278:" was originally coined to describe the rigid and finely dispersed constituent that emerges in steels subjected to rapid cooling. Subsequent investigations revealed that materials beyond ferrous alloys, such as non-ferrous alloys and ceramics, can also undergo diffusionless transformations. Consequently, the term "martensite" has evolved to encompass the resultant product arising from such transformations in a more inclusive manner. In the context of diffusionless transformations, a cooperative and homogeneous movement occurs, leading to a modification in the crystal structure during a
409:
31:
85:
44:
187:
270:
that do not hinge on the diffusion of atoms across extensive distances. Rather, these transformations manifest as a result of synchronized shifts in atomic positions, wherein atoms undergo displacements of distances smaller than the spacing between adjacent atoms, all while preserving their relative
443:
A subclassification of lattice-distortive displacements can be made by considering the dilutional and shear components of the distortion. In transformations dominated by the shear component, it is possible to find a line in the new phase that is undistorted from the parent phase while all lines are
324:
The phenomenon in which atoms or groups of atoms coordinate to displace their neighboring counterparts resulting in structural modification is known as a displacive transformation. The scope of displacive transformations is extensive, encompassing a diverse array of structural changes. As a result,
493:
In addition to displacive transformation and diffusive transformation, a new type of phase transformation that involves a displacive sublattice transition and atomic diffusion was discovered using a high-pressure X-ray diffraction system. The new transformation mechanism has been christened pseudo
473:
steels is subtle in nature. Austenite exhibits a face-centered cubic (FCC) unit cell, whereas the transformation to martensite entails a distortion of this cube into a body-centered tetragonal shape (BCT). This transformation occurs due to a displacive process, where interstitial carbon atoms lack
422:
typically give rise to the formation of an interface delineating the transformed and parent materials. The energy requisite for establishing this new interface is contingent upon its characteristics, specifically how well the two structures interlock. An additional energy consideration arises when
439:
and strain energy terms significantly influences the kinetics of the transformation and the morphology of the resulting phase. Notably, in shuffle transformations characterized by minimal distortions, interfacial energies tend to predominate, distinguishing them from lattice-distortive
415:
Shuffles, aptly named, refer to the minute displacement of atoms within the unit cell. Notably, pure shuffles typically do not induce a modification in the shape of the unit cell; instead, they predominantly impact its symmetry and overall structural configuration.
448:
of the atoms in the lattice and hence whether the strain energies have a notable influence on the kinetics of the transformation and the morphology of the resulting phase. If the strain energy is a significant factor, then the transformations are dubbed
474:
the time to diffuse out. Consequently, the unit cell undergoes a slight elongation in one dimension and contraction in the other two. Despite differences in the symmetry of the crystal structures, the chemical bonding between them remains similar.
444:
distorted when the dilation is predominant. Shear-dominated transformations can be further classified according to the magnitude of the strain energies involved compared to the innate
388:
477:
The iron-carbon martensitic transformation generates an increase in hardness. The martensitic phase of the steel is supersaturated in carbon and thus undergoes
102:
57:
717:"Observation of Cation Reordering during the Olivine-Spinel Transition in Fayalite by In Situ Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction at High Pressure and Temperature"
570:
312:
represents the most economically significant example of this category of phase transformations. However, an increasing number of alternatives, such as
784:
271:
arrangement. An example of such a phenomenon is the martensitic transformation, a notable occurrence observed in the context of steel materials.
308:
transformation, which is probably the most studied but is only one subset of non-diffusional transformations. The martensitic transformation in
761:
690:
663:
633:
149:
205:
197:
121:
831:
524:
241:
223:
168:
128:
71:
63:
423:
the transformation involves a change in shape. In such instances, if the new phase is constrained by the surrounding material,
135:
106:
485:
steels, defects prevent atoms from sliding past one another in an organized fashion, causing the material to become harder.
393:
This is homogeneous, as straight lines are transformed into new straight lines. Examples of such transformations include a
117:
478:
282:. These movements are small, usually less than their interatomic distances, and the neighbors of an atom remain close.
874:
95:
537:
402:
325:
additional classifications have been devised to provide a more nuanced understanding of these transformations.
294:
142:
298:
263:
776:
408:
729:
714:
Chen, Jiuhua; Weidner, Donald J.; Parise, John B.; Vaughan, Michael T.; Raterron, Paul (2001-04-30).
613:
605:
424:
394:
344:
432:
398:
313:
30:
827:
753:
745:
696:
686:
659:
629:
562:
520:
267:
849:
844:
737:
621:
585:
552:
419:
279:
612:, Book Series on Complex Metallic Alloys, vol. 1, WORLD SCIENTIFIC, pp. 119–145,
445:
436:
364:
340:
17:
733:
617:
716:
482:
868:
305:
339:
Homogeneous lattice-distortive strains, also known as Bain strains, transform one
741:
84:
625:
285:
The systematic movement of large numbers of atoms led some to refer to them as
557:
470:
275:
749:
700:
566:
515:
D.A. Porter and K.E. Easterling, Phase transformations in metals and alloys,
466:
757:
680:
859:
685:. Pergamon materials series. Amsterdam ; Oxford: Elsevier/Pergamon.
593:. International Conference on Martensitic Transformations. pp. 1–11.
610:
Basics of
Thermodynamics and Phase Transitions in Complex Intermetallics
328:
The first distinction can be drawn between transformations dominated by
428:
440:
transformations where the impact of strain energy is more pronounced.
604:
Duhamel, C.; Venkataraman, S.; Scudino, S.; Eckert, J. (May 2008),
682:
Phase transformations: examples from titanium and zirconium alloys
407:
309:
304:
The most commonly encountered transformation of this type is the
180:
78:
37:
855:
European
Symposium on Martensitic Transformations (ESOMAT)
343:
into a different one. This can be represented by a strain
854:
587:
367:
573:
from the original on 2023-06-17 – via J-STAGE.
777:"New Phase Transition May Explain Deep Earthquakes"
397:increasing in size on all three axes (dilation) or
109:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
728:(18). American Physical Society (APS): 4072–4075.
715:
584:Cohen, Morris; Olson, G. B.; Clapp, P. C. (1979).
382:
27:Shift of atomic positions in a crystal structure
822:Green, D.J.; Hannick, R.; Swain, M.V. (1989).
817:Theory of Structural Transformations in Solids
810:Theory of Transformations in Metals and Alloys
453:, if not the transformation is referred to as
845:Extensive resources from Cambridge University
8:
293:diffusion-based phase changes, initially by
34:Diffusionless transformation classifications
72:Learn how and when to remove these messages
556:
435:energy term. The interplay between these
366:
242:Learn how and when to remove this message
224:Learn how and when to remove this message
169:Learn how and when to remove this message
29:
679:Banerjee, S.; Mukhopadhyay, P. (2007).
508:
316:, are becoming more important as well.
860:PTC Lab for martensite crystallography
658:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 333.
461:Iron-carbon martensitic transformation
824:Transformation Toughening of Ceramics
431:deformation may occur, introducing a
7:
107:adding citations to reliable sources
850:The cubic-to-tetragonal transition
775:Leutwyler, Kristin (May 2, 2001).
196:tone or style may not reflect the
194:This Martensitic transformation's
25:
489:Pseudo martensitic transformation
53:This article has multiple issues.
764:from the original on 2023-06-17.
289:transformations, in contrast to
206:guide to writing better articles
185:
83:
42:
819:, Dover Publications, NY (1983)
787:from the original on 2014-11-17
606:"Diffusionless transformations"
94:needs additional citations for
61:or discuss these issues on the
320:Classification and definitions
118:"Diffusionless transformation"
1:
350:which transforms one vector,
494:martensitic transformation.
479:solid solution strengthening
256:diffusionless transformation
742:10.1103/physrevlett.86.4072
336:are of greater importance.
891:
626:10.1142/9789812790590_0006
330:lattice-distortive strains
18:Martensitic transformation
826:. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
656:Transformations in Metals
654:Shewmon, Paul G. (1969).
558:10.2320/materia1962.6.497
260:displacive transformation
539:
465:The distinction between
812:, Pergamon Press (1975)
722:Physical Review Letters
295:Frederick Charles Frank
200:used on Knowledge (XXG)
551:(7). 日本金属学会: 497–506.
412:
384:
204:See Knowledge (XXG)'s
35:
420:Phase transformations
411:
385:
354:, into a new vector,
299:John Wyrill Christian
33:
815:Khachaturyan, A.G.,
383:{\displaystyle y=Sx}
365:
258:, commonly known as
103:improve this article
781:Scientific American
734:2001PhRvL..86.4072C
618:2008btpt.book..119D
314:shape memory alloys
517:Chapman & Hall
413:
380:
268:crystal structures
36:
875:Phase transitions
808:Christian, J.W.,
692:978-0-08-042145-2
665:978-0-07-056694-1
635:978-981-279-058-3
455:quasi-martensitic
252:
251:
244:
234:
233:
226:
198:encyclopedic tone
179:
178:
171:
153:
76:
16:(Redirected from
882:
796:
795:
793:
792:
772:
766:
765:
719:
711:
705:
704:
676:
670:
669:
651:
645:
644:
643:
642:
601:
595:
594:
592:
581:
575:
574:
560:
533:
527:
513:
389:
387:
386:
381:
332:and those where
247:
240:
229:
222:
218:
215:
209:
208:for suggestions.
189:
188:
181:
174:
167:
163:
160:
154:
152:
111:
87:
79:
68:
46:
45:
38:
21:
890:
889:
885:
884:
883:
881:
880:
879:
865:
864:
841:
805:
800:
799:
790:
788:
774:
773:
769:
713:
712:
708:
693:
678:
677:
673:
666:
653:
652:
648:
640:
638:
636:
603:
602:
598:
590:
583:
582:
578:
547:(in Japanese).
541:
538:"マルテンサイトの格子欠陥"
535:
534:
530:
514:
510:
505:
500:
491:
463:
363:
362:
341:Bravais lattice
322:
266:alterations in
248:
237:
236:
235:
230:
219:
213:
210:
203:
190:
186:
175:
164:
158:
155:
112:
110:
100:
88:
47:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
888:
886:
878:
877:
867:
866:
863:
862:
857:
852:
847:
840:
839:External links
837:
836:
835:
820:
813:
804:
801:
798:
797:
767:
706:
691:
671:
664:
646:
634:
596:
576:
536:西山 善次 (1967).
528:
519:, 1992, p.172
507:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
490:
487:
462:
459:
391:
390:
379:
376:
373:
370:
321:
318:
250:
249:
232:
231:
193:
191:
184:
177:
176:
91:
89:
82:
77:
51:
50:
48:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
887:
876:
873:
872:
870:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
838:
833:
832:0-8493-6594-5
829:
825:
821:
818:
814:
811:
807:
806:
802:
786:
782:
778:
771:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
718:
710:
707:
702:
698:
694:
688:
684:
683:
675:
672:
667:
661:
657:
650:
647:
637:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
600:
597:
589:
588:
580:
577:
572:
568:
564:
559:
554:
550:
546:
542:
532:
529:
526:
525:0-412-45030-5
522:
518:
512:
509:
502:
497:
495:
488:
486:
484:
483:work-hardened
481:. Similar to
480:
475:
472:
468:
460:
458:
456:
452:
447:
441:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
417:
410:
406:
404:
400:
396:
395:cubic lattice
377:
374:
371:
368:
361:
360:
359:
357:
353:
349:
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
326:
319:
317:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
272:
269:
265:
261:
257:
246:
243:
228:
225:
217:
214:November 2010
207:
201:
199:
192:
183:
182:
173:
170:
162:
151:
148:
144:
141:
137:
134:
130:
127:
123:
120: –
119:
115:
114:Find sources:
108:
104:
98:
97:
92:This article
90:
86:
81:
80:
75:
73:
66:
65:
60:
59:
54:
49:
40:
39:
32:
19:
823:
816:
809:
803:Bibliography
789:. Retrieved
780:
770:
725:
721:
709:
681:
674:
655:
649:
639:, retrieved
609:
599:
586:
579:
548:
544:
531:
516:
511:
492:
476:
464:
454:
450:
442:
418:
414:
392:
355:
351:
347:
338:
333:
329:
327:
323:
303:
290:
286:
284:
280:phase change
273:
259:
255:
253:
238:
220:
211:
195:
165:
156:
146:
139:
132:
125:
113:
101:Please help
96:verification
93:
69:
62:
56:
55:Please help
52:
471:martensitic
451:martensitic
437:interfacial
405:structure.
306:martensitic
264:solid-state
791:2023-06-17
641:2023-08-11
498:References
467:austenitic
446:vibrations
403:monoclinic
276:martensite
274:The term "
262:, denotes
129:newspapers
58:improve it
750:0031-9007
701:156890507
567:1884-5835
159:July 2008
64:talk page
869:Category
785:Archived
762:Archived
758:11328098
571:Archived
545:日本金属学会会報
399:shearing
334:shuffles
291:civilian
287:military
730:Bibcode
614:Bibcode
429:plastic
425:elastic
401:into a
143:scholar
830:
756:
748:
699:
689:
662:
632:
565:
523:
433:strain
345:matrix
145:
138:
131:
124:
116:
591:(PDF)
503:Notes
310:steel
150:JSTOR
136:books
828:ISBN
754:PMID
746:ISSN
697:OCLC
687:ISBN
660:ISBN
630:ISBN
563:ISSN
521:ISBN
469:and
297:and
122:news
738:doi
622:doi
553:doi
540:...
427:or
105:by
871::
783:.
779:.
760:.
752:.
744:.
736:.
726:86
724:.
720:.
695:.
628:,
620:,
608:,
569:.
561:.
543:.
457:.
358::
301:.
254:A
67:.
834:.
794:.
740::
732::
703:.
668:.
624::
616::
555::
549:6
378:x
375:S
372:=
369:y
356:x
352:y
348:S
245:)
239:(
227:)
221:(
216:)
212:(
202:.
172:)
166:(
161:)
157:(
147:·
140:·
133:·
126:·
99:.
74:)
70:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
