283:. Subjects of research at the institute are the various objects within the Solar System. A major area of study concerns the Sun, its atmosphere, the interplanetary medium as influenced by the solar wind, as well as the impact of solar particles and radiation on the planets. The second area of research involves the interiors, surfaces, atmospheres, ionospheres, and magnetospheres of the planets and their moons, as well as of comets and asteroids. A further essential part of the activities at the institute is the development and construction of instruments for space missions. The analysis and interpretation of the acquired datasets are accompanied by intensive theoretical work. Physical models are proposed and then tested and further developed with the aid of computer simulations.
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537:. The Solar System School offers a three-year course of study emphasizing actual research. The curriculum covers the entire area of the Solar System from small bodies to the planets and the Sun. The goal is a broad, interdisciplinary, and solid scientific education, extended with courses in numerical physics, space technology, project management, scientific writing, and presentation techniques. There are usually about 50 graduate students studying at the Solar System School. Two thirds are from abroad from over 30 different countries. About 30 percent are women.
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314:, in which two identical spacecraft trace disturbances from the Sun to the Earth from different observational points, permitting predictions of potentially dangerous events. The physical processes involved in the origin and development of magnetic fields on the Sun take place on very small scales and therefore require measurements with very high spatial resolution. The balloon-borne telescope
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395:(SDO), which has provided improved data on small scales of space and time to study the connections between the solar interior and magnetic activity in the solar atmosphere. A particularly exciting research activity at the MPS is the study of seismic waves in the vicinity of sunspots. The goal is to probe the subsurface structure of sunspots in three dimensions.
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and renamed "Institute for
Ionosphere Research" in 1949. In 1950 the US Air Force paid for the construction of an ionospheric echolot system. The full transfer from Fraunhofer to Max Planck Society and the appointment of W. Dieminger as director followed by the transfer of the Max Planck Institute of
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on the atmospheric gases is of particular interest. Theoretical studies and intensive computer simulations help to understand the processes both inside and surrounding the planets and to interpret the measured data. Models developed at MPS can describe, for example, interactions with the solar wind,
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and causes, among other things, dark spots on the surface. Answers to the following questions are being sought: Why does the magnetic field change with an eleven-year cycle? How does the magnetic field produce the various structures on the Sun? How is the corona heated to many millions of degrees?
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The biggest changes to the institute resulted from German unification with the retraction of two of the four directors of the institute in 1998 and 2004 after the retirement of
Hagfors and Rosenbauer. The institute was renamed "Max Planck Institute of Solar System Research" in 2004 after the last
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have provided fundamentally new insights: Measurements of the ultraviolet spectrometer SUMER on board SOHO played a decisive role in recognizing the significance of the magnetic field for dynamic processes and
Ulysses measured the three-dimensional structure of the solar wind for the first time.
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H. U. Keller; C. Arpigny†; C. Barbieri; R. M. Bonnet; S. Cazesparallel; M. Coradini; C. B. Cosmovici; W. A. Delamere; W. F. Huebner; D. W. Hughes; C. Jamar; D. Malaise§; H. J. Reitsema; H. U. Schmidt; W. K. H. Schmidt; P. Seige; F. L. Whipple; K. Wilhelm (1986). "First Halley
Multicolour Camera
1480:; BĂĽhler; J. Geiss; A. G. Ghielmetti; B. E. Goldstein; R. Goldstein; W. T. Huntress; W.-H. Ip; A. J. Lazarusparallel; A. Meier; M. Neugebauer; U. Rettenmund; H. Rosenbau; R. Schwenn; R. D. Sharp; E. G. Shelley; E. Ungstrup; D. T. Young (1986). "Ion composition and dynamics at comet Halley".
621:(in cooperation with NASA) and with him a small group of scientists dedicated to work with satellites was established in Lindau. The institute was selected to build part of the instrumentation of the satellite which was launched in November 1969. The institute also built instruments for the
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the atmospheric dynamics, or the generation of the terrestrial magnetic field by means of currents deep in the iron core of our planet. In addition, the institute has along tradition in cometary research. A major highlight was the camera developed at the institute for the
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318:, built under Institute leadership and flown in June 2009, was able to make out structures on the Sun's surface as small as 100 kilometers. Future projects will stress research into the physical causes of the Sun's variations. The ambitious
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Mission, based on a suggestion from the institute, will see a probe approach our star to within a fifth of the Earth-Sun distance in order to investigate the magnetic field and its effects in the various layers of the solar atmosphere.
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754:. In 2010, it was planned to relocate it to a new building next to the university's Faculty of Physics by April 2014. The move was completed in February 2014 and the opening ceremony held on 21 May of the same year.
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The researchers at the MPS are studying the complete range of dynamic and often spectacular processes occurring on the Sun – from the interior to the outer heliosphere. At the heart of this research is the
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S. M. Krimigis; T. P. Armstrong; W. I. Axford; C. O. Bostrom; C. Y. Fan; G. Gloeckler; L. J. Lanzerotti (1977). "The Low Energy
Charged Particle (LECP) experiment on the Voyager spacecraft".
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Another important research topic at "The Sun and
Heliosphere" department is the influence on the Earth due to the Sun's variable activity. Scientists are working intensively on the project
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Kosch MJ, Hagfors T, Nielsen E (1998). "A new digital all-sky imager experiment for optical auroral studies in conjunction with the
Scandinavian twin auroral radar experiment".
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After the retirement of W. Dieminger in 1974 the focus changed from atmospheric research to space research. The institute participated in a long series of space missions like
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which delivered the first photographs ever of a comet's nucleus in 1986. A particular challenge was the development of numerous scientific instruments for the ESA Mission
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Pfotzer, G.; Ehmert, A.; Erbe, H.; Keppler, E.; Hultqvist, B.; Ortner, J. (1962). "A Contribution to the
Morphology of X-ray Bursts in the Auroral Zone Creator".
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to within a meter. Further MPS instruments identify the atoms, electrons, and dust that move around the planets and impact their moons. Here the influence of the
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is a challenging science as it requires modelling of the propagation of waves through magnetic structures; this can only be achieved by numerical simulations.
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Ehmert A.; Erbe H.; Pfotzer G.; Anger C.D.; Brown R.R. (1960). "Observation of Solar Flare
Radiation and Modulation Effects at Balloon altitudes, July 1959".
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MPS is organised in three departments: Sun and
Heliosphere, Planets and Comets, and Solar and Stellar Interiors. In addition, since 2002 there is also an
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Stratosphere Research from Weisenau near Ravensburg to Lindau and another renaming to "Max Planck Institute for Aeronomy" completed the built up.
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1934 (founded as the Luftwaffe test grounds in Rechlin/Mecklenburg) / July 1, 2004 (renamed to the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research)
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The institute develops scientific instruments that fly with spacecraft to other planets. Highly specialized cameras have investigated the
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in 2014; a few months later, Philae landed on the comet's surface. The institute has also provided the cameras for the
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already existed. The convoy arrived on the 2nd and 3 March 1946. During 1948 the radio institute of the
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programme "International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Solar System Science" together with the
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Prof. Ulrich Christensen (left), Prof. Dr. Laurent Gizon (centre) and Prof. Dr. Sami K. Solanki (right)
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The institute was leading organization in the development, construction and scientific analysis of the
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Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research in Lindau, about a year before relocating – March 2013
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The institute has led, or been involved with, several international scientific projects such as:
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was cofounder. After being renamed to the "Centre for Radio Transmission" in 1943 and moving to
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Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research / Max-Planck-Institut fĂĽr Sonnensystemforschung
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at Ried in the Innkreis. After the war an Allied commission decided to move the institute to
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Max Planck Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean
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Homepage International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Solar System Science
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1934 Ionosphären-Beobachtungsstation bei der Erprobungsstelle der Luftwaffe (
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1956 Max-Planck-Institut für Physik der Stratosphäre und der Ionosphäre (
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The instruments of the plasma experiment onboard the HELIOS solar probe
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Since 2004, the institute has published the open access review journal
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New Institute building in Göttingen, built in 2013 and occupied in 2014
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Ionosphere Observation Station at the Test Site of the German Airforce
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Erhard Keppler became the science lead in the first German satellite
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The Max Planck Society decided to move the institute closer to the
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Booklet about the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research
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1173:"Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research – New building"
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Homepage of the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research
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Max Planck Institute for Stratosphere and Ionosphere Physics
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Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research – April 2006
1548:"Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research – History"
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is the central theme for research done at this institute.
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706:. The five-day maiden flight was conducted in June 2009.
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and was responsible for most of the camera system of the
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The MPS is hosting the German Data Centre for the NASA's
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research retired. The two remaining groups, of director
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Instruments developed by MPS aboard the space- craft
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2004 Max-Planck-Institut fĂĽr Sonnensystemforschung (
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1949 Max-Planck-Institut für Ionosphärenforschung (
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1946 Fraunhoferinstitut fĂĽr Hochfrequenzforschung (
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1186:Ehmert, A. (1964). "In memoriam Julius Bartels".
860:Fraunhofer Institute for High Frequency Research
2177:Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding
888:Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research
144:Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research
28:Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research
18:Max-Planck Institute for Solar System Research
1621:
1159:"Sonnensystem-Forscher ziehen nach Göttingen"
867:Max Planck Institute for Ionospheric Research
625:as part of another Germany/NASA cooperation.
529:The MPI for Solar System Research offers the
156:Max-Planck-Institut fĂĽr Sonnensystemforschung
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1872:Comparative Public Law and International Law
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1304:"In Memoriam Walter E. Dieminger 1907–2000"
1095:(Report). Max Planck Institute. August 1981
577:in 1944, the institute was united with the
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201:, which operates 80 research facilities in
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2116:Ultrafast Imaging and Structural Dynamics
1877:Comparative and International Private Law
993:"Department: Solar and Stellar Interiors"
267:Learn how and when to remove this message
1524:"Thorsten Kleine is New Director at MPS"
1229:Dieminger, W. (1964). "Julius Bartels".
879:1957 Max-Planck-Institut fĂĽr Aeronomie (
831:(Solar and Stellar Interiors Department)
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281:International Max Planck Research School
1762:Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity
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1772:Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems
851:1942 Zentralstelle fĂĽr Funkberatung (
675:. The framing camera on board of the
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2152:Foreign and International Social Law
2096:Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences
853:Centre for Radiocommunication Advice
343:, and probe the clouds and winds of
245:adding citations to reliable sources
1722:Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics
730:and of U. Christensen dedicated to
1732:Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences
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1058:"MPS Projects and Research Teams"
1036:"Dawn Spacecraft and Instruments"
951:"Department: Sun and Heliosphere"
881:Max Planck Institute for Aeronomy
2469:Research institutes in Göttingen
2459:Astrophysics research institutes
1747:Study of Crime, Security and Law
1443:Review of Scientific Instruments
972:"Department: Planets and Comets"
817:(Sun and Heliosphere Department)
738:form the present-day Institute.
591:Technical University of Hannover
217:
824:(Planets and Comets Department)
744:Living Reviews in Solar Physics
2091:Molecular and Cellular Biology
1767:Dynamics and Self-Organization
1115:imaging results from Giotto".
351:will survey the topography of
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1837:Immunobiology and Epigenetics
1797:Friedrich Miescher Laboratory
553:The institute was founded by
1882:Social Law and Social Policy
1737:Research on Collective Goods
804:1977–2004 Helmut Rosenbauer
687:was built at the institute.
2342:Christiane NĂĽsslein-Volhard
1897:Mathematics in the Sciences
387:Helio- and Asteroseismology
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2464:Space programme of Germany
2418:Max Planck Digital Library
2147:Experimental Endocrinology
2058:Ernst StrĂĽngmann Institute
1982:Molecular Plant Physiology
1952:Physics of Complex Systems
1947:Chemical Physics of Solids
1927:Multidisciplinary Sciences
1867:Tax Law and Public Finance
1852:Innovation and Competition
1782:Chemical Energy Conversion
758:Directors of the institute
393:Solar Dynamics Observatory
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1657:Evolutionary Anthropology
597:was transferred from the
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182:. The exploration of the
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2167:Physics and Astrophysics
1962:Extraterrestrial Physics
1932:Neurobiology of Behavior
1917:Terrestrial Microbiology
1832:Science of Human History
932:(Report). Archived from
794:Sir (William) Ian Axford
710:director concerned with
2086:Heart and Lung Research
1977:Plant Breeding Research
1817:Heart and Lung Research
1742:Colloids and Interfaces
1697:Biological Intelligence
1385:10.1029/JZ067i002p00575
1350:10.1029/JZ065i009p02685
1231:Die Naturwissenschaften
783:1965–1971 Alfred Ehmert
752:University of Göttingen
535:University of Göttingen
287:The Sun and heliosphere
88:Prof. Dr. Laurent Gizon
2411:Kaiser Wilhelm Society
2366:Emmanuelle Charpentier
2172:Psychological Research
1922:Microstructure Physics
1887:European Legal History
1792:Neuroscience (Florida)
1752:Biological Cybernetics
1682:Art History (Florence)
839:Names of the institute
834:2021– Thorsten Kleine
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595:Kaiser Wilhelm Society
557:, who was head of the
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2454:Max Planck Institutes
2132:Behavioral Physiology
2051:Associated institutes
2042:Sustainable Materials
2032:Solar System Research
1812:Gravitational Physics
1802:Fritz Haber Institute
1707:Molecular Biomedicine
1400:Space Science Reviews
1188:Space Science Reviews
822:Ulrich R. Christensen
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704:high-altitude balloon
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374:Churyumov-Gerasimenko
197:MPS is a part of the
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2081:Evolutionary Biology
2037:Solid State Research
2017:Security and Privacy
1972:Molecular Physiology
1787:Evolutionary Biology
1757:Demographic Research
1592:51.56028°N 9.94944°E
702:, that hangs from a
579:Fraunhofer institute
241:improve this section
1912:Marine Microbiology
1857:Intelligent Systems
1662:Social Anthropology
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1494:1986Natur.321..330B
1455:1998RScI...69..578K
1412:1977SSRv...21..329K
1377:1962JGR....67..575P
1342:1960JGR....65.2685E
1243:1964NW.....51..229D
1200:1964SSRv....3....2E
1129:1986Natur.321..320K
694:. The telescope is
692:sunrise (telescope)
569:from 1934 onwards.
406:Scientific projects
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2294:Klaus von Klitzing
2111:Organismal Biology
2022:Study of Societies
1822:History of Science
1807:Molecular Genetics
1677:Art History (Rome)
1638:Max Planck Society
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1014:"SOHO Instruments"
912:2015-08-21 at the
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599:Fraunhofer Society
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2125:Former institutes
2101:Molecular Biology
2002:Psycholinguistics
1842:Infection Biology
1827:Human Development
1702:Biology of Ageing
1597:51.56028; 9.94944
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722:dedicated to the
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2235:Martin Stratmann
2074:research schools
2027:Software Systems
1992:Polymer Research
1942:Science of Light
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1967:Nuclear Physics
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815:Sami K. Solanki
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696:solar telescope
651:Cassini-Huygens
561:test center at
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2019:
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2007:Quantum Optics
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1558:External links
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1528:www.mps.mpg.de
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826:
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788:Georg Pfotzer
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707:
705:
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688:
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685:asteroid belt
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665:Venus Express
663:
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639:
638:
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632:
626:
624:
623:Helios probes
620:
611:
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588:
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572:
571:Erich Regener
568:
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470:Venus Express
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419:
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414:Solar Orbiter
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320:Solar Orbiter
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226:This section
224:
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68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
2390:Svante Pääbo
2354:Gerhard Ertl
2324:Bert Sakmann
2312:Robert Huber
2270:Feodor Lynen
2264:Karl Ziegler
2243:(since 2023)
2223:Hubert Markl
2157:Neurobiology
2142:Cell Biology
2031:
1687:Biochemistry
1672:Astrophysics
1573:
1542:
1531:. Retrieved
1527:
1518:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1312:. Retrieved
1308:the original
1298:
1287:. Retrieved
1280:the original
1267:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1167:
1153:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1099:November 12,
1097:. Retrieved
1087:
1076:. Retrieved
1066:
1052:
1042:November 12,
1040:. Retrieved
1030:
1020:November 12,
1018:. Retrieved
1008:
998:November 12,
996:. Retrieved
987:
977:November 12,
975:. Retrieved
966:
956:November 12,
954:. Retrieved
945:
934:the original
921:
902:
887:
880:
873:
866:
859:
852:
845:
749:
742:
740:
716:Stratosphere
708:
689:
673:Comet Halley
662:Mars Express
655:
649:
635:
629:
627:
616:
552:
528:
520:
509:
495:
488:Mars Express
481:
463:
453:
439:
433:
412:
409:
390:
381:Dawn Mission
330:
290:
278:
263:
254:
239:Please help
227:
196:
184:Solar System
168:astrophysics
147:
143:
141:
105:Affiliations
42:Abbreviation
2330:Erwin Neher
2300:Ernst Ruska
2237:(2014–2023)
2231:(2002–2014)
2229:Peter Gruss
2225:(1996–2002)
2219:(1990–1996)
2213:(1984–1990)
2211:Heinz Staab
2207:(1972–1984)
2205:Reimar LĂĽst
2201:(1960–1972)
2195:(1948–1960)
2162:Ornithology
1937:Ornithology
1907:Meteorology
1892:Mathematics
1847:Informatics
1595: /
1237:(10): 229.
800:Tor Hagfors
728:heliosphere
700:ultraviolet
575:Leobersdorf
450:Chandrayaan
441:BepiColombo
364:spacecraft
349:BepiColumbo
170:located in
2448:Categories
2186:Presidents
1997:Psychiatry
1712:Biophysics
1648:Institutes
1580:51°33′37″N
1533:2023-03-31
1478:K. Altwegg
1314:2010-04-20
1289:2010-04-20
1194:(1): 2–4.
1078:2022-11-12
895:References
820:2002–2020
807:1977–2007
798:1992–1998
792:1974–1990
786:1965–1977
777:1951–1975
771:1955–1964
720:S. Solanki
712:Ionosphere
357:solar wind
2193:Otto Hahn
1727:Chemistry
1667:Astronomy
1583:9°56′58″E
1510:120316933
1216:121100572
1145:120631677
559:Luftwaffe
257:July 2020
228:does not
172:Göttingen
164:astronomy
75:, Germany
73:Göttingen
50:Formation
1428:53624333
910:Archived
907:'Neubau'
679:mission
583:Freiburg
492:Mars DFG
460:Herschel
209:Research
66:Location
2137:Biology
1957:Physics
1490:Bibcode
1451:Bibcode
1408:Bibcode
1373:Bibcode
1338:Bibcode
1239:Bibcode
1196:Bibcode
1125:Bibcode
732:planets
698:in the
683:to the
657:Rosetta
642:Cluster
637:Ulysses
631:Galileo
601:to the
565:at the
563:Rechlin
541:History
511:Galileo
502:Cluster
497:Cassini
483:Rosetta
474:SMART-1
455:Phoenix
446:Exomars
435:Ulysses
422:Sunrise
397:Sunspot
370:Rosetta
353:Mercury
316:Sunrise
307:Ulysses
249:removed
234:sources
203:Germany
176:Germany
158:) is a
123:Website
114:Staff
2398:(2023)
2392:(2022)
2386:(2021)
2380:(2021)
2374:(2020)
2368:(2020)
2362:(2014)
2356:(2007)
2350:(2005)
2344:(1995)
2338:(1995)
2332:(1991)
2326:(1991)
2320:(1988)
2314:(1988)
2308:(1988)
2302:(1986)
2296:(1985)
2290:(1984)
2284:(1973)
2278:(1967)
2272:(1964)
2266:(1963)
2260:(1954)
1508:
1482:Nature
1426:
1259:698823
1257:
1214:
1143:
1117:Nature
1038:. NASA
1016:. NASA
827:2011–
813:1999–
736:comets
567:MĂĽritz
516:Giotto
506:Helios
426:STEREO
366:Giotto
333:Saturn
312:STEREO
180:Lindau
152:German
1506:S2CID
1424:S2CID
1283:(PDF)
1276:(PDF)
1255:S2CID
1212:S2CID
1141:S2CID
937:(PDF)
930:(PDF)
581:from
478:SOFIA
345:Venus
337:Titan
335:moon
1101:2022
1044:2022
1022:2022
1000:2022
979:2022
958:2022
734:and
726:and
714:and
681:Dawn
677:NASA
646:SOHO
619:Azur
514:and
465:Dawn
430:SOHO
378:NASA
341:Mars
305:and
303:SOHO
232:any
230:cite
166:and
142:The
132:.mpg
130:.mps
58:Type
1498:doi
1486:321
1459:doi
1416:doi
1381:doi
1346:doi
1247:doi
1204:doi
1133:doi
1121:321
724:Sun
671:to
531:PhD
418:SDO
362:ESA
298:Sun
243:by
162:in
148:MPS
134:.de
128:www
118:320
45:MPS
2450::
1526:.
1504:.
1496:.
1484:.
1457:.
1447:69
1445:.
1422:.
1414:.
1404:21
1402:.
1379:.
1369:67
1367:.
1344:.
1334:65
1332:.
1253:.
1245:.
1235:51
1233:.
1210:.
1202:.
1190:.
1139:.
1131:.
1119:.
747:.
660:,
654:,
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644:,
640:,
634:,
518:.
508:,
504:,
500:,
494:,
490:,
486:,
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1500::
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1465:.
1461::
1453::
1430:.
1418::
1410::
1387:.
1383::
1375::
1352:.
1348::
1340::
1317:.
1292:.
1261:.
1249::
1241::
1218:.
1206::
1198::
1192:3
1175:.
1161:.
1147:.
1135::
1127::
1103:.
1081:.
1060:.
1046:.
1024:.
1002:.
981:.
960:.
890:)
883:)
876:)
869:)
862:)
855:)
848:)
270:)
264:(
259:)
255:(
251:.
237:.
20:)
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