wife, Katharina Laible. The first two attempts

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A Wireless Permanent-Waving Machine designed by Icall in 1934, in which the heaters were disconnected before applying to the head, known as the "falling-heat" method. The heaters were bulkier so as to store more heat, since they began to cool as soon as applied. The heat was controlled according to

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From the onset, Eugene had realised the importance of the United States market and made great inroads, challenging Nessler who had started up there. The former also sued the latter for infringing the patent which he had taken out based on Calvete's design, and won his case. Nessler was to retaliate

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Eugene Suter was a Swiss immigrant who set up a fashionable ladies' salon in London's West End. He claimed to have come from Paris, which in those days was the center of fashion and style. He became aware of the possibilities of electrical permanent waving particularly when shorter hair allowed the

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and water. The first public demonstration took place on 8 October 1905, but Nessler had been working on the idea since 1896. Previously, wigs had been set with caustic chemicals to form curls, but these recipes were too harsh to use next to human skin. His method, called the spiral heat method, was

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Perms today use this method with sodium thioglycolate instead of ammonium thioglycolate, at a pH of 8 to 9.5. Perming hair with the sodium thioglycolate method takes only 15–30 minutes of exposure to the sodium thioglycolate solution before a neutralizer solution is applied to bring the pH back to

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The manner in which reagents worked when applied to the hair and heated, was not only due to the chemicals they contained, but also the effect of the water. Water not only played a part in "steaming" the hair, but there was better heat control, because while there was water, the temperature hardly

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Although heat was required for perming, it was soon realized that if an improvement had to be made over the Marcel method, other means were necessary to avoid overheating and to speed up the waving process. The use of water on its own was an obvious choice, particularly as the hair was already wet

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in 1872. He devised a pair of specially manufactured tongs, in which one of the arms had a circular cross-section and the other a concave one, so that one fitted inside the other when the tongs were closed. The tongs were generally heated over a gas or alcohol flame and the correct temperature was

1108:, published weekly for "Hairdressers, Wigmakers and Perfumers" since 1881, covering all aspects of contemporary hairdressing and is therefore an invaluable and authoritative source. An almost complete set to the present day is held by the London College of Fashion, 20 John Prince's Street, London. 525:

It can be imagined that at a time when electrical installations were not to today's standards and at one time were not even grounded, the application of electrical windings to wet hair resulted in enough accidents to worry women. Icall developed what was called the "wireless" system, in which the

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hairdresser called Josef Mayer. In this method, the hair was fed through a small clamp which, after winding, would hold the two ends of a roller. The ends of the hair were held on the roller which was wound around a point until it reached the clamp into which it was inserted. For obvious reasons,

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Perms may be applied using thermal or chemical means. In the latter method, chemicals are applied to the hair, which is then wrapped around forms to produce waves and curls. The same process is used for chemical straightening or relaxing, with the hair being flattened instead of curled during the

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A further advance was the use of so-called "sachets", a misnomer, because they were small absorbent pads containing certain chemicals, attached to foil or other waterproof material, such as vegetable parchment. The sachets were placed in water and then wound rapidly round the curlers. These were

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A number of brands of home permanent kits were available since the invention of the 'cold wave' in the 1940s, but their numbers have decreased as permanent waves are not as popular as they were in the 1980s. The first popular home permanent was the TONI brand produced by the Toni Home Permanent

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By 1930, the process of permanent-waving was well established and its importance can be gauged if one considers that the majority of middle-class women, at a rough estimate, had their hair set once a week and permed perhaps once every three months as new hair replaced the waved hair. Meanwhile,

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Isidoro Calvete was a Spanish immigrant who set up a workshop for the repair and manufacture of electrical equipment in the same area of London in 1917. This equipment was just coming into use for the hairdressing and medical professions. Suter consulted him on the heater and Calvete designed a

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grew among women, hair was shortened so that it did not pass the lower end of the neck. This was not only a political gesture but a practical one, as women began to take over men's work due to the great shortage of labour during the First World War. At the same time, electricity, which had been

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was applied. This chemical breaks open the disulfide linkages between the polypeptide bonds in the keratin; the protein structure in the hair. The disulfide bonds give hair its elasticity, and can be reformed with chemicals. Next, an oxidation lotion—hydrogen peroxide—was applied to close the

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Also during this time, in the United States a machine-less method that applied preheated clamps over the wrapped rods was invented, In 1931, at the Midwest Beauty Show in Chicago, Ralph L. Evans and Everett G. McDonough showed a heatless system for the first time. Their method used bi-sulfide

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hairdressers sought to improve the process and reduce the work involved; this meant savings at the lower end of the market and yet more women getting their hair permed. This was also stimulated by pictures of the rich and famous, particularly film stars, who all had their hair permed.

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electric lead to the heater was replaced by a cord that took the weight of the heater, and the heater was heated by plugging into a socket in the chandelier. Outwardly, the machine looked similar to the earlier model, but at no time was there an electric potential near the head.

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Calvete designed a new type of heater for this called a croquignole heater which fitted over the winding, rather like a bulldog clip. The trend was to replace some of the tubular heaters on the sides of the head with croquignole ones, to allow greater scope of styling.

293:, London. Its products included colour rinses, lustre-lending shampoos, setting lotions and patented steaming sachets as well as its curlers and electric dryer. At least two dozen of the steaming sachets were used for each perm. The company published its own magazine, 446:

State-of-the-Art Machine made by Icall in 1934, fitted with Bakelite heaters and a timer which compensated for the type of hair and other factors. The wheels were designed to avoid pick-up of hair from the salon floor. The design incorporated 15 tubular heaters and 6

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from washing, for no other reason than that it prevented overheating, and that steam seemed to improve the process (hence the expression "steaming time"). It was not long before experiments were carried out on the use of additives, and it was soon apparent that

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of 6.5-8.2. Glyceryl monothioglycolate is considered a recent innovation in perming technology due to its high curling power near the pH of hair. This allows hair cuticles to remain closed during the perming process, minimizing damage to the hair structure.

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design of smaller equipment. The system had two parts; one was the electric heater and the other was the system of winding and holding the hair on a form which was inserted into a heater. Suter tried to design a heater, but was unsuccessful.

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passed 100 °C. However, this evaporated the water, and it was found that by wrapping the windings with aluminium foil, the hair stayed moist for longer, and also kept the windings upright, facilitating the addition of the heaters.

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First Prize won at the Hairdressing Fashion Show London, 1935, using an Icall permanent-waving machine. The hair is shorter even than in the 1920s, revealing the ears and neck. The colors were achieved by adding pigments to the setting

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which are unpleasant to use. However, later alternatives were found which led to the development of cold-waving. Bari-Woollss left Icall in about 1934 to take over the editorship of an encyclopedic volume on women's hairdressing.

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this was called point-winding. Mayer attempted to claim a patent on this method of winding, which was challenged in a Federal lawsuit by the National Hairdressers' and Cosmetologists' Association.

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Thus the profession started using what was called a "reagent", perhaps concocted by the hairdresser himself or sold commercially by the manufacturers of the machine. Two common ingredients were

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at the small business and domestic level. As shorter hair was improved in appearance by waving even more than long hair, it was only a matter of time before an improved form of waving appeared.

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resulted in completely burning her hair off and some scalp burns, but the method was improved and his electric permanent wave machine was used in London in 1909 on the long hair of the time.

297:, which was sent to hairdressers across the country. It covered advice on using Eugène products, styling techniques and hairdressing trends. Readers were referred to as ‘Eugène wavers’. The 781:& Bari-Woolls, J., "The Art and Craft of Hairdressing, Pitman, 1938. There were three editions and the second (1938) edited by Bari-Woollss is strongly recommended for this subject. 478:

originated by J. Metelski, is credited with first moistening the hair with a reagent. which gave better results but made winding more difficult. It was said to be a very fast system.

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In 1938, Arnold F. Willatt invented the cold wave, the precursor to the modern perm. It used no machines and no heat. The hair was wrapped on rods and a reduction lotion containing

253:(caustic soda) was applied and the hair was heated to 212 °F (100 °C) or more for an extended period of time. The process used about twelve 2-pound (0.9 kg) 1029: 541:

in 1939, all production of such equipment stopped in Europe and hardly recovered afterwards, being replaced either by home heater kits or cold-waving methods.

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were introduced in the 21st century and in use especially in modern Asian cultures. The process was patented and invented by a Japanese company, Paimore Ltd.

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pad, with water. Temperature control was rather more difficult but the method was popular in the United States perhaps because electricity was not used.

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popular with hairdressers as a labour-saving device, and with manufacturers, as they were only used once and some 20 would be used for a head of hair.

897:""Have you done something jolly with your hair?": the Eugène Waver magazine in the National Art Library's Trade Literature Collection • V&A Blog" 462:. Nessler re-entered the British market under this name, introducing the "Radione" system in which the hair was wound dry and inserted into hollow 940: 817: 518:

There were also changes in the equipment. Icall pioneered the use of plastics in hairdressing equipment, specifically a thermosetting plastic, (

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Certain basic factors he pointed out are still relevant today. A point winding is almost two dimensional, rather like the spring of a watch

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Calvete, I.B., British Patent Specification 422,439 "Improvements in Electric Heaters for Waving and Curling the Hair"., 11 January 1935.

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was a German system that used croquignole heaters exclusively. A chandelier was not used and for safety worked at a reduced voltage.

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Eugene Suter using early heaters designed by Isidoro Calvete. The heaters had two windings that heated the ends and roots separately

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disulfide bridges again, and the hair was reformed to the shape of the rod. The entire process took 6–8 hours at room temperature.

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Hair wound ready for perming. Root winding on top to take tubular heaters, Point winding on sides to take croquignole heaters. 1934

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some years later suing Eugene in the United Kingdom, over some curlers designed by Calvete which were similar to the Nessler ones.

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This resulted in many copies of the original equipment being made by reputable firms in some cases with innovations of their own:

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the wrapped head with a plastic cap. The reaction is endothermic and the additional heat causes the pH to rise from 6.9 to 7.2.

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tubes sealed at both ends, but contained moistened paper. Also introduced the "oleum" system in which water was replaced by oil.

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only useful for long hair. The hair was wrapped in a spiral around rods connected to a machine with an electric heating device.

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The chemical solution used in the perming process is determined by the client's hair type and the pH of the solution. Classic

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Nessler, Charles of C. Nestle Company, Self-published, "Hair types and how to curl hair using the circuline process", 1926

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instead of curling it. The same chemical methods can be used for this, but the hair is not wrapped around rods.

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Bari-Woollss, J., "The Manual of the Permanent Waver 1st edition", Westminster City Publishing Co., August 1934

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originated by Sartory, was a machineless system that relied on the chemical reaction of the contents of a

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An early alternative method for curling hair that was suitable for use on people was invented in 1905 by

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Franbourg A., Hallegot P., Baltenneck F., Toutain C. and Leroy F., "Current research on ethnic hair",

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perms, which are self timing and self heating; and neutral, or low pH, thioglycolate free perms.

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Martin K., "4. Infrared and Raman Studies of Skin and Hair: A review of cosmetic spectroscopy",

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easily. This resulted in addition of a sulfite, bisulfite or metabisulfite to Icall reagents,

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was one of the few, apart from Icall, to use a timing mechanism and Bakelite heaters.

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In the Western world, long hair was standard for women until the 1920s, when

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and industrial use, began to be used for heating and the application of the

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Early 20th century advertisement for Nessler's permanent wave machine

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was a French machine based on the same principles as the MacDonald.

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A second type of curler was invented later, allegedly in 1924 by a

2392: 2069: 1893: 1739: 1699: 1102:, June 2003, pp 8115–8119. 16 references. (Available on internet). 761:"Lets Talk Curly Perms, Are They A Real Alternative To A Relaxer?" 593: 553: 441: 418: 390: 333: 325: 317: 267: 254: 222: 310:‘What would you like for Christmas?' 'Oh, a Eugène wave, please!’ 2189: 1844: 1439: 1319: 1186: 1159: 207:") as a form of rebellion against tradition. As the demand for 640: 36: 1155: 602: — The first African American woman to receive a patent 937:"NATIONAL HAIRDRESSERS' & COSMETOLOGISTS' v. PHILAD CO" 818:"The History of the Flapper, Part 4: Emboldened by the Bob" 398: 191:

The first person to produce a practical thermal method was

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Salon Fundamentals: A resource for your cosmetology career

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First permanent-waving heaters designed by Calvete in 1917

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Permanent Waving: The Golden Years, Publish and be damned

30:"Permanent wave" redirects here. For other uses, see 1070:

Personal Diaries held by Louis Calvete, 1921 to 1965

2355: 2324: 2273: 2167: 2095: 1988: 1981: 1878: 1303: 1231: 1200: 1193: 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1054:. Evanston, IL: Pivot Point International. 2004. 1141:The Internet Journal of Vibrational Spectroscopy 261:Nessler had moved to London in 1901, and during 992:Arnold F. Willat, 102; Cold Hair Wave Developer 1100:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1171: 8: 1093:Good Hair Days: A History of British Styling 675:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 598:Permanent wave machine invented in 1928 by 397:, which are mildly alkaline (having a high 1985: 1197: 1178: 1164: 1156: 1136:, Wednesday, January 31, 2007, Issue 9.5. 695:Learn how and when to remove this message 559:the type of hair by a thermostat control. 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 708:Company (founded by brothers Neison and 330:Machine made in 1923 by Icall for Eugene 147: 138: 921:Anon (December 1945). "Advertisement". 751: 530:solution and was often applied at the 7: 1127:Le Gala Hair Group: Introducing the 816:Spivack, Emily (February 26, 2013). 673:adding citations to reliable sources 606:Other types of modern perms include 65:adding citations to reliable sources 27:Hairstyle featuring artificial curls 1600:Ivy League, Harvard, Princeton cut 994:, March 13, 1988|Associated Press. 794:. Hairarchives.com. Archived from 25: 2368:Beard and haircut laws by country 1143:Vol. 3 Ed 2 2004, 45 references. 1106:The Hairdressers' Weekly Journal 645: 386:additives improved the results. 289:Eugene company had a factory in 277:Eugene Suter and Isidoro Calvete 155:permanent on a male resident of 41: 2363:Andre Walker Hair Typing System 1585:Historical Christian hairstyles 1005:"Paimore Ltd. website in Japan" 401:) but are relatively harmless. 52:needs additional citations for 32:Permanent wave (disambiguation) 759:Alma Ruddock (July 23, 2018). 203:cut their hair short (into a " 1: 1007:. Paimore.com. Archived from 576:normal and re-bond the hair. 377:Development of the "reagents" 1044:General and cited references 971:"Conservation OnLine - CoOL" 853:(6). Time Inc. Feb 5, 1951. 2467: 343:Development of the heaters 29: 973:. Palimpsest.stanford.edu 620:Technical considerations 364:Development of the units 2451:19th-century inventions 438:Developments after 1930 244:. He used a mixture of 1385:Brush, butch, burr cut 1095:, Quartet Books, 1999. 877:historicengland.org.uk 843:"A Revolutionist Dies" 765:Black Hair Information 714:Forest Lake, Minnesota 603: 565:ammonium thioglycolate 560: 448: 339: 331: 323: 312: 306:the handwritten words: 273: 228: 212:introduced mainly for 160: 145: 712:) at its facility in 597: 557: 537:With the outbreak of 445: 337: 329: 321: 308: 271: 226: 151: 142: 76:"Perm" hairstyle 2210:Hairstyling products 1785:Short back and sides 822:Smithsonian Magazine 669:improve this section 584:straightens the hair 299:National Art Library 167:, commonly called a 61:improve this article 2388:Eponymous hairstyle 2274:Haircare techniques 2265:Hair texture powder 2123:Frictional alopecia 1134:Boston's Weekly Dig 792:"victorian piece 1" 183:chemical reaction. 2325:Health and medical 1081:, Toronto, 2007 | 726:List of hairstyles 604: 590:Other modern perms 561: 449: 340: 332: 324: 274: 229: 209:self-determination 161: 146: 2436:German inventions 2423: 2422: 2296:Curly Girl Method 2168:Haircare products 2163: 2162: 2130:Pattern hair loss 1410:Butterfly haircut 1299: 1298: 1113:"Karl L. Nessler" 923:Good Housekeeping 705: 704: 697: 581:permanent relaxer 137: 136: 129: 111: 16:(Redirected from 2458: 2150:Trichotillomania 1986: 1982:Hair subtraction 1968:Designer stubble 1810:Standard haircut 1730:Professional cut 1460:Croydon facelift 1380:Broccoli haircut 1198: 1180: 1173: 1166: 1157: 1125:Liu, Christine, 1122: 1120: 1119: 1065: 1038: 1037: 1026: 1020: 1019: 1017: 1016: 1001: 995: 988: 982: 981: 979: 978: 967: 961: 958: 952: 951: 949: 948: 939:. Archived from 933: 927: 926: 918: 912: 911: 909: 908: 893: 887: 886: 884: 883: 869: 863: 862: 839: 833: 832: 830: 828: 813: 807: 806: 804: 803: 788: 782: 775: 769: 768: 756: 700: 693: 689: 686: 680: 649: 641: 295:The Eugène Waver 251:Sodium hydroxide 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2351: 2332:Greying of hair 2320: 2311:Shampoo and set 2269: 2159: 2091: 1977: 1882: 1874: 1790:Short brush cut 1755:Regular haircut 1405:Businessman cut 1308: 1295: 1227: 1189: 1184: 1154: 1149: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1077:Calvete, L.G., 1068:Calvete, I.B., 1062: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1028: 1027: 1023: 1014: 1012: 1003: 1002: 998: 989: 985: 976: 974: 969: 968: 964: 959: 955: 946: 944: 935: 934: 930: 920: 919: 915: 906: 904: 895: 894: 890: 881: 879: 871: 870: 866: 841: 840: 836: 826: 824: 815: 814: 810: 801: 799: 790: 789: 785: 776: 772: 758: 757: 753: 749: 744: 736:Shampoo and set 722: 701: 690: 684: 681: 666: 650: 639: 622: 600:Marjorie Joyner 592: 552: 547: 440: 407: 405:J. Bari-Woollss 379: 366: 345: 279: 234: 189: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2464: 2462: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2428: 2427: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2417: 2415:Hair fetishism 2412: 2411: 2410: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2135:Hypertrichosis 2132: 2127: 2126: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1992: 1990: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1976: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1890: 1888: 1876: 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2316:Straightening 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2286:Hair coloring 2284: 2282: 2279: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1855:Victory rolls 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1805:Straight hair 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1595:Induction cut 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1565:Hair crimping 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 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1022: 1011:on 2009-02-07 1010: 1006: 1000: 997: 993: 987: 984: 972: 966: 963: 957: 954: 943:on 2012-07-11 942: 938: 932: 929: 924: 917: 914: 902: 898: 892: 889: 878: 874: 868: 865: 860: 856: 852: 848: 847:LIFE Magazine 844: 838: 835: 823: 819: 812: 809: 798:on 2003-11-21 797: 793: 787: 784: 780: 774: 771: 766: 762: 755: 752: 746: 741: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 723: 719: 717: 715: 711: 710:Irving Harris 699: 696: 688: 685:February 2015 678: 674: 670: 664: 663: 659: 654:This section 652: 648: 643: 642: 636: 634: 631: 626: 619: 617: 615: 614:Digital perms 611: 609: 601: 596: 589: 587: 585: 582: 577: 573: 569: 566: 556: 549: 544: 542: 540: 535: 533: 527: 523: 521: 516: 512: 505: 504:Vapeur Marcel 502: 499: 496: 493: 490: 487: 483: 480: 477: 474: 471: 468: 465: 461: 458: 457: 456: 453: 444: 437: 435: 432: 428: 422: 420: 416: 411: 404: 402: 400: 396: 392: 387: 385: 376: 374: 370: 363: 361: 357: 354: 349: 342: 336: 328: 320: 316: 311: 307: 304: 300: 296: 292: 287: 283: 276: 270: 266: 264: 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Retrieved 796:the original 786: 773: 764: 754: 706: 691: 682: 667:Please help 655: 627: 623: 612: 605: 578: 574: 570: 562: 545:Modern perms 539:World War II 536: 528: 524: 517: 513: 509: 503: 497: 492:Wella-Rapide 491: 481: 475: 469: 459: 454: 450: 447:croquignole. 423: 412: 408: 388: 380: 371: 367: 358: 350: 346: 313: 309: 294: 291:Edgware Road 288: 284: 280: 260: 242:Karl Nessler 240:hairdresser 235: 198: 190: 181: 172: 168: 164: 162: 152: 123: 114: 104: 97: 90: 83: 71: 59:Please help 54:verification 51: 2403:Hairdresser 2342:Hair growth 2281:Backcombing 2195:Conditioner 2118:universalis 1880:Facial hair 1830:Temple fade 1820:Surfer hair 1590:Hi-top fade 1570:Hair twists 1530:Finger wave 1232:by location 263:World War I 157:Miami Beach 2446:Hairstyles 2430:Categories 2347:Trichology 2140:Management 1956:toothbrush 1919:Soul patch 1914:Shenandoah 1800:Spiky hair 1795:Short hair 1725:Punch perm 1660:Marcelling 1630:Laid edges 1620:Kinky hair 1615:Jheri curl 1515:Extensions 1495:Dreadlocks 1465:Curly hair 1420:Caesar cut 1325:Afro puffs 1306:hairstyles 1187:Human hair 1118:2006-07-24 1015:2009-08-20 990:Obituary: 977:2014-06-10 947:2009-09-18 907:2023-11-06 882:2023-11-06 802:2009-08-20 779:Foan, G.A. 742:References 731:Punch perm 637:Home perms 608:exothermic 464:cellophane 431:mercaptans 87:newspapers 2398:Good hair 2255:Volumizer 2096:disorders 2006:threading 1973:Sideburns 1946:horseshoe 1941:handlebar 1936:Fu Manchu 1931:Moustache 1909:Ned Kelly 1899:Chinstrap 1835:Titus cut 1825:Taper cut 1750:Razor cut 1715:Pompadour 1710:Pixie cut 1645:Long hair 1625:Kiss curl 1510:Eton crop 1505:Edgar cut 1485:Dido flip 1435:Comb over 1281:Abdominal 1091:Cox, C., 859:0024-3019 747:Citations 656:does not 550:Cold wave 498:Frigidine 470:MacDonald 246:cow urine 173:permanent 2291:Crimping 2215:Hot comb 2103:Alopecia 2085:straight 2075:electric 2021:electric 2016:chemical 2011:plucking 1989:cosmetic 1924:Van Dyke 1850:Undercut 1815:Step cut 1770:Shape-up 1760:Ringlets 1720:Ponytail 1655:Lovelock 1580:Hime cut 1540:Fontange 1520:Fauxhawk 1500:Ducktail 1480:Devilock 1475:Czupryna 1450:Crew cut 1445:Cornrows 1430:Chonmage 1415:Buzz cut 1370:Bowl cut 1365:Bouffant 1350:Big hair 1271:Underarm 1218:Terminal 720:See also 630:alkaline 520:Bakelite 384:alkaline 214:lighting 201:flappers 2380: ( 2356:Related 2245:Shampoo 2240:Rollers 2235:Relaxer 2185:Clipper 2113:totalis 2038:Shaving 1996:Removal 1840:Tonsure 1780:Shimada 1745:Rattail 1705:Pigtail 1690:Pageboy 1665:Mod cut 1650:Lob cut 1535:Flattop 1425:Chignon 1400:Bunches 1392: ( 1360:Bob cut 1355:Blowout 1345:Beehive 1266:Eyelash 1259:unibrow 1254:Eyebrow 1201:by type 677:removed 662:sources 482:Superma 395:ammonia 301:at the 232:Nessler 187:History 159:in 1972 144:lotion. 101:scholar 2378:Barber 2230:Pomade 2225:Mousse 2108:areata 2080:safety 2001:waxing 1961:walrus 1951:pencil 1904:Goatee 1775:Shikha 1675:Mullet 1670:Mohawk 1610:Jewfro 1555:Fringe 1394:odango 1223:Vellus 1208:Lanugo 1085: 1058: 857: 827:26 May 486:cotton 476:Gallia 460:Nestlé 415:spiral 238:German 103: 96: 89: 82: 74: 2393:Frizz 2250:Spray 2200:Dryer 2175:Brush 2070:Razor 2058:brush 2053:cream 2026:laser 1894:Beard 1870:Wings 1860:Waves 1740:Quiff 1735:Queue 1700:Payot 1685:1980s 1680:1950s 1375:Braid 1340:Bangs 1304:Head 1286:Pubic 1276:Chest 925:: 47. 532:salon 419:helix 391:borax 353:Czech 255:brass 108:JSTOR 94:books 2408:list 2382:pole 2306:Perm 2220:Iron 2190:Comb 2180:Clay 2063:soap 2043:head 1885:list 1845:Updo 1765:Shag 1695:Part 1440:Conk 1335:Bald 1320:Afro 1311:list 1249:Nose 1239:Body 1213:Body 1083:ISBN 1056:ISBN 855:ISSN 829:2019 777:Ed. 660:any 658:cite 579:The 393:and 169:perm 153:Afro 80:news 2260:Wax 2205:Gel 2048:leg 2031:IPL 1390:Bun 1291:Leg 1244:Ear 671:by 205:bob 171:or 63:by 2432:: 1132:, 1032:. 899:. 875:. 851:30 849:. 845:. 820:. 763:. 399:pH 163:A 2384:) 1887:) 1883:( 1396:) 1313:) 1309:( 1179:e 1172:t 1165:v 1121:. 1064:. 1036:. 1018:. 980:. 950:. 910:. 885:. 861:. 831:. 805:. 767:. 698:) 692:( 687:) 683:( 679:. 665:. 130:) 124:( 119:) 115:( 105:· 98:· 91:· 84:· 57:. 34:. 20:)

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