3602:, which purposefully manipulates the Earth's climate system, typically in aspects of the carbon cycle or radiative forcing. Of current geoengineering interest is the possibility of accelerating the biological pump to increase export of carbon from the surface ocean. This increased export could theoretically remove excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for storage in the deep ocean. Ongoing investigations regarding artificial fertilization exist. Due to the scale of the ocean and the fast response times of heterotrophic communities to increases in primary production, it is difficult to determine whether limiting-nutrient fertilization results in an increase in carbon export. However, the majority of the community does not believe this is a reasonable or viable approach.
1039:
2122:
2670:
236:
1066:
7230:
3314:
813:
3671:
863:
3405:, or cliffs created by glacial erosion, have also been identified as areas of significant carbon burial, with rates one hundred times greater than the ocean average. Particulate organic carbon is buried in oceanic sediments, creating a pathway between a rapidly available carbon pool in the ocean to its storage for geological timescales. Once carbon is sequestered in the seafloor, it is considered
2766:
31:
84:) into the ocean interior and distribute it through the oceans. These three pumps are: (1) the solubility pump, (2) the carbonate pump, and (3) the biological pump. The total active pool of carbon at the Earth's surface for durations of less than 10,000 years is roughly 40,000 gigatons C (Gt C, a gigaton is one billion tons, or the weight of approximately 6 million
4909:
1600:, a nearly ubiquitous group of phytoplankton that produce shells of calcium carbonate, are the dominant contributors to the carbonate pump. Due to their abundance, coccolithophores have significant implications on carbonate chemistry, in the surface waters they inhabit and in the ocean below: they provide a large mechanism for the downward transport of CaCO
3367:, and some studies show that inorganic matrices may also protect organic matter. Preservation rates of organic matter depend on other interdependent variables that vary nonlinearly in time and space. Although organic matter breakdown occurs rapidly in the presence of oxygen, microbes utilizing a variety of chemical species (via
3582:(both calcite and aragonite) for some time on current emissions trajectories, but the organisms that require carbonate will likely be replaced in many areas. Coral reefs are under pressure from overfishing, nitrate pollution, and warming waters; ocean acidification will add additional stress on these important structures.
6068:
Le Quere, C; Andres, R; Boden, T; Conway, T; Houghton, R; House, J; Marland, G; Peters, G; van der Werf, G; Ahlstrom, A; Andrew, R; Bopp, L; Canadell, J; Ciais, P; Doney, S; Enright, C; Friedlingston, P; Huntingford, C; Jain, A; Jourdain, C; Kato, E; Keeling, R; Klein
Goldewijk, K; Levis, S; Levy, P;
4277:
Falkowski, P.; Scholes, R. J.; Boyle, E.; Canadell, J.; Canfield, D.; Elser, J.; Gruber, N.; Hibbard, K.; Högberg, P.; Linder, S.; MacKenzie, F. T.; Moore III, B.; Pedersen, T.; Rosenthal, Y.; Seitzinger, S.; Smetacek, V.; Steffen, W. (2000). "The Global Carbon Cycle: A Test of Our
Knowledge of Earth
3400:
Organic carbon burial is an input of energy for underground biological environments and can regulate oxygen in the atmosphere at long time-scales (> 10,000 years). Burial can only take place if organic carbon arrives to the sea floor, making continental shelves and coastal margins the main storage
2732:
and upper slopes; this is due partly to short exposure time because of a shorter distance to the seafloor and the composition of the organic matter that is already deposited in those environments. Organic carbon burial is also sensitive to climate patterns: the accumulation rate of organic carbon was
3542:
shell. Carbonate ions preferentially bind to hydrogen ions to form bicarbonate, thus a reduction in carbonate ion availability increases the amount of unbound hydrogen ions, and decreases the amount of bicarbonate formed (Equations 1–3). pH is a measurement of hydrogen ion concentration, where a low
3614:
in the world that alter carbon transport from rivers to oceans. Using data from the Global
Reservoirs and Dams database, which contains approximately 7000 reservoirs that hold 77% of the total volume of water held back by dams (8000 km), it is estimated that the delivery of carbon to the ocean
2070:
1646:
range) and have half-lives of only minutes when free in the ocean. They are consumed by microbes within hours or days of production and reside in the surface oceans, where they contribute a majority of the labile carbon flux. Semilabile molecules, much more difficult to consume, are able to reach
3375:
sediments. The burial depth at which degradation halts depends upon the sedimentation rate, the relative abundance of organic matter in the sediment, the type of organic matter being buried, and innumerable other variables. While decomposition of organic matter can occur in anoxic sediments when
2656:
rivers) input approximately 0.004 Gt (6.5 x 10 moles) DIC per year. The total carbon transport of rivers represents approximately 0.02% of the total carbon in the atmosphere. Though it seems small, over long time scales (1000 to 10,000 years) the carbon that enters rivers (and therefore does not
2639:
or by the decomposition of life (equation 5, e.g. plant and soil material). Rivers contribute roughly equal amounts (~0.4 GtC/yr) of DIC and DOC to the oceans. It is estimated that approximately 0.8 GtC (DIC + DOC) is transported annually from the rivers to the ocean. The rivers that flow into
1633:
Particulate organic carbon, created through biological production, can be exported from the upper ocean in a flux commonly termed the biological pump, or respired (equation 6) back into inorganic carbon. In the former, dissolved inorganic carbon is biologically converted into organic matter by
3441:
can also be dissolved through metabolic dissolution (i.e. can be used as food and excreted) and thus deep ocean sediments have very little calcium carbonate. The precipitation and burial of calcium carbonate in the ocean removes particulate inorganic carbon from the ocean and ultimately forms
2241:
into bicarbonate. The lower the
Revelle factor, the higher the capacity for ocean water to take in carbon dioxide. While Revelle calculated a factor of around 10 in his day, in a 2004 study data showed a Revelle factor ranging from approximately 9 in low-latitude tropical regions to 15 in the
1881:
5029:
Friedlingstein, Pierre; O'Sullivan, Michael; Jones, Matthew W.; Andrew, Robbie M.; Bakker, Dorothee C. E.; Hauck, Judith; Landschützer, Peter; Le Quéré, Corinne; Luijkx, Ingrid T.; Peters, Glen P.; Peters, Wouter; Pongratz, Julia; Schwingshackl, Clemens; Sitch, Stephen; Canadell, Josep G.
3986:
Friedlingstein, Pierre; O'Sullivan, Michael; Jones, Matthew W.; Andrew, Robbie M.; Bakker, Dorothee C. E.; Hauck, Judith; Landschützer, Peter; Le Quéré, Corinne; Luijkx, Ingrid T.; Peters, Glen P.; Peters, Wouter; Pongratz, Julia; Schwingshackl, Clemens; Sitch, Stephen; Canadell, Josep G.
2233:. The Revelle Factor is a ratio of the change of carbon dioxide to the change in dissolved inorganic carbon, which serves as an indicator of carbon dioxide dissolution in the mixed layer considering the solubility pump. The Revelle Factor is an expression to characterize the
2701:
are important since they provide a thorough record of life on Earth and an important source of fossil fuel. Oceanic carbon can exit the system in the form of detritus that sinks and is buried in the seafloor without being fully decomposed or dissolved. Ocean floor surface
2182:
concentrations have increased due to anthropogenic emissions. However, the ocean carbon sink may be more sensitive to climate change than previously thought, and ocean warming and circulation changes due to climate change could result in the ocean absorbing less
2151:. Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere at the ocean's surface at an exchange rate which varies locally and with time but on average, the oceans have a net absorption of around 2.9 Pg (equivalent to 2.9 billion metric tonnes) of carbon from atmospheric CO
1002:(DOC) is defined operationally as any organic molecule that can pass through a 0.2 ÎĽm filter. DOC can be converted into particulate organic carbon through heterotrophy and it can also be converted back to dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) through respiration.
3615:
has decreased by 13% since 1970 and is projected to reach 19% by 2030. The excess carbon contained in the reservoirs may emit an additional ~0.184 Gt of carbon to the atmosphere per year and an additional ~0.2 GtC will be buried in sediment. Prior to 2000, the
866:
Carbon is separated into four distinct pools based on whether it is organic/inorganic and whether it is dissolved/particulate. The processes associated with each arrow describe the transformation associated with the transfer of carbon from one reservoir to
1642:, semilabile, or refractory. Photosynthesis by phytoplankton is the primary source for labile and semilabile molecules, and is the indirect source for most refractory molecules. Labile molecules are present at low concentrations outside of cells (in the
64:
is a result of many interacting forces across multiple time and space scales that circulates carbon around the planet, ensuring that carbon is available globally. The
Oceanic carbon cycle is a central process to the global carbon cycle and contains both
2504:
107:(~3 Gt C) is very small compared with terrestrial vegetation (~610 GtC), the amount of carbon exchanged (the flux) by these groups is nearly equal – about 50 GtC each. Marine organisms link the carbon and oxygen cycles through processes such as
2112:
2723:
Historically, sediments with the highest organic carbon contents were frequently found in areas with high surface water productivity or those with low bottom-water oxygen concentrations. 90% of organic carbon burial occurs in deposits of
1659:. Refractory DOM can reach depths greater than 1000 m and circulates through the oceans over thousands of years. Over the course of a year, approximately 20 gigatons of photosynthetically-fixed labile and semilabile carbon is taken up by
5783:
Huguet, Carme; de Lange, Gert J.; Gustafsson, Örjan; Middelburg, Jack J.; Sinninghe Damsté, Jaap S.; Schouten, Stefan (2008-12-15). "Selective preservation of soil organic matter in oxidized marine sediments (Madeira
Abyssal Plain)".
1612:
can be determined by the rain ratio - the proportion of carbon from calcium carbonate compared to that from organic carbon in particulate matter sinking to the ocean floor, (PIC/POC). The carbonate pump acts as a negative feedback on
1904:
3362:
and sulfate reduction, before burial in the seafloor. Degradation of POC also results in microbial methane production which is the main gas hydrate on the continental margins. Lignin and pollen are inherently resistant to
4525:
Moran, M; Kujawinski, E; Stubbins, A; Fatland, R; Aluwihare, L; Buchan, A; Crump, B; Dorrestein, P; Dyhrman, S; Hess, N; Howe, B; Longnecker, K; Medeiros, P; Niggemann, J; Obernosterer, I; Repeta, D; Waldbauer, J (2016).
1679:
911:
Marine carbon is further separated into particulate and dissolved phases. These pools are operationally defined by physical separation – dissolved carbon passes through a 0.2 μm filter, and particulate carbon does not.
871:
Carbon compounds can be distinguished as either organic or inorganic, and dissolved or particulate, depending on their composition. Organic carbon forms the backbone of key component of organic compounds such as –
1579:
5431:
Velbel, Michael
Anthony (1993-12-01). "Temperature dependence of silicate weathering in nature: How strong a negative feedback on long-term accumulation of atmospheric CO2 and global greenhouse warming?".
3756:
Falkowski, P.; Scholes, R. J.; Boyle, E.; Canadell, J.; Canfield, D.; Elser, J.; Gruber, N.; Hibbard, K.; Högberg, P. (2000-10-13). "The Global Carbon Cycle: A Test of Our
Knowledge of Earth as a System".
2714:
occurs, is buried in marine sediments. It is then implied that since there is a higher input of organic matter to the ocean than what is being buried, a large portion of it is used up or consumed within.
2621:
1046:
The oceans store the largest pool of reactive carbon on the planet as DIC, which is introduced as a result of the dissolution of atmospheric carbon dioxide into seawater – the solubility pump. Aqueous CO
956:(i.e. primary production). DIC increases with depth as organic carbon particles sink and are respired. Free oxygen decreases as DIC increases because oxygen is consumed during aerobic respiration.
1175:
1376:
1280:
6831:
Barros, N; Cole, J; Tranvik, L; Prairie, Y; Bastviken, D; Huszar, V; del
Giorgio, P; Roland, F (2011). "Carbon emission from hydroelectric reservoirs linked to reservoir age and latitude".
4994:
Takahashi, T; Sutherland, S; Sweeney, C; Poisson, A; Metzl, N (2002). "Global sea–air CO2 flux based on climatological surface ocean pCO2, and seasonal biological and temperature effects".
209:
in the atmosphere, has increased the temperature of the ocean and atmosphere. The slowed rate of global warming occurring from 2000–2010 may be attributed to an observed increase in upper
990:). The marine carbon cycle also affects the reaction and dissolution rates of some chemical compounds, regulates the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and Earth's temperature.
6653:
Lehner, B; Liermann, C; Revenga, C; Vorosmarty, C; Fekete, B; Crouzet, P; Doll, P; Endejan, M; Frenken, K; Magome, J; Nilsson, C; Robertson, J; Rodel, R; Sindorf, N; Wisser, D (2011).
2171:
oceans have the highest carbon uptake per unit area in the world, and in the North
Atlantic deep convection transports approximately 197 Tg per year of non-refractory carbon to depth.
3345:
2205:
depend on the concentration of carbon dioxide already present in both the atmosphere and the ocean, temperature, salinity, and wind speed. This exchange rate can be approximated by
3868:
4174:
Wilson, R. W.; Millero, F. J.; Taylor, J. R.; Walsh, P. J.; Christensen, V.; Jennings, S.; Grosell, M. (2009-01-16). "Contribution of Fish to the Marine Inorganic Carbon Cycle".
5119:
Takahashi, T; Sutherland, S; Wanninkhof, R; et al. (2009). "Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO2, and net sea-air CO2 flux over the global oceans".
1638:
that then sinks and is, in part or whole, digested by heterotrophs. Particulate organic carbon can be classified, based on how easily organisms can break them down for food, as
1402:
The carbonate pump, sometimes called the carbonate counter pump, starts with marine organisms at the ocean's surface producing particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) in the form of
1005:
Those organic carbon molecules being captured on a filter are defined as particulate organic carbon (POC). POC is composed of organisms (dead or alive), their fecal matter, and
6179:
Revelle, Roger; Suess, Hans E. (1957-02-01). "Carbon Dioxide Exchange Between Atmosphere and Ocean and the Question of an Increase of Atmospheric CO2 during the Past Decades".
143:
2269:
4445:
Kim, S; Kramer, R; Hatcher, P (2003). "Graphical method for analysis of ultrahigh-resolution broadband mass spectra of natural organic matter, the van Krevelen diagram".
6751:
5211:
Gruber, Nicolas; Bakker, Dorothee C. E.; DeVries, Tim; Gregor, Luke; Hauck, Judith; LandschĂĽtzer, Peter; McKinley, Galen A.; MĂĽller, Jens Daniel (24 January 2023).
147:
6909:
5526:
Climate Change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
5084:
Revelle, R; Suess, H (1957). "Carbon dioxide exchange between atmosphere and ocean and the question of an increase of atmospheric CO2 during the past decades".
73:
carbon (carbon that is, or has been, incorporated into a living thing). Part of the marine carbon cycle transforms carbon between non-living and living matter.
1038:
4814:; Hollowed, Anne; Knowlton, Nancy; Polovina, Jeffrey; Rabalais, Nancy; Sydeman, William; Talley, Lynne (2012). "Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems".
3635:(home to the largest reservoir) River basins exceeded the burial by the Mississippi. Other large contributors to carbon burial caused by damming occur on the
5548:
1394:
The dissolved species in the equations above, mostly bicarbonate, make up the carbonate alkalinity system, the dominant contributor to seawater alkalinity.
4483:
Brophy, Jennifer E.; Carlson, David J. (1989). "Production of biologically refractory dissolved organic carbon by natural seawater microbial populations".
2065:{\displaystyle {\ce {{\underset {carbohydrate}{C6H12O6}}+{\underset {oxygen}{6O2}}->{\underset {carbon~dioxide}{6CO2}}+{\underset {water}{6H2O}}+heat}}}
6215:
5927:
Smith, Richard; Bianchi, Thomas; Allison, Mead; Savage, Candida; Galy, Valier (2015). "High rates of organic carbon burial in fjord sediments globally".
323:
3578:, and perhaps the most conspicuous, a structure built by organisms – the coral reefs. Most surface water will remain supersaturated with respect to CaCO
3494:
is approximately 4 gigatons of carbon. This induces climate change that drives carbon concentration and carbon-climate feedback processes that modifies
7144:
6523:
2861:
2854:
1876:{\displaystyle {\ce {{\underset {carbon~dioxide}{6CO2}}+{\underset {water}{6H2O}}->{\underset {carbohydrate}{C6H12O6}}+{\underset {oxygen}{6O2}}}}}
608:
281:
139:
5380:
Galy, Valier; Peucker-Ehrenbrink, Bernhard; Eglinton, Timothy (2015). "Global carbon export from the terrestrial biosphere controlled by erosion".
5829:
781:
2196:
308:
844:
662:
6381:
5767:
5524:
4261:
3331:
786:
1054:, bicarbonate ion, and carbonate ion concentrations comprise dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). DIC circulates throughout the whole ocean by
7076:
5562:
Berner, Robert A. (1989-01-01). "Biogeochemical cycles of carbon and sulfur and their effect on atmospheric oxygen over phanerozoic time".
3297:
151:
3950:
2147:
balancing the impact of rock weathering and terrestrial particulate organic carbon; now it has become a sink for the excess atmospheric CO
3876:
2822:
1442:
251:
155:
3409:. Burial rates can be calculated as the difference between the rate at which organic matter sinks and the rate at which it decomposes.
7180:
7056:
6902:
4321:
3273:
2893:
1074:
3490:, a smaller fraction of the anthropogenic flux will be taken up by the ocean in the future. Current annual increase in atmospheric CO
2677:
The key outputs of the marine carbon system are particulate organic matter (POC) and calcium carbonate (PIC) preservation as well as
6498:
4429:
3963:
3732:
2093:
Inputs to the marine carbon cycle are numerous, but the primary contributions, on a net basis, come from the atmosphere and rivers.
166:, the human impacts on the marine carbon cycle are significant. Before the Industrial Revolution, the ocean was a net source of CO
2527:
127:, which states that organisms tend to take up nitrogen and phosphorus incorporating new organic carbon. Likewise, organic matter
6524:"Impacts of Coastal Acidification on the Pacific Northwest Shellfish Industry and Adaptation Strategies Implemented in Response"
3338:
7205:
2930:
2693:
Sedimentation is a long-term sink for carbon in the ocean, as well as the largest loss of carbon from the oceanic system. Deep
1652:
888:. Inorganic carbon is found primarily in simple compounds such as carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, bicarbonate, and carbonate (CO
7259:
1058:, which facilitates the tremendous DIC storage capacity of the ocean. The chemical equations below show the reactions that CO
2121:
7233:
6895:
3421:(Equation 4), and therefore a change in the rate of preservation of calcium carbonate can alter the partial pressure of CO
3389:
3318:
163:
128:
6939:
2976:
711:
7185:
7040:
5342:
2998:
2990:
2903:
952:(biologically or abiotically). DIC can also be converted to particulate organic carbon (POC) through photosynthesis and
945:
716:
701:
381:
170:
to the atmosphere whereas now the majority of the carbon that enters the ocean comes from atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO
4865:
Capelle, David W.; Kuzyk, Zou Zou A.; Papakyriakou, Tim; Guéguen, Céline; Miller, Lisa A.; MacDonald, Robie W. (2020).
2155:
per year. Because the solubility of carbon dioxide increases when temperature decreases, cold areas can contain more CO
1089:
6882:
6877:
1313:
4402:
Rost, Björn; Riebesell, Ulf (2004). "Coccolithophores and the biological pump: Responses to environmental changes".
3417:
The precipitation of calcium carbonate is important as it results in a loss of alkalinity as well as a release of CO
2706:
account for 1.75x10 kg of carbon in the global carbon cycle At most, 4% of the particulate organic carbon from the
1209:
4080:
Knight, J (2009). "Global oceans: Do global temperature trends over the last decade falsify climate predictions?".
771:
669:
375:
369:
89:
5488:
Emerson, S; Hedges, J (October 1988). "Processes Controlling the Organic Carbon Content of Open Ocean Sediments".
5343:"Ecosystem effects of shell aggregations and cycling in coastal waters: an example of Chesapeake Bay oyster reefs"
998:
Like inorganic carbon, there are two main forms of organic carbon found in the ocean (dissolved and particulate).
3446:. On time scales greater than 500,000 years Earth's climate is moderated by the flux of carbon in and out of the
1647:
depths of hundreds of meters below the surface before being metabolized. Refractory DOM largely comprises highly
959:
Particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) is the other form of inorganic carbon found in the ocean. Most PIC is the CaCO
776:
396:
5707:
D'Hondt, S; Rutherford, S; Spivack, A.J. (2002). "Metabolic activity of subsurface life in deep-sea sediments".
5453:
837:
7173:
7168:
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4125:
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3061:
2817:
1664:
1055:
999:
751:
679:
674:
657:
502:
363:
261:
189:
and land use changes. By doing so, the ocean has acted as a buffer, somewhat slowing the rise in atmospheric CO
6120:
Quay, P. D.; Tilbrook, B.; Wong, C. S. (1992-04-03). "Oceanic Uptake of Fossil Fuel CO2: Carbon-13 Evidence".
7107:
6069:
Lomas, M; Poulter, B; Raupach, M; Schwinger, J; Sitch, S; Stocker, B; Viovy, N; Zaehle, S; Zheng, N (2013).
5962:
Kasting, J. F.; Toon, O. B.; Pollack, J. B. (1988-02-01). "How climate evolved on the terrestrial planets".
4811:
3220:
2160:
761:
276:
6996:
5597:
Henrichs, Susan (1992). "Early diagenesis of organic matter in marine sediments: progress and perplexity".
3170:
4950:
4407:
1070:
921:
581:
357:
318:
286:
66:
7254:
7200:
6745:
2913:
2136:
830:
817:
766:
497:
2499:{\displaystyle {\ce {2 NaAlSi3O8 + 2 H2CO3 + 9 H2O -> 2 Na+ + 2 HCO3^- + 4 H4SiO4 + Al2Si2O5(OH)4}}}
1617:
taken into the ocean by the solubility pump. It occurs with lesser magnitude than the solubility pump.
103:) are responsible for the largest annual carbon fluxes. Although the amount of carbon stored in marine
7215:
7119:
6926:
6918:
6840:
6787:
6707:
6666:
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6426:
6345:
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combustion has been taken up into the oceans. Because the Revelle factor increases with increasing CO
3253:
3082:
2834:
2757:
2734:
2106:
693:
595:
351:
92:. The speciation of dissolved inorganic carbon in the marine carbon cycle is a primary controller of
4955:
4412:
1073:
First, carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid. concentration in the 1990s (from the
7210:
7151:
3844:
3599:
3534:. The rise in dissolved carbon dioxide reduces the availability of the carbonate ion, reducing CaCO
3524:
3392:. This occurs because of preferential decomposition of labile molecules over refractile molecules.
3241:
3051:
2942:
1643:
1609:
642:
458:
313:
198:
6655:"High-resolution mapping of the world's reservoirs and dams for sustainable river-flow management"
4810:; Ruckelshaus, Mary; Duffy, Emmett; Barry, James; Chan, Francis; English, Chad; Galindo, Heather;
3921:
56:
between various pools within the ocean as well as between the atmosphere, Earth interior, and the
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6635:
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6161:
6050:
5830:"Sedimentary organic matter preservation: A test for selective degradation under oxic conditions"
5740:
5465:
5413:
5323:
4976:
4867:"Effect of terrestrial organic matter on ocean acidification and CO2 flux in an Arctic shelf sea"
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721:
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210:
93:
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6504:
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6444:
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5995:
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5674:
5457:
5405:
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5240:
5193:
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4602:
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4425:
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4010:
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3825:
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3728:
3616:
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3511:
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1403:
1299:
652:
431:
266:
100:
5880:"Aerobic and anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in marine sediment: Which is fastest?"
5543:
Fleming, R.H.; Revelle, R. (1939). "Physical processes in the oceans". In Trask, P.D. (ed.).
3808:
Redfield, Alfred C. (1958). "The Biological Control of Chemical Factors in the Environment".
2213:(S) of the carbon dioxide gas is proportional to the amount of gas in the atmosphere, or its
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7003:
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3227:
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2925:
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2214:
1298:
The free hydrogen ion meets carbonate, already present in the water from the dissolution of
618:
512:
507:
116:
4329:
3437:
at depth, meaning the shells are more likely to dissolve as they sink to ocean depths. CaCO
1065:
235:
7134:
7092:
5762:. Geophysical Monograph Series. Vol. 124. American Geophysical Union. pp. 3–18.
5260:
CO2calc—A user-friendly seawater carbon calculator for Windows, Mac OS X, and iOS (iPhone)
3656:
3559:
3451:
3434:
3430:
3205:
3160:
3024:
3007:
2694:
2258:
1627:
1597:
1032:
746:
613:
546:
534:
463:
337:
6654:
6223:
Carbon and other biogeochemical cycles in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis
4835:
4785:
3628:
3543:
pH means there are more unbound hydrogen ions. pH is therefore an indicator of carbonate
6844:
6791:
6711:
6670:
6578:
6430:
6311:
6267:
6133:
6086:
6030:
5975:
5940:
5895:
5845:
5797:
5720:
5652:
5610:
5575:
5501:
5445:
5393:
5358:
5293:
5228:
5171:
5132:
5097:
5007:
4946:
4882:
4827:
4727:
4686:
4645:
4543:
4496:
4370:
4291:
4187:
4141:
3770:
7013:
6986:
6981:
6961:
6956:
6808:
6775:
6192:
5669:
5636:
5188:
5155:
5105:
4746:
4711:
4562:
4527:
3544:
3364:
3359:
3232:
3175:
3130:
3120:
3115:
3090:
3029:
3012:
2888:
2883:
2875:
2641:
2230:
2206:
2164:
1017:, for example. POC is generally converted to DIC through heterotrophy and respiration.
968:
756:
726:
706:
647:
561:
444:
439:
300:
202:
124:
112:
108:
77:
76:
Three main processes (or pumps) that make up the marine carbon cycle bring atmospheric
70:
6225:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 465–570. Archived from
5983:
5635:
Cartapanis, Olivier; Bianchi, Daniele; Jaccard, Samuel; Galbraith, Eric (2016-01-21).
5015:
4927:
2685:
to the atmosphere and hydrothermal processes, a net loss in the cycle does not occur.
7248:
7190:
6976:
6971:
6639:
5758:
Kvenvolden, K.A.; Lorenson, T.D. (2001). Charles K. Paull; William P. Dillon (eds.).
5618:
5583:
5417:
5212:
5031:
4504:
3988:
3676:
3652:
3372:
3165:
3155:
3110:
3105:
3095:
3043:
2966:
2898:
2649:
1051:
1014:
964:
120:
6860:
6737:
6327:
5744:
5637:"Global pulses of organic carbon burial in deep-sea sediments during glacial maxima"
4980:
4851:
4614:
4219:
17:
7023:
7018:
6991:
6934:
6464:
6377:
6341:
6165:
6054:
5327:
5156:"Dissolved organic carbon in the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation"
3670:
3640:
3624:
3563:
3514:
of the oceans contribute to the degraded state of the world's biggest carbon sink.
3140:
3125:
2971:
2937:
2920:
2812:
2804:
2738:
1194:
885:
881:
862:
539:
453:
407:
345:
227:
61:
6610:
Chisholm, S; Falkowski, P; Cullen, J (2001). "Dis-crediting ocean fertilization".
5469:
5274:
6878:
Current global map of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide at the ocean surface
4891:
4866:
4299:
4099:
3778:
7139:
7129:
7124:
7028:
6141:
6015:"Reconstruction of the history of anthropogenic CO2 concentrations in the ocean"
4807:
4421:
4106:. US Department of Commerce, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
3620:
3507:
3483:
3447:
3406:
3100:
3017:
2849:
2839:
2783:
2775:
2725:
2707:
2653:
2168:
1660:
1648:
1077:
975:
603:
576:
571:
566:
556:
526:
412:
271:
186:
6014:
5236:
5140:
5058:
4913:
4716:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4532:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2765:
69:
carbon (carbon not associated with a living thing, such as carbon dioxide) and
30:
7008:
6966:
6694:
Regnier, Pierre; Friedlingstein, Pierre; Ciais, Philippe; et al. (2013).
6276:
6251:
5904:
5879:
5805:
5048:
4630:"Carbon fluxes through estuarine bacteria reflect coupling with phytoplankton"
4379:
4354:
4005:
3666:
3463:
3455:
3185:
3150:
3145:
3135:
2958:
2254:
2210:
2144:
983:
953:
551:
85:
6596:
6508:
6448:
6393:
6357:
6252:"Feedbacks in emission-driven and concentration-driven global carbon budgets"
6200:
6149:
5991:
5913:
5861:
5461:
5244:
5067:
4388:
4203:
4014:
3786:
3742:
7156:
7061:
6623:
6543:
6095:
6070:
5853:
5728:
5509:
5301:
4736:
4552:
4195:
4126:"Retrospective prediction of the global warming slowdown in the past decade"
3627:
basins account for 25 – 31% of all reservoir carbon burial. After 2000, the
3443:
3278:
3246:
2127:
1635:
1411:
1198:
979:
6817:
6695:
6631:
6456:
6319:
6157:
6046:
5999:
5736:
5678:
5409:
5319:
5197:
4843:
4793:
4755:
4606:
4585:
Azam, F; Malfatti, F (2007). "Microbial structuring of marine ecosystems".
4571:
4466:
4307:
4211:
3829:
3794:
3558:
The list of organisms that may struggle due to ocean acidification include
2111:
1663:, whereas fewer than 0.2 gigatons of refractory carbon is consumed. Marine
920:
There are two main types of inorganic carbon that are found in the oceans.
1062:
undergoes after it enters the ocean and transforms into its aqueous form.
6587:
6562:
4964:
4149:
3499:
2703:
2163:
decrease the capacity of the oceans to take in carbon dioxide. The North
1671:
supply, but industrial processes are altering the balance of this cycle.
1639:
1423:
1009:. POC can be converted to DOC through disaggregation of molecules and by
1006:
6887:
6799:
6038:
5660:
5401:
4598:
3821:
6728:
6105:
5310:
5154:
Fontela, M; Garcia-Ibanez, M; Hansell, D; Mercier, H; Perez, F (2016).
4908:
3644:
3632:
3467:
3381:
3377:
2178:
absorption by the ocean has been increasing with time as atmospheric CO
1407:
1010:
963:
that makes up shells of various marine organisms, but can also form in
873:
634:
417:
5366:
5179:
4901:
4772:
Hansell, D (2013). "Recalcitrant dissolved organic carbon fractions".
4695:
4670:
4654:
4629:
4458:
4056:
3897:
3538:
saturation state, thus making it thermodynamically harder to make CaCO
986:, a natural ocean buffer that prevents drastic changes in acidity (or
6852:
6719:
5948:
4972:
3648:
3636:
3575:
3571:
3385:
2159:
and still be in equilibrium with the atmosphere; In contrast, rising
1656:
796:
177:
In recent decades, the ocean has acted as a sink for anthropogenic CO
57:
53:
6696:"Anthropogenic perturbation of the carbon fluxes from land to ocean"
6439:
6414:
4153:
1755:
6679:
6563:"Globalizing results from ocean in situ iron fertilization studies"
3401:
of organic carbon from terrestrial and oceanic primary production.
3358:
POC is decomposed by a series of microbe-driven processes, such as
1574:{\displaystyle {\ce {Ca^2+ + 2HCO3^- <=> CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O}}}
7066:
5878:
Kristensen, Erik; Ahmed, Saiyed I.; Devol, Allan H. (1995-12-01).
3402:
3368:
3287:
2668:
2250:
2120:
2110:
1064:
1037:
877:
861:
791:
159:
88:), and about 95% (~38,000 Gt C) is stored in the ocean, mostly as
6346:"Tackling degraded oceans could mitigate climate crisis - report"
5258:
Robbins, L.L.; Hansen, M.E.; Kleypas, J.A.; Meylan, S.C. (2010).
4912:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
3530:
The pH of the oceans is declining due to uptake of atmospheric CO
7071:
6776:"Global perturbation of organic carbon cycling by river damming"
5273:
Sabine, C.L.; Feely, R.A.; Gruber, N; Key, R.M.; Lee, K (2004).
5262:. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1280. p. 16.
4710:
Follett, C; Repeta, D; Rothman, D; Xu, L; Santinelli, C (2014).
3952:
Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide
3292:
135:
104:
36:
6891:
6774:
Maavara, T; Lauerwald, R; Regnier, P; Van Cappellen, P (2016).
4124:
Guemas, V; Doblas-Reyes, F; Andreu-Burillo, I; Asif, M (2013).
3551:
of carbon present) in the oceans and can be used to assess how
3611:
6883:
Current global map of the sea-air carbon dioxide flux density
5760:
Natural Gas Hydrates: Occurrence, Distribution, and Detection
4712:"Hidden cycle of dissolved organic carbon in the deep ocean"
2616:{\displaystyle {\ce {CaCO3 + H2CO3 -> Ca^2+ + 2 HCO3^-}}}
1667:(DOM) can store as much carbon as the current atmospheric CO
6291:
Gregory, J; Jones, C; Cadule, P; Friedlingstein, P (2009).
5454:
10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<1059:TDOSWI>2.3.CO;2
2657:
enter the atmosphere) serves as a stabilizing feedback for
987:
974:
Some of the inorganic carbon species in the ocean, such as
111:. The marine carbon cycle is also biologically tied to the
6382:"Oceans losing oxygen at unprecedented rate, experts warn"
5121:
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
4996:
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
3869:"New report published on "Climate, Carbon and Coral Reefs"
3450:. Rocks formed in the ocean seafloor are recycled through
2191:
Carbon dioxide exchange rates between ocean and atmosphere
2097:
generally supply carbon equal to the amount they consume.
2571:
2558:
2542:
2492:
2471:
2458:
2445:
2429:
2416:
2354:
2334:
2321:
2301:
2288:
2225:
Since the oceanic intake of carbon dioxide is limited, CO
2043:
2006:
1977:
1948:
1935:
1922:
1863:
1834:
1821:
1808:
1738:
1701:
1564:
1548:
1532:
1237:
1224:
1163:
1150:
1131:
1104:
3922:"Sabine et al. – The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO2"
1434:
in the following reaction with simplified stoichiometry:
1426:. The formation of these shells increases atmospheric CO
4485:
Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers
4355:"Carbon dioxide and metabolism in marine environments1"
2261:(equation 7) and carbonate rocks (equation 8) on land,
2253:
can also transport organic carbon to the ocean through
4914:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
4671:"Net community production of dissolved organic carbon"
1503:
3723:
Schlesinger, William H.; Bernhardt, Emily S. (2013).
2530:
2272:
1907:
1682:
1445:
1316:
1212:
1092:
1042:
Dissociation of carbon dioxide following Henry's Law
967:. Marine fish also excrete calcium carbonate during
193:
levels. However, this absorption of anthropogenic CO
144:
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
7085:
7049:
6925:
4322:"ASLO : Limnology & Oceanography: e-Books"
3725:
Biogeochemistry : an analysis of global change
2107:
Carbon sequestration § Sequestration in oceans
5824:Hedges, John I.; Hu, Feng Sheng; Devol, Allan H.;
3433:in the great majority of ocean surface waters and
2615:
2498:
2064:
1875:
1573:
1370:
1274:
1169:
6415:"Oceanography: Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH"
6413:Caldeira, Ken; Wickett, Michael E. (2003-09-25).
5564:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
5213:"Trends and variability in the ocean carbon sink"
4406:. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 99–125.
4254:Chemical Oceanography and the Marine Carbon Cycle
1511:
1510:
1493:
1492:
1170:{\displaystyle {\ce {CO2(aq) + H2O -> H2CO3}}}
932:) and carbon dioxide (including both dissolved CO
5828:; Tsamakis, Elizabeth; Keil, Richard G. (1999).
4043:CO2 in seawater: Equilibrium, Kinetics, Isotopes
3727:(3rd ed.). Waltham, Mass.: Academic Press.
3388:), decomposition tends to end short of complete
1371:{\displaystyle {\ce {H+ + CO3^2- -> HCO3^-}}}
5630:
5628:
5566:. The Long Term Stability of the Earth System.
5532:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 465–470.
4082:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
4057:"Fifth Assessment Report – Climate Change 2013"
3898:"Fifth Assessment Report – Climate Change 2013"
2710:zone in the Pacific Ocean, where light-powered
2681:. While there are regions with local loss of CO
1634:photosynthesis (equation 5) and other forms of
1275:{\displaystyle {\ce {H2CO3 -> H+ + HCO3^-}}}
4528:"Deciphering ocean carbon in a changing world"
4256:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
6903:
5523:Ciais, Philippe; Sabine, Christopher (2014).
3339:
2187:from the atmosphere in future than expected.
838:
8:
6489:Gattuso, Jean-Pierre; Hansson, Lina (2011).
5549:American Association of Petroleum Geologists
3498:and the physical and chemical properties of
3482:, and so far roughly 40% of the carbon from
1193:Carbonic acid rapidly dissociates into free
6750:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3570:in many areas), human food sources such as
3478:Oceans take up 15 – 40% of anthropogenic CO
2209:and can be calculated as S = kP, where the
123:ratio C:N:P of 106:16:1, also known as the
6910:
6896:
6888:
6769:
6767:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6013:Khatiwala, S; Primeau, F; Hall, T (2009).
5341:Waldbusser, G; Powell, E; Mann, R (2013).
5079:
5077:
4767:
4765:
4628:Moran, X; Ducklow, H; Erickson, M (2013).
3346:
3332:
2748:
1305:, and reacts to form more bicarbonate ion.
845:
831:
218:
185:produced by humans through the burning of
6807:
6727:
6678:
6586:
6542:
6438:
6275:
6104:
6094:
5903:
5668:
5309:
5187:
5057:
5047:
4954:
4900:
4890:
4745:
4735:
4694:
4653:
4561:
4551:
4411:
4378:
4004:
3376:bacteria use oxidants other than oxygen (
3371:gradients) can degrade organic matter in
2606:
2601:
2596:
2581:
2570:
2565:
2557:
2552:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2491:
2486:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2457:
2452:
2444:
2439:
2428:
2423:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2371:
2366:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2333:
2328:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2300:
2295:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1947:
1942:
1934:
1929:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1833:
1828:
1820:
1815:
1807:
1802:
1795:
1750:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1563:
1558:
1547:
1542:
1531:
1526:
1512:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1494:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1361:
1356:
1340:
1335:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1265:
1260:
1247:
1236:
1231:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1162:
1157:
1149:
1144:
1130:
1125:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1091:
52:) is composed of processes that exchange
6659:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
5483:
5481:
5479:
5275:"The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2"
4520:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4024:
2126:Carbon cycle processes in high-latitude
29:
27:Ocean/atmosphere carbon exchange process
4353:Smith, S. V.; Key, G. S. (1975-05-01).
3945:
3943:
3941:
3696:
2756:
2201:Ocean-atmospheric exchanges rates of CO
1486:
782:Territorialisation of carbon governance
226:
6743:
5217:Nature Reviews Earth & Environment
4926:Raven, J.A.; Falkowskli, P.G. (2009).
181:, absorbing around a quarter of the CO
6556:
6554:
6484:
6482:
6480:
6478:
6476:
6474:
5873:
5871:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5692:Claypool, G.E.; Kaplan, I.R. (1974).
4478:
4476:
4348:
4346:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4229:
3454:back to the surface and weathered or
787:Total Carbon Column Observing Network
125:Redfield Ketchum Richards (RKR) ratio
7:
6493:. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
6293:"Quantifying carbon cycle feedbacks"
6071:"The global carbon budget 1959–2011"
4836:10.1146/annurev-marine-041911-111611
4786:10.1146/annurev-marine-120710-100757
4100:"Global ocean heat and salt content"
3845:"The Carbon Cycle: Feature Articles"
3718:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
2521:
2263:
2229:influx can also be described by the
2197:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
1898:
1673:
1608:flux induced by a marine biological
1436:
1307:
1203:
1083:
924:(DIC) is made up of bicarbonate (HCO
152:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
138:, World Meteorological Association,
6561:Aumont, O.; Bopp, L. (2006-06-01).
4928:"Oceanic sinks for atmospheric CO2"
3958:. London: The Royal Society. 2005.
3254:Biogeochemical planetary boundaries
2116:Global air-sea CO2 flux – IPCC 2007
1422:is what forms hard body parts like
948:(PIC) through precipitation of CaCO
156:Scripps Institution of Oceanography
7181:Human impact on the nitrogen cycle
6193:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1957.tb01849.x
5106:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1957.tb01849.x
4041:Zeebe, R; Wolf-Gladrow, D (2001).
131:releases phosphorus and nitrogen.
25:
5984:10.1038/scientificamerican0288-90
5694:Natural Gases in Marine Sediments
3873:World Meteorological Organization
3598:Iron fertilization is a facet of
7229:
7228:
5696:. Plenum Press. pp. 99–139.
4907:
4045:. Elsevier Science. p. 360.
3669:
3313:
3312:
2764:
2242:southern ocean near Antarctica.
1653:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
812:
811:
234:
5786:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
4816:Annual Review of Marine Science
4774:Annual Review of Marine Science
4669:Hansell, D; Carlson, C (1998).
4634:Marine Ecology Progress Series
3413:Calcium carbonate preservation
2719:Fate of sinking organic carbon
2574:
2482:
2476:
2360:
2139:, the ocean was a source of CO
1986:
1513:
1488:
1349:
1240:
1137:
1114:
1108:
747:Climate reconstruction proxies
1:
5016:10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00003-6
3843:Holli, Riebeek (2011-06-16).
2673:Fate of buried organic matter
1430:due to the production of CaCO
164:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
146:, as well as scientists from
134:Based on the publications of
7186:Lichens and nitrogen cycling
7041:Marine biogeochemical cycles
6567:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
6214:Ciais, P; Sabine, C (2014).
5619:10.1016/0304-4203(92)90098-U
5584:10.1016/0031-0182(89)90186-7
4935:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
4892:10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102319
4675:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
4505:10.1016/0198-0149(89)90002-2
4300:10.1126/science.290.5490.291
3875:. 2015-11-05. Archived from
3779:10.1126/science.290.5490.291
2999:Marine biogeochemical cycles
2237:of the DIC pool to absorb CO
982:, are major contributors to
946:particulate inorganic carbon
717:Carbonate compensation depth
382:Particulate inorganic carbon
205:, a result of this excess CO
6142:10.1126/science.256.5053.74
5834:American Journal of Science
5032:"Global Carbon Budget 2023"
4587:Nature Reviews Microbiology
4422:10.1007/978-3-662-06278-4_5
3989:"Global Carbon Budget 2023"
3425:in Earth's atmosphere. CaCO
2689:Organic matter preservation
944:). DIC can be converted to
199:acidification of the oceans
7276:
6250:Boer, G; Arora, V (2013).
5884:Limnology and Oceanography
5237:10.1038/s43017-022-00381-x
5141:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.009
4359:Limnology and Oceanography
3631:(home to 70 dams) and the
3610:There are over 16 million
2194:
2104:
1071:dissolved inorganic carbon
922:Dissolved inorganic carbon
772:Carbon capture and storage
376:Particulate organic carbon
370:Dissolved inorganic carbon
119:cycles by a near-constant
99:Earth's plants and algae (
90:dissolved inorganic carbon
7224:
6277:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00365.1
6075:Earth System Science Data
5905:10.4319/lo.1995.40.8.1430
5806:10.1016/j.gca.2008.09.021
5049:10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023
5036:Earth System Science Data
4380:10.4319/lo.1975.20.3.0493
4006:10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023
3993:Earth System Science Data
3849:earthobservatory.nasa.gov
777:Carbon cycle re-balancing
7174:Arctic methane emissions
7169:clathrate gun hypothesis
6940:carbonate–silicate cycle
4871:Progress in Oceanography
4252:Emerson, Steven (2008).
3067:Arctic methane emissions
3062:clathrate gun hypothesis
2977:Carbonate–silicate cycle
2235:thermodynamic efficiency
2161:sea surface temperatures
1665:dissolved organic matter
1056:Thermohaline circulation
1000:Dissolved organic carbon
752:Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio
712:Carbonate–silicate cycle
680:Carbon dioxide clathrate
675:Clathrate gun hypothesis
503:Net ecosystem production
364:Dissolved organic carbon
7206:Phosphorus assimilation
7108:environmental chemistry
6624:10.1126/science.1065349
6544:10.5670/oceanog.2015.38
6096:10.5194/essd-5-165-2013
5854:10.2475/ajs.299.7-9.529
5729:10.1126/science.1064878
5545:Recent Marine Sediments
5510:10.1029/pa003i005p00621
5302:10.1126/science.1097403
4737:10.1073/pnas.1407445111
4553:10.1073/pnas.1514645113
4196:10.1126/science.1157972
3221:environmental chemistry
762:Deep Carbon Observatory
222:Part of a series on the
6320:10.1175/2009JCLI2949.1
2733:50% larger during the
2674:
2617:
2500:
2132:
2118:
2066:
1877:
1575:
1372:
1276:
1171:
1081:
1043:
868:
582:Continental shelf pump
358:Total inorganic carbon
324:Satellite measurements
129:decomposed by bacteria
41:
35:Oceanic carbon cycle (
7260:Chemical oceanography
7201:Nitrogen assimilation
6919:Biogeochemical cycles
6522:Barton, Alan (2015).
5641:Nature Communications
4812:Grebmeier, Jacqueline
4130:Nature Climate Change
2758:Biogeochemical cycles
2672:
2618:
2501:
2137:Industrial Revolution
2124:
2114:
2067:
1878:
1576:
1373:
1277:
1172:
1068:
1041:
865:
767:Global Carbon Project
498:Ecosystem respiration
33:
7216:Planetary boundaries
7120:carbon sequestration
6950:oceanic carbon cycle
6588:10.1029/2005gb002591
5826:Hartnett, Hilairy E.
4965:10.1029/2008gb003349
4447:Analytical Chemistry
4150:10.1038/nclimate1863
3879:on December 18, 2023
2904:nitrogen and lichens
2528:
2270:
1905:
1680:
1443:
1314:
1210:
1090:
596:Carbon sequestration
352:Total organic carbon
46:oceanic carbon cycle
18:Ocean carbon cycling
7211:Sulfur assimilation
7152:Ocean acidification
6845:2011NatGe...4..593B
6800:10.1038/ncomms15347
6792:2017NatCo...815347M
6712:2013NatGe...6..597R
6671:2011FrEE....9..494L
6579:2006GBioC..20.2017A
6491:Ocean acidification
6431:2003Natur.425..365C
6312:2009JCli...22.5232G
6268:2013JCli...26.3326B
6134:1992Sci...256...74Q
6087:2013ESSD....5..165L
6039:10.1038/nature08526
6031:2009Natur.462..346K
5976:1988SciAm.258b..90K
5964:Scientific American
5941:2015NatGe...8..450S
5896:1995LimOc..40.1430K
5846:1999AmJS..299..529H
5798:2008GeCoA..72.6061H
5721:2002Sci...295.2067D
5715:(5562): 2067–2070.
5661:10.1038/ncomms10796
5653:2016NatCo...710796C
5611:1992MarCh..39..119H
5576:1989PPP....75...97B
5502:1988PalOc...3..621E
5446:1993Geo....21.1059V
5402:10.1038/nature14400
5394:2015Natur.521..204G
5359:2013Ecol...94..895W
5294:2004Sci...305..367S
5229:2023NRvEE...4..119G
5172:2016NatSR...626931F
5133:2009DSRII..56..554T
5098:1957Tell....9...18R
5059:20.500.11850/665569
5008:2002DSRII..49.1601T
5002:(9–10): 1601–1622.
4947:2009GBioC..23.1005G
4883:2020PrOce.18502319C
4828:2012ARMS....4...11D
4728:2014PNAS..11116706F
4722:(47): 16706–16711.
4687:1998GBioC..12..443H
4646:2013MEPS..489...75M
4599:10.1038/nrmicro1747
4544:2016PNAS..113.3143M
4497:1989DSRA...36..497B
4371:1975LimOc..20..493S
4292:2000Sci...290..291F
4188:2009Sci...323..359W
4142:2013NatCC...3..649G
3771:2000Sci...290..291F
3606:Dams and reservoirs
3525:Ocean acidification
3518:Ocean acidification
3242:Ocean acidification
3052:Atmospheric methane
2752:Part of a series on
2730:continental shelves
2699:geologic formations
2611:
2573:
2560:
2544:
2494:
2473:
2460:
2447:
2431:
2418:
2398:
2356:
2336:
2323:
2303:
2290:
2045:
2008:
1979:
1950:
1937:
1924:
1865:
1836:
1823:
1810:
1792:
1740:
1703:
1566:
1550:
1534:
1499:
1481:
1366:
1348:
1270:
1239:
1226:
1165:
1152:
1133:
1106:
1021:Marine carbon pumps
936:and carbonic acid H
643:Atmospheric methane
609:Soil carbon storage
459:Reverse Krebs cycle
314:Ocean acidification
94:acid-base chemistry
50:marine carbon cycle
6300:Journal of Climate
6256:Journal of Climate
5551:. pp. 48–141.
3810:American Scientist
3593:Iron Fertilization
3586:Iron fertilization
2712:primary production
2679:reverse weathering
2675:
2613:
2597:
2561:
2548:
2532:
2496:
2474:
2461:
2448:
2435:
2419:
2406:
2384:
2344:
2324:
2311:
2291:
2278:
2133:
2119:
2095:Hydrothermal vents
2062:
2053:
2033:
2021:
1996:
1984:
1967:
1955:
1938:
1925:
1912:
1873:
1870:
1853:
1841:
1824:
1811:
1798:
1748:
1728:
1716:
1691:
1571:
1554:
1538:
1522:
1518:
1467:
1368:
1352:
1331:
1272:
1256:
1227:
1214:
1201:) and bicarbonate.
1167:
1153:
1140:
1121:
1094:
1082:
1044:
869:
722:Great Calcite Belt
670:Aerobic production
490:Carbon respiration
432:Metabolic pathways
392:Primary production
211:ocean heat content
42:
7242:
7241:
7196:Nitrogen fixation
7164:Methane clathrate
7145:mycorrhizal fungi
7098:geochemical cycle
6945:deep carbon cycle
6833:Nature Geoscience
6700:Nature Geoscience
6618:(5541): 309–310.
6306:(19): 5232–5250.
6262:(10): 3326–3341.
6025:(7271): 346–349.
5929:Nature Geoscience
5792:(24): 6061–6068.
5769:978-0-875-90982-0
5440:(12): 1059–1062.
5388:(7551): 204–207.
5367:10.1890/12-1179.1
5288:(5682): 367–371.
5180:10.1038/srep26931
5127:(8–10): 554–577.
5042:(12): 5301–5369.
4696:10.1029/98gb01928
4655:10.3354/meps10428
4538:(12): 3143–3151.
4459:10.1021/AC034415P
4453:(20): 5336–5344.
4286:(5490): 291–296.
4263:978-0-521-83313-4
4182:(5912): 359–362.
4104:www.nodc.noaa.gov
3999:(12): 5301–5369.
3926:www.pmel.noaa.gov
3765:(5490): 291–296.
3568:marine food chain
3566:(the base of the
3512:plastic pollution
3502:, which alters CO
3496:ocean circulation
3356:
3355:
3211:geochemical cycle
3057:Methane clathrate
2855:mycorrhizal fungi
2845:deep carbon cycle
2637:
2636:
2600:
2580:
2564:
2551:
2535:
2520:
2519:
2481:
2464:
2451:
2438:
2422:
2409:
2387:
2370:
2359:
2347:
2327:
2314:
2294:
2281:
2086:
2085:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2036:
2027:
2019:
2016:
2013:
1999:
1990:
1983:
1970:
1961:
1954:
1941:
1928:
1915:
1910:
1897:
1896:
1869:
1856:
1847:
1840:
1827:
1814:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1773:
1747:
1743:
1731:
1722:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1694:
1685:
1595:
1594:
1569:
1557:
1541:
1525:
1520:
1470:
1450:
1404:calcium carbonate
1392:
1391:
1355:
1334:
1321:
1296:
1295:
1259:
1246:
1230:
1217:
1191:
1190:
1156:
1143:
1136:
1124:
1113:
1097:
855:
854:
653:Methane emissions
309:In the atmosphere
101:primary producers
16:(Redirected from
7267:
7232:
7231:
7115:Biosequestration
7103:chemical cycling
7034:deep water cycle
7004:Phosphorus cycle
6912:
6905:
6898:
6889:
6865:
6864:
6853:10.1038/ngeo1211
6828:
6822:
6821:
6811:
6771:
6756:
6755:
6749:
6741:
6731:
6720:10.1038/ngeo1830
6691:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6650:
6644:
6643:
6607:
6601:
6600:
6590:
6558:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6528:
6519:
6513:
6512:
6486:
6469:
6468:
6442:
6410:
6404:
6403:
6401:
6400:
6374:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6364:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6297:
6288:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6247:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6231:
6220:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6176:
6170:
6169:
6117:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6098:
6065:
6059:
6058:
6010:
6004:
6003:
5959:
5953:
5952:
5949:10.1038/ngeo2421
5924:
5918:
5917:
5907:
5890:(8): 1430–1437.
5875:
5866:
5865:
5821:
5810:
5809:
5780:
5774:
5773:
5755:
5749:
5748:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5689:
5683:
5682:
5672:
5632:
5623:
5622:
5605:(1–3): 119–149.
5599:Marine Chemistry
5594:
5588:
5587:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5540:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5520:
5514:
5513:
5490:Paleoceanography
5485:
5474:
5473:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5313:
5279:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5191:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5081:
5072:
5071:
5061:
5051:
5026:
5020:
5019:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4958:
4932:
4923:
4917:
4911:
4906:
4904:
4894:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4769:
4760:
4759:
4749:
4739:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4565:
4555:
4522:
4509:
4508:
4480:
4471:
4470:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4415:
4404:Coccolithophores
4399:
4393:
4392:
4382:
4350:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4328:. Archived from
4318:
4312:
4311:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4249:
4224:
4223:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4152:. Archived from
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4038:
4019:
4018:
4008:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3957:
3947:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3720:
3685:Phosphorus cycle
3679:
3674:
3673:
3560:coccolithophores
3348:
3341:
3334:
3321:
3316:
3315:
3228:Biosequestration
3216:chemical cycling
2926:Phosphorus cycle
2789:deep water cycle
2768:
2749:
2695:marine sediments
2631:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2605:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2533:
2522:
2514:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2472:
2469:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2407:
2397:
2392:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2345:
2335:
2332:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2312:
2302:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2279:
2264:
2215:partial pressure
2080:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2034:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2004:
1997:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1968:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1913:
1899:
1891:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1854:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1771:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1729:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1692:
1674:
1604:. The air-sea CO
1598:Coccolithophores
1589:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1491:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1448:
1437:
1386:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1353:
1347:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1308:
1290:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1215:
1204:
1185:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1095:
1084:
928:), carbonate (CO
916:Inorganic carbon
847:
840:
833:
820:
815:
814:
619:pelagic sediment
513:Soil respiration
508:Photorespiration
238:
219:
197:has also caused
21:
7275:
7274:
7270:
7269:
7268:
7266:
7265:
7264:
7245:
7244:
7243:
7238:
7220:
7135:biological pump
7093:Biogeochemistry
7081:
7050:Research groups
7045:
6921:
6916:
6874:
6869:
6868:
6830:
6829:
6825:
6773:
6772:
6759:
6742:
6693:
6692:
6688:
6652:
6651:
6647:
6609:
6608:
6604:
6560:
6559:
6552:
6526:
6521:
6520:
6516:
6501:
6488:
6487:
6472:
6440:10.1038/425365a
6412:
6411:
6407:
6398:
6396:
6376:
6375:
6371:
6362:
6360:
6340:
6339:
6335:
6295:
6290:
6289:
6285:
6249:
6248:
6244:
6235:
6233:
6229:
6218:
6213:
6212:
6208:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6128:(5053): 74–79.
6119:
6118:
6114:
6067:
6066:
6062:
6012:
6011:
6007:
5961:
5960:
5956:
5926:
5925:
5921:
5877:
5876:
5869:
5823:
5822:
5813:
5782:
5781:
5777:
5770:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5706:
5705:
5701:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5634:
5633:
5626:
5596:
5595:
5591:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5542:
5541:
5537:
5529:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5487:
5486:
5477:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5340:
5339:
5335:
5277:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5257:
5256:
5252:
5210:
5209:
5205:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5083:
5082:
5075:
5028:
5027:
5023:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4956:10.1.1.715.9875
4930:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4864:
4863:
4859:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4771:
4770:
4763:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4593:(10): 782–791.
4584:
4583:
4579:
4524:
4523:
4512:
4482:
4481:
4474:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4432:
4413:10.1.1.455.2864
4401:
4400:
4396:
4352:
4351:
4344:
4335:
4333:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4264:
4251:
4250:
4227:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4159:
4157:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4109:
4107:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4065:
4063:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4040:
4039:
4022:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3939:
3930:
3928:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3906:
3904:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3882:
3880:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3853:
3851:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3816:(3): 230A–221.
3807:
3806:
3802:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3735:
3722:
3721:
3698:
3693:
3675:
3668:
3665:
3608:
3588:
3581:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3520:
3505:
3493:
3489:
3481:
3476:
3452:plate tectonics
3440:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3398:
3352:
3311:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3283:
3268:
3267:Research groups
3260:
3259:
3258:
3237:
3206:Biogeochemistry
3200:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3085:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3046:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3025:Calcareous ooze
3008:Biological pump
3003:
2993:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2961:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2878:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2807:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2778:
2747:
2735:glacial maximum
2721:
2691:
2684:
2667:
2629:
2577:
2526:
2525:
2512:
2367:
2268:
2267:
2259:aluminosilicate
2248:
2240:
2228:
2223:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2131:
2117:
2109:
2103:
2091:
2078:
2028:
2010:
1991:
1962:
1911:
1903:
1902:
1889:
1848:
1797:
1723:
1705:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1651:molecules like
1628:Biological pump
1623:
1621:Biological pump
1616:
1607:
1603:
1587:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1400:
1384:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1288:
1243:
1208:
1207:
1183:
1088:
1087:
1061:
1049:
1033:Solubility pump
1028:
1026:Solubility pump
1023:
996:
962:
954:chemoautotrophy
951:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
918:
908:respectively).
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
860:
851:
810:
803:
802:
801:
741:
733:
732:
731:
696:
686:
685:
684:
637:
627:
626:
625:
614:Marine sediment
598:
588:
587:
586:
547:Solubility pump
535:Biological pump
529:
519:
518:
517:
492:
482:
481:
480:
464:Carbon fixation
449:
434:
424:
423:
422:
403:
387:
340:
338:Forms of carbon
330:
329:
328:
303:
293:
292:
291:
246:
216:
208:
196:
192:
184:
180:
173:
169:
96:in the oceans.
83:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7273:
7271:
7263:
7262:
7257:
7247:
7246:
7240:
7239:
7237:
7236:
7225:
7222:
7221:
7219:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7177:
7176:
7171:
7161:
7160:
7159:
7149:
7148:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7112:
7111:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7089:
7087:
7086:Related topics
7083:
7082:
7080:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7053:
7051:
7047:
7046:
7044:
7043:
7038:
7037:
7036:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7014:Selenium cycle
7011:
7006:
7001:
7000:
6999:
6989:
6987:Nutrient cycle
6984:
6982:Nitrogen cycle
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6962:Hydrogen cycle
6959:
6957:Chlorine cycle
6954:
6953:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6931:
6929:
6923:
6922:
6917:
6915:
6914:
6907:
6900:
6892:
6886:
6885:
6880:
6873:
6872:External links
6870:
6867:
6866:
6839:(9): 593–596.
6823:
6757:
6706:(8): 597–607.
6686:
6680:10.1890/100125
6665:(9): 494–502.
6645:
6602:
6550:
6537:(2): 146–159.
6514:
6499:
6470:
6405:
6380:(2019-12-07).
6369:
6344:(2019-12-04).
6333:
6283:
6242:
6206:
6171:
6112:
6081:(1): 165–185.
6060:
6005:
5954:
5919:
5867:
5811:
5775:
5768:
5750:
5699:
5684:
5624:
5589:
5554:
5535:
5515:
5496:(5): 621–634.
5475:
5423:
5372:
5353:(4): 895–903.
5333:
5265:
5250:
5223:(2): 119–134.
5203:
5146:
5111:
5073:
5030:(2023-12-05).
5021:
4986:
4918:
4857:
4799:
4780:(1): 421–445.
4761:
4702:
4681:(3): 443–453.
4661:
4620:
4577:
4510:
4491:(4): 497–507.
4472:
4437:
4430:
4394:
4365:(3): 493–495.
4342:
4313:
4278:as a System".
4269:
4262:
4225:
4166:
4136:(7): 649–653.
4116:
4091:
4072:
4048:
4020:
3987:(2023-12-05).
3978:
3964:
3937:
3913:
3889:
3860:
3835:
3800:
3748:
3733:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3664:
3661:
3607:
3604:
3600:geoengineering
3591:Full article:
3587:
3584:
3579:
3555:the ocean is.
3539:
3535:
3531:
3523:Full article:
3519:
3516:
3503:
3491:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3438:
3435:undersaturated
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3397:
3394:
3390:mineralization
3360:methanogenesis
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3233:Deep biosphere
3230:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3202:
3201:
3199:Related topics
3198:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3030:Siliceous ooze
3027:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3013:microbial loop
3004:
3002:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2889:Nitrogen cycle
2886:
2884:Hydrogen cycle
2880:
2879:
2876:Nutrient cycle
2874:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2862:Boreal forests
2859:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2761:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2746:
2743:
2720:
2717:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2666:
2663:
2642:Chesapeake Bay
2635:
2634:
2625:
2623:
2609:
2604:
2595:
2592:
2587:
2584:
2576:
2568:
2555:
2547:
2539:
2518:
2517:
2508:
2506:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2468:
2455:
2442:
2434:
2426:
2413:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2365:
2362:
2351:
2342:
2339:
2331:
2318:
2309:
2306:
2298:
2285:
2276:
2257:or erosion of
2247:
2244:
2238:
2231:Revelle factor
2226:
2222:
2221:Revelle factor
2219:
2202:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2174:The rate of CO
2156:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2125:
2115:
2102:
2099:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2074:
2072:
2057:
2040:
2031:
2025:
2003:
1994:
1988:
1974:
1965:
1959:
1945:
1932:
1919:
1895:
1894:
1885:
1883:
1860:
1851:
1845:
1831:
1818:
1805:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1735:
1726:
1720:
1698:
1689:
1668:
1626:Full article:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1592:
1583:
1581:
1561:
1553:
1545:
1537:
1529:
1515:
1508:
1497:
1490:
1479:
1474:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1399:
1398:Carbonate pump
1396:
1390:
1389:
1380:
1378:
1364:
1359:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1330:
1325:
1301:
1294:
1293:
1284:
1282:
1268:
1263:
1255:
1250:
1242:
1234:
1221:
1197:(technically,
1189:
1188:
1179:
1177:
1160:
1147:
1139:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1101:
1059:
1047:
1031:Full article:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
995:
994:Organic carbon
992:
969:osmoregulation
965:whiting events
960:
949:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
917:
914:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
859:
856:
853:
852:
850:
849:
842:
835:
827:
824:
823:
822:
821:
805:
804:
800:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
757:Deep biosphere
754:
749:
743:
742:
739:
738:
735:
734:
730:
729:
727:Redfield ratio
724:
719:
714:
709:
707:Nutrient cycle
704:
698:
697:
694:Biogeochemical
692:
691:
688:
687:
683:
682:
677:
672:
667:
666:
665:
660:
650:
648:Methanogenesis
645:
639:
638:
633:
632:
629:
628:
624:
623:
622:
621:
611:
606:
600:
599:
594:
593:
590:
589:
585:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
562:Microbial loop
559:
554:
549:
544:
543:
542:
531:
530:
525:
524:
521:
520:
516:
515:
510:
505:
500:
494:
493:
488:
487:
484:
483:
479:
478:
477:
476:
471:
461:
456:
450:
448:
447:
445:Chemosynthesis
442:
440:Photosynthesis
436:
435:
430:
429:
426:
425:
421:
420:
415:
410:
404:
402:
401:
400:
399:
388:
386:
385:
379:
373:
367:
361:
355:
349:
342:
341:
336:
335:
332:
331:
327:
326:
321:
316:
311:
305:
304:
301:Carbon dioxide
299:
298:
295:
294:
290:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
248:
247:
244:
243:
240:
239:
231:
230:
224:
223:
206:
203:Climate change
194:
190:
182:
178:
171:
167:
121:stoichiometric
109:photosynthesis
81:
78:carbon dioxide
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7272:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7235:
7227:
7226:
7223:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7191:Nitrification
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7166:
7165:
7162:
7158:
7155:
7154:
7153:
7150:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7116:
7113:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7095:
7094:
7091:
7090:
7088:
7084:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7048:
7042:
7039:
7035:
7032:
7031:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
6998:
6995:
6994:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6977:Mineral cycle
6975:
6973:
6972:Mercury cycle
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6936:
6933:
6932:
6930:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6913:
6908:
6906:
6901:
6899:
6894:
6893:
6890:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6875:
6871:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6827:
6824:
6819:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6770:
6768:
6766:
6764:
6762:
6758:
6753:
6747:
6739:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6690:
6687:
6681:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6656:
6649:
6646:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6606:
6603:
6598:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6573:(2): GB2017.
6572:
6568:
6564:
6557:
6555:
6551:
6545:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6525:
6518:
6515:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6500:9780199591091
6496:
6492:
6485:
6483:
6481:
6479:
6477:
6475:
6471:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6425:(6956): 365.
6424:
6420:
6416:
6409:
6406:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6378:Harvey, Fiona
6373:
6370:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6342:Harvey, Fiona
6337:
6334:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6294:
6287:
6284:
6278:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6246:
6243:
6232:on 2018-10-03
6228:
6224:
6217:
6210:
6207:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6175:
6172:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6116:
6113:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6064:
6061:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6009:
6006:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5958:
5955:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5923:
5920:
5915:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5812:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5779:
5776:
5771:
5765:
5761:
5754:
5751:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5703:
5700:
5695:
5688:
5685:
5680:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5631:
5629:
5625:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5593:
5590:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5570:(1): 97–122.
5569:
5565:
5558:
5555:
5550:
5546:
5539:
5536:
5528:
5527:
5519:
5516:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5427:
5424:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5376:
5373:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5337:
5334:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5276:
5269:
5266:
5261:
5254:
5251:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5207:
5204:
5199:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5150:
5147:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5115:
5112:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5069:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5025:
5022:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4990:
4987:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4941:(1): GB1005.
4940:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4910:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4861:
4858:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
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4817:
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4809:
4803:
4800:
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4791:
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4783:
4779:
4775:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4757:
4753:
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4738:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4706:
4703:
4697:
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4688:
4684:
4680:
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4672:
4665:
4662:
4656:
4651:
4647:
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4639:
4635:
4631:
4624:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
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4581:
4578:
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4569:
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4549:
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4533:
4529:
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4506:
4502:
4498:
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4490:
4486:
4479:
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4468:
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4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4441:
4438:
4433:
4431:9783642060168
4427:
4423:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4398:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4332:on 2017-12-07
4331:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
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4273:
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4226:
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4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4167:
4156:on 2022-11-25
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4120:
4117:
4105:
4101:
4095:
4092:
4087:
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4073:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4044:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4031:
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4027:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3982:
3979:
3967:
3965:0-85403-617-2
3961:
3954:
3953:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3878:
3874:
3870:
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3861:
3850:
3846:
3839:
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3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3804:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3752:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3734:9780123858740
3730:
3726:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3677:Oceans portal
3672:
3667:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3613:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3585:
3583:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3501:
3497:
3485:
3474:Human impacts
3473:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3462:, the carbon
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3436:
3432:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3349:
3344:
3342:
3337:
3335:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3320:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3264:
3263:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3196:
3195:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3078:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3044:Methane cycle
3040:
3039:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:Calcium cycle
2965:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2899:nitrification
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2835:Sequestration
2833:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2800:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2739:interglacials
2736:
2731:
2727:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2688:
2686:
2680:
2671:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2633:
2626:
2624:
2607:
2602:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2566:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2524:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2507:
2487:
2466:
2453:
2440:
2432:
2424:
2411:
2402:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2363:
2349:
2340:
2337:
2329:
2316:
2307:
2304:
2296:
2283:
2274:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2243:
2236:
2232:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2190:
2188:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2146:
2138:
2129:
2123:
2113:
2108:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2088:
2082:
2075:
2073:
2055:
2038:
2029:
2023:
2001:
1992:
1972:
1963:
1957:
1943:
1930:
1917:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1884:
1858:
1849:
1843:
1829:
1816:
1803:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1733:
1724:
1718:
1696:
1687:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1620:
1618:
1611:
1599:
1591:
1584:
1582:
1559:
1551:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1506:
1495:
1477:
1472:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1452:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1425:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1362:
1357:
1344:
1341:
1336:
1328:
1323:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1292:
1285:
1283:
1266:
1261:
1253:
1248:
1232:
1219:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1187:
1180:
1178:
1158:
1145:
1126:
1118:
1099:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1052:carbonic acid
1040:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1015:phytoplankton
1012:
1008:
1003:
1001:
993:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
957:
955:
947:
923:
915:
913:
909:
887:
886:nucleic acids
883:
882:carbohydrates
879:
875:
864:
858:Marine carbon
857:
848:
843:
841:
836:
834:
829:
828:
826:
825:
819:
809:
808:
807:
806:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
744:
737:
736:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
702:Marine cycles
700:
699:
695:
690:
689:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
664:
661:
659:
656:
655:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
636:
631:
630:
620:
617:
616:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
597:
592:
591:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
541:
538:
537:
536:
533:
532:
528:
523:
522:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
491:
486:
485:
475:
472:
470:
467:
466:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
451:
446:
443:
441:
438:
437:
433:
428:
427:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
398:
395:
394:
393:
390:
389:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
343:
339:
334:
333:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
302:
297:
296:
288:
285:
283:
282:Boreal forest
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
249:
242:
241:
237:
233:
232:
229:
225:
221:
220:
217:
214:
212:
204:
200:
188:
175:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
95:
91:
87:
79:
74:
72:
68:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
38:
32:
19:
7255:Carbon cycle
7024:Sulfur cycle
7019:Silica cycle
6992:Oxygen cycle
6949:
6935:Carbon cycle
6836:
6832:
6826:
6783:
6779:
6746:cite journal
6703:
6699:
6689:
6662:
6658:
6648:
6615:
6611:
6605:
6570:
6566:
6534:
6531:Oceanography
6530:
6517:
6490:
6422:
6418:
6408:
6397:. Retrieved
6386:The Guardian
6385:
6372:
6361:. Retrieved
6350:The Guardian
6349:
6336:
6303:
6299:
6286:
6259:
6255:
6245:
6234:. Retrieved
6227:the original
6222:
6209:
6187:(1): 18–27.
6184:
6180:
6174:
6125:
6121:
6115:
6078:
6074:
6063:
6022:
6018:
6008:
5970:(2): 90–97.
5967:
5963:
5957:
5932:
5928:
5922:
5887:
5883:
5840:(7–9): 529.
5837:
5833:
5789:
5785:
5778:
5759:
5753:
5712:
5708:
5702:
5693:
5687:
5644:
5640:
5602:
5598:
5592:
5567:
5563:
5557:
5544:
5538:
5525:
5518:
5493:
5489:
5437:
5433:
5426:
5385:
5381:
5375:
5350:
5346:
5336:
5285:
5281:
5268:
5259:
5253:
5220:
5216:
5206:
5163:
5159:
5149:
5124:
5120:
5114:
5092:(1): 18–27.
5089:
5085:
5039:
5035:
5024:
4999:
4995:
4989:
4938:
4934:
4921:
4874:
4870:
4860:
4822:(1): 11–37.
4819:
4815:
4808:Doney, Scott
4802:
4777:
4773:
4719:
4715:
4705:
4678:
4674:
4664:
4637:
4633:
4623:
4590:
4586:
4580:
4535:
4531:
4488:
4484:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4403:
4397:
4362:
4358:
4334:. Retrieved
4330:the original
4325:
4316:
4283:
4279:
4272:
4253:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4158:. Retrieved
4154:the original
4133:
4129:
4119:
4108:. Retrieved
4103:
4094:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4064:. Retrieved
4060:
4051:
4042:
3996:
3992:
3981:
3971:November 17,
3969:. Retrieved
3951:
3929:. Retrieved
3925:
3916:
3905:. Retrieved
3901:
3892:
3881:. Retrieved
3877:the original
3872:
3863:
3852:. Retrieved
3848:
3838:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3724:
3625:Ganges River
3609:
3597:
3590:
3589:
3564:foraminifera
3557:
3552:
3548:
3529:
3522:
3521:
3477:
3431:supersatured
3416:
3399:
3357:
3171:ozone–oxygen
3083:Other cycles
2991:Marine cycle
2972:Silica cycle
2943:assimilation
2938:Sulfur cycle
2931:assimilation
2921:Oxygen cycle
2914:assimilation
2894:human impact
2827:
2805:Carbon cycle
2737:compared to
2722:
2692:
2676:
2638:
2627:
2510:
2249:
2224:
2200:
2173:
2134:
2092:
2076:
1953:carbohydrate
1887:
1839:carbohydrate
1661:heterotrophs
1632:
1625:
1624:
1596:
1585:
1418:). This CaCO
1401:
1393:
1382:
1297:
1286:
1195:hydrogen ion
1192:
1181:
1069:Sea surface
1045:
1030:
1029:
1004:
997:
973:
958:
919:
910:
870:
540:Martin curve
527:Carbon pumps
454:Calvin cycle
408:Black carbon
346:Total carbon
287:Geochemistry
256:
228:Carbon cycle
215:
187:fossil fuels
176:
133:
98:
75:
62:carbon cycle
49:
45:
43:
7140:viral shunt
7130:soil carbon
7125:carbon sink
7029:Water cycle
6729:10871/18939
6106:10871/20993
5311:10261/52596
4061:www.ipcc.ch
3902:www.ipcc.ch
3617:Mississippi
3508:Overfishing
3484:fossil fuel
3448:lithosphere
3407:blue carbon
3365:degradation
3018:viral shunt
2850:soil carbon
2840:carbon sink
2823:terrestrial
2818:atmospheric
2784:Water cycle
2776:Water cycle
2745:Degradation
2646:Susquehanna
2207:Henry's law
2135:Before the
1078:climatology
976:bicarbonate
604:Carbon sink
567:Viral shunt
557:Marine snow
413:Blue carbon
267:Deep carbon
262:Atmospheric
252:Terrestrial
86:blue whales
7249:Categories
7009:Rock cycle
6967:Iron cycle
6399:2019-12-07
6363:2019-12-07
6236:2017-11-24
5935:(6): 450.
4902:1993/34767
4877:: 102319.
4336:2017-11-28
4160:2019-12-10
4110:2017-11-26
4088:: S56–S57.
4066:2017-11-26
3931:2017-11-30
3907:2017-11-30
3883:2017-11-30
3854:2017-11-30
3691:References
3655:, and the
3623:, and the
3545:speciation
2959:Rock cycle
2659:greenhouse
2255:weathering
2211:solubility
2195:See also:
2145:atmosphere
2128:shelf seas
2105:See also:
2101:Atmosphere
1649:conjugated
1636:autotrophy
984:alkalinity
577:Whale pump
572:Jelly pump
552:Lipid pump
277:Permafrost
245:By regions
117:phosphorus
7157:acid rain
7062:GEOTRACES
6786:: 15347.
6640:130687109
6597:1944-9224
6509:823163766
6449:1476-4687
6394:0261-3077
6358:0261-3077
6201:2153-3490
6150:0036-8075
5992:0036-8733
5914:1939-5590
5862:0002-9599
5647:: 10796.
5547:. Tulsa:
5462:0091-7613
5418:205243485
5245:2662-138X
5166:: 26931.
5068:1866-3508
4973:1912/3415
4951:CiteSeerX
4640:: 75–85.
4408:CiteSeerX
4389:1939-5590
4204:0036-8075
4015:1866-3508
3787:0036-8075
3743:827935936
3657:Tocantins
3468:volcanoes
3464:outgassed
3458:into the
3456:subducted
3444:limestone
3279:GEOTRACES
3247:acid rain
3161:manganese
2704:sediments
2661:warming.
2608:−
2575:⟶
2395:−
2361:⟶
1987:⟶
1644:picomolar
1610:community
1514:⇀
1507:−
1496:−
1489:↽
1478:−
1412:aragonite
1363:−
1350:⟶
1345:−
1267:−
1241:⟶
1199:hydronium
1138:⟶
1011:exudation
980:carbonate
67:inorganic
7234:Category
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