1262:(depths greater than 1000 metres). Cael and Bisson reported in 2018 that the exponential model (power law model) tends to underestimate the POC flux in the upper layer, and overestimate it in the deep layer. However, the abilities of both models to describe POC fluxes were comparable statistically when they were applied to the POC flux dataset from the eastern Pacific that was used to propose the "Martin curve". In a long-term study in the northeastern Pacific, Smith et al. observed in 2018 a sudden increase of the POC flux accompanied by an unusually high transfer efficiency; they have suggested that because the Martin curve cannot express such a sudden increase, it may sometimes underestimate BCP strength. In addition, contrary to previous findings, some studies have reported a significantly higher transfer efficiency, especially to the deep sea, in subtropical regions than in subarctic regions. This pattern may be attributable to small temperature and DO concentration differences in the deep sea between high-latitude and low-latitude regions, as well as to a higher sinking velocity in subtropical regions, where CaCO
1242:) eastern Pacific equatorial zone than in other areas; that is, vertical attenuation of the POC flux was smaller in the hypoxic area. They pointed out that a more hypoxic ocean in the future would lead to a lower attenuation of the POC flux and therefore increased BCP efficiency and could thereby be a negative feedback on global warming. McDonnell et al. reported in 2015 that vertical transport of POC is more effective in the Antarctic, where the sinking velocity is higher and the biological respiration rate is lower than in the subtropical Atlantic. Henson et al. also reported in 2019 a high export ratio during the early bloom period, when primary productivity is low, and a low export ratio during the late bloom period, when primary productivity is high. They attributed the low export ratio during the late bloom to grazing pressure by microzooplankton and bacteria.
1213:(DO) concentration: the lower the water temperature and the DO concentration, the slower the biological respiration rate and, consequently, the POC flux decomposition rate. For example, in 2015 Marsay with other analysed POC flux data from neutrally buoyant sediment traps in the upper 500 m of the water column and found a significant positive correlation between the exponent b in equation (1) above and water temperature (i.e., the POC flux was attenuated more rapidly when the water was warmer). In addition, Bach
1140:
109:
1339:. Oceanic overturning and turbulent mixing return resource-rich deep waters back to the sunlit surface layer, sustaining global ocean productivity. The biological pump maintains this vertical gradient in nutrients through uptake, vertical transport, and remineralisation of organic matter, storing carbon in the deep ocean that is isolated from the atmosphere on centennial and millennial timescales, lowering atmospheric CO
83:
686:
1197:
2400:
1604:
1427:
1119:-rich particles are high. Numerical simulations that take into account these findings have indicated that future ocean acidification will reduce the efficiency of the BCP by decreasing ocean calcification. In addition, the POC export ratio (the ratio of the POC flux from an upper layer (a fixed depth such as 100 metres, or the
20:
1188:
experiment to study how the plankton community structure affected sinking velocities and reported that during more productive periods the sinking velocity of aggregated particles was not necessarily higher, because the aggregated particles produced then were very fluffy; rather, the settling velocity
2929:
Buesseler, K. O.; Lamborg, C. H.; Boyd, P. W.; Lam, P. J.; Trull, T. W.; Bidigare, R. R.; Bishop, J. K. B.; Casciotti, K. L.; Dehairs, F.; Elskens, M.; Honda, M.; Karl, D. M.; Siegel, D. A.; Silver, M. W.; Steinberg, D. K.; Valdes, J.; Van Mooy, B.; Wilson, S. (2007). "Revisiting Carbon Flux
Through
1343:
levels by several hundred microatmospheres. The biological pump resists simple mechanistic characterisation due to the complex suite of biological, chemical, and physical processes involved, so the fate of exported organic carbon is typically described using a depth-dependent profile to evaluate the
1407:
Kharbush, J.J., Close, H.G., Van Mooy, B.A., Arnosti, C., Smittenberg, R.H., Le Moigne, F.A., Mollenhauer, G., Scholz-Böttcher, B., Obreht, I., Koch, B.P. and Becker, K. (2020) "Particulate
Organic Carbon Deconstructed: Molecular and Chemical Composition of Particulate Organic Carbon in the Ocean".
910:
b in this equation has been used as an index of BCP efficiency: the larger the exponent b, the higher the vertical attenuation rate of the POC flux and the lower the BCP efficiency. Moreover, numerical simulations have shown that a change in the value of b would significantly change the atmospheric
1250:
and a depth of 1000 m it is relatively high. Marsay et al. therefore proposed in 2015 that the Martin curve does not appropriately express the vertical attenuation of POC flux in all regions and that a different equation should instead be developed for each region. Gloege et al. discussed in 2017
922:
profiles from assumptions about particle degradability and sinking speed. However, the Martin curve has become ubiquitous as the model that assumes slower-sinking and/or labile organic matter is preferentially depleted near the surface causing increasing sinking speed and/or remineralization
1245:
Despite these many investigations of the BCP, the factors governing the vertical attenuation of POC flux are still under debate. Observations in subarctic regions have shown that the transfer efficiency between depths of 1000 and 2000 m is relatively low and that between the bottom of the
777:(POC) flux from the surface layer of the ocean to the ocean interior has been estimated to be 4–13 Pg-C year. To evaluate the efficiency of the BCP, it is necessary to quantify the vertical attenuation of the POC flux with depth because the deeper that POC is transported, the longer the CO
1702:
Berger, W. H., Fischer, K., Lai, C., and Wu, G. (1987). "Ocean carbon flux: global maps of primary production and export production,". In: Biogeochemical
Cycling and Fluxes between the Deep Euphotic Zone and Other Oceanic Realms", Vol. 3, ed. C. Agegian (Silver Spring, MD: NOAA), pages
2653:
Sukigara, Chiho; Mino, Yoshihisa; Kawakami, Hajime; Honda, Makio C.; Fujiki, Tetsuichi; Matsumoto, Kazuhiko; Wakita, Masahide; Saino, Toshiro (2019). "Sinking dynamics of particulate matter in the subarctic and subtropical regions of the western North
Pacific".
1100:, which has the largest density among possible ballast minerals, is globally the most important and effective facilitator of vertical POC transport, because the transfer efficiency (the ratio of the POC flux in the deep sea to that at the bottom of the surface
1055:
The vertical attenuation rate of the POC flux is very dependent on the sinking velocity and decomposition rate of POC in the water column. Because POC is labile and has little negative buoyancy, it must be aggregated with relatively heavy materials called
2981:
Buesseler, K.O.; Trull, T.W.; Steinberg, D.K.; Silver, M.W.; Siegel, D.A.; Saitoh, S.-I.; Lamborg, C.H.; Lam, P.J.; Karl, D.M.; Jiao, N.Z.; Honda, M.C.; Elskens, M.; Dehairs, F.; Brown, S.L.; Boyd, P.W.; Bishop, J.K.B.; Bidigare, R.R. (2008).
1189:
was higher when the phytoplankton were dominated by small cells. In 2012, Henson et al. revisited the global sediment trap data and reported the POC flux is negatively correlated with the opal export flux and uncorrelated with the CaCO
1444:
Villa-Alfageme, M.; De Soto, F. C.; Ceballos, E.; Giering, S. L. C.; Le Moigne, F. A. C.; Henson, S.; Mas, J. L.; Sanders, R. J. (2016). "Geographical, seasonal, and depth variation in sinking particle speeds in the North
Atlantic".
1667:
Betzer, Peter R.; Showers, William J.; Laws, Edward A.; Winn, Christopher D.; Ditullio, Giacomo R.; Kroopnick, Peter M. (1984). "Primary productivity and particle fluxes on a transect of the equator at 153°W in the
Pacific Ocean".
3021:
Honda, Makio C.; Watanabe, Shuichi (2010). "Importance of biogenic opal as ballast of particulate organic carbon (POC) transport and existence of mineral ballast-associated and residual POC in the
Western Pacific Subarctic Gyre".
2050:
Armstrong, Robert A.; Lee, Cindy; Hedges, John I.; Honjo, Susumu; Wakeham, Stuart G. (2001). "A new, mechanistic model for organic carbon fluxes in the ocean based on the quantitative association of POC with ballast minerals".
1131:) in subtropical and tropical areas is low because high temperatures in the upper layer increase POC decomposition rates. The result might be a higher transfer efficiency and a strong positive correlation between POC and CaCO
1135:
in these low-latitude areas: labile POC, which is fresher and easier for microbes to break down, decomposes in the upper layer, and relatively refractory POC is transported to the ocean interior in low-latitude areas.
1911:
Yamanaka, Yasuhiro; Tajika, Eiichi (1996). "The role of the vertical fluxes of particulate organic matter and calcite in the oceanic carbon cycle: Studies using an ocean biogeochemical general circulation model".
865:
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fraction of plankton as well as higher transfer efficiencies in high-latitude areas, where large phytoplankton such as diatoms predominate. They also calculated that the fraction of vertically transported
3400:
McDonnell, A. M. P.; Boyd, P. W.; Buesseler, K. O. (2015). "Effects of sinking velocities and microbial respiration rates on the attenuation of particulate carbon fluxes through the mesopelagic zone".
1335:, leading to a downward flux of organic matter. This "marine snow" is transformed, respired, and degraded by heterotrophic organisms in deeper waters, ultimately releasing those constituents back into
1328:
terms, to the total uncertainty of the biological pump, highlighting the importance of improving biological pump characterisation from observations and its mechanistic inclusion in climate models.
991:
1255:(from the base of the euphotic zone to 1000 m) can be parameterised well not only by a power law model (Martin curve) but also by an exponential model and a ballast model.
3341:
Pavia, Frank J.; Anderson, Robert F.; Lam, Phoebe J.; Cael, B. B.; Vivancos, Sebastian M.; Fleisher, Martin Q.; Lu, Yanbin; Zhang, Pu; Cheng, Hai; Edwards, R. Lawrence (2019).
3571:
3246:
Devries, Tim; Weber, Thomas (2017). "The export and fate of organic matter in the ocean: New constraints from combining satellite and oceanographic tracer observations".
1156:
On the basis of observations that revealed a large increase of POC fluxes in high-latitude areas during diatom blooms and on the fact that diatoms are much bigger than
1713:
Pace, Michael L.; Knauer, George A.; Karl, David M.; Martin, John H. (1987). "Primary production, new production and vertical flux in the eastern
Pacific Ocean".
27:
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that would result in a negative feedback on global warming. Different researchers have investigated the vertical attenuation of the POC flux since the 1980s.
3652:
1181:
that has been sequestered in the ocean interior for at least 100 years is higher in high-latitude (polar and subpolar) regions than in low-latitude regions.
2249:
Schwinger, Jörg; Goris, Nadine; Tjiputra, Jerry F.; Kriest, Iris; Bentsen, Mats; Bethke, Ingo; Ilicak, Mehmet; Assmann, Karen M.; Heinze, Christoph (2016).
1172:
for effective POC vertical transport in subarctic regions. Weber et al. reported in 2016 a strong negative correlation between transfer efficiency and the
196:
3618:
Volk, Tyler; Hoffert, Martin I. (2013). "Ocean Carbon Pumps: Analysis of
Relative Strengths and Efficiencies in Ocean-Driven Atmospheric CO2 Changes".
481:
154:
654:
181:
1308:
relationship of sinking particle concentration with depth. Uncertainty in biological pump strength can be related to different variable values (
717:
535:
2251:"Evaluation of NorESM-OC (Versions 1 and 1.2), the ocean carbon-cycle stand-alone configuration of the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM1)"
1009:) is the fraction of the flux of particulate organic matter from a productive layer near the surface sinking through the depth horizon
2837:"Microstructure and composition of marine aggregates as co-determinants for vertical particulate organic carbon transfer in the global ocean"
2476:
Ittekkot, Venugopalan (1993). "The abiotically driven biological pump in the ocean and short-term fluctuations in atmospheric CO2 contents".
1893:
Berelson, W. M. (2001). "The flux of particulate organic carbon into the ocean interior.: a comparison of four U.S. JGOFS regional studies".
659:
2298:
Kriest, I.; Oschlies, A. (2011). "Numerical effects on organic-matter sedimentation and remineralization in biogeochemical ocean models".
2606:"Sinking rates and ballast composition of particles in the Atlantic Ocean: Implications for the organic carbon fluxes to the deep ocean"
2089:
Banse, Karl (1990). "New views on the degradation and disposition of organic particles as collected by sediment traps in the open sea".
1324:
profiles fit to a reference power-law curve. Structural uncertainty makes a substantial contribution, about one-third in atmospheric pCO
1238:
POC flux observations), Pavia et al. found in 2019 that the exponent b of the Martin curve was significantly smaller in the low-oxygen (
124:
3182:
Marsay, Chris M.; Sanders, Richard J.; Henson, Stephanie A.; Pabortsava, Katsiaryna; Achterberg, Eric P.; Lampitt, Richard S. (2015).
802:
781:
will be isolated from the atmosphere. Thus, an increase in the efficiency of the BCP has the potential to cause an increase of ocean
3635:
1761:
Martin, John H.; Knauer, George A.; Karl, David M.; Broenkow, William W. (1987). "VERTEX: Carbon cycling in the northeast
Pacific".
2513:"Association of sinking organic matter with various types of mineral ballast in the deep sea: Implications for the rain ratio"
1209:
Key factors affecting the rate of biological decomposition of sinking POC in the water column are water temperature and the
3122:
Bach, L. T.; Stange, P.; Taucher, J.; Achterberg, E. P.; Algueró-Muñiz, M.; Horn, H.; Esposito, M.; Riebesell, U. (2019).
2984:"VERTIGO (VERtical Transport in the Global Ocean): A study of particle sources and flux attenuation in the North Pacific"
584:
1353:
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parameterization of the vertical attenuation of POC flux, and reported that vertical attenuation of the POC flux in the
589:
574:
254:
1316:
uncertainty) that describe organic matter export. In 2021, Lauderdale evaluated structural uncertainty using an ocean
60:
1088:(aluminosilicate ballast) to the ocean, which strengthened the BCP. In 2002, Klaas and Archer , as well as Francois
1336:
774:
731:
644:
542:
248:
242:
44:
3572:
New Research Reveals Uncertainty in How Much Carbon the Ocean Absorbs Over Time – Climate Projections Could Be Off
3124:"The Influence of Plankton Community Structure on Sinking Velocity and Remineralization Rate of Marine Aggregates"
1624:
Suess, Erwin (1980). "Particulate organic carbon flux in the oceans—surface productivity and oxygen utilization".
769:
is taken up by the ocean and transported to the ocean interior. Without the BCP, the pre-industrial atmospheric CO
1332:
739:
649:
269:
710:
3515:"Episodic organic carbon fluxes from surface ocean to abyssal depths during long-term monitoring in NE Pacific"
1128:
624:
552:
547:
530:
375:
236:
134:
2126:"On the treatment of particulate organic matter sinking in large-scale models of marine biogeochemical cycles"
1801:"Global evaluation of particulate organic carbon flux parameterizations and implications for atmospheric pCO2"
906:
function, commonly known as the "Martin curve", has been used very frequently in discussions of the BCP. The
1239:
932:
634:
149:
1572:"Effective Vertical Transport of Particulate Organic Carbon in the Western North Pacific Subarctic Region"
1373:
Olli, Kalle (2015). "Unraveling the uncertainty and error propagation in the vertical flux Martin curve".
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762:
454:
230:
191:
159:
3715:
2214:
Middelburg, Jack J. (1989). "A simple rate model for organic matter decomposition in marine sediments".
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690:
639:
370:
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Buesseler, Ken O. (1998). "The decoupling of production and particulate export in the surface ocean".
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Ito, Takamitsu; Follows, Michael J. (2005). "Preformed phosphate, soft tissue pump and atmospheric CO
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2796:"Global patterns in efficiency of particulate organic carbon export and transfer to the deep ocean"
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331:
186:
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Laws, Edward A.; Falkowski, Paul G.; Smith, Walker O.; Ducklow, Hugh; McCarthy, James J. (2000).
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Smith, Kenneth L.; Ruhl, Henry A.; Huffard, Christine L.; Messié, Monique; Kahru, Mati (2018).
2175:"Regional variability in the vertical flux of particulate organic carbon in the ocean interior"
1994:
Wilson, Jamie D.; Barker, Stephen; Edwards, Neil R.; Holden, Philip B.; Ridgwell, Andy (2019).
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Maerz, Joeran; Six, Katharina D.; Stemmler, Irene; Ahmerkamp, Soeren; Ilyina, Tatiana (2020).
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is a major component of deep-sea marine snow. Moreover, it is also possible that POC is more
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Weber, Thomas; Cram, Jacob A.; Leung, Shirley W.; Devries, Timothy; Deutsch, Curtis (2016).
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2194:
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2106:
2068:
2019:
1968:
1929:
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1864:
1853:"Particle Flux Parameterizations: Quantitative and Mechanistic Similarities and Differences"
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1417:
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52:
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108:
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1317:
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336:
210:
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Boyd, Philip W.; Claustre, Hervé; Levy, Marina; Siegel, David A.; Weber, Thomas (2019).
3530:
3473:
3413:
3358:
3306:
3259:
3199:
3139:
3077:
3062:"Deep ocean nutrients imply large latitudinal variation in particle transfer efficiency"
3035:
2999:
2943:
2907:
2852:
2811:
2755:
2714:
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2621:
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2528:
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2015:
1964:
1925:
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that occurred during the last glacial maximum was caused by an increase of the input of
3549:
3514:
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3457:
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2418:
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2341:
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629:
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434:
317:
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173:
82:
70:
and has contributed to understanding the role of the ocean in regulating atmospheric CO
40:
3184:"Attenuation of sinking particulate organic carbon flux through the mesopelagic ocean"
2557:"Factors controlling the flux of organic carbon to the bathypelagic zone of the ocean"
2072:
3709:
3695:
3322:
3275:
3157:
2880:
2871:
2683:
2590:
2497:
2235:
2110:
2033:
1832:
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1247:
1219:
1120:
1093:
1061:
3439:
2773:
2639:
2284:
1980:
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to settle gravitationally in the ocean. Materials that may serve as ballast include
2967:
2159:
1742:
1653:
1484:
1202:
1173:
1085:
326:
280:
218:
100:
48:
1799:
Gloege, Lucas; McKinley, Galen A.; Mouw, Colleen B.; Ciochetto, Audrey B. (2017).
796:. proposed the following power law function to describe the POC flux attenuation:
3620:
The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2 : Natural Variations Archean to Present
2319:
1394:
2739:
1800:
1297:
1235:
1224:
1223:(harmful algae) are the dominant phytoplankton because of increased (decreased)
1124:
1109:
1101:
476:
449:
444:
439:
429:
399:
285:
144:
3007:
2404:
1608:
1431:
1331:
Carbon and nutrients are consumed by phytoplankton in the surface ocean during
47:(POC). The curve is controlled with two parameters: the reference depth in the
16:
Mathematical representation of particulate organic carbon export to ocean floor
3679:
2675:
2555:
Francois, Roger; Honjo, Susumu; Krishfield, Richard; Manganini, Steve (2002).
2000:
to regional variability in particulate organic matter remineralization depths"
1313:
1267:
751:
743:
424:
3604:
3291:"Temperature and oxygen dependence of the remineralization of organic matter"
2417:
Buesseler, Ken O.; Boyd, Philip W.; Black, Erin E.; Siegel, David A. (2020).
1869:
1852:
1596:
1571:
1421:
1076:. In 1993, Ittekkot hypothesized that the drastic decrease from ~280 to ~200
3539:
3367:
3343:"Shallow particulate organic carbon regeneration in the South Pacific Ocean"
3208:
3086:
2951:
2861:
2836:
2443:
2275:
2250:
2024:
1995:
1948:
1524:
1499:
1305:
1033:
decreases with depth. The equation is often normalised to a reference depth
903:
3687:
3558:
3499:
3386:
3289:
Laufkötter, C.; John, Jasmin G.; Stock, Charles A.; Dunne, John P. (2017).
3227:
3105:
2959:
2462:
2393:
1258:
However, the exponential model tends to underestimate the POC flux in the
3481:
3421:
3314:
3267:
3148:
3123:
3043:
2820:
2795:
2764:
2723:
2698:
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2556:
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2512:
2374:
2365:
2199:
2174:
2150:
2125:
1824:
1466:
1185:
907:
898:
metres and 100 metres respectively. Although other functions, such as an
2342:"Impact of Remineralization Profile Shape on the Air-Sea Carbon Balance"
1288:
regulates atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and climate by transferring
1196:
3627:
2399:
1603:
1475:
1426:
773:
concentration (~280 ppm) would have risen to ~460 ppm. At present, the
507:
290:
3653:"Multi-faceted particle pumps drive carbon sequestration in the ocean"
2915:
2084:
2082:
2045:
2043:
1933:
1879:
3430:
1734:
1645:
1534:
1500:"Dynamics of particulate organic carbon flux in a global ocean model"
926:
The Martin curve can be expressed in a slightly more general way as:
669:
2419:"Metrics that matter for assessing the ocean biological carbon pump"
1972:
1949:"The impact of remineralization depth on the air–sea carbon balance"
1619:
1617:
1195:
1138:
664:
81:
18:
3290:
2403:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
1607:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
1430:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
1947:
Kwon, Eun Young; Primeau, François; Sarmiento, Jorge L. (2009).
1161:
1065:
59:
of POC attenuates. It is named after the American oceanographer
56:
1150:(according to a global biogeochemical model called MAGO )
860:{\displaystyle F_{z}=F_{100}\left({\frac {z}{100}}\right)^{-b}}
55:
parameter which is a measure of the rate at which the vertical
2794:
Henson, Stephanie A.; Sanders, Richard; Madsen, Esben (2012).
1217:
found POC decomposition rates are high (low) when diatoms and
19:
2699:"Simulating oceanic CaCO3export production in the greenhouse"
2740:"Temperature effects on export production in the open ocean"
3456:
Henson, Stephanie; Le Moigne, Fred; Giering, Sarah (2019).
1304:. This surface to deep transport is usually described by a
2988:
Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
2053:
Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
24:
Surface concentrations of particulate organic matter (POM)
3458:"Drivers of Carbon Export Efficiency in the Global Ocean"
1794:
1792:
918:
Subsequently, other researchers have derived alternative
1104:) is higher in subtropical and tropical areas where CaCO
2656:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
2091:
Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers
1763:
Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers
1670:
Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers
1300:, where the organic carbon is consumed and respired by
2405:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1609:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1432:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2173:
Lutz, Michael; Dunbar, Robert; Caldeira, Ken (2002).
1320:
model by systematically substituting six alternative
935:
805:
1227:
abundance and the consequent increase (decrease) in
765:(BCP) is a crucial mechanism by which atmospheric CO
2340:Lauderdale, Jonathan Maitland; Cael, B. B. (2021).
1270:in low-latitude areas than in high-latitude areas.
985:
859:
3622:. Geophysical Monograph Series. pp. 99–110.
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
1040:but this parameter can be readily absorbed into
3519:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3347:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3188:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3066:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2550:
2548:
2423:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
66:The Martin Curve has been used in the study of
3241:
3239:
3237:
1498:Lima, I. D.; Lam, P. J.; Doney, S. C. (2014).
902:, have also been proposed and validated, this
3451:
3449:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1026:is a nondimensional exponent controlling how
711:
43:to describe the export to the ocean floor of
8:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3055:
3053:
1565:
1184:In contrast, Bach et al.conducted in 2019 a
3117:
3115:
2511:Klaas, Christine; Archer, David E. (2002).
1846:
1844:
1842:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1344:degradation of sinking particulate matter.
1160:, Honda and Watanabe proposed in 2010 that
750:. The rate at which POC is degraded in the
734:(POC) pool in the ocean are central to the
1312:uncertainty) or the underlying equations (
718:
704:
91:
3548:
3538:
3489:
3429:
3376:
3366:
3217:
3207:
3147:
3095:
3085:
2870:
2860:
2819:
2763:
2722:
2629:
2580:
2536:
2452:
2442:
2383:
2373:
2274:
2198:
2149:
2023:
1878:
1868:
1595:
1533:
1523:
1474:
974:
964:
946:
940:
934:
848:
834:
823:
810:
804:
1365:
655:Territorialisation of carbon governance
99:
986:{\displaystyle f_{p}{(z)}=C_{p}z^{-b}}
660:Total Carbon Column Observing Network
7:
1851:Cael, B. B.; Bisson, Kelsey (2018).
1145:Effective Martin curve slope for POC
1115:Reported sinking velocities of CaCO
1274:Uncertainty in the biological pump
1234:Using radiochemical observations (
738:. POC is the link between surface
14:
2604:Fischer, G.; Karakaş, G. (2009).
2124:Kriest, I.; Oschlies, A. (2008).
1092:who compiled and analyzed global
2398:
1602:
1425:
894:are the POC fluxes at depths of
685:
684:
107:
2255:Geoscientific Model Development
2216:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1996:"Sensitivity of atmospheric CO
1022:is a scaling coefficient, and
953:
947:
620:Climate reconstruction proxies
1:
2073:10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00101-1
3462:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
3402:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
3295:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
3248:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
3128:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
3024:Geophysical Research Letters
2930:the Ocean's Twilight Zone".
2896:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
2800:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
2744:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
2703:Geophysical Research Letters
2561:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
2517:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
2498:10.1016/0921-8181(93)90060-2
2346:Geophysical Research Letters
2320:10.1016/j.ocemod.2011.05.001
2236:10.1016/0016-7037(89)90239-1
2179:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
2111:10.1016/0198-0149(90)90058-4
1914:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
1805:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
1783:10.1016/0198-0149(87)90086-0
1690:10.1016/0198-0149(84)90068-2
1447:Geophysical Research Letters
1395:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.05.016
1354:Particulate inorganic carbon
590:Carbonate compensation depth
255:Particulate inorganic carbon
2478:Global and Planetary Change
1857:Frontiers in Marine Science
1410:Frontiers in Marine Science
1292:produced at the surface by
3737:
3593:Journal of Marine Research
3008:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.04.024
1576:Frontiers in Earth Science
1296:to the ocean interior via
1277:
775:particulate organic carbon
732:particulate organic carbon
645:Carbon capture and storage
249:Particulate organic carbon
243:Dissolved inorganic carbon
45:particulate organic carbon
3680:10.1038/s41586-019-1098-2
2872:21.11116/0000-0004-BD3E-3
2676:10.1016/j.dsr.2018.11.004
1096:data, suggested that CaCO
1051:Vertical attenuation rate
754:can impact atmospheric CO
650:Carbon cycle re-balancing
3605:10.1357/0022240054663231
1870:10.3389/fmars.2018.00395
1597:10.3389/feart.2020.00366
1570:Honda, Makio C. (2020).
1422:10.3389/fmars.2020.00518
1375:Progress in Oceanography
1337:dissolved inorganic form
1129:net primary productivity
1108:is a major component of
878:is water depth (m), and
625:Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio
585:Carbonate–silicate cycle
553:Carbon dioxide clathrate
548:Clathrate gun hypothesis
376:Net ecosystem production
237:Dissolved organic carbon
3540:10.1073/pnas.1814559115
3368:10.1073/pnas.1901863116
3209:10.1073/pnas.1415311112
3087:10.1073/pnas.1604414113
2952:10.1126/science.1137959
2862:10.5194/bg-17-1765-2020
2444:10.1073/pnas.1918114117
2276:10.5194/gmd-9-2589-2016
2025:10.5194/bg-16-2923-2019
1525:10.5194/bg-11-1177-2014
635:Deep Carbon Observatory
95:Part of a series on the
39:is a power law used by
1206:
1153:
987:
923:timescale with depth.
861:
763:biological carbon pump
455:Continental shelf pump
231:Total inorganic carbon
197:Satellite measurements
89:
87:Flux of POC with depth
32:
1302:marine microorganisms
1278:Further information:
1199:
1142:
988:
862:
640:Global Carbon Project
371:Ecosystem respiration
85:
22:
3482:10.1029/2018GB006158
3422:10.1002/2014GB004935
3315:10.1002/2017GB005643
3268:10.1002/2016GB005551
3149:10.1029/2019GB006256
3044:10.1029/2009GL041521
2994:(14–15): 1522–1539.
2821:10.1029/2011GB004099
2765:10.1029/1999gb001229
2724:10.1029/2004GL020613
2631:10.5194/bg-6-85-2009
2582:10.1029/2001GB001722
2538:10.1029/2001GB001765
2366:10.1029/2020GL091746
2352:(7): e2020GL091746.
2200:10.1029/2000GB001383
2151:10.5194/bg-5-55-2008
1825:10.1002/2016GB005535
1467:10.1002/2016GL069233
933:
803:
783:carbon sequestration
730:The dynamics of the
469:Carbon sequestration
225:Total organic carbon
68:ocean carbon cycling
3672:2019Natur.568..327B
3531:2018PNAS..11512235S
3525:(48): 12235–12240.
3474:2019GBioC..33..891H
3414:2015GBioC..29..175M
3359:2019PNAS..116.9753P
3307:2017GBioC..31.1038L
3260:2017GBioC..31..535D
3200:2015PNAS..112.1089M
3140:2019GBioC..33..971B
3078:2016PNAS..113.8606W
3036:2010GeoRL..37.2605H
3000:2008DSRII..55.1522B
2944:2007Sci...316..567B
2908:1998GBioC..12..297B
2853:2020BGeo...17.1765M
2812:2012GBioC..26.1028H
2756:2000GBioC..14.1231L
2715:2004GeoRL..3116308H
2697:Heinze, C. (2004).
2668:2019DSRI..144...17S
2622:2009BGeo....6...85F
2573:2002GBioC..16.1087F
2529:2002GBioC..16.1116K
2490:1993GPC.....8...17I
2435:2020PNAS..117.9679B
2358:2021GeoRL..4891746L
2312:2011OcMod..39..275K
2267:2016GMD.....9.2589S
2228:1989GeCoA..53.1577M
2191:2002GBioC..16.1037L
2142:2008BGeo....5...55K
2103:1990DSRA...37.1177B
2065:2001DSRII..49..219A
2016:2019BGeo...16.2923W
1965:2009NatGe...2..630K
1926:1996GBioC..10..361Y
1817:2017GBioC..31.1192G
1775:1987DSRA...34..267M
1727:1987Natur.325..803P
1682:1984DSRA...31....1B
1638:1980Natur.288..260S
1588:2020FrEaS...8..366H
1516:2014BGeo...11.1177L
1459:2016GeoRL..43.8609V
1387:2015PrOce.135..146O
736:marine carbon cycle
516:Atmospheric methane
482:Soil carbon storage
332:Reverse Krebs cycle
187:Ocean acidification
28:imaged by satellite
3628:10.1029/GM032p0099
1333:primary production
1207:
1164:, rather than CaCO
1154:
983:
857:
740:primary production
595:Great Calcite Belt
543:Aerobic production
363:Carbon respiration
305:Metabolic pathways
265:Primary production
90:
33:
3666:(7752): 327–335.
3353:(20): 9753–9758.
3072:(31): 8606–8611.
2938:(5824): 567–570.
2916:10.1029/97GB03366
2567:(4): 34-1–34-20.
2523:(4): 63-1–63-14.
2429:(18): 9679–9687.
2185:(3): 11-1–11-18.
2010:(14): 2923–2936.
1953:Nature Geoscience
1934:10.1029/96gb00634
1721:(6107): 803–804.
1632:(5788): 260–263.
1453:(16): 8609–8616.
1151:
1080:of atmospheric CO
900:exponential curve
842:
785:of atmospheric CO
728:
727:
526:Methane emissions
182:In the atmosphere
3728:
3700:
3699:
3657:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3584:
3578:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3552:
3542:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3493:
3453:
3444:
3443:
3433:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3380:
3370:
3338:
3327:
3326:
3301:(7): 1038–1050.
3286:
3280:
3279:
3243:
3232:
3231:
3221:
3211:
3194:(4): 1089–1094.
3179:
3162:
3161:
3151:
3119:
3110:
3109:
3099:
3089:
3057:
3048:
3047:
3018:
3012:
3011:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2874:
2864:
2847:(7): 1765–1803.
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2791:
2778:
2777:
2767:
2750:(4): 1231–1246.
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2633:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2584:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2456:
2446:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2397:
2387:
2377:
2337:
2324:
2323:
2306:(3–4): 275–283.
2295:
2289:
2288:
2278:
2261:(8): 2589–2622.
2246:
2240:
2239:
2222:(7): 1577–1581.
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2097:(7): 1177–1195.
2086:
2077:
2076:
2059:(1–3): 219–236.
2047:
2038:
2037:
2027:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1908:
1902:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1872:
1848:
1837:
1836:
1811:(7): 1192–1215.
1796:
1787:
1786:
1758:
1747:
1746:
1735:10.1038/325803a0
1710:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1646:10.1038/288260a0
1621:
1612:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1567:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1527:
1510:(4): 1177–1198.
1495:
1489:
1488:
1478:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1370:
1322:remineralisation
1229:grazing pressure
1211:dissolved oxygen
1168:, is crucial as
1158:coccolithophores
1149:
1074:aluminosilicates
992:
990:
989:
984:
982:
981:
969:
968:
956:
945:
944:
920:remineralization
869:
866:
864:
863:
858:
856:
855:
847:
843:
835:
828:
827:
815:
814:
792:In 1987, Martin
748:marine sediments
720:
713:
706:
693:
688:
687:
492:pelagic sediment
386:Soil respiration
381:Photorespiration
111:
92:
53:remineralisation
3736:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3655:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3638:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3570:
3566:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3455:
3454:
3447:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3340:
3339:
3330:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3245:
3244:
3235:
3181:
3180:
3165:
3121:
3120:
3113:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3020:
3019:
3015:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2793:
2792:
2781:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2554:
2553:
2546:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2339:
2338:
2327:
2300:Ocean Modelling
2297:
2296:
2292:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2049:
2048:
2041:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1973:10.1038/ngeo612
1946:
1945:
1941:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1892:
1888:
1850:
1849:
1840:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1760:
1759:
1750:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1697:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1569:
1568:
1543:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1406:
1402:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1350:
1342:
1327:
1318:biogeochemistry
1286:biological pump
1282:
1280:Biological pump
1276:
1265:
1205:
1192:
1180:
1167:
1152:
1147:
1134:
1118:
1107:
1099:
1083:
1071:
1053:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1021:
1004:
970:
960:
936:
931:
930:
915:concentration.
914:
893:
886:
867:
830:
829:
819:
806:
801:
800:
788:
780:
772:
768:
758:concentration.
757:
724:
683:
676:
675:
674:
614:
606:
605:
604:
569:
559:
558:
557:
510:
500:
499:
498:
487:Marine sediment
471:
461:
460:
459:
420:Solubility pump
408:Biological pump
402:
392:
391:
390:
365:
355:
354:
353:
337:Carbon fixation
322:
307:
297:
296:
295:
276:
260:
213:
211:Forms of carbon
203:
202:
201:
176:
166:
165:
164:
119:
88:
80:
73:
31:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3734:
3732:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3701:
3643:
3636:
3610:
3599:(4): 813–839.
3588:
3579:
3564:
3505:
3468:(7): 891–903.
3445:
3408:(2): 175–193.
3392:
3328:
3281:
3254:(3): 535–555.
3233:
3163:
3134:(8): 971–994.
3111:
3049:
3013:
2973:
2921:
2902:(2): 297–310.
2886:
2841:Biogeosciences
2827:
2779:
2730:
2689:
2645:
2610:Biogeosciences
2596:
2544:
2503:
2484:(1–2): 17–25.
2468:
2409:
2325:
2290:
2241:
2206:
2165:
2130:Biogeosciences
2116:
2078:
2039:
2004:Biogeosciences
1997:
1986:
1959:(9): 630–635.
1939:
1920:(2): 361–382.
1903:
1886:
1838:
1788:
1769:(2): 267–285.
1748:
1705:
1695:
1659:
1613:
1541:
1504:Biogeosciences
1490:
1436:
1400:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1340:
1325:
1290:organic carbon
1275:
1272:
1263:
1200:
1190:
1178:
1165:
1148:
1143:
1132:
1116:
1105:
1097:
1081:
1069:
1064:(hereinafter "
1052:
1049:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1017:
1000:
994:
993:
980:
977:
973:
967:
963:
959:
955:
952:
949:
943:
939:
912:
891:
882:
872:
871:
854:
851:
846:
841:
838:
833:
826:
822:
818:
813:
809:
786:
778:
770:
766:
755:
726:
725:
723:
722:
715:
708:
700:
697:
696:
695:
694:
678:
677:
673:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
630:Deep biosphere
627:
622:
616:
615:
612:
611:
608:
607:
603:
602:
600:Redfield ratio
597:
592:
587:
582:
580:Nutrient cycle
577:
571:
570:
567:Biogeochemical
565:
564:
561:
560:
556:
555:
550:
545:
540:
539:
538:
533:
523:
521:Methanogenesis
518:
512:
511:
506:
505:
502:
501:
497:
496:
495:
494:
484:
479:
473:
472:
467:
466:
463:
462:
458:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
435:Microbial loop
432:
427:
422:
417:
416:
415:
404:
403:
398:
397:
394:
393:
389:
388:
383:
378:
373:
367:
366:
361:
360:
357:
356:
352:
351:
350:
349:
344:
334:
329:
323:
321:
320:
318:Chemosynthesis
315:
313:Photosynthesis
309:
308:
303:
302:
299:
298:
294:
293:
288:
283:
277:
275:
274:
273:
272:
261:
259:
258:
252:
246:
240:
234:
228:
222:
215:
214:
209:
208:
205:
204:
200:
199:
194:
189:
184:
178:
177:
174:Carbon dioxide
172:
171:
168:
167:
163:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
121:
120:
117:
116:
113:
112:
104:
103:
97:
96:
86:
79:
76:
71:
41:oceanographers
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3733:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3644:
3639:
3637:9781118664322
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3583:
3580:
3577:, 8 May 2021.
3576:
3573:
3568:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3509:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3017:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2977:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2828:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2731:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2649:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2616:(1): 85–102.
2615:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2375:1721.1/130486
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1699:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:phytoplankton
1291:
1287:
1281:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1261:
1260:midnight zone
1256:
1254:
1253:twilight zone
1249:
1248:euphotic zone
1243:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1220:Synechococcus
1216:
1212:
1204:
1201:Zones in the
1198:
1194:
1193:export flux.
1187:
1182:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:euphotic zone
1113:
1111:
1103:
1095:
1094:sediment trap
1091:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1062:biogenic opal
1059:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
978:
975:
971:
965:
961:
957:
950:
941:
937:
929:
928:
927:
924:
921:
916:
909:
905:
901:
897:
890:
885:
881:
877:
852:
849:
844:
839:
836:
831:
824:
820:
816:
811:
807:
799:
798:
797:
795:
790:
784:
776:
764:
759:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
721:
716:
714:
709:
707:
702:
701:
699:
698:
692:
682:
681:
680:
679:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
610:
609:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
575:Marine cycles
573:
572:
568:
563:
562:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
537:
534:
532:
529:
528:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
513:
509:
504:
503:
493:
490:
489:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
474:
470:
465:
464:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
414:
411:
410:
409:
406:
405:
401:
396:
395:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
368:
364:
359:
358:
348:
345:
343:
340:
339:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
324:
319:
316:
314:
311:
310:
306:
301:
300:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
271:
268:
267:
266:
263:
262:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:
212:
207:
206:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
179:
175:
170:
169:
161:
158:
156:
155:Boreal forest
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
122:
115:
114:
110:
106:
105:
102:
98:
94:
93:
84:
77:
75:
69:
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
29:
21:
3716:Oceanography
3663:
3659:
3646:
3619:
3613:
3596:
3592:
3582:
3575:SciTechDaily
3574:
3567:
3522:
3518:
3508:
3465:
3461:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3350:
3346:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3251:
3247:
3191:
3187:
3131:
3127:
3069:
3065:
3027:
3023:
3016:
2991:
2987:
2976:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2844:
2840:
2830:
2803:
2799:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2564:
2560:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2426:
2422:
2412:
2349:
2345:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2136:(1): 55–72.
2133:
2129:
2119:
2094:
2090:
2056:
2052:
2007:
2003:
1989:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1895:Oceanography
1894:
1889:
1860:
1856:
1808:
1804:
1766:
1762:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1698:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1629:
1625:
1579:
1575:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1330:
1284:The ocean's
1283:
1257:
1244:
1233:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1203:water column
1183:
1174:picoplankton
1155:
1144:
1114:
1089:
1086:aeolian dust
1054:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
997:
995:
925:
917:
895:
888:
883:
879:
875:
873:
793:
791:
760:
729:
413:Martin curve
412:
400:Carbon pumps
327:Calvin cycle
281:Black carbon
219:Total carbon
160:Geochemistry
101:Carbon cycle
65:
49:water column
37:Martin curve
36:
34:
1676:(1): 1–11.
1476:11441/98535
1381:: 146–155.
1298:marine snow
1236:234Th-based
1225:zooplankton
1125:mixed layer
1110:marine snow
1102:mixed layer
477:Carbon sink
440:Viral shunt
430:Marine snow
286:Blue carbon
140:Deep carbon
135:Atmospheric
125:Terrestrial
61:John Martin
3710:Categories
3030:(2): n/a.
2806:(1): n/a.
1880:1912/23677
1360:References
1314:structural
1310:parametric
1268:refractory
752:dark ocean
744:deep ocean
450:Whale pump
445:Jelly pump
425:Lipid pump
150:Permafrost
118:By regions
78:Background
3696:119513489
3431:1912/7333
3323:102953187
3276:132192896
3158:201329875
2881:216206324
2684:133654627
2662:: 17–27.
2591:128876389
2034:202987265
1833:133746237
1535:1912/6674
1306:power law
976:−
904:power law
850:−
3688:30996317
3559:30429327
3500:32063666
3440:53453555
3387:31036647
3228:25561526
3106:27457946
2960:17463282
2774:53998465
2640:45117580
2463:32253312
2394:34219838
2285:59034696
1981:59058813
1901:: 59–64.
1348:See also
1186:mesocosm
1068:"), CaCO
908:exponent
691:Category
74:levels.
51:, and a
3668:Bibcode
3550:6275536
3527:Bibcode
3491:7006809
3470:Bibcode
3410:Bibcode
3378:6525517
3355:Bibcode
3303:Bibcode
3256:Bibcode
3219:4313834
3196:Bibcode
3136:Bibcode
3097:4978250
3074:Bibcode
3032:Bibcode
2996:Bibcode
2968:8423647
2940:Bibcode
2932:Science
2904:Bibcode
2849:Bibcode
2808:Bibcode
2752:Bibcode
2711:Bibcode
2664:Bibcode
2618:Bibcode
2569:Bibcode
2525:Bibcode
2486:Bibcode
2454:7211944
2431:Bibcode
2385:8243937
2354:Bibcode
2308:Bibcode
2263:Bibcode
2224:Bibcode
2187:Bibcode
2160:3840184
2138:Bibcode
2099:Bibcode
2061:Bibcode
2012:Bibcode
1961:Bibcode
1922:Bibcode
1813:Bibcode
1771:Bibcode
1743:4353764
1723:Bibcode
1678:Bibcode
1654:4275275
1634:Bibcode
1584:Bibcode
1582:: 366.
1512:Bibcode
1485:3728545
1455:Bibcode
1416:: 518.
1383:Bibcode
1240:hypoxic
1170:ballast
1058:ballast
536:Wetland
508:Methane
291:Kerogen
192:Removal
30:in 2011
3721:Carbon
3694:
3686:
3660:Nature
3634:
3557:
3547:
3498:
3488:
3438:
3385:
3375:
3321:
3274:
3226:
3216:
3156:
3104:
3094:
2966:
2958:
2879:
2772:
2709:(16).
2682:
2638:
2589:
2461:
2451:
2392:
2382:
2283:
2158:
2032:
1979:
1831:
1741:
1715:Nature
1703:87–30.
1652:
1626:Nature
1483:
1215:et al.
1090:et al.
1072:, and
996:where
874:where
746:, and
742:, the
689:
670:CO2SYS
531:Arctic
270:marine
130:Marine
3692:S2CID
3656:(PDF)
3436:S2CID
3319:S2CID
3272:S2CID
3154:S2CID
2964:S2CID
2877:S2CID
2770:S2CID
2680:S2CID
2636:S2CID
2587:S2CID
2281:S2CID
2156:S2CID
2030:S2CID
1977:S2CID
1829:S2CID
1739:S2CID
1650:S2CID
1481:S2CID
1127:) to
794:et al
665:C4MIP
613:Other
257:(PIC)
251:(POC)
245:(DIC)
239:(DOC)
233:(TIC)
227:(TOC)
3684:PMID
3632:ISBN
3555:PMID
3496:PMID
3383:PMID
3224:PMID
3102:PMID
2956:PMID
2459:PMID
2390:PMID
1162:opal
1066:opal
887:and
761:The
221:(TC)
145:Soil
57:flux
35:The
3676:doi
3664:568
3624:doi
3601:doi
3591:".
3545:PMC
3535:doi
3523:115
3486:PMC
3478:doi
3426:hdl
3418:doi
3373:PMC
3363:doi
3351:116
3311:doi
3264:doi
3214:PMC
3204:doi
3192:112
3144:doi
3092:PMC
3082:doi
3070:113
3040:doi
3004:doi
2948:doi
2936:316
2912:doi
2867:hdl
2857:doi
2816:doi
2760:doi
2719:doi
2672:doi
2660:144
2626:doi
2577:doi
2533:doi
2494:doi
2449:PMC
2439:doi
2427:117
2380:PMC
2370:hdl
2362:doi
2316:doi
2271:doi
2232:doi
2195:doi
2146:doi
2107:doi
2069:doi
2020:doi
1969:doi
1930:doi
1875:hdl
1865:doi
1821:doi
1779:doi
1731:doi
1719:325
1686:doi
1642:doi
1630:288
1592:doi
1530:hdl
1520:doi
1471:hdl
1463:doi
1418:doi
1391:doi
1379:135
1123:or
1078:ppm
892:100
870:(1)
840:100
825:100
26:as
3712::
3690:.
3682:.
3674:.
3662:.
3658:.
3630:.
3597:63
3595:.
3553:.
3543:.
3533:.
3521:.
3517:.
3494:.
3484:.
3476:.
3466:33
3464:.
3460:.
3448:^
3434:.
3424:.
3416:.
3406:29
3404:.
3381:.
3371:.
3361:.
3349:.
3345:.
3331:^
3317:.
3309:.
3299:31
3297:.
3293:.
3270:.
3262:.
3252:31
3250:.
3236:^
3222:.
3212:.
3202:.
3190:.
3186:.
3166:^
3152:.
3142:.
3132:33
3130:.
3126:.
3114:^
3100:.
3090:.
3080:.
3068:.
3064:.
3052:^
3038:.
3028:37
3026:.
3002:.
2992:55
2990:.
2986:.
2962:.
2954:.
2946:.
2934:.
2910:.
2900:12
2898:.
2875:.
2865:.
2855:.
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2843:.
2839:.
2814:.
2804:26
2802:.
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2782:^
2768:.
2758:.
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2746:.
2742:.
2717:.
2707:31
2705:.
2701:.
2678:.
2670:.
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2612:.
2608:.
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2563:.
2559:.
2547:^
2531:.
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2328:^
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2304:39
2302:.
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2257:.
2253:.
2230:.
2220:53
2218:.
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2183:16
2181:.
2177:.
2154:.
2144:.
2132:.
2128:.
2105:.
2095:37
2093:.
2081:^
2067:.
2057:49
2055:.
2042:^
2028:.
2018:.
2008:16
2006:.
2002:.
1975:.
1967:.
1955:.
1951:.
1928:.
1918:10
1916:.
1899:14
1897:,
1873:.
1863:.
1859:.
1855:.
1841:^
1827:.
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1809:31
1807:.
1803:.
1791:^
1777:.
1767:34
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1528:.
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1451:43
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1412:,
1389:.
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