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of these materials types is the beverage container. The material types used for beverage containers accordingly provide different advantages and disadvantages, depending on the material used. Ceramic (glass) containers are optically transparent, impervious to the passage of carbon dioxide, relatively inexpensive, and are easily recycled, but are also heavy and fracture easily. Metal (aluminum alloy) is relatively strong, is a good barrier to the diffusion of carbon dioxide, and is easily recycled. However, the cans are opaque, expensive to produce, and are easily dented and punctured. Polymers (polyethylene plastic) are relatively strong, can be optically transparent, are inexpensive and lightweight, and can be recyclable, but are not as impervious to the passage of carbon dioxide as aluminum and glass.
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1694:), while the alloys of the other three metals have been relatively recently developed. Due to the chemical reactivity of these metals, the electrolytic extraction processes required were only developed relatively recently. The alloys of aluminium, titanium and magnesium are also known and valued for their high strength to weight ratios and, in the case of magnesium, their ability to provide electromagnetic shielding. These materials are ideal for situations where high strength to weight ratios are more important than bulk cost, such as in the aerospace industry and certain automotive engineering applications.
588:
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857:, that partly describe a body of matter or radiation. It states that the behavior of those variables is subject to general constraints common to all materials. These general constraints are expressed in the four laws of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics describes the bulk behavior of the body, not the microscopic behaviors of the very large numbers of its microscopic constituents, such as molecules. The behavior of these microscopic particles is described by, and the laws of thermodynamics are derived from,
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1296:– are usually seen in crystalline form. The vast majority of commercial glasses contain a metal oxide fused with silica. At the high temperatures used to prepare glass, the material is a viscous liquid which solidifies into a disordered state upon cooling. Windowpanes and eyeglasses are important examples. Fibers of glass are also used for long-range telecommunication and optical transmission. Scratch resistant Corning
172:. Materials science still incorporates elements of physics, chemistry, and engineering. As such, the field was long considered by academic institutions as a sub-field of these related fields. Beginning in the 1940s, materials science began to be more widely recognized as a specific and distinct field of science and engineering, and major technical universities around the world created dedicated schools for its study.
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3733:"Semiconductor Market Size, Share & COVID-19 Impact Analysis, By Component (Memory Devices, Logic Devices, Analog IC, MPU, Discrete Power Devices, MCU, Sensors, and Others), By Application (Networking & Communications, Data Processing, Industrial, Consumer Electronics, Automotive, and Government), and Regional Forecast, 2022–2029"
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1319:. This process involves the strategic addition of second-phase particles within a ceramic matrix, optimizing their shape, size, and distribution to direct and control crack propagation. This approach enhances fracture toughness, paving the way for the creation of advanced, high-performance ceramics in various industries.
545:, the effects of the crystalline arrangement of atoms is often easy to see macroscopically, because the natural shapes of crystals reflect the atomic structure. Further, physical properties are often controlled by crystalline defects. The understanding of crystal structures is an important prerequisite for understanding
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Solid materials are generally grouped into three basic classifications: ceramics, metals, and polymers. This broad classification is based on the empirical makeup and atomic structure of the solid materials, and most solids fall into one of these broad categories. An item that is often made from each
386:
The basis of materials science is studying the interplay between the structure of materials, the processing methods to make that material, and the resulting material properties. The complex combination of these produce the performance of a material in a specific application. Many features across many
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The field of materials science and engineering is important both from a scientific perspective, as well as for applications field. Materials are of the utmost importance for engineers (or other applied fields) because usage of the appropriate materials is crucial when designing systems. As a result,
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compared to silicon, it is a material of choice for high-speed electronics applications. These superior properties are compelling reasons to use GaAs circuitry in mobile phones, satellite communications, microwave point-to-point links and higher frequency radar systems. Other semiconductor materials
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are made from a fine powder of their constituents in a process of sintering with a binder. Hot pressing provides higher density material. Chemical vapor deposition can place a film of a ceramic on another material. Cermets are ceramic particles containing some metals. The wear resistance of tools is
1063:
Semiconductors, metals, and ceramics are used today to form highly complex systems, such as integrated electronic circuits, optoelectronic devices, and magnetic and optical mass storage media. These materials form the basis of our modern computing world, and hence research into these materials is of
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exhibit unique properties where their size and density remain unchanged across a range of temperatures. Cast iron is defined as an iron–carbon alloy with more than 2.00%, but less than 6.67% carbon. Stainless steel is defined as a regular steel alloy with greater than 10% by weight alloying content
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can drive the creation of new products or even new industries, but stable industries also employ materials scientists to make incremental improvements and troubleshoot issues with currently used materials. Industrial applications of materials science include materials design, cost-benefit tradeoffs
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are all part of the required knowledge of a materials engineer. Often the presence, absence, or variation of minute quantities of secondary elements and compounds in a bulk material will greatly affect the final properties of the materials produced. For example, steels are classified based on 1/10
890:
is the study of the rates at which systems that are out of equilibrium change under the influence of various forces. When applied to materials science, it deals with how a material changes with time (moves from non-equilibrium to equilibrium state) due to application of a certain field. It details
668:
Microstructure is defined as the structure of a prepared surface or thin foil of material as revealed by a microscope above 25× magnification. It deals with objects from 100 nm to a few cm. The microstructure of a material (which can be broadly classified into metallic, polymeric, ceramic and
955:
research. Materials with structure at the nanoscale often have unique optical, electronic, or mechanical properties. The field of nanomaterials is loosely organized, like the traditional field of chemistry, into organic (carbon-based) nanomaterials, such as fullerenes, and inorganic nanomaterials
407:
Structure is one of the most important components of the field of materials science. The very definition of the field holds that it is concerned with the investigation of "the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials". Materials science examines the structure of
767:
Synthesis and processing involves the creation of a material with the desired micro-nanostructure. A material cannot be used in industry if no economically viable production method for it has been developed. Therefore, developing processing methods for materials that are reasonably effective and
370:
A material is defined as a substance (most often a solid, but other condensed phases can be included) that is intended to be used for certain applications. There are a myriad of materials around us; they can be found in anything from new and advanced materials that are being developed include
1029:. Biomaterials are also used every day in dental applications, surgery, and drug delivery. For example, a construct with impregnated pharmaceutical products can be placed into the body, which permits the prolonged release of a drug over an extended period of time. A biomaterial may also be an
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and applies fundamental condensed matter concepts to complex multiphase media, including materials of technological interest. Current fields that materials physicists work in include electronic, optical, and magnetic materials, novel materials and structures, quantum phenomena in materials,
339:
material science field focused on addressing materials from the macro-level and on the approach that materials are designed on the basis of knowledge of behavior at the microscopic level. Due to the expanded knowledge of the link between atomic and molecular processes as well as the overall
1724:. Modern day electronics run on semiconductors, and the industry had an estimated US$ 530 billion market in 2021. Its electronic properties can be greatly altered through intentionally introducing impurities in a process referred to as doping. Semiconductor materials are used to build
2053:
Components with higher strength to weight ratios, transistors that operate at higher frequency, lower cost of display screens in mobile devices, storing hydrogen for fuel cell powered cars, filtration systems, longer-lasting and faster-charging batteries, sensors to diagnose diseases
463:
Atomic structure deals with the atoms of the materials, and how they are arranged to give rise to molecules, crystals, etc. Much of the electrical, magnetic and chemical properties of materials arise from this level of structure. The length scales involved are in angstroms
1119:
With continuing increases in computing power, simulating the behavior of materials has become possible. This enables materials scientists to understand behavior and mechanisms, design new materials, and explain properties formerly poorly understood. Efforts surrounding
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composite) can strongly influence physical properties such as strength, toughness, ductility, hardness, corrosion resistance, high/low temperature behavior, wear resistance, and so on. Most of the traditional materials (such as metals and ceramics) are microstructured.
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Materials science evolved, starting from the 1950s because it was recognized that to create, discover and design new materials, one had to approach it in a unified manner. Thus, materials science and engineering emerged in many ways: renaming and/or combining existing
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The study of thermodynamics is fundamental to materials science. It forms the foundation to treat general phenomena in materials science and engineering, including chemical reactions, magnetism, polarizability, and elasticity. It explains fundamental tools such as
598:
Materials, which atoms and molecules form constituents in the nanoscale (i.e., they form nanostructures) are called nanomaterials. Nanomaterials are the subject of intense research in the materials science community due to the unique properties that they exhibit.
561:, which uses diffraction patterns of polycrystalline samples with a large number of crystals, plays an important role in structural determination. Most materials have a crystalline structure, but some important materials do not exhibit regular crystal structure.
602:
Nanostructure deals with objects and structures that are in the 1 – 100 nm range. In many materials, atoms or molecules agglomerate to form objects at the nanoscale. This causes many interesting electrical, magnetic, optical, and mechanical properties.
352:, generally classified into three distinct groups: ceramics, metals, and polymers. The prominent change in materials science during the recent decades is active usage of computer simulations to find new materials, predict properties and understand phenomena.
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Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 and 1000 nanometers (10 meter), but is usually 1 nm – 100 nm. Nanomaterials research takes a materials science based approach to
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is important in the study of kinetics as this is the most common mechanism by which materials undergo change. Kinetics is essential in processing of materials because, among other things, it details how the microstructure changes with application of heat.
210: – investigating materials, products, structures or components, which fail or do not function as intended, causing personal injury or damage to property. Such investigations are key to understanding, for example, the causes of various
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are now focusing on combining computational methods with experiments to drastically reduce the time and effort to optimize materials properties for a given application. This involves simulating materials at all length scales, using methods such as
482:
To obtain a full understanding of the material structure and how it relates to its properties, the materials scientist must study how the different atoms, ions and molecules are arranged and bonded to each other. This involves the study and use of
1895:, and the materials scientists or engineers must be aware and make use of the methods of the physicist, chemist and engineer. Conversely, fields such as life sciences and archaeology can inspire the development of new materials and processes, in
688:), vacancies, interstitial atoms or substitutional atoms. The microstructure of materials reveals these larger defects and advances in simulation have allowed an increased understanding of how defects can be used to enhance material properties.
549:. Examples of crystal defects consist of dislocations including edges, screws, vacancies, self inter-stitials, and more that are linear, planar, and three dimensional types of defects. New and advanced materials that are being developed include
528:
Crystallography is the science that examines the arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids. Crystallography is a useful tool for materials scientists. One of the fundamental concepts regarding the crystal structure of a material includes the
1459:. Plastics and rubber are the final product, created after one or more polymers or additives have been added to a resin during processing, which is then shaped into a final form. Plastics in former and in current widespread use include
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nonequilibrium physics, and soft condensed matter physics. New experimental and computational tools are constantly improving how materials systems are modeled and studied and are also fields when materials physicists work in.
573:, not possessing any long-range order in their atomic arrangements. The study of polymers combines elements of chemical and statistical thermodynamics to give thermodynamic and mechanical descriptions of physical properties.
1356:(RCC), the light gray material, which withstands re-entry temperatures up to 1,510 °C (2,750 °F) and protects the Space Shuttle's wing leading edges and nose cap. RCC is a laminated composite material made from
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approaches. Thus, there remain close relationships with these fields. Conversely, many physicists, chemists and engineers find themselves working in materials science due to the significant overlaps between the fields.
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and 1/100 weight percentages of the carbon and other alloying elements they contain. Thus, the extracting and purifying methods used to extract iron in a blast furnace can affect the quality of steel that is produced.
335:, which funded a series of university-hosted laboratories in the early 1960s, "to expand the national program of basic research and training in the materials sciences." In comparison with mechanical engineering, the
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cost-efficient is vital to the field of materials science. Different materials require different processing or synthesis methods. For example, the processing of metals has historically defined eras such as the
642:(UFP) often are used synonymously although UFP can reach into the micrometre range. The term 'nanostructure' is often used, when referring to magnetic technology. Nanoscale structure in biology is often called
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properties of materials, the design of materials came to be based on specific desired properties. The materials science field has since broadened to include every class of materials, including ceramics,
1455:
are chemical compounds made up of a large number of identical components linked together like chains. Polymers are the raw materials (the resins) used to make what are commonly called plastics and
1013:. They are often intended or adapted for medical applications, such as biomedical devices which perform, augment, or replace a natural function. Such functions may be benign, like being used for a
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1555:, ABS). Such plastics are valued for their superior strengths and other special material properties. They are usually not used for disposable applications, unlike commodity plastics.
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materials, used in building space vehicles enabling the exploration of space. Materials science has driven, and been driven by, the development of revolutionary technologies such as
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in a vacuum chamber, and cured-pyrolized to convert the furfuryl alcohol to carbon. To provide oxidation resistance for reusability, the outer layers of the RCC are converted to
557:. Mostly, materials do not occur as a single crystal, but in polycrystalline form, as an aggregate of small crystals or grains with different orientations. Because of this, the
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and other additives that it accepts. The term "additives" in polymer science refers to the chemicals and compounds added to the polymer base to modify its material properties.
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departments are involved in materials research. Materials research covers a broad range of topics; the following non-exhaustive list highlights a few important research areas.
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departments, reflecting the 19th and early 20th-century emphasis on metals and ceramics. The growth of material science in the United States was catalyzed in part by the
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and its putative derivative metallurgy, materials science is one of the oldest forms of engineering and applied science. Modern materials science evolved directly from
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Specialty plastics are materials with unique characteristics, such as ultra-high strength, electrical conductivity, electro-fluorescence, high thermal stability, etc.
533:, which is the smallest unit of a crystal lattice (space lattice) that repeats to make up the macroscopic crystal structure. Most common structural materials include
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2298:, future use as programmable matter in display technologies (TV, projection), optical data communications (high-speed data transmission), medicine (laser scalpel)
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Other examples can be seen in the "plastic" casings of television sets, cell-phones and so on. These plastic casings are usually a composite material made up of a
264:, which itself evolved from the use of fire. A major breakthrough in the understanding of materials occurred in the late 19th century, when the American scientist
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Applications range from structural elements such as steel-reinforced concrete, to the thermal insulating tiles, which play a key and integral role in NASA's
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Callister, Jr., Rethwisch. Materials
Science and Engineering – An Introduction (8th ed.)uildings and cars to spacecraft. The main classes of materials are
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and tensile strength of the steel is related to the amount of carbon present, with increasing carbon levels also leading to lower ductility and toughness.
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Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is widely used, inexpensive, and annual production quantities are large. It lends itself to a vast array of applications, from
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Besides material characterization, the material scientist or engineer also deals with extracting materials and converting them into useful forms. Thus
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makes up the largest portion both by quantity and commercial value. Monocrystalline silicon is used to produce wafers used in the semiconductor and
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1565:(PE) is a cheap, low friction polymer commonly used to make disposable bags for shopping and trash, and is considered a commodity plastic, whereas
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Macrostructure is the appearance of a material in the scale millimeters to meters, it is the structure of the material as seen with the naked eye.
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1573:(UHMWPE) is an engineering plastic which is used extensively as the glide rails for industrial equipment and the low-friction socket in implanted
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The dividing lines between the various types of plastics is not based on material but rather on their properties and applications. For example,
1001:
Biomaterials can be derived either from nature or synthesized in a laboratory using a variety of chemical approaches using metallic components,
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Improved insulation, insulative glass if it can be made clear, sleeves for oil pipelines, aerospace, high-heat & extreme cold applications
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468:). The chemical bonding and atomic arrangement (crystallography) are fundamental to studying the properties and behavior of any material.
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Lohaus, S. H.; Heine, M.; Guzman, P.; Bernal-Choban, C. M.; Saunders, C. N.; Shen, G.; Hellman, O.; Broido, D.; Fultz, B. (2023-07-27).
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Engineering ceramics are known for their stiffness and stability under high temperatures, compression and electrical stress. Alumina,
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The main branches of materials science stem from the four main classes of materials: ceramics, metals, polymers and composites.
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A. Navrotsky (1998). "Energetics and
Crystal Chemical Systematics among Ilmenite, Lithium Niobate, and Perovskite Structures".
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devices like vacuum tubes in most applications. Semiconductor devices are manufactured both as single discrete devices and as
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Callister, Jr., Rethwisch. "Materials
Science and Engineering – An Introduction" (8th ed.). John Wiley and Sons, 2009 pp.5–6
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1748:(ICs), which consist of a number—from a few to millions—of devices manufactured and interconnected on a single semiconductor
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are a traditional example of these types of materials. They are materials that have properties that are intermediate between
1352:, which is used to protect the surface of the shuttle from the heat of re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere. One example is
1300:
is a well-known example of the application of materials science to drastically improve the properties of common components.
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and performance. The understanding of processing -structure-properties relationships is called the materials paradigm. This
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on the nanoscale, i.e., the particle is between 0.1 and 100 nm in each spatial dimension. The terms nanoparticles and
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1634:. An iron-carbon alloy is only considered steel if the carbon level is between 0.01% and 2.00% by weight. For steels, the
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are related to the physical properties of a material. Important elements of modern materials science were products of the
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998:. Biomaterials science encompasses elements of medicine, biology, chemistry, tissue engineering, and materials science.
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Callister, Jr., Rethwisch. "Materials
Science and Engineering – An Introduction" (8th ed.). John Wiley and Sons, 2009
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Callister, Jr., Rethwisch. "Materials
Science and Engineering – An Introduction" (8th ed.) John Wiley and Sons, 2009
1541:. Its fabrication and processing are simple and well-established. The versatility of PVC is due to the wide range of
1803:-diagram visualizing the search terms for complex matter terminology (1940–2018). Green: "materials science", red: "
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A 6 μm diameter carbon filament (running from bottom left to top right) sitting atop the much larger human hair
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is the way materials scientists examine the structure of a material. This involves methods such as diffraction with
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on the nanoscale, i.e., the diameter of the tube is between 0.1 and 100 nm; its length could be much greater.
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derived from cemented carbides with the metal phase of cobalt and nickel typically added to modify properties.
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to achieve desirable electronic properties. Hence, semiconductors form the basis of the traditional computer.
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Beverage containers of all three materials types: ceramic (glass), metal (aluminum), and polymer (plastic).
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Iterative Design of
Teaching-Learning Sequences: Introducing the Science of Materials in European Schools
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on the nanoscale, i.e., only the thickness of the surface of an object is between 0.1 and 100 nm.
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In describing nanostructures, it is necessary to differentiate between the number of dimensions on the
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the rate of various processes evolving in materials including shape, size, composition and structure.
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Materials science is a highly active area of research. Together with materials science departments,
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1422:. These additions may be termed reinforcing fibers, or dispersants, depending on their purpose.
2699:"What's in a Name Change? Solid State Physics, Condensed Matter Physics, and Materials Science"
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There are also relatively broad focuses across materials on specific phenomena and techniques.
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Ceramics can be significantly strengthened for engineering applications using the principle of
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6480:
6460:
6346:
6229:
6194:
6164:
6121:
6058:
6043:
5955:
5846:
5323:
5204:
5133:
5123:
4968:
4893:
4726:
4546:
4527:
4508:
4467:
4448:
4429:
4410:
4387:
4368:
4297:
4278:
4259:
4236:
4217:
4195:
4176:
4157:
4131:
4112:
4093:
3909:
3865:
3714:
3667:
3620:
3612:
3542:
3507:
3468:
3427:
3396:
3347:
3242:
3205:
3164:
3100:
3066:
3015:
2966:
2871:
2848:
2755:
2677:
2652:
2624:
2295:
2269:
1900:
1892:
1868:
1768:
1631:
1496:
1403:
1316:
1086:
995:
887:
882:
842:
484:
429:
380:
3365:
Schmidt, Jonathan; Marques, Mário R. G.; Botti, Silvana; Marques, Miguel A. L. (2019-08-08).
2590:
The
Language of Mineralogy: John Walker, Chemistry and the Edinburgh Medical School 1750–1800
7557:
7474:
7129:
6988:
6965:
6918:
6859:
6525:
6465:
6391:
5985:
5975:
5970:
5740:
5194:
5103:
4698:
4500:
4332:
3706:
3659:
3604:
3534:
3499:
3460:
3386:
3337:
3291:
3234:
3197:
3154:
3092:
3058:
3007:
2958:
2900:
2840:
2721:
2411:
1764:
1737:
1504:
1384:
1308:
1179:
1042:
952:
759:
The properties of a material determine its usability and hence its engineering application.
607:
477:
445:
233:
207:
104:
4355:
at The
Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) – accessed March 2007
3593:"Migrability of PVC plasticizers from medical devices into a simulant of infused solutions"
676:
of a material is physically impossible. For example, any crystalline material will contain
7415:
7371:
7366:
7260:
7236:
7070:
7033:
6886:
6876:
6759:
6545:
6455:
6401:
6301:
6179:
6174:
6023:
5919:
5891:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5826:
5796:
5357:
4758:
4688:
4683:
4632:
3945:
2781:
2401:
2396:
2340:
2209:
2151:
1994:
1953:
1876:
1837:
1785:
1781:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1608:
1388:
1304:
1289:
1022:
961:
846:
570:
512:
488:
114:
5896:
5658:
2935:
Callister, Jr., Rethwisch. Materials
Science and Engineering – An Introduction (8th ed.)
685:
537:
and hexagonal lattice types. New and advanced materials that are being developed include
4496:
4328:
3655:
3382:
3333:
3287:
3150:
3047:"The effect of microstructure on the mechanical properties of two-phase titanium alloys"
2717:
1623:) make up the largest proportion of metals today both by quantity and commercial value.
7299:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7222:
7218:
7201:
7158:
7089:
6950:
6945:
6930:
6742:
6660:
6475:
6430:
6408:
6296:
6141:
6111:
6106:
5313:
5298:
5262:
4361:
4252:
4150:
3367:"Recent advances and applications of machine learning in solid-state materials science"
3269:"Microwave transmission through a two-dimensional, isotropic, left-handed metamaterial"
3238:
3084:
2503:
2436:
2231:
1998:
1896:
1639:
1419:
1364:
1183:
944:
812:
735:
655:
643:
542:
534:
441:
392:
388:
387:
length scales impact material performance, from the constituent chemical elements, its
277:
188:
5514:
3487:
3448:
3096:
3062:
2511:
92:
7585:
7504:
7393:
7349:
7074:
6908:
6903:
6896:
6774:
6048:
6005:
5911:
5886:
5781:
4401:
Giacovazzo, C; Monaco HL; Viterbo D; Scordari F; Gilli G; Zanotti G; Catti M (1992).
4145:
3679:
3639:
3503:
3464:
3408:
3176:
3114:
2806:
2733:
2205:
1709:
1703:
1687:
1548:
1492:
1484:
1464:
1395:
1297:
1234:
1067:
925:
866:
792:
582:
550:
538:
372:
336:
309:
269:
100:
4058:
3556:
3027:
2649:
Polymer
Fillers and Stiffening Agents: Applications and Non-traditional Alternatives
783:. Chemical and physical methods are also used to synthesize other materials such as
17:
7381:
7231:
7146:
7122:
7112:
7104:
7005:
6940:
6839:
6688:
6510:
6214:
6169:
6126:
5816:
5791:
5745:
5440:
3046:
2497:
2363:
2240:
2125:
2092:
1627:
1562:
1538:
1488:
1460:
1415:
1292:) as a fundamental building block. Ceramics – not to be confused with raw, unfired
1195:
1094:
631:
565:
display varying degrees of crystallinity, and many are completely non-crystalline.
425:
349:
3694:
3608:
3159:
3134:
4504:
4481:
O'Keeffe, M.; Hyde, B.G. (1996). "Crystal Structures; I. Patterns and Symmetry".
3710:
3526:
2752:
A History of Technoscience: Erasing the Boundaries between Science and Technology
256:
are historic, if arbitrary examples. Originally deriving from the manufacture of
6779:
6239:
6204:
5924:
5806:
5237:
4849:
4763:
4576:
4545:. Oxford: Oxford University Press & International Union of Crystallography.
4445:
Theory of Neutron Scattering from Condensed Matter; Volume 1: Neutron Scattering
4209:
3538:
3342:
3317:
2774:
2451:
2371:
2278:
2265:
2108:
1860:
materials science is an increasingly important part of an engineer's education.
1713:
1620:
1542:
1500:
1472:
1411:
1207:
1097:, etc. The study of these materials involves knowledge of materials science and
1090:
1026:
1014:
973:
913:
830:
729:
554:
376:
313:
285:
240:
The material of choice of a given era is often a defining point. Phases such as
192:
157:
138:
4491:(12). Washington, DC: Mineralogical Society of America, Monograph Series: 899.
3663:
1569:(MDPE) is used for underground gas and water pipes, and another variety called
1153:
7405:
6530:
6520:
6234:
6199:
6068:
5836:
5831:
5252:
4733:
4622:
4464:
Theory of Neutron Scattering from Condensed Matter; Volume 2: Condensed Matter
3391:
3366:
2725:
2531:
2493:
2441:
2367:
2335:
2160:
2139:
1817:
1729:
1691:
1664:
1616:
1591:
1211:
1006:
779:
769:
281:
261:
245:
196:
169:
165:
4352:
3718:
3671:
3616:
3511:
3472:
3400:
3318:"Composite Medium with Simultaneously Negative Permeability and Permittivity"
3168:
3070:
2970:
2852:
2355:
There are additionally broadly applicable, materials independent, endeavors.
1345:. These are structured materials composed of two or more macroscopic phases.
7467:
6769:
6634:
6381:
6250:
6101:
6000:
5546:
5063:
4716:
4693:
3591:
Bernard, L.; Cueff, R.; Breysse, C.; Décaudin, B.; Sautou, V. (2015-05-15).
2620:
2406:
2225:
2016:
1872:
1841:
1777:
1643:
1612:
1574:
1551:
would be normally considered an engineering plastic (other examples include
1534:
1480:
1380:
1372:
1191:
1038:
1034:
1030:
957:
956:
based on other elements, such as silicon. Examples of nanomaterials include
948:
909:
892:
817:
796:
751:
745:
723:
530:
345:
241:
175:
Materials scientists emphasize understanding how the history of a material (
149:
4386:(2nd ed.). Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
4214:
The New Science of Strong Materials or Why You Don't Fall Through the Floor
3624:
3351:
3191:
3019:
1436:
1333:
1260:
187:
is used to advance understanding in a variety of research areas, including
3316:
Smith, D. R.; Padilla, WJ; Vier, DC; Nemat-Nasser, SC; Schultz, S (2000).
3201:
3089:
Crystalline Imperfections: Key Topics in Materials Science and Engineering
7489:
6219:
5990:
5766:
5761:
5587:
5577:
5435:
4807:
4337:
4312:
3958:
3883:
3225:
Morhardt, Duncan R.; Mauney, Joshua R.; Estrada, Carlos R. (2019-01-01),
2946:
2698:
2305:
2259:
2102:
2036:
1656:
1635:
1376:
1357:
987:
854:
800:
773:
465:
417:
249:
184:
130:
6602:
2962:
1767:(GaAs) is the second most popular semiconductor used. Due to its higher
7509:
5939:
5689:
4748:
2828:
2814:
2810:
2255:
2074:
1932:
1867:
to describe the physical properties of materials. It is a synthesis of
1864:
1756:
1452:
1431:
1277:
1255:
1230:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1002:
994:
A biomaterial is any matter, surface, or construct that interacts with
905:
850:
788:
784:
673:
562:
517:
421:
341:
305:
257:
153:
97:
3295:
3011:
2904:
2844:
391:, and macroscopic features from processing. Together with the laws of
6485:
6015:
5821:
3190:
Kärger, Jörg; Ruthven, Douglas M.; Theodorou, Doros N. (2012-04-25).
2143:
2134:
1961:
1883:, and materials science. Materials physics is considered a subset of
1679:
1660:
1456:
834:
741:
301:
297:
293:
4313:"The role of materials science in the evolution of microelectronics"
660:
408:
materials from the atomic scale, all the way up to the macro scale.
141:
field of finding uses for materials in other fields and industries.
4152:
Why Things Break: Understanding the World by the Way It Comes Apart
4011:"Pentagon Developing Shape-Shifting 'Transformers' for Battlefield"
2588:
5934:
5901:
5851:
5735:
5720:
3002:
2802:
2221:
2113:
1725:
1651:
1604:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1476:
1443:
1435:
1360:
1332:
1281:
1259:
1226:
1052:
983:
977:
930:
929:
816:
659:
586:
566:
516:
413:
361:
332:
319:
Before the 1960s (and in some cases decades after), many eventual
289:
227:
113:
91:
1650:
can significantly change these properties, however. In contrast,
7484:
3267:
Shelby, R. A.; Smith D.R.; Shultz S.; Nemat-Nasser S.C. (2001).
1552:
1407:
1293:
1198:, etc.), and analytic methods (characterization methods such as
826:
273:
6606:
6254:
5693:
4822:
4580:
3426:(10th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. p. 12.
1341:
Another application of materials science in industry is making
821:
A phase diagram for a binary system displaying a eutectic point
366:
The materials paradigm represented in the form of a tetrahedron
7494:
4818:
3938:
2118:
Building skyscrapers, towers, and sculptures like Europe Gate
710:
Materials exhibit myriad properties, including the following.
399:
materials scientists aim to understand and improve materials.
29:
4567:
MS&T conference organized by the main materials societies
4566:
1740:, among their many uses. Semiconductor devices have replaced
521:
Crystal structure of a perovskite with a chemical formula ABX
3231:
Encyclopedia of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
144:
The intellectual origins of materials science stem from the
4526:(2nd ed.). Mineola, New York: Dover Publications Inc.
2186:
Hypothetical, experiments, some prototypes, few commercial
1166:
in industrial production of materials, processing methods (
776:
and is studied under the branch of materials science named
3693:
Chen, Xianhua; Liu, Lizi; Liu, Juan; Pan, Fusheng (2015).
3531:
MILCOM 2005 – 2005 IEEE Military Communications Conference
2651:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 31.
3985:"Researchers One Step Closer to Building Synthetic Brain"
2601:
from the original on 2015-09-03 – via Academia.edu.
1276:
Another application of materials science is the study of
503:
are also involved in the study of bonding and structure.
148:, when researchers began to use analytical thinking from
4524:
Introduction to the Theory of Thermal Neutron Scattering
4484:
Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – Crystalline Materials
4277:. New York: Wiley-Interscience, John Wiley & Son's.
3790:. Construction Digital. 15 November 2011. Archived from
2984:
Cristina Buzea; Ivan Pacheco & Kevin Robbie (2007).
2077:; Hypothetical and experiments for higher temperatures
4294:
Chambers Dictionary of Materials Science and Technology
4059:"'Quantum dots' to boost performance of mobile cameras"
2986:"Nanomaterials and Nanoparticles: Sources and Toxicity"
1085:
This field also includes new areas of research such as
951:
and synthesis, which have been developed in support of
4090:
Materials: engineering, science, processing and design
3959:"Carbon nanotubes used to make batteries from fabrics"
2073:
systems for mobile phone base stations; prototypes in
1626:
Iron alloyed with various proportions of carbon gives
3045:
Filip, R; Kubiak, K; Ziaja, W; Sieniawski, J (2003).
4088:
Ashby, Michael; Hugh Shercliff; David Cebon (2007).
2024:
Synthetic diamond and carbon nanotubes (Buckypaper)
7426:
7187:
7103:
7024:
6974:
6850:
6793:
6669:
6564:
6501:
6429:
6345:
6317:
6289:
6150:
6082:
6014:
5948:
5910:
5754:
5728:
5586:
5570:
5522:
5286:
5228:
5147:
5072:
4999:
4892:
4879:
4707:
4676:
4645:
4615:
4128:
Materials Science and Engineering – An Introduction
3135:"Computational thermodynamics and its applications"
2868:
Ion Exchange Materials: Properties and Applications
4360:
4251:
4149:
3422:Callister, William D.; Rethwish, David G. (2018).
4250:Lewis, P.R.; Reynolds, K. & Gagg, C. (2003).
3910:"Strides in Materials, but No Invisibility Cloak"
3640:"A thermodynamic explanation of the Invar effect"
3424:Materials Science and Engineering an Introduction
2827:Goodenough, John B.; Kim, Youngsik (2009-08-28).
1984:Lighter and cheaper wires, antistatic materials,
1383:to convert the resin to carbon, impregnated with
118:Six classes of conventional engineering materials
3091:, ASM International, pp. 1–12, 2021-10-01,
569:, some ceramics, and many natural materials are
4216:(eissue ed.). Princeton University Press.
4190:González-Viñas, W. & Mancini, H.L. (2004).
4175:(4th ed.). Taylor and Francis Publishing.
4173:Introduction to the Thermodynamics of Materials
2672:Psillos, Dimitris; Kariotoglou, Petros (2015).
2542:List of emerging materials science technologies
1670:Other significant metallic alloys are those of
1440:The repeating unit of the polymer polypropylene
202:Materials science is also an important part of
4424:Green, D.J.; Hannink, R.; Swain, M.V. (1989).
4107:Askeland, Donald R.; Pradeep P. Phulé (2005).
1667:are typically also added in stainless steels.
1222:, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), etc.).
1122:integrated computational materials engineering
1021:with a more interactive functionality such as
455:Structure is studied in the following levels.
6618:
6266:
6160:Conservation and restoration of glass objects
5705:
4834:
4592:
4367:(2nd ed.). Boston: Academic Press, Inc.
3085:"Crystal Structure Defects and Imperfections"
2095:, heat-free integral circuits and processors
2080:Copper wire, semiconductor integral circuits
1418:have been added for added strength, bulk, or
8:
4254:Forensic Materials Engineering: Case Studies
4233:Composite Materials: Engineering and Science
3866:"Applications of Graphene under Development"
3233:, Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 315–330,
2484:The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
1840:; recombining from the previous, as well as
4231:Mathews, F.L. & Rawlings, R.D. (1999).
3987:. Daily Tech. 25 April 2011. Archived from
3488:"Crack deflection processes—II. Experiment"
2083:No loss conductors, frictionless bearings,
1690:have been known for a long time (since the
6625:
6611:
6603:
6273:
6259:
6251:
5712:
5698:
5690:
4889:
4841:
4827:
4819:
4599:
4585:
4577:
4109:The Science & Engineering of Materials
3051:Journal of Materials Processing Technology
2829:"Challenges for Rechargeable Li Batteries"
2237:Potential applications of carbon nanotubes
2194:Wide range, e.g., self-health monitoring,
1911:
4363:Space Groups for Scientists and Engineers
4336:
3788:"Sto AG, Cabot Create Aerogel Insulation"
3486:Faber, K. T.; Evans, A. G. (1983-04-01).
3447:Faber, K. T.; Evans, A. G. (1983-04-01).
3390:
3341:
3158:
3001:
2474:Association for Iron and Steel Technology
179:) influences its structure, and thus the
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
4037:"Intel: Programmable matter takes shape"
1795:
1755:Of all the semiconductors in use today,
1571:ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene
1152:
43:This article includes a list of general
4092:(1st ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann.
2579:
1507:. Plastics are generally classified as
1350:Space Shuttle thermal protection system
6471:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
5621:Electrical and electronics engineering
3948:. Nae.edu. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
3597:International Journal of Pharmaceutics
3449:"Crack deflection processes—I. Theory"
2214:Hypothetical, experiments, diffusion,
2130:Hypothetical, experiments, diffusion
2041:Hypothetical, experiments, diffusion,
2009:New materials; nuclear weapons, power
1937:Hypothetical, experiments, diffusion,
1921:Potentially marginalized technologies
1448:Expanded polystyrene polymer packaging
4426:Transformation Toughening of Ceramics
4130:(5th ed.). John Wiley and Sons.
4111:(5th ed.). Thomson-Engineering.
3939:NAE Website: Frontiers of Engineering
3846:from the original on 2 September 2013
2947:"Are Crystal Structures Predictable?"
2817:.. John Wiley and Sons, 2009 pp.10–12
1824:departments; splitting from existing
129:field of researching and discovering
7:
7540:
5654:
4796:
4192:An Introduction to Materials Science
4017:from the original on 5 February 2011
3836:"Could graphene be the new silicon?"
2870:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. xi.
2745:
2743:
2642:
2640:
2557:Materials science in science fiction
2069:Cryogenic receiver front-end (CRFE)
7564:
5664:
4126:Callister, Jr., William D. (2000).
2676:. Dordrecht: Springer. p. 79.
2418:Related or interdisciplinary fields
3884:"The 'new age' of super materials"
3239:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.65845-2
2552:List of materials analysis methods
2547:List of materials science journals
2283:Research, experiments, prototypes
2107:Experiments, already used to make
2065:High-temperature superconductivity
2058:Potential applications of graphene
1978:Research, experiments, prototypes
1495:. Rubbers include natural rubber,
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
4275:Mechanical Properties of Ceramics
3814:"Is graphene a miracle material?"
3743:from the original on 11 June 2023
3527:"IPV6 BEnefits to the Warfighter"
3227:"Role of Biomaterials in Surgery"
3193:Diffusion in Nanoporous Materials
3097:10.31399/asm.tb.ciktmse.t56020001
2945:Gavezzotti, Angelo (1994-10-01).
1049:Electronic, optical, and magnetic
938:image of carbon nanotubes bundles
825:Thermodynamics is concerned with
333:Advanced Research Projects Agency
7563:
7551:
7539:
7528:
7527:
5673:
5663:
5653:
5644:
5643:
5513:
4795:
4784:
4783:
4359:Burns, G.; Glazer, A.M. (1990).
3920:from the original on 1 July 2017
3872:from the original on 2014-09-21.
3763:"Semiconductor Industry Careers"
3034:from the original on 2012-07-03.
2754:. Oxon: Routledge. p. 225.
2562:Timeline of materials technology
2510:
2496:
1863:Materials physics is the use of
212:aviation accidents and incidents
34:
6592:Timeline of physics discoveries
6230:Radioactive waste vitrification
6185:Glass fiber reinforced concrete
4403:Fundamentals of Crystallography
3769:from the original on 2016-06-04
3571:"Explainer: What are polymers?"
2775:"For Authors: Nature Materials"
2378:Computational materials science
1788:and have various applications.
1736:(LEDs), and analog and digital
1400:acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
1115:Computational materials science
1109:Computational materials science
4194:. Princeton University Press.
2537:Forensic materials engineering
1943:Traditional insulation, glass
1828:research (itself growing into
947:, using advances in materials
438:energy-dispersive spectroscopy
1:
6892:Interface and colloid science
6646:Glossary of chemical formulae
6097:Chemically strengthened glass
4384:Elements of X-Ray Diffraction
4353:Timeline of Materials Science
3609:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.03.030
3160:10.1016/j.actamat.2020.08.008
3063:10.1016/s0924-0136(02)00248-0
2951:Accounts of Chemical Research
2866:Zagorodni, Andrei A. (2006).
2587:Eddy, Matthew Daniel (2008).
2230:Stronger, lighter materials,
1832:); pulling in relatively new
1363:cloth and impregnated with a
672:The manufacture of a perfect
348:materials, biomaterials, and
5930:Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals
4871:List of engineering branches
4505:10.1524/zkri.1997.212.12.899
3711:10.1016/j.matdes.2014.09.034
3504:10.1016/0001-6160(83)90047-0
3465:10.1016/0001-6160(83)90046-9
2165:Research, commercialization
936:scanning electron microscopy
706:List of materials properties
224:History of materials science
109:scanning electron microscopy
7169:Bioorganometallic chemistry
6656:List of inorganic compounds
6556:Quantum information science
4466:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
4447:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3539:10.1109/milcom.2005.1606007
3371:npj Computational Materials
3343:10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.4184
2750:Channell, David F. (2017).
1567:medium-density polyethylene
1058:Negative index metamaterial
869:and concepts such as phase
728:Electrical properties, see
716:Mechanical properties, see
7618:
7095:Dynamic covalent chemistry
7066:Enantioselective synthesis
7046:Physical organic chemistry
6999:Organolanthanide chemistry
6387:Classical electromagnetism
4572:MIT OpenCourseWare for MSE
4273:Wachtman, John B. (1996).
4171:Gaskell, David R. (1995).
4013:. Fox News. 10 June 2009.
3664:10.1038/s41567-023-02142-z
2697:Martin, Joseph D. (2015).
2479:Materials Research Society
2360:Materials characterization
2252:Hypothetical, experiments
1792:Relation with other fields
1701:
1584:
1429:
1371:at high temperature in an
1326:
1253:
1212:nuclear microscopy (HEFIB)
1112:
971:
923:
880:
810:
703:
664:Microstructure of pearlite
653:
580:
510:
475:
221:
7523:
6684:Electroanalytical methods
6641:
5961:Chemical vapor deposition
5882:Ultra low expansion glass
5772:Borophosphosilicate glass
5639:
5511:
4856:
4779:
4541:Young, R.A., ed. (1993).
4428:. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
4258:. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
4235:. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
3868:. understandingnano.com.
3737:Fortune Business Insights
3392:10.1038/s41524-019-0221-0
3229:, in Reis, Rui L. (ed.),
2726:10.1007/s00016-014-0151-7
2647:Defonseka, Chris (2020).
2313:Field-effect transistors
2182:Multi function structures
2087:, lossless high-capacity
1712:is a material that has a
1216:Rutherford backscattering
1127:density functional theory
750:Magnetic properties, see
722:Chemical properties, see
559:powder diffraction method
7602:Condensed matter physics
7439:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
7355:Supramolecular chemistry
6994:Organometallic chemistry
6493:Condensed matter physics
6200:Glass-reinforced plastic
5862:Sodium hexametaphosphate
4754:Condensed-matter physics
4292:Walker, P., ed. (1993).
4039:. ZD Net. 22 August 2008
3816:. BBC Click. 21 May 2011
2464:American Ceramic Society
2447:Supramolecular chemistry
2424:Condensed matter physics
1891:The field is inherently
1885:condensed matter physics
1830:condensed matter physics
1805:condensed matter physics
1420:electrostatic dispersion
1354:reinforced Carbon-Carbon
1137:, dislocation dynamics,
1103:condensed matter physics
740:Optical properties, see
734:Thermal properties, see
547:crystallographic defects
284:; the understanding and
7377:Combinatorial chemistry
7288:Food physical chemistry
7251:Environmental chemistry
7135:Bioorthogonal chemistry
7061:Retrosynthetic analysis
6882:Chemical thermodynamics
6865:Spectroelectrochemistry
6808:Computational chemistry
6092:Anti-reflective coating
5966:Glass batch calculation
5847:Photochromic lens glass
5532:Bachelor of Engineering
5374:Engineering mathematics
4462:Lovesey, S. W. (1984).
4443:Lovesey, S. W. (1984).
4407:Oxford University Press
4296:. Chambers Publishing.
3322:Physical Review Letters
3276:Applied Physics Letters
2310:Hypothetical, research
2071:RF and microwave filter
2021:Experiments, diffusion
1924:Potential applications
1239:electrolytic extraction
686:Hall–Petch relationship
424:, and various forms of
160:to understand ancient,
64:more precise citations.
7449:of element discoveries
7295:Agricultural chemistry
7283:Carbohydrate chemistry
7174:Bioinorganic chemistry
7039:Alkane stereochemistry
6984:Coordination chemistry
6813:Mathematical chemistry
6679:Instrumental chemistry
6577:Nobel Prize in Physics
6439:Relativistic mechanics
5631:Structural engineering
5626:Mechanical engineering
5369:Engineering management
4522:Squires, G.L. (1996).
4382:Cullity, B.D. (1978).
3699:Materials & Design
3533:. IEEE. pp. 1–6.
2833:Chemistry of Materials
2706:Physics in Perspective
2617:A Search for Structure
2458:Professional societies
1854:electrical engineering
1850:mechanical engineering
1812:
1600:
1449:
1441:
1338:
1273:
1158:
1060:
991:
939:
833:and their relation to
822:
665:
595:
525:
367:
272:properties related to
268:demonstrated that the
237:
119:
111:
7444:Timeline of chemistry
7341:Post-mortem chemistry
7326:Clandestine chemistry
7256:Atmospheric chemistry
7179:Biophysical chemistry
7011:Solid-state chemistry
6961:Equilibrium chemistry
6870:Photoelectrochemistry
6582:Philosophy of physics
6225:Prince Rupert's drops
6074:Transparent materials
6034:Gradient-index optics
5842:Phosphosilicate glass
5611:Aerospace engineering
5524:Engineering education
4722:Solid-state chemistry
3202:10.1002/9783527651276
2432:solid-state chemistry
2383:Materials informatics
2350:Composite engineering
2196:self-healing material
2148:metamaterial cloaking
1908:Emerging technologies
1799:
1734:light-emitting diodes
1594:
1531:electrical insulation
1447:
1439:
1336:
1272:ceramic bearing parts
1263:
1156:
1056:
981:
964:, nanocrystals, etc.
933:
859:statistical mechanics
820:
718:Strength of materials
663:
614:Nanotextured surfaces
590:
520:
497:solid-state chemistry
365:
276:structure in various
231:
181:material's properties
135:Materials engineering
117:
95:
27:Research of materials
7597:Building engineering
7434:History of chemistry
7389:Chemical engineering
7164:Bioorganic chemistry
6914:Structural chemistry
6651:List of biomolecules
6541:Mathematical physics
6190:Glass ionomer cement
6064:Photosensitive glass
5991:Liquidus temperature
5812:Fluorosilicate glass
5552:Graduate certificate
4646:Material independent
4338:10.1557/mrs.2015.276
4311:Mahajan, S. (2015).
4210:Gordon, James Edward
3842:. 13 November 2011.
3133:Liu, Zi-Kui (2020).
2613:Smith, Cyril Stanley
2452:Biomaterials science
1915:Emerging technology
1846:chemical engineering
1822:ceramics engineering
1761:electronics industry
1652:certain metal alloys
1603:The alloys of iron (
1595:Wire rope made from
1250:Ceramics and glasses
1188:thin-film deposition
684:, grain boundaries (
592:Buckminsterfullerene
329:ceramics engineering
266:Josiah Willard Gibbs
204:forensic engineering
146:Age of Enlightenment
107:planes, imaged with
18:Material engineering
7457:The central science
7411:Ceramic engineering
7336:Forensic toxicology
7309:Chemistry education
7207:Radiation chemistry
7189:Interdisciplinarity
7142:Medicinal chemistry
7080:Fullerene chemistry
6956:Microwave chemistry
6825:Molecular mechanics
6820:Molecular modelling
6516:Atmospheric physics
6355:Classical mechanics
6283:branches of physics
6210:Glass-to-metal seal
6132:Self-cleaning glass
6054:Optical lens design
5537:Bachelor of Science
5379:Engineering physics
5363:Engineering drawing
4885:Interdisciplinarity
4769:Solid-state physics
4764:Soft-matter physics
4744:Nuclear engineering
4663:Fundamental aspects
4637:Polymer engineering
4628:Ceramic engineering
4543:The Rietveld Method
4497:1997ZK....212..899K
4329:2015MRSBu..40.1079M
3916:. 8 November 2010.
3794:on 31 December 2011
3656:2023NatPh..19.1642L
3383:2019npjCM...5...83S
3334:2000PhRvL..84.4184S
3288:2001ApPhL..78..489S
3151:2020AcMat.200..745L
2963:10.1021/ar00046a004
2718:2015PhP....17....3M
2428:solid-state physics
2331:Ceramic engineering
2248:Programmable matter
2190:Composite materials
2085:magnetic levitation
2028:Programmable matter
1986:organic solar cells
1974:Conductive polymers
1881:solid state physics
1834:polymer engineering
1826:solid state physics
1809:solid state physics
1801:Google Ngram Viewer
1773:saturation velocity
1746:integrated circuits
1343:composite materials
1220:neutron diffraction
1200:electron microscopy
1099:solid-state physics
1011:composite materials
845:variables, such as
640:ultrafine particles
630:Finally, spherical
493:Solid-state physics
450:electron microscope
7500:Chemical substance
7362:Chemical synthesis
7331:Forensic chemistry
7212:Actinide chemistry
7154:Clinical chemistry
6835:Molecular geometry
6830:Molecular dynamics
6785:Elemental analysis
6738:Separation process
6572:History of physics
6195:Glass microspheres
6117:Hydrogen darkening
6039:Hydrogen darkening
5787:Chalcogenide glass
5777:Borosilicate glass
5139:Telecommunications
5044:Naval architecture
4739:Mining engineering
3944:2014-07-28 at the
3914:The New York Times
3525:Green, D. (2005).
2780:2010-08-01 at the
2595:Ashgate Publishing
2527:Bio-based material
2518:Engineering portal
2264:Wide range, e.g.,
2232:the space elevator
2174:, floating cities
2049:integrated circuit
1813:
1642:processes such as
1632:high carbon steels
1601:
1527:artificial leather
1469:polyvinyl chloride
1450:
1442:
1339:
1329:Composite material
1274:
1163:materials advances
1159:
1131:molecular dynamics
1064:vital importance.
1061:
996:biological systems
992:
940:
823:
666:
596:
526:
501:physical chemistry
434:Raman spectroscopy
368:
344:, semiconductors,
238:
120:
112:
7592:Materials science
7579:
7578:
7515:Quantum mechanics
7480:Chemical compound
7463:Chemical reaction
7401:Materials science
7319:General chemistry
7314:Amateur chemistry
7242:Photogeochemistry
7227:Stellar chemistry
7197:Nuclear chemistry
7118:Molecular biology
7085:Polymer chemistry
7056:Organic synthesis
7051:Organic reactions
7016:Ceramic chemistry
7006:Cluster chemistry
6936:Chemical kinetics
6924:Molecular physics
6803:Quantum chemistry
6716:Mass spectrometry
6600:
6599:
6587:Physics education
6536:Materials science
6503:Interdisciplinary
6461:Quantum mechanics
6248:
6247:
6165:Glass-coated wire
6137:sol–gel technique
6122:Insulated glazing
6059:Photochromic lens
6044:Optical amplifier
5996:sol–gel technique
5687:
5686:
5616:Civil engineering
5562:Licensed engineer
5557:Engineer's degree
5509:
5508:
5341:Building services
5324:Health technology
5185:Chemical reaction
5134:Signal processing
4816:
4815:
4727:Polymer chemistry
4709:Interdisciplinary
4609:materials science
4552:978-0-19-855577-3
4533:978-0-486-69447-4
4514:978-0-939950-40-9
4473:978-0-19-852017-7
4454:978-0-19-852015-3
4435:978-0-8493-6594-2
4416:978-0-19-855578-0
4393:978-0-534-55396-8
4374:978-0-12-145761-7
4323:(40): 1079–1088.
4303:978-0-550-13249-9
4284:978-0-471-13316-2
4242:978-0-8493-0621-1
4223:978-0-691-02380-9
4201:978-0-691-07097-1
4182:978-1-56032-992-3
4163:978-1-4000-4760-4
4137:978-0-471-32013-5
4118:978-0-534-55396-8
4099:978-0-7506-8391-3
3965:. 21 January 2010
3650:(11): 1642–1648.
3492:Acta Metallurgica
3453:Acta Metallurgica
3305:on June 18, 2010.
3296:10.1063/1.1343489
3248:978-0-12-813700-0
3211:978-3-527-31024-1
3106:978-1-62708-389-8
3012:10.1116/1.2815690
2905:10.1021/cm9801901
2899:(10): 2787–2793.
2877:978-0-08-044552-6
2845:10.1021/cm901452z
2761:978-1-351-97740-1
2683:978-94-007-7807-8
2658:978-3-11-066999-2
2469:ASM International
2319:
2318:
2296:Quantum dot laser
2270:synthetic biology
1927:Related articles
1893:interdisciplinary
1869:physical sciences
1769:electron mobility
1738:electric circuits
1497:styrene-butadiene
1404:calcium carbonate
1204:X-ray diffraction
1145:, and many more.
888:Chemical kinetics
883:Chemical kinetics
485:quantum chemistry
430:chemical analysis
323:departments were
321:materials science
127:interdisciplinary
123:Materials science
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
7609:
7567:
7566:
7555:
7543:
7542:
7531:
7530:
7475:Chemical element
7130:Chemical biology
6989:Magnetochemistry
6966:Mechanochemistry
6919:Chemical physics
6860:Electrochemistry
6765:Characterization
6627:
6620:
6613:
6604:
6526:Chemical physics
6466:Particle physics
6392:Classical optics
6275:
6268:
6261:
6252:
5986:Ion implantation
5741:Glass transition
5714:
5707:
5700:
5691:
5677:
5667:
5666:
5657:
5656:
5647:
5646:
5517:
5104:Electromechanics
4890:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4820:
4799:
4798:
4787:
4786:
4699:Microelectronics
4653:Characterization
4601:
4594:
4587:
4578:
4556:
4537:
4518:
4477:
4458:
4439:
4420:
4397:
4378:
4366:
4342:
4340:
4307:
4288:
4269:
4257:
4246:
4227:
4205:
4186:
4167:
4155:
4141:
4122:
4103:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3991:on 29 April 2011
3981:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3955:
3949:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3739:. 16 July 2023.
3729:
3723:
3722:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3394:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3345:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3298:. Archived from
3273:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3162:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3005:
2996:(4): MR17–MR71.
2981:
2975:
2974:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2824:
2818:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2784:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2703:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2644:
2635:
2634:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2584:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2412:Microelectronics
2210:carbon nanotubes
2152:cloaking devices
2006:Present nuclear
1912:
1765:Gallium arsenide
1505:butadiene rubber
1385:furfuryl alcohol
1317:crack deflection
1309:tungsten carbide
1237:extraction, and
1180:ion implantation
1043:organ transplant
962:carbon nanotubes
953:microfabrication
636:three dimensions
478:Chemical bonding
459:Atomic structure
446:thermal analysis
410:Characterization
381:energy materials
288:of the metallic
234:Bronze Age sword
208:failure analysis
164:observations in
162:phenomenological
105:crystallographic
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
7617:
7616:
7612:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7607:
7606:
7582:
7581:
7580:
7575:
7519:
7422:
7416:Polymer science
7372:Click chemistry
7367:Green chemistry
7261:Ocean chemistry
7237:Biogeochemistry
7183:
7099:
7071:Total synthesis
7034:Stereochemistry
7020:
6970:
6887:Surface science
6877:Thermochemistry
6846:
6789:
6760:Crystallography
6665:
6637:
6631:
6601:
6596:
6560:
6546:Medical physics
6497:
6456:Nuclear physics
6425:
6419:Non-equilibrium
6341:
6313:
6285:
6279:
6249:
6244:
6180:Glass electrode
6175:Glass databases
6152:
6146:
6084:
6078:
6010:
5944:
5920:Bioactive glass
5906:
5892:Vitreous enamel
5877:Thoriated glass
5872:Tellurite glass
5857:Soda–lime glass
5827:Gold ruby glass
5797:Cranberry glass
5750:
5724:
5718:
5688:
5683:
5635:
5582:
5566:
5542:Master's degree
5518:
5505:
5419:Instrumentation
5282:
5224:
5190:Electrochemical
5143:
5129:Radio frequency
5068:
4995:
4959:Municipal/Urban
4883:
4881:
4875:
4852:
4847:
4817:
4812:
4775:
4759:Polymer physics
4703:
4689:Surface science
4684:Crystallography
4672:
4641:
4633:Polymer science
4611:
4605:
4563:
4553:
4540:
4534:
4521:
4515:
4480:
4474:
4461:
4455:
4442:
4436:
4423:
4417:
4400:
4394:
4381:
4375:
4358:
4349:
4347:Further reading
4310:
4304:
4291:
4285:
4272:
4266:
4249:
4243:
4230:
4224:
4208:
4202:
4189:
4183:
4170:
4164:
4144:
4138:
4125:
4119:
4106:
4100:
4087:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4068:
4066:
4065:. 22 March 2010
4057:
4056:
4052:
4042:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4020:
4018:
4009:
4008:
4004:
3994:
3992:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3968:
3966:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3946:Wayback Machine
3937:
3933:
3923:
3921:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3893:
3891:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3849:
3847:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3819:
3817:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3797:
3795:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3772:
3770:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3746:
3744:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3576:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3549:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3302:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3139:Acta Materialia
3132:
3131:
3127:
3119:
3117:
3107:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3044:
3043:
3039:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2957:(10): 309–314.
2944:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2782:Wayback Machine
2773:
2769:
2762:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2646:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2492:
2460:
2420:
2402:Surface science
2397:Crystallography
2341:Polymer science
2324:
1995:Femtotechnology
1954:Amorphous metal
1910:
1877:solid mechanics
1838:polymer science
1794:
1786:gallium nitride
1782:silicon carbide
1706:
1700:
1609:stainless steel
1589:
1583:
1434:
1428:
1402:(ABS) in which
1398:matrix such as
1389:silicon carbide
1331:
1325:
1305:silicon carbide
1287:
1271:
1267:
1258:
1252:
1151:
1117:
1111:
1087:superconducting
1051:
1023:hydroxylapatite
982:The iridescent
976:
970:
928:
922:
902:
885:
879:
847:internal energy
815:
809:
765:
708:
702:
694:
658:
652:
623:Nanotubes have
585:
579:
543:single crystals
524:
515:
513:Crystallography
509:
507:Crystallography
489:quantum physics
480:
474:
461:
452:analysis, etc.
405:
383:to name a few.
358:
236:or dagger blade
226:
220:
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7615:
7613:
7605:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7584:
7583:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7573:
7561:
7549:
7537:
7524:
7521:
7520:
7518:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7471:
7470:
7460:
7453:
7452:
7451:
7441:
7436:
7430:
7428:
7424:
7423:
7421:
7420:
7419:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7398:
7397:
7396:
7386:
7385:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7359:
7358:
7357:
7346:
7345:
7344:
7343:
7338:
7328:
7323:
7322:
7321:
7316:
7305:
7304:
7303:
7302:
7300:Soil chemistry
7292:
7291:
7290:
7285:
7278:Food chemistry
7275:
7273:Carbochemistry
7270:
7268:Clay chemistry
7265:
7264:
7263:
7258:
7247:
7246:
7245:
7244:
7239:
7229:
7223:Astrochemistry
7219:Cosmochemistry
7216:
7215:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7202:Radiochemistry
7193:
7191:
7185:
7184:
7182:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7159:Neurochemistry
7156:
7151:
7150:
7149:
7139:
7138:
7137:
7127:
7126:
7125:
7120:
7109:
7107:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7097:
7092:
7090:Petrochemistry
7087:
7082:
7077:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7042:
7041:
7030:
7028:
7022:
7021:
7019:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
7002:
7001:
6991:
6986:
6980:
6978:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6951:Spin chemistry
6948:
6946:Photochemistry
6943:
6938:
6933:
6931:Femtochemistry
6928:
6927:
6926:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6900:
6899:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6873:
6872:
6867:
6856:
6854:
6848:
6847:
6845:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6816:
6815:
6805:
6799:
6797:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6756:
6755:
6750:
6743:Chromatography
6740:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6713:
6712:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6686:
6681:
6675:
6673:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6663:
6661:Periodic table
6658:
6653:
6648:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6632:
6630:
6629:
6622:
6615:
6607:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6568:
6566:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6507:
6505:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6495:
6490:
6489:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6452:
6451:
6446:
6435:
6433:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6421:
6416:
6409:Thermodynamics
6406:
6405:
6404:
6399:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6351:
6349:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6327:
6321:
6319:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6311:
6310:
6309:
6299:
6293:
6291:
6287:
6286:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6270:
6263:
6255:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6156:
6154:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6144:
6142:Tempered glass
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6112:DNA microarray
6109:
6107:Dealkalization
6104:
6099:
6094:
6088:
6086:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6020:
6018:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5981:Glass modeling
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5952:
5950:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5916:
5914:
5912:Glass-ceramics
5908:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5852:Silicate glass
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5758:
5756:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5732:
5730:
5726:
5725:
5723:science topics
5719:
5717:
5716:
5709:
5702:
5694:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5671:
5661:
5651:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5592:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5574:
5572:
5571:Related topics
5568:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5528:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5491:Sustainability
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5360:
5355:
5353:Geoengineering
5350:
5349:
5348:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5334:Rehabilitation
5331:
5329:Pharmaceutical
5326:
5321:
5316:
5314:Bioinformatics
5306:
5301:
5296:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5273:Semiconductors
5270:
5265:
5263:Nanotechnology
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5234:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5160:
5153:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5084:
5078:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5005:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4979:Transportation
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4898:
4896:
4887:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4823:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4793:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4713:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4562:
4561:External links
4559:
4558:
4557:
4551:
4538:
4532:
4519:
4513:
4478:
4472:
4459:
4453:
4440:
4434:
4421:
4415:
4398:
4392:
4379:
4373:
4356:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4308:
4302:
4289:
4283:
4270:
4264:
4247:
4241:
4228:
4222:
4206:
4200:
4187:
4181:
4168:
4162:
4146:Eberhart, Mark
4142:
4136:
4123:
4117:
4104:
4098:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4050:
4028:
4002:
3976:
3950:
3931:
3901:
3890:. 5 March 2007
3875:
3857:
3827:
3805:
3779:
3765:. 2013-09-06.
3754:
3724:
3685:
3644:Nature Physics
3630:
3603:(1): 341–347.
3583:
3562:
3547:
3517:
3498:(4): 577–584.
3478:
3459:(4): 565–576.
3439:
3432:
3414:
3357:
3328:(18): 4184–7.
3308:
3259:
3247:
3217:
3210:
3182:
3125:
3105:
3076:
3057:(1–2): 84–89.
3037:
2990:Biointerphases
2976:
2937:
2928:
2919:
2910:
2883:
2876:
2858:
2839:(3): 587–603.
2819:
2807:semiconductors
2794:
2785:
2767:
2760:
2739:
2689:
2682:
2664:
2657:
2636:
2630:978-0262191913
2629:
2604:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2507:
2504:Science portal
2491:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2437:Nanotechnology
2434:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2390:
2389:
2380:
2375:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2338:
2333:
2323:
2322:Subdisciplines
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2293:
2284:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2262:
2253:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2234:
2228:
2218:
2212:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2172:Space colonies
2169:
2166:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2081:
2078:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:Silicon-based
2045:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1999:picotechnology
1991:
1990:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1793:
1790:
1702:Main article:
1699:
1698:Semiconductors
1696:
1640:Heat treatment
1585:Main article:
1582:
1579:
1493:polycarbonates
1430:Main article:
1427:
1424:
1365:phenolic resin
1327:Main article:
1324:
1321:
1285:
1269:
1265:
1254:Main article:
1251:
1248:
1184:crystal growth
1150:
1147:
1143:finite element
1113:Main article:
1110:
1107:
1068:Semiconductors
1050:
1047:
972:Main article:
969:
966:
945:nanotechnology
924:Main article:
921:
918:
901:
898:
881:Main article:
878:
875:
867:phase diagrams
813:Thermodynamics
811:Main article:
808:
807:Thermodynamics
805:
793:semiconductors
764:
761:
757:
756:
755:
754:
748:
738:
736:Thermodynamics
732:
726:
720:
704:Main article:
701:
698:
693:
692:Macrostructure
690:
656:Microstructure
654:Main article:
651:
650:Microstructure
648:
644:ultrastructure
625:two dimensions
581:Main article:
578:
575:
522:
511:Main article:
508:
505:
476:Main article:
473:
470:
460:
457:
442:chromatography
404:
401:
393:thermodynamics
389:microstructure
357:
354:
310:semiconductors
222:Main article:
219:
216:
189:nanotechnology
103:showing seven
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7614:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7572:
7571:
7562:
7560:
7559:
7554:
7550:
7548:
7547:
7538:
7536:
7535:
7526:
7525:
7522:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7505:Chemical bond
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7469:
7466:
7465:
7464:
7461:
7458:
7454:
7450:
7447:
7446:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7431:
7429:
7425:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7403:
7402:
7399:
7395:
7394:Stoichiometry
7392:
7391:
7390:
7387:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7364:
7363:
7360:
7356:
7353:
7352:
7351:
7350:Nanochemistry
7348:
7347:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7333:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7311:
7310:
7307:
7306:
7301:
7298:
7297:
7296:
7293:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7280:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7253:
7252:
7249:
7248:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7234:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7217:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7190:
7186:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7148:
7145:
7144:
7143:
7140:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7128:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7115:
7114:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7106:
7102:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7075:Semisynthesis
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7035:
7032:
7031:
7029:
7027:
7023:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7000:
6997:
6996:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6977:
6973:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6925:
6922:
6921:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6909:Sonochemistry
6907:
6905:
6904:Cryochemistry
6902:
6898:
6897:Micromeritics
6895:
6894:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6853:
6849:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6814:
6811:
6810:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6796:
6792:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6775:Wet chemistry
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6718:
6717:
6714:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6676:
6674:
6672:
6668:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6640:
6636:
6628:
6623:
6621:
6616:
6614:
6609:
6608:
6605:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6563:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6551:Ocean physics
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6504:
6500:
6494:
6491:
6487:
6486:Modern optics
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6432:
6428:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6411:
6410:
6407:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6348:
6344:
6336:
6335:Computational
6333:
6332:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6316:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6276:
6271:
6269:
6264:
6262:
6257:
6256:
6253:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6149:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6081:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6049:Optical fiber
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6013:
6007:
6006:Vitrification
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5976:Glass melting
5974:
5972:
5971:Glass forming
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5887:Uranium glass
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5867:Soluble glass
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5782:Ceramic glaze
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5753:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5727:
5722:
5715:
5710:
5708:
5703:
5701:
5696:
5695:
5692:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5670:
5662:
5660:
5652:
5650:
5642:
5641:
5638:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5589:
5585:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5569:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5516:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5339:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5034:Manufacturing
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5024:Biomechanical
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4922:Environmental
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4902:Architectural
4900:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4878:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4855:
4851:
4844:
4839:
4837:
4832:
4830:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4658:Computational
4656:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4602:
4597:
4595:
4590:
4588:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4548:
4544:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4465:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4446:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4418:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4365:
4364:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4339:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4276:
4271:
4267:
4265:9780849311826
4261:
4256:
4255:
4248:
4244:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4154:
4153:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4114:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4003:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3935:
3932:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3902:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3793:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3584:
3572:
3566:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3548:0-7803-9393-7
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3440:
3435:
3433:9780470419977
3429:
3425:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3260:
3250:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3186:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3126:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2771:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2583:
2580:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2508:
2505:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2206:Nanomaterials
2204:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2126:Metamaterials
2124:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2093:electric cars
2090:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2003:Hypothetical
2002:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:paleoinspired
1898:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1810:
1807:" and blue: "
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1710:semiconductor
1705:
1704:Semiconductor
1697:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1688:Copper alloys
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1549:Polycarbonate
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1533:and cabling,
1532:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1489:polyurethanes
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1465:polypropylene
1462:
1458:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1433:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1416:carbon fibers
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:thermoplastic
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1335:
1330:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1298:Gorilla Glass
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1262:
1257:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1235:blast furnace
1232:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1155:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:metamaterials
1092:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
989:
985:
980:
975:
967:
965:
963:
959:
954:
950:
946:
937:
932:
927:
926:Nanomaterials
920:Nanomaterials
919:
917:
915:
911:
907:
899:
897:
894:
889:
884:
876:
874:
872:
868:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
841:. It defines
840:
836:
832:
828:
819:
814:
806:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:
775:
771:
762:
760:
753:
749:
747:
743:
739:
737:
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687:
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675:
670:
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645:
641:
637:
633:
632:nanoparticles
628:
626:
621:
619:
618:one dimension
615:
611:
609:
604:
600:
594:nanostructure
593:
589:
584:
583:Nanostructure
577:Nanostructure
576:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
551:nanomaterials
548:
544:
540:
539:nanomaterials
536:
535:parallelpiped
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270:thermodynamic
267:
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101:cuboctahedron
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7568:
7556:
7544:
7532:
7400:
7382:Biosynthesis
7232:Geochemistry
7147:Pharmacology
7123:Cell biology
7113:Biochemistry
6941:Spectroscopy
6840:VSEPR theory
6689:Spectroscopy
6633:Branches of
6535:
6511:Astrophysics
6325:Experimental
6215:Porous glass
6170:Safety glass
6127:Porous glass
6085:modification
5897:Wood's glass
5817:Fused quartz
5792:Cobalt glass
5746:Supercooling
5595:Engineering
5441:Mechatronics
5294:Agricultural
5229:
4944:Geotechnical
4912:Construction
4800:
4788:
4616:Main classes
4608:
4607:Branches of
4542:
4523:
4488:
4482:
4463:
4444:
4425:
4402:
4383:
4362:
4320:
4317:MRS Bulletin
4316:
4293:
4274:
4253:
4232:
4213:
4191:
4172:
4151:
4127:
4108:
4089:
4082:Bibliography
4067:. Retrieved
4062:
4053:
4041:. Retrieved
4031:
4019:. Retrieved
4005:
3993:. Retrieved
3989:the original
3979:
3967:. Retrieved
3962:
3953:
3934:
3922:. Retrieved
3913:
3904:
3892:. Retrieved
3887:
3878:
3860:
3848:. Retrieved
3840:The Guardian
3839:
3830:
3818:. Retrieved
3808:
3796:. Retrieved
3792:the original
3782:
3771:. Retrieved
3757:
3745:. Retrieved
3736:
3727:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3647:
3643:
3633:
3600:
3596:
3586:
3575:. Retrieved
3573:. 2017-10-13
3565:
3530:
3520:
3495:
3491:
3481:
3456:
3452:
3442:
3423:
3417:
3374:
3370:
3360:
3325:
3321:
3311:
3300:the original
3279:
3275:
3262:
3252:, retrieved
3230:
3220:
3192:
3185:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3118:, retrieved
3088:
3079:
3054:
3050:
3040:
2993:
2989:
2979:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2931:
2922:
2913:
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2892:
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2867:
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2836:
2832:
2822:
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2770:
2751:
2709:
2705:
2692:
2673:
2667:
2648:
2616:
2607:
2589:
2582:
2391:
2364:spectroscopy
2354:
2325:
2279:Quantum dots
2241:carbon fiber
2216:early uses
2215:
2089:accumulators
2043:early uses
2042:
1958:Experiments
1939:early uses
1938:
1890:
1862:
1858:
1856:; and more.
1814:
1754:
1707:
1669:
1625:
1621:alloy steels
1602:
1581:Metal alloys
1563:polyethylene
1560:
1557:
1547:
1543:plasticisers
1524:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1461:polyethylene
1451:
1412:glass fibers
1393:
1347:
1340:
1314:
1302:
1275:
1244:
1224:
1196:glassblowing
1160:
1118:
1084:
1066:
1062:
1027:hip implants
1017:, or may be
1000:
993:
968:Biomaterials
941:
903:
886:
863:
824:
777:
766:
758:
709:
695:
682:precipitates
671:
667:
635:
629:
624:
622:
617:
612:
605:
601:
597:
555:biomaterials
527:
481:
462:
454:
426:spectroscopy
406:
385:
377:biomaterials
369:
359:
356:Fundamentals
328:
324:
320:
318:
314:biomaterials
239:
201:
193:biomaterials
176:
174:
143:
134:
122:
121:
76:
67:
48:
7570:WikiProject
6795:Theoretical
6780:Calorimetry
6414:Statistical
6330:Theoretical
6307:Engineering
6240:Glass fiber
6205:Glass cloth
5949:Preparation
5925:CorningWare
5807:Flint glass
5802:Crown glass
5755:Formulation
5669:Wikiproject
5424:and Control
5414:Information
5238:Biomaterial
5168:Bioresource
5159:/Bioprocess
5157:Biochemical
5109:Electronics
4880:Specialties
4850:Engineering
4668:Informatics
4156:. Harmony.
3850:18 November
3820:18 November
3798:18 November
3705:: 360–369.
3145:: 745–792.
2893:Chem. Mater
2712:(1): 3–32.
2372:diffraction
2345:engineering
2266:claytronics
2220:Structural
2198:, morphing
2140:Microscopes
2109:Europe Gate
1981:Conductors
1897:bioinspired
1730:transistors
1714:resistivity
1518:engineering
1501:chloroprene
1473:polystyrene
1208:calorimetry
1139:phase field
1135:Monte Carlo
1091:spintronics
1089:materials,
1041:used as an
1015:heart valve
1007:bioceramics
974:Biomaterial
914:engineering
912:, and many
871:equilibrium
843:macroscopic
831:temperature
730:Electricity
286:engineering
158:engineering
139:engineering
70:August 2023
62:introducing
7586:Categories
7406:Metallurgy
7105:Biological
6671:Analytical
6531:Geophysics
6521:Biophysics
6365:Analytical
6318:Approaches
6235:Windshield
6069:Refraction
6029:Dispersion
5837:Milk glass
5832:Lead glass
5588:Glossaries
5409:Industrial
5389:Facilities
5384:Explosives
5309:Biomedical
5304:Automation
5253:Metallurgy
5163:Biological
5114:Microwaves
5074:Electrical
5019:Automotive
5001:Mechanical
4974:Structural
4939:Geological
4927:Ecological
4917:Earthquake
4734:Mineralogy
4623:Metallurgy
4405:. Oxford:
3773:2016-05-15
3577:2024-05-02
3282:(4): 489.
3254:2024-04-28
3120:2023-10-29
2569:References
2532:Bioplastic
2442:Mineralogy
2368:microscopy
2336:Metallurgy
2161:Metal foam
2133:Classical
1818:metallurgy
1742:thermionic
1716:between a
1692:Bronze Age
1665:molybdenum
1630:, mid and
1617:tool steel
1575:hip joints
1539:containers
1481:polyesters
1323:Composites
1076:insulators
1072:conductors
1045:material.
958:fullerenes
797:thin films
780:metallurgy
770:Bronze Age
763:Processing
700:Properties
325:metallurgy
282:Space Race
262:metallurgy
246:Bronze Age
197:metallurgy
177:processing
170:mineralogy
166:metallurgy
45:references
7468:Catalysis
6976:Inorganic
6770:Titration
6635:chemistry
6481:Molecular
6382:Acoustics
6375:Continuum
6370:Celestial
6360:Newtonian
6347:Classical
6290:Divisions
6102:Corrosion
6001:Viscosity
5956:Annealing
5547:Doctorate
5461:Packaging
5431:Logistics
5404:Geomatics
5365:/graphics
5258:Molecular
5248:Corrosion
5230:Materials
5210:Petroleum
5200:Molecular
5082:Broadcast
5064:Tribology
5014:Aerospace
4949:Hydraulic
4717:Chemistry
4694:Tribology
4043:2 January
3719:0261-3069
3680:260266502
3672:1745-2481
3617:0378-5173
3512:0001-6160
3473:0001-6160
3409:199492241
3401:2057-3960
3377:(1): 83.
3196:. Wiley.
3177:225430517
3169:1359-6454
3115:244023491
3071:0924-0136
3003:0801.3280
2971:0001-4842
2853:0897-4756
2734:117809375
2621:MIT Press
2574:Citations
2407:Tribology
2387:selection
2260:catalysts
2226:aluminium
2017:Fullerene
1873:chemistry
1842:chemistry
1778:germanium
1750:substrate
1722:insulator
1718:conductor
1684:magnesium
1672:aluminium
1648:tempering
1644:quenching
1613:cast iron
1535:packaging
1513:specialty
1509:commodity
1381:pyrolized
1373:autoclave
1233:methods,
1229:casting,
1192:sintering
1039:xenograft
1035:allograft
1031:autograft
1019:bioactive
986:inside a
949:metrology
910:chemistry
893:Diffusion
778:physical
752:Magnetism
746:Photonics
724:Chemistry
608:nanoscale
571:amorphous
531:unit cell
418:electrons
403:Structure
254:Steel Age
242:Stone Age
150:chemistry
131:materials
7534:Category
7490:Molecule
7427:See also
6852:Physical
6220:Pre-preg
6024:Achromat
5767:Bioglass
5762:AgInSbTe
5649:Category
5578:Engineer
5486:Software
5481:Security
5456:Ontology
5446:Military
5436:Robotics
5399:Forensic
5319:Clinical
5278:Surfaces
5268:Polymers
5243:Ceramics
5220:Reaction
5149:Chemical
5087:Computer
5009:Acoustic
4964:Offshore
4932:Sanitary
4808:Material
4790:Category
4212:(1984).
4148:(2003).
4069:16 April
4063:BBC News
4021:26 April
4015:Archived
3995:27 April
3969:27 April
3963:BBC News
3942:Archived
3924:21 April
3918:Archived
3894:27 April
3888:BBC News
3870:Archived
3844:Archived
3767:Archived
3741:Archived
3625:25796128
3557:31152759
3352:10990641
3032:Archived
3028:35457219
3020:20419892
2815:polymers
2811:ceramics
2778:Archived
2615:(1981).
2599:Archived
2490:See also
2306:Silicene
2256:Coatings
2103:LiTraCon
2037:Graphene
1871:such as
1776:include
1676:titanium
1657:chromium
1636:hardness
1520:plastics
1499:rubber,
1485:acrylics
1453:Polymers
1426:Polymers
1377:laminate
1367:. After
1358:graphite
1278:ceramics
1161:Radical
1149:Industry
1025:-coated
1003:polymers
988:nautilus
900:Research
877:Kinetics
855:pressure
801:graphene
789:ceramics
785:polymers
774:Iron Age
680:such as
563:Polymers
432:such as
422:neutrons
397:kinetics
346:magnetic
342:polymers
306:plastics
258:ceramics
250:Iron Age
185:paradigm
7546:Commons
7510:Alchemy
7026:Organic
6565:Related
6449:General
6444:Special
6302:Applied
6151:Diverse
6083:Surface
5940:Zerodur
5659:Commons
5501:Textile
5496:Systems
5466:Privacy
5451:Nuclear
5215:Process
5173:Genetic
5119:Optical
5099:Control
5092:outline
5059:Thermal
5049:Railway
4989:Railway
4984:Traffic
4907:Coastal
4866:Outline
4861:History
4749:Physics
4677:Domains
4493:Bibcode
4325:Bibcode
3747:16 July
3652:Bibcode
3379:Bibcode
3330:Bibcode
3284:Bibcode
3147:Bibcode
2714:Bibcode
2144:cameras
2075:dry ice
1933:Aerogel
1918:Status
1865:physics
1757:silicon
1471:(PVC),
1432:Polymer
1406:chalk,
1282:glasses
1256:Ceramic
1231:foundry
1176:welding
1172:rolling
1168:casting
906:physics
851:entropy
678:defects
674:crystal
472:Bonding
337:nascent
302:rubbers
232:A late
218:History
154:physics
98:diamond
58:improve
7558:Portal
6704:UV-Vis
6476:Atomic
6431:Modern
6281:Major
6153:topics
6016:Optics
5822:GeSbTe
5729:Basics
5679:Portal
5476:Survey
5471:Safety
5358:Design
5178:Tissue
5054:Sports
5039:Marine
5029:Energy
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2135:optics
1966:Armor
1962:Kevlar
1852:, and
1784:, and
1726:diodes
1680:copper
1661:Nickel
1537:, and
1503:, and
1491:, and
1477:nylons
1457:rubber
1375:, the
1369:curing
1307:, and
1290:silica
1080:doping
853:, and
835:energy
795:, and
742:Optics
414:X-rays
379:, and
312:, and
298:carbon
294:silica
292:, and
290:alloys
278:phases
274:atomic
252:, and
195:, and
156:, and
137:is an
125:is an
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6731:MALDI
6699:Raman
5935:Macor
5902:ZBLAN
5736:Glass
5721:Glass
5299:Audio
5287:Other
5205:Paper
5124:Power
4969:River
4894:Civil
3676:S2CID
3553:S2CID
3405:S2CID
3303:(PDF)
3272:(PDF)
3173:S2CID
3111:S2CID
3024:S2CID
2998:arXiv
2730:S2CID
2702:(PDF)
2222:steel
2114:Glass
1605:steel
1599:alloy
1597:steel
1587:Alloy
1361:rayon
1227:ingot
1009:, or
990:shell
984:nacre
634:have
616:have
567:Glass
541:. In
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6753:HPLC
6402:Wave
6297:Pure
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4635:and
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4260:ISBN
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4218:ISBN
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4071:2011
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4023:2011
3997:2011
3971:2011
3926:2011
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3852:2011
3822:2011
3800:2011
3749:2023
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2813:and
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1294:clay
1280:and
1074:and
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829:and
827:heat
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6726:ICP
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5599:A–L
5346:MEP
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3605:doi
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