180:
1515:
he opines, however, that this cannot be the main cause of this phenomenon, as it did not affect the entirety of the Polish speaking area, in spite of the conditions being the same everywhere. It must therefore be posited that it was only one of the causes of mazuration, a prerequisite but not a
1604:
does not have mazuration, it has long been (usually) considered an inferior pronunciation. Those who wanted to rid their speech of this feature did not know which words should be pronounced using the postalveolar sounds – which were foreign to them – unless they heard it from a speaker with
964:
leaving only two series of sibilants. The two earlier soft affricates depalatalized as in the other dialects. Significantly, the new dentialveolars, continuing earlier postalveolars, are now also hard, as in the non-masurating dialects, so always follows them, not (but see below).
1434:
to unpalatalized, while in the latter case the loss of such a distinct feature caused them to coalesce together with the dentialveolars. The different treatment in different dialects could then perhaps be explained by an older difference in the pronunciation of that series.
1214:
Several hypotheses have been put forth to explain the origin of mazuration. Very heated discussions on this subject took place in Polish academic circles from 1947 into the 1950s. Naturally the question of dating, which was discussed even more, is very closely connected.
1528:
did not happen everywhere at the same time, he posits that in areas where dialects which had already undergone the change (innovative dialects) neighbored dialects which still had the older pronunciation (archaic dialects), the archaic dialects wanted to introduce this
833:
happened around the 16th century. In non-mazurating dialects the resultant system was as described at the beginning of this section. In mazurating dialects the system was instead simplified, and the postalveolar sibilants merged completely with the dentialveolars:
565:). On the contrary, the alveolo-palatal series is considered soft (palatal or palatalized) and can be followed by but never by . These two sounds are nowadays usually analyzed as separate phonemes, but until recently they were considered
1519:
A unique theory proposed by Kuryłowicz also states that the origin of mazuration is connected to the aforementioned depalatalization, but in a different way. Namely, taking into account the fact that the change
166:
In this article terms such as "non-mazurating", "without mazuration" are taken to refer to dialects which have a three way distinction among sibilants, as does
Standard Polish. Technically dialects with e.g.
45:
2261:
972:: in most dialects, both mazurating and not, this sound shifted to around the 18th century. In dialects without mazuration this caused its merger with former original
2796:
1000:
in devoicing positions (at the end of the utterance, adjacent to voiceless sounds and in some dialects always at word end). The changing of every modern
1533:
themselves (as the change was an innovation it had a tendency to spread). But these dialects, not finding suitable sounds to reproduce the new sounds
588:
To fully understand not only the phenomenon itself, but to be able to discuss its origins and chronology it is necessary to look at the phonological
2082:
2059:
3217:
2806:(1934). "Nowe materiały do mieszania szeregów s..., ś..., š..., Prawo identyfikacji i dyferencjacji "wyobrażeń niedostatecznie różnych"".
2255:
2051:
932:
881:
722:
657:
518:
453:
3107:
2935:
2240:
1710:
Occasionally a mazurating pronunciation of words made its way to the literary standard and became normative. Affected words include
3154:
3138:
3083:
3067:
3031:
3009:
2956:
2318:
955:
904:
752:
715:
687:
650:
548:
483:
802:
1826:
is commonly discussed together with mazuration as possibly stemming from the same causes (see above in the "Causes" section).
2193:
1373:
745:
680:
511:
446:
925:
874:
708:
504:
439:
179:
128:
runs from north-east to south-west. It may have originated between the 14th and 16th centuries in the
Masovian dialect.
2165:
1894:*s, *z, *c and *š, *ž, *č, while the other works seem to represent a dialect (or dialects) which merged those sounds.
1372:
It is often considered (first by linguist Halina
Koneczna) that mazuration is directly linked to the abovementioned
2017:
1550:
673:
643:
570:
558:
541:
476:
132:
1909:
1377:
948:
897:
852:
762:
738:
621:
534:
469:
417:
377:
3130:
2611:
2600:
2310:
2244:
1312:
3222:
1842:
1813:
993:
1466:
were not distinct enough from each other, and so the majority of dialects merged two of them. This would put
1015:
Below are some examples which showcase the differences between mazurating and non-mazurating pronunciation:
845:
607:
403:
373:
84:
3212:
2970:
Kuraszkiewicz, Władysław (1982). "Szkic mazurzącej ruskiej gwary wsi Zajęczniki na wschód od
Drohiczyna".
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1504:
1484:
as parallel processes, with the same cause, just different result. This hypothesis was first put forth by
1463:
1459:
1455:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1281:
1253:
1249:
1139:
1121:
1005:
1001:
997:
989:
985:
973:
969:
830:
826:
807:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
614:
582:
410:
381:
88:
73:
63:
1223:
2086:
1969:
1905:
1891:
1557:
1237:
1493:
592:. Below is the system as it looked like from around the 13th century until the 16th century (see also:
1303:), and spread from there. This is consistent with the accounts that the phenomenon began somewhere in
3186:
3075:
2732:
581:). For earlier (pre-modern) stages of Polish and must be considered allophones of a single phoneme
1228:
3146:
3059:
3023:
2877:
2803:
2778:
1870:
1817:
1512:
1485:
1396:
912:
861:
695:
630:
491:
426:
389:
385:
70:
66:
2781:(1927). "Język jako zjawisko pamięciowe (Prawo identyfikacji wyobrażeń niedostatecznie różnych)".
2790:
2672:
2656:
2645:
2629:
1850:
1830:
1508:
1345:
145:
106:
feature is observed in dialects of
Masuria and Masovia (Masovian dialect), as well as in most of
55:
171:
also do not mazurate, but for the sake of simplicity this will not be discussed in the article.
781:. In contrast to Modern Polish these sounds were followed by rather than . The two affricates
3103:
2931:
2825:
2236:
2177:
1881:
1857:
1601:
1489:
1300:
941:
890:
731:
666:
589:
577:(unless palatalized labials are considered separate phonemes) and recent loanwords (see also:
527:
462:
342:
2007:
3174:
2558:
1997:
1957:
1947:
1939:
1884:
exhibited a parallel change in some of its dialects. Of the surviving material
Pfeffinger's
1846:
1787:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1241:
1240:
influence as the origin of mazuration. This hypothesis was later expanded by
Selishchev and
578:
574:
168:
138:
96:
1498:
309:
also do not mazurate. These include the eastern reaches of Lesser Poland around the rivers
3162:
2181:
2012:
1856:
A phonomenon similar to mazuration also occurs in a few areas of the
Chakavian dialect of
1606:
1308:
1009:
977:
819:
811:
761:
The principal difference from the modern system is that the postalveolar series was soft (
239:
115:
77:
59:
38:
2090:
1793:
274:
270:
1315:
is critical of the theory and asserts that
Polonizing Prussians caused the emergence of
1361:
243:
119:
2930:. Atlas Gwar Polskich. Vol. 3. Warszawa: Upowszechnianie Nauki – Oświata „UN-O”.
3206:
2265:
2201:
2173:
2153:
1450:; see below) were caused by the overloading of the Old Polish phonological system by
1292:
918:
867:
701:
636:
497:
432:
282:
215:
207:
203:
131:
The feature is linked to the process of depalatalization (reduction of the number of
107:
1348:
using similar arguments as described above for Old
Prussian, as well as prehistoric
231:
2103:
1897:
1530:
1289:
1234:
326:
2205:
1584:
could not last long causing asymmetry in the system, and likewise coalesced into
3091:
2923:
2149:
2047:
800:
Another important fact was that from around the 13th century there existed the /
322:
310:
2115:
In the history of Lower Sorbian a process similar to mazuration affected older
1835:
1430:
in mazurating dialects. In the former case these phonemes merely changed their
825:
The hardening (depalatalization) of the postalveolar series and the affricates
150:
3194:
3122:
3099:
2603:(1951). "Dzisiejszy stan sporów o pochodzenie polskiego języka literackiego".
2330:
2189:
2055:
1805:
593:
318:
290:
2002:
1901:
1874:
1862:
1644:
1311:
agrees that possible Prussian substrate should be taken into account, while
1187:
1156:
981:
815:
566:
369:
365:
362:
338:
306:
278:
103:
314:
247:
235:
2127:
were affected. The probable cause was that there also existed the phoneme
17:
2063:
1451:
1318:
1245:
562:
350:
259:
223:
2676:
2649:
2614:(1953). "Gwary polskie na substracie staropruskim i geneza mazurzenia".
1340:
Other proposals seeking to explain the origin of mazuration in terms of
372:
articulated by directing the airstream through the teeth. These are the
2660:
2633:
2535:
Selishchev, A. (1931). "Sokaniye i shokaniye v slavianskikh yazykakh".
2197:
2185:
2169:
2157:
1797:
1679:
1541:
in their own phonological system, replaced them with the known to them
1324:
1304:
1296:
302:
298:
266:
255:
227:
211:
199:
195:
111:
2953:
Zarys dialektologii południowosłowiańskiej z wyborem tekstów gwarowych
810:. Its pronunciation could be described as between and , being both a
3006:
Zarys dialektologii wschodniosłowiańskiej z wyborem tekstów gwarowych
2161:
1809:
1801:
1328:
334:
330:
294:
286:
251:
2843:
Brajerski, Tadeusz (1954). "Jak mogło powstać polskie mazurzenie?".
1649:, or simply erroneous demazuration. Examples of attested words with
2520:
Dobrzycki, Stanisław (1901). "O tzw. mazurzeniu w języku polskim".
2926:; Gala, Sławomir (2001). "17. Hiperpoprawne unikanie mazurzenia".
2043:
1288:). According to this theory mazuration was a feature of speech of
346:
219:
178:
1605:
distinction, but in other cases they made frequent mistakes. The
95:). This merger is present in many dialects, but is named for the
2231:
Stanislaw Gogolewski, "Dialectology in Poland, 1873-1997", In:
1641:
in places where they are not etymologically justified is called
1507:. Milewski adds to this also similar examples in the history of
1376:
of the postalveolar series around the 16th century, whereby the
988:
is spelled ⟨ż⟩. But in mazurating dialects there was already no
557:
The dentialveolar and postalveolar series are considered hard (
265:
Non-mazurating territories in the west include Greater Poland,
3054:(in Polish). Warszawa: Państwowe Zakłady Wydawnictw Szkolnych.
2467:
2465:
2463:
361:
Standard (or literary) Polish has three symmetrical series of
183:
Map of Polish dialects. Dialects with mazuration are shown in
2735:(1954). "Palatalizacja, dyspalatalizacja a tzw. mazurzenie".
1873:
mazuration was borrowed by the dialects of a few villages in
561:) and can be followed by , and never by (except very recent
2275:
2273:
1503:, the latter citing parallel developments in the history of
2354:
2352:
1592:(the phonemic status of in Old Polish is itself dubious).
2616:
Księga pamiątkowa 75-lecia Towarzystwa Naukowego w Toruniu
1252:
are regularly substituted by the dentialveolar fricatives
2292:
2290:
2288:
1438:
It has also been proposed that this and similar mergers (
1920:(from PS *č) have completely merged, and are pronounced
194:
Mazuration is a widespread phenomenon. It is present in
1568:
were borrowed from the new system to replace their own
2634:"Das Ostseeslavische Sprachgebiet Und Seine Ortsnamen"
2102:
Chwalim was left without any native inhabitants after
3169:(in Polish). Warsaw: Towarzystwo Naukowe Warszawskie.
1951:
1933:
3151:
Historyczna i współczesna fonologia języka polskiego
2717:Koneczna, Halina (1953). "Co to jest mazurzenie?".
2235:, by E. F. K. Koerner, A. J. Szwedek (eds.) (2001)
1784:In other Polish dialects a different merger called
1248:in Old Prussian the Polish postalveolar fricatives
3191:Dawność mazurzenia w świetle grafiki staropolskiej
3028:Zarys dialektologii języków zachodnio-słowiańskich
1890:rather consistently distinguishes the reflexes of
1360:rejects the latter two outright, as he deems them
1344:include the idea of German influence developed by
984:, this sound is spelled ⟨rz⟩, while the original
806:/ phoneme, which descended from earlier softened
1012:stemming from an attempt to imitate mazuration.
992:to begin with, so that phoneme only changed its
2783:Symbolae grammaticae in honorem I. Rozwadowski
2661:"Zur Lautlehre Der Ostseeslavischen Ortsnamen"
1269:
1257:
2495:
2471:
2442:
2418:
2406:
1932:depending on dialect. This feature is termed
996:. In these dialects also is an allophone of
226:, as well as the central Polish lands around
8:
2561:(1937). "Stosunki językowe polsko-pruskie".
2547:(in Russian). Vol. I. pp. 330–331.
2106:. It is not included in the map on the right
2076:
2037:
1885:
1821:
1785:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1650:
1642:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1445:
1439:
1414:on the non-mazurating territories, but into
1332:
1316:
1275:
1263:
136:
123:
114:. There are also some peripheral mazurating
1877:directly from neighboring Polish dialects.
392:). These are presented in the table below.
297:). Eastern Polish dialects which border on
2795:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2233:Towards a History of Linguistics in Poland
1792:happens. It is found in the dialects near
2882:Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językowego
2845:Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językowego
2737:Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językowego
2296:
2227:
2225:
1812:and causes the merger of Standard Polish
3167:Dawność tzw. mazurzenia w języku polskim
2898:
2861:
2753:
2701:
2689:
2587:
2575:
1017:
1008:, regardless of etymology, is a case of
836:
598:
573:, contrasting mostly in positions after
394:
210:except the southeast areas bordering on
135:consonants) similar to the phenomena of
2910:
2765:
2507:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2279:
2221:
2029:
3080:Gramatyka historyczna języka polskiego
3052:Gramatyka historyczna języka polskiego
2872:
2870:
2788:
2785:. Vol. I. Kraków. pp. 58–63.
2712:
2710:
2343:
1904:occurs in some other Slavic areas. In
1488:, and later endorsed and continued by
1362:impossible to either prove or disprove
388:by Western scholars, but they are not
27:Merger of sibilants in Polish dialects
2830:Grammaire comparée des langues slaves
2483:
2454:
2430:
2358:
579:Polish phonology – a relevant section
238:. A peculiarity are three mazurating
37:
7:
2665:Zeitschrift für Slavische Philologie
2638:Zeitschrift für Slavische Philologie
2522:Rozprawy Wydziału Filologicznego PAU
1596:Mazuration and the literary language
1556:as their primary feature, and their
1454:. The accustics of the three series
2131:, while there was no corresponding
1244:. It has been shown that in Polish
3179:Chronologia i przyczyny mazurzenia
2323:; with minor corrections based on
1912:. In those areas Standard Russian
25:
3050:Kuraszkiewicz, Władysław (1972).
3004:Kuraszkiewicz, Władysław (1963).
954:
947:
931:
924:
903:
896:
880:
873:
801:
751:
744:
737:
721:
714:
707:
686:
679:
672:
656:
649:
642:
594:Old Polish – section on phonology
590:history of these sounds in Polish
547:
540:
533:
517:
510:
503:
482:
475:
468:
452:
445:
438:
3195:Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich
3123:Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich
3100:Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich
2331:Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich
1740:("jug") – instead of Old Polish
1655:in Polish dialects noted in the
2148:These are: to the northwest of
2119:, but at the same time neither
159:A rarer term for mazuration is
2880:(1954). "Uwagi o mazurzeniu".
968:Also important is the fate of
569:and they are still largely in
277:, southwestern Upper Silesia,
1:
3155:Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe
3139:Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe
3121:(in Polish). Wrocław–Kraków:
3084:Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe
3068:Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe
3032:Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe
3010:Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe
2957:Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe
2524:(in Polish) (XXXII): 228–231.
2329:(in Polish). Wrocław–Kraków:
2319:Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe
1946:) if the merger is towards a
1820:into an intermediate series.
1511:. Together with Koneczna and
1364:based on historical records.
396:Non-mazurating pronunciation
81:⟨sz, ż, cz, dż⟩
3218:Slavic phonological features
3135:Zarys dialektologii polskiej
2991:Gramatyka języka połabskiego
2951:Sławski, Franciszek (1962).
2315:Zarys dialektologii polskiej
1184:"full (having eaten enough)"
2565:(in Polish) (XVIII): 21–84.
1952:
1934:
93:⟨s, z, c, dz⟩
3239:
3117:Nitsch, Kazimierz (1958).
2832:. Vol. I. p. 41.
2545:Slavianskoye Yazykoznaniye
2539:(in Russian) (X): 718–741.
2325:Nitsch, Kazimierz (1958).
2200:; and to the northwest of
1549:(apparently deeming their
571:complementary distribution
3064:Historia języka polskiego
2258:Gwary polskie: Mazurzenie
1961:
1943:
1910:Northern Russian dialects
1900:affecting only voiceless
1814:alveolopalatal consonants
1233:was the first to suggest
1186:
1155:
911:
860:
842:
838:Mazurating pronunciation
694:
629:
604:
490:
425:
400:
1657:Atlas of Polish Dialects
600:Pre-split pronunciation
258:– a single village near
186:
3153:(in Polish). Warszawa:
3137:(in Polish). Warszawa:
3082:(in Polish). Warszawa:
3066:(in Polish). Warszawa:
3030:(in Polish). Warszawa:
3008:(in Polish). Warszawa:
2955:(in Polish). Warszawa:
2607:(in Polish) (XX): 1–39.
2543:Selishchev, A. (1941).
2317:(in Polish). Warszawa:
1860:, where it is known as
1307:and spread from there.
1270:
1258:
822:still has this sound).
325:; historically part of
246:: several towns around
214:, eastern and northern
3193:(in Polish). Wrocław:
3119:Pisma dialektologiczne
3098:(in Polish). Wrocław:
2327:Pisma dialektologiczne
2077:
2038:
1988:they remain distinct.
1886:
1822:
1786:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1651:
1643:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1446:
1440:
1432:manner of articulation
1333:
1317:
1276:
1264:
341:and some areas in the
191:
137:
124:
54:is the replacement or
2989:Polański, Kazimierz.
1970:West Slavic languages
1968:affricate. Among the
1964:) if it is towards a
1558:place of articulation
1135:"before; in front of"
789:were similarly soft:
182:
35:Polish pronunciation:
3131:Urbańczyk, Stanisław
3060:Klemensiewicz, Zenon
2978:. Warszawa: 265–269.
2612:Urbańczyk, Stanisław
2601:Urbańczyk, Stanisław
2311:Urbańczyk, Stanisław
2081:. The villages are:
2042:. The villages are:
1976:changed the earlier
1898:A more narrow merger
1818:retroflex consonants
1800:and in the north in
1560:as secondary). Hard
1368:Internal development
250:, several more near
242:on the periphery of
2657:Trautmann, Reinhold
2630:Trautmann, Reinhold
2563:Slavia Occidentalis
2486:, pp. 110–112.
2457:, pp. 104–106.
2421:, pp. 104–105.
2373:, pp. 101–102.
2361:, pp. 104–105.
2282:, pp. 112–113.
1887:Vocabulaire Vandale
1871:Belarusian language
1662:Atlas Gwar Polskich
1323:in the dialects of
1224:Stanisław Dobrzycki
1160:without mazuration
839:
601:
397:
156:in other dialects.
39:[mazuˈʐɛɲɛ]
3187:Rospond, Stanisław
3076:Rospond, Stanisław
2972:Prace Filologiczne
2814:. Kraków: 175–197.
2808:Prace Filologiczne
2733:Rospond, Stanisław
2496:Kuraszkiewicz 1972
2472:Kuraszkiewicz 1972
2443:Kuraszkiewicz 1972
2419:Klemensiewicz 1985
2407:Kuraszkiewicz 1972
1851:Kashubian language
1509:Mongolic languages
837:
599:
395:
192:
122:. The boundary of
3175:Milewski, Tadeusz
3147:Stieber, Zdzisław
3034:. pp. 16–17.
3024:Stieber, Zdzisław
3012:. pp. 50–51.
2878:Kuryłowicz, Jerzy
2804:Rudnicki, Mikołaj
2779:Rudnicki, Mikołaj
2768:, pp. 10–19.
2719:Poradnik Językowy
2590:, pp. 20–21.
2578:, pp. 34–38.
2559:Milewski, Tadeusz
2346:, pp. 87–89.
2308:Map according to
2180:; to the west of
2039:Mazurzy wieleńscy
1916:(from PS *c) and
1908:it is present in
1882:Polabian language
1728:("knick-knack"),
1602:literary language
1600:Since the Polish
1516:deciding factor.
1494:Tadeusz Brajerski
1374:depalatalizations
1301:Masurian dialects
1286:⟨s⟩
1219:Foreign influence
1207:
1206:
1103:"I drive; I ride"
962:
961:
759:
758:
555:
554:
329:), areas east of
269:and the Lands of
16:(Redirected from
3230:
3198:
3182:
3170:
3163:Taszycki, Witold
3158:
3142:
3126:
3113:
3096:Dialekty polskie
3087:
3071:
3055:
3036:
3035:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2901:, p. 49–50.
2896:
2890:
2889:
2874:
2865:
2864:, p. 41–45.
2859:
2853:
2852:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2800:
2794:
2786:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2756:, p. 40–41.
2751:
2745:
2744:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2714:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2653:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2608:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2322:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2283:
2277:
2268:
2253:
2247:
2229:
2209:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2100:
2094:
2080:
2073:
2067:
2041:
2034:
2018:Depalatalization
1983:
1979:
1963:
1955:
1945:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1889:
1880:The now extinct
1847:dental sibilants
1839:
1825:
1791:
1776:– among others.
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1654:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1527:
1523:
1502:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1443:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1395:turned into the
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1342:language contact
1336:
1322:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1251:
1232:
1191:with mazuration
1141:
1123:
1018:
1007:
1003:
999:
991:
987:
975:
971:
958:
951:
944:
935:
928:
921:
907:
900:
893:
884:
877:
870:
840:
832:
828:
809:
805:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
755:
748:
741:
734:
725:
718:
711:
704:
690:
683:
676:
669:
660:
653:
646:
639:
602:
584:
551:
544:
537:
530:
521:
514:
507:
500:
486:
479:
472:
465:
456:
449:
442:
435:
398:
384:(usually called
189:
187:
154:
142:
127:
97:Masovian dialect
94:
90:
82:
75:
49:
48:
47:
41:
36:
21:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3223:Polish dialects
3203:
3202:
3201:
3185:
3173:
3161:
3145:
3129:
3116:
3110:
3090:
3074:
3058:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3039:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2888:. Kraków: 9–19.
2876:
2875:
2868:
2860:
2856:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2826:Vaillant, André
2824:
2823:
2819:
2802:
2787:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2700:
2696:
2692:, pp. 6–8.
2688:
2684:
2655:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2610:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2461:
2453:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2357:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2324:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2286:
2278:
2271:
2256:Karaś, Halina.
2254:
2250:
2230:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2204:the village of
2182:Bielsk Podlaski
2147:
2143:
2114:
2110:
2101:
2097:
2074:
2070:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2013:Sabesdiker losn
1994:
1841:is a merger of
1833:
1782:
1780:Similar mergers
1722:("marvelous"),
1609:replacement of
1598:
1496:
1378:palato-alveolar
1370:
1285:
1226:
1221:
1212:
1190:
1159:
1028:
1010:hypercorrection
978:Polish spelling
940:
917:
889:
866:
854:
847:
763:palato-alveolar
730:
700:
665:
635:
623:
616:
609:
526:
496:
461:
431:
419:
412:
405:
378:alveolo-palatal
359:
289:, areas around
185:
184:
177:
148:
92:
80:
44:
43:
42:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3236:
3234:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3183:
3171:
3159:
3143:
3127:
3114:
3108:
3088:
3072:
3056:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3015:
2996:
2981:
2962:
2943:
2936:
2915:
2903:
2891:
2866:
2854:
2851:. Kraków: 1–7.
2835:
2817:
2770:
2758:
2746:
2724:
2706:
2694:
2682:
2644:(2): 265–303.
2621:
2592:
2580:
2568:
2550:
2527:
2512:
2510:, p. 116.
2500:
2488:
2476:
2459:
2447:
2435:
2433:, p. 109.
2423:
2411:
2399:
2387:
2375:
2363:
2348:
2336:
2301:
2297:Urbańczyk 1972
2284:
2269:
2264:2024-05-26 at
2248:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2178:Czarna Średnia
2141:
2108:
2095:
2075:The so-called
2068:
2036:The so-called
2028:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1950:affricate and
1843:alveolopalatal
1781:
1778:
1597:
1594:
1551:nonpalatalized
1369:
1366:
1280:(Old Prussian
1220:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1022:
960:
959:
952:
945:
937:
936:
929:
922:
915:
909:
908:
901:
894:
886:
885:
878:
871:
864:
858:
857:
850:
843:
820:Czech language
757:
756:
749:
742:
735:
727:
726:
719:
712:
705:
698:
692:
691:
684:
677:
670:
662:
661:
654:
647:
640:
633:
627:
626:
619:
612:
605:
553:
552:
545:
538:
531:
523:
522:
515:
508:
501:
494:
488:
487:
480:
473:
466:
458:
457:
450:
443:
436:
429:
423:
422:
415:
408:
401:
358:
355:
343:Suwałki Region
244:Greater Poland
188: dark red
176:
173:
120:Greater Poland
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3235:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3213:Sound changes
3211:
3210:
3208:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3109:83-04-04129-4
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2997:
2993:. p. 90.
2992:
2985:
2982:
2977:
2974:(in Polish).
2973:
2966:
2963:
2959:. p. 93.
2958:
2954:
2947:
2944:
2939:
2937:83-85618-62-7
2933:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2913:, p. 61.
2912:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2899:Milewski 1956
2895:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2862:Milewski 1956
2858:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2754:Milewski 1956
2750:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2720:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2704:, p. 33.
2703:
2702:Milewski 1956
2698:
2695:
2691:
2690:Taszycki 1948
2686:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2588:Taszycki 1948
2584:
2581:
2577:
2576:Milewski 1956
2572:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2538:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2501:
2498:, p. 94.
2497:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2474:, p. 92.
2473:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2448:
2445:, p. 89.
2444:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2412:
2409:, p. 91.
2408:
2403:
2400:
2397:, p. 12.
2396:
2391:
2388:
2385:, p. 64.
2384:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2302:
2299:, p. 31.
2298:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2266:archive.today
2263:
2260:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2241:90-272-4591-6
2238:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2174:Czarna Wielka
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2033:
2030:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1998:Jabłonkowanie
1996:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1986:Upper Sorbian
1975:
1974:Lower Sorbian
1971:
1967:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1941:
1936:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1823:Jabłonkowanie
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1788:jabłonkowanie
1779:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1608:
1603:
1595:
1593:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1532:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1505:Lower Sorbian
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1475:jabłonkowanie
1470:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1441:jabłonkowanie
1436:
1433:
1398:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1138:etymological
1137:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1120:etymological
1119:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1011:
995:
983:
979:
966:
957:
953:
950:
946:
943:
939:
938:
934:
930:
927:
923:
920:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
899:
895:
892:
888:
887:
883:
879:
876:
872:
869:
865:
863:
859:
856:
851:
849:
844:
841:
835:
823:
821:
817:
813:
804:
798:
764:
754:
750:
747:
743:
740:
736:
733:
729:
728:
724:
720:
717:
713:
710:
706:
703:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
682:
678:
675:
671:
668:
664:
663:
659:
655:
652:
648:
645:
641:
638:
634:
632:
628:
625:
620:
618:
613:
611:
606:
603:
597:
595:
591:
586:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
559:unpalatalized
550:
546:
543:
539:
536:
532:
529:
525:
524:
520:
516:
513:
509:
506:
502:
499:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
478:
474:
471:
467:
464:
460:
459:
455:
451:
448:
444:
441:
437:
434:
430:
428:
424:
421:
416:
414:
409:
407:
402:
399:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:dentialveolar
371:
367:
364:
356:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:Royal Prussia
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:Upper Silesia
213:
209:
208:Lesser Poland
205:
204:Ducal Prussia
201:
197:
181:
174:
172:
170:
169:jabłonkowanie
164:
162:
157:
155:
152:
147:
141:
140:
139:jabłonkowanie
134:
129:
126:
121:
117:
113:
110:and parts of
109:
108:Lesser Poland
105:
100:
98:
89:/s,z,t͡s,d͡z/
86:
85:dentialveolar
79:
74:/ʂ,ʐ,t͡ʂ,d͡ʐ/
72:
68:
65:
62:'s series of
61:
57:
53:
46:
40:
32:
19:
3190:
3181:(in Polish).
3178:
3166:
3150:
3134:
3118:
3095:
3092:Dejna, Karol
3079:
3063:
3051:
3043:Bibliography
3027:
3018:
3005:
2999:
2990:
2984:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2952:
2946:
2927:
2924:Dejna, Karol
2918:
2911:Stieber 1966
2906:
2894:
2885:
2881:
2857:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2829:
2820:
2811:
2807:
2782:
2773:
2766:Rospond 1983
2761:
2749:
2740:
2736:
2727:
2718:
2697:
2685:
2668:
2664:
2641:
2637:
2624:
2618:(in Polish).
2615:
2604:
2595:
2583:
2571:
2562:
2553:
2544:
2536:
2530:
2521:
2515:
2508:Rospond 1973
2503:
2491:
2479:
2450:
2438:
2426:
2414:
2402:
2395:Stieber 1966
2390:
2383:Rospond 1973
2378:
2371:Stieber 1966
2366:
2339:
2326:
2314:
2304:
2280:Rospond 1973
2257:
2251:
2232:
2144:
2111:
2104:World War II
2098:
2091:Zielona Wieś
2071:
2032:
2008:Ts–ch merger
1966:postalveolar
1896:
1892:Proto-Slavic
1879:
1868:
1861:
1855:
1829:
1828:
1783:
1734:("bucket"),
1716:("marvel"),
1709:
1695:("bovine"),
1678:
1656:
1599:
1554:articulation
1531:sound change
1518:
1437:
1371:
1356:influences.
1339:
1337:in Masuria.
1274:from Polish
1262:from Polish
1235:Old Prussian
1222:
1213:
1024:Distinction
1014:
994:articulation
967:
963:
824:
799:
760:
587:
556:
382:postalveolar
360:
327:Red Ruthenia
264:
193:
175:Distribution
165:
160:
158:
144:
130:
104:phonological
101:
64:postalveolar
51:
30:
29:
2671:(1): 4–29.
2344:Nitsch 1958
2150:Siemiatycze
2066:and others.
2048:Wrzeszczyna
1984:, while in
1906:East Slavic
1834: [
1831:Kaszubienie
1804:and around
1701:instead of
1689:instead of
1671:instead of
1497: [
1481:kaszubienie
1447:kaszubienie
1284:is spelled
1227: [
1021:Mazuration
357:Description
335:Lublin Land
281:and former
149: [
146:kaszubienie
133:palatalized
83:) into the
3207:Categories
2721:(9): 1–17.
2484:Dejna 1993
2455:Dejna 1993
2431:Dejna 1993
2359:Dejna 1993
2216:References
2202:Międzyrzec
2154:Zajęczniki
2083:Szkaradowo
1902:affricates
1707:("lard").
1677:("millet,
1513:Kuryłowicz
1469:mazurzenie
1334:mazurzenie
1188:homophones
1157:homophones
1117:"to throw"
567:allophones
563:borrowings
370:affricates
366:fricatives
218:including
206:), all of
198:including
125:mazurzenie
71:affricates
67:fricatives
52:mazuration
31:Mazurzenie
18:Mazurzenie
2791:cite book
2206:Próchenki
2003:Szadzenie
1875:Podlachia
1863:tsakavism
1794:Jabłonków
1652:szadzenie
1645:szadzenie
1607:erroneous
1452:sibilants
1397:retroflex
1346:Trautmann
1313:Urbańczyk
1293:Prussians
1290:Polonized
1246:loanwords
1238:substrate
1089:"to bark"
1029:spelling
982:etymology
919:voiceless
913:Fricative
868:voiceless
862:Affricate
816:fricative
702:voiceless
696:Fricative
637:voiceless
631:Affricate
498:voiceless
492:Fricative
433:voiceless
427:Affricate
390:subapical
386:retroflex
339:Podlachia
307:Lithuania
279:Pomeralia
91:(written
3189:(1983).
3177:(1956).
3165:(1948).
3149:(1966).
3133:(1972).
3094:(1993).
3078:(1973).
3062:(1985).
3026:(1965).
2828:(1950).
2743:: 21–50.
2677:24000270
2659:(1950).
2650:23999861
2632:(1947).
2313:(1972).
2262:Archived
1992:See also
1953:chokanye
1935:tsokanye
1858:Croatian
1686:bydlęczy
1576:; while
1490:Vaillant
1486:Rudnicki
1358:Milewski
1352:or even
1319:siakanie
1309:Taszycki
1242:Milewski
1086:szczekać
1032:Meaning
1027:Literary
980:follows
976:. Since
853:Alveolo-
848:alveolar
622:Alveolo-
617:alveolar
610:alveolar
418:Alveolo-
413:alveolar
406:alveolar
363:sibilant
323:Przemyśl
317:(around
260:Wolsztyn
224:Katowice
202:(former
2198:Bujnowo
2190:Świrydy
2186:Malesze
2170:Makarki
2166:Klukowo
2158:Rogawka
2078:Chazacy
2056:Pęckowo
2052:Drawsko
1962:чоканье
1958:Russian
1944:цоканье
1940:Russian
1869:In the
1849:in the
1806:Ostróda
1798:Silesia
1755:czaczko
1698:szmalec
1692:bydlęcy
1680:Panicum
1325:Malbork
1305:Masovia
1297:Mazuria
1203:"sewn"
1153:"maybe"
855:palatal
624:palatal
575:labials
420:palatal
319:Rzeszów
303:Belarus
299:Ukraine
291:Ostróda
275:Dobrzyń
271:Chełmno
267:Kuyavia
256:Chwalim
240:islands
232:Łęczyca
228:Sieradz
212:Ukraine
200:Masuria
196:Masovia
161:sakanie
116:islands
112:Silesia
87:series
78:written
3106:
2934:
2675:
2648:
2605:Slavia
2537:Slavia
2245:p. 128
2239:
2194:Szpaki
2162:Cecele
2087:Chojno
1948:dental
1926:/t͡sʲ/
1810:Lubawa
1802:Warmia
1761:czeber
1749:czudny
1704:smalec
1668:proszo
1574:/d͡zʲ/
1570:/t͡sʲ/
1526:/ʂ.../
1522:/ʃ.../
1464:/ɕ.../
1460:/ʂ.../
1456:/s.../
1354:Uralic
1350:Celtic
1331:, not
1329:Lubawa
1271:supana
1259:dūsai-
1256:, eg.
1210:Causes
1172:"sea"
1114:rzucać
1100:jeżdżę
1075:"wife"
1061:"time"
1035:Notes
942:voiced
891:voiced
846:Denti-
831:/d͡zʲ/
827:/t͡sʲ/
814:and a
795:/d͡zʲ/
791:/t͡sʲ/
783:/t͡sʲ/
732:voiced
667:voiced
608:Denti-
528:voiced
463:voiced
404:Denti-
380:, and
331:Wieprz
315:Wisłok
295:Lubawa
287:Warmia
252:Rawicz
248:Wieleń
236:Łowicz
60:Polish
56:merger
2928:Śląsk
2673:JSTOR
2646:JSTOR
2129:/t͡ɕ/
2117:/t͡ʃ/
2064:Miały
2060:Piłka
2044:Rosko
2024:Notes
1982:/t͡s/
1980:into
1978:/t͡ʃ/
1930:/t͡ɕ/
1922:/t͡s/
1918:/t͡ɕ/
1914:/t͡s/
1838:]
1773:czban
1767:dżban
1743:czudo
1737:dzban
1731:ceber
1725:cacko
1719:cudny
1674:proso
1639:/d͡ʐ/
1635:/t͡ʂ/
1623:/d͡z/
1619:/t͡s/
1590:/d͡z/
1586:/t͡s/
1582:/d͡ʐ/
1578:/t͡ʂ/
1566:/d͡z/
1562:/t͡s/
1524:>
1501:]
1428:/d͡z/
1424:/t͡s/
1412:/d͡ʐ/
1408:/t͡ʂ/
1393:/d͡ʒ/
1389:/t͡ʃ/
1299:(see
1277:żupan
1265:dusza
1254:/s,z/
1250:/ʂ,ʐ/
1231:]
1200:szyty
1169:morze
1132:przed
1047:"six"
1044:sześć
818:(the
812:trill
787:/d͡z/
779:/d͡ʒ/
775:/t͡ʃ/
615:Post-
411:Post-
351:Puńsk
347:Sejny
220:Opole
153:]
102:This
50:) or
3104:ISBN
2976:XXXI
2932:ISBN
2886:XIII
2849:XIII
2801:and
2797:link
2741:XIII
2654:and
2609:and
2541:and
2237:ISBN
2137:†/ʑ/
2133:†/ɕ/
2123:nor
1845:and
1816:and
1808:and
1713:cudo
1683:"),
1588:and
1580:and
1572:and
1564:and
1545:and
1537:and
1492:and
1478:and
1181:syty
1150:może
1140:/r̝/
1122:/r̝/
1072:żona
1058:czas
970:/r̝/
829:and
808:/rʲ/
785:and
674:d͡zʲ
644:t͡sʲ
368:and
321:and
313:and
305:and
293:and
273:and
254:and
234:and
222:and
143:and
69:and
2812:XVI
2642:XIX
2135:or
2125:/ʒ/
2121:/ʃ/
1928:or
1796:in
1665:):
1631:/ʐ/
1627:/ʂ/
1625:by
1615:/z/
1611:/s/
1547:/z/
1543:/s/
1539:/ʐ/
1535:/ʂ/
1420:/z/
1416:/s/
1404:/ʐ/
1400:/ʂ/
1385:/ʒ/
1381:/ʃ/
1295:in
1282:/z/
1006:/z/
1004:to
1002:/ʐ/
998:/ʐ/
990:/ʐ/
986:/ʐ/
974:/ʐ/
905:d͡ʑ
898:d͡z
882:t͡ɕ
875:t͡s
771:/ʒ/
767:/ʃ/
765:):
688:d͡ʑ
681:d͡ʒ
658:t͡ɕ
651:t͡ʃ
596:).
583:/i/
484:d͡ʑ
477:d͡ʐ
470:d͡z
454:t͡ɕ
447:t͡ʂ
440:t͡s
353:).
337:),
311:San
118:in
58:of
3209::
3102:.
2884:.
2869:^
2847:.
2810:.
2793:}}
2789:{{
2739:.
2709:^
2669:XX
2667:.
2663:.
2640:.
2636:.
2462:^
2351:^
2287:^
2272:^
2243:,
2224:^
2196:,
2192:,
2188:,
2184:–
2176:,
2172:,
2168:,
2164:,
2160:,
2156:,
2152:–
2089:,
2085:,
2062:,
2058:,
2054:,
2050:,
2046:,
1972:,
1960::
1942::
1924:,
1866:.
1853:.
1836:pl
1764:,
1758:,
1752:,
1746:,
1637:,
1633:,
1629:,
1621:,
1617:,
1613:,
1499:pl
1472:,
1462:,
1458:,
1444:,
1426:,
1422:,
1418:,
1410:,
1406:,
1402:,
1391:,
1387:,
1383:,
1268:,
1229:pl
803:r̝
797:.
793:,
777:,
773:,
769:,
585:.
376:,
349:,
301:,
262:.
230:,
163:.
151:pl
99:.
3197:.
3157:.
3141:.
3125:.
3112:.
3086:.
3070:.
2940:.
2799:)
2679:.
2652:.
2333:.
2321:.
2208:.
2139:.
2093:.
1956:(
1938:(
1770:/
1659:(
1327:-
956:ʑ
949:z
933:ɕ
926:s
753:ʑ
746:ʒ
739:z
723:ɕ
716:ʃ
709:s
549:ʑ
542:ʐ
535:z
519:ɕ
512:ʂ
505:s
345:(
333:(
285:(
190:.
76:(
33:(
20:)
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