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understanding them at all. Morris noted that
Africans of Nyasaland were becoming increasingly hostile to colonial rule due to mistreatment they experienced on white-owned plantations, and if the rebels had managed to acquire German support and acquire weapon caches during the attack on the ALC weapons store in Blantyre, it could have turned into "a wider and more protracted struggle". Morris concludes that the rebellion was a response to colonial oppression, particularly towards racial injustice. It was a "struggle for freedom" with elements of Christian utopianism, with Chilembwe expressing two contrasting political traditions - Booth's radical egalitarianism and a "petty capitalist orientation" of the Protestant churches, which stressed the right to private property, wage labour and commercial agriculture.
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and ammunition belonging to the local rifle club. The insurgents quietly broke into the
Livingstone's house and injured him during hand-to-hand fighting, prompting him to take refuge in the bedroom, where his wife attempted to treat his wounds. The rebels forced their way into the bedroom, and after capturing his wife, decapitated Livingstone. MacCormick, who had been alerted, was killed by a rebel spear. The attackers took the women and children of the village prisoner but shortly released them unhurt, having reportedly treated them well. It has been suggested that Chilembwe may have hoped to use the women and children as hostages, but this remains unclear. The attack on Magomero, and in particular the killing of Livingstone, had great symbolic significance for Chilembwe's men. The two
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to escape after or summarily executed. Worrying that the rebellion might rapidly reignite and spread, the authorities instigated arbitrary reprisals against the local
African population, including mass hut burnings. All weapons were confiscated and fines of 4 shillings per person were levied in the districts affected by the revolt, regardless of whether the people in question had been involved. As part of the repression, a series of courts were hastily convened which passed death sentences on forty-six men for the offences of murder and treason and 300 others were given prison sentences. Thirty-six were executed and, to increase the deterrent effect, some of the ringleaders were hanged in public on a main road close to the Magomero Estate where Europeans had been killed.
1144:, Chilembwe's speech of 23 January appeared to stress the importance and inevitability of martyrdom as a principal motivation. The same speech depicted the uprising as a manifestation of desperation but because of his desire to "strike a blow and die", he did not have any idea of what he would replace colonialism with if the revolt succeeded. Rotberg concludes that Chilembwe planned to seize power in the Shire Highlands or perhaps in all of Nyasaland. John McCracken attacks the idea that the revolt could be considered nationalist, arguing that Chilembwe's ideology was instead fundamentally utopian and created in opposition to localised abuses of the colonial system, particularly
649:
533:. Despite the fact that Booth was an avid anti-colonialist and Johnston a colonial advocate, both men were united by their disdain for the Church of Scotland, and Johnston was eager to aid Booth in order to undermine the efforts of Scottish missionaries. Booth's industrial missions were to be "self-managed by educated Africans, and to be largely focussed on agricultural and industrial production". The missions were to be self-supporting and managed by African themselves, with European settlers only serving as guides and advisors. Booth had profound influence on Chilembwe, and his egalitarian and proto-nationalist ideals shaped Chilembwe's own views as well as his Baptist faith.
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responsibility, as advocated by Booker T. Washington, and he encouraged his followers to adopt
European-style dress and habits. His activities were initially supported by white Protestant missionaries. The Mission's schools meanwhile began teaching racial equality, based on Christian teaching and anti-colonialism. Many of his leading followers, several of whom participated in the uprising, came from the local middle-class, who had similarly adopted European customs. Chilembwe's acceptance of European culture created an unorthodox anti-colonial ideology based around a form of nationalism, rather than a desire to restore the pre-colonial social order.
52:
545:, where he emphasized the need for Africans themselves to govern their economy, rather than have the European colonists "drain the wealth of Africa". His organisation had three goals, namely "to spread the Christian gospel throughout the African continent; to establish what he termed βIndustrial Missionsβ; and finally, to restore Africa to the African". He advocated for African self-government, and envisioned self-sustainable African economies managed by educated Africans, placing particular emphasis on the production of tea, coffee, cocoa and sugar, as well as mining and manufacturing. Anthropologist
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which undermined their chances of attracting workers. Additionally, the colonial government openly favoured the white landowners, who acted like "feudal lords" on their own. Every
African planter was "obliged to take off his hat for any European, whether government official or not", and a failure to do so often meant physical and verbal abuse. White settlers and even Protestant ministers, despite preaching equality, resented the African planters, as the fact that educated Africans embraced European fashion and expected to be treated equally was considered "above their station".
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same day but encountered no resistance. Many rebels, including
Chilembwe, had fled the village disguised as civilians. Mbombwe's fall and the subsequent demolition of Chilembwe's church with dynamite by government soldiers ended the rebellion. Kaduya was captured and brought back to Magomero where he was publicly executed. This was the final attack of the rebellion, and Morris attributed the decision to attack the Catholic mission to "the pervasive anti-Catholic sentiments expressed by the independent Baptists".
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landowners, and until 1914 "government officials and
European missionaries alike regarded Chilembwe with some favour". He became the local leader of emerging African planters and entrepreneurs, particularly attracted to his own Protestant church congregation. It was during this time that Chilembwe started identifying with the discontent of both African classes - the Lomwe immigrants whom he employed, as well as emerging African entrepreneurs. Both African classes were highly alienated by the
529:, criticizing their affluent lifestyle in comparison to the poverty of local peasants. Both the colonial government and Presbyterian missionaries were concerned by Booth's "dangerous egalitarian spirit" and being "a determined advocate of racial equality, as well as being fundamentally opposed to the colonial state". Booth was also a staunch advocate of establishing his own industrial mission in addition to the religious one, and acquired 26,537 acres of land at Mitsidi with the help of
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995:, which was expanded after the revolt. In particular, the Muslim Yao people, who attempted to distance themselves from Chilembwe, were given more power and autonomy. Although delayed by the war, the Nyasaland Police, which had been primarily composed of Africans conscripted by colonial officials, was restructured as a professional force of white settlers. Forced labour was retained, and would remain a source of resentment among Africans for decades afterwards.
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345:, the growing Malawian nationalist movement reignited interest in the Chilembwe revolt, and after the independence of Malawi in 1964 it became celebrated as a key moment in the nation's history. Chilembwe's memory, which remains prominent in the collective national consciousness, has often been invoked in symbolism and rhetoric by Malawian politicians. Today, the uprising is celebrated annually and Chilembwe himself is considered a national hero.
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1077:, had a family connection to Filipo Chinyama, who had been believed to be an ally of Chilembwe's. When the NAC announced that it intended to mark 15 February annually as Chilembwe Day, colonial officials were scandalised. One wrote that to "venerate the memory of the fanatic and blood thirsty Chilembwe seems to us to be nothing less than a confession of violent intention."
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tenants also had to follow strict regulations, and were prohibited from acquiring timber or hunting animals. In addition, European landowners would often force their tenants to work for far more than the system allowed for, beat their workers with a whip and forced
African widows to work on the land too. Chilembwe acted as a spokesman for the local Lomwe people.
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The colonial authorities responded quickly to the uprising with as much force and as many troops, policemen and settler volunteers it could muster to hunt down and kill suspected rebels. There was no official death toll, but perhaps 50 of
Chilembwe's followers were killed in the fighting, when trying
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KAR troops launched a tentative attack on
Mbombwe on 25 January but the engagement proved inconclusive. Chilembwe's forces held a strong defensive position along the Mbombwe river and could not be pushed back. Two KAR soldiers were killed and three were wounded; Chilembwe's losses have been estimated
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The rebels moved into Magomero in the early evening, while Livingstone and his wife were entertaining some dinner guests. The estate official, Duncan MacCormick, was in another house nearby. A third building, occupied by Emily Stanton, Alyce Roach and five children, contained a small cache of weapons
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system, which required every tenant to work for the estate owner in order to pay their rent and "hut tax". Labour rent was imposed during the brief rainy season, which forced Africans to work on their landowner's land while having no time to tend to their own at the critical time of the year. African
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Despite its failure, the Chilembwe uprising has since gained an important place in the modern Malawian cultural memory, with Chilembwe himself gaining "iconic status." The uprising had "local notoriety" in the years immediately after it, and former rebels were kept under police observation. Over the
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to examine the causes and handling of the rebellion. The Commission, which presented its conclusions in early 1916, found that the revolt was chiefly caused by mismanagement of the Bruce plantation. The Commission also blamed Livingstone himself for "treatment of natives often unduly harsh" and for
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Though the rebellion failed, the threat to British rule posed by the revolt compelled the colonial government to introduce some reform. The authorities proposed to undermine the power of independent churches like Chilembwe's by promoting secular education, but a lack of funding made this impossible.
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belonging to Father Swelsen. The mission was defended by four African armed guards, one of whom was killed, Father Swelsen was also wounded in the fighting and the church was burnt down, resulting in the death of a young girl who was inside at the time. KAR and NVR troops assaulted Mbombwe again the
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troops. Porters lived in extremely poor conditions which left them exposed to disease and mortality rates among them during the campaigns were high. At the same time, the recruitment of porters created a shortage of labour which increased the economic pressures on Africans in Nyasaland. Millenarians
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system, had to pay rent in labour and were prohibited from gathering wood or hunting wild animals in the woodlands surrounding European estates, even though they considered woodland resources to be common property. Historians have noted that while the colonial authorities did suppress slave trading
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After the initial attacks on the Bruce plantation, the rebels returned home. Livingstone's head was taken back and displayed at the Providence Industrial Mission on the second day of the uprising as Chilembwe preached a sermon. During much of the rebellion, Chilembwe remained in Mbombwe praying and
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telephone lines, delaying the spread of the news. At around 02:00 on 24 January, the ALC weapons store in Blantyre was attacked by a force of around 100 rebels before the general alarm had been raised by news of the Magomero and Mwanje attacks. Local settlers mobilised after an African watchman was
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obligations. The plantation had a reputation locally for the poor treatment of its workers and for the brutality of its managers, who closed local schools, beat their workers and paid them less than had been promised. Their burning of Chilembwe's church in November 1913 created a personal animosity
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British rule in Nyasaland radically altered the local indigenous power structures. The early colonial period saw some immigration and settlement by white colonists, who bought large swathes of territory from local chiefs, often for token payments in beads or guns. Most of the land acquired by white
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The colonial government also began restricting the rights of Christian missionaries in Nyasaland and, although Anglican missions, those of the Scottish churches and Catholic missions were not affected, it banned many smaller, often American-originated churches, including the Churches of Christ and
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Meanwhile, the African planters were frustrated by economic restrictions and social discrimination that they had to endure despite adopting the European way of life. They were unable to obtain freehold land or credit and didn't have the right to sign the labour-tax certificates of their employees,
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Following the attacks, Chilembwe would meditate on the summit of Chilimankhanje hill instead of attempting to regroup the now dispersed rebel troops. He was eventually convinced to leave the hill and escape to Mozambique, a land that he had already been to numerous times during his hunting trips.
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just 5 miles (8.0 km) from Mbombwe, even though it was ungarrisoned at the time. Rumours of rebel attacks spread, but despite earlier offers of support, there were no parallel uprisings elsewhere in Nyasaland and the promised reinforcements from Ncheu did not materialise. The Mlanje or Zomba
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Preparations for the uprising had begun by the end of 1914. Exactly what Chilembwe's objectives were remains unclear but some contemporaries believed that he planned to make himself "King of Nyasaland". He soon acquired a military textbook and began to organise his followers and wider support. In
569:, in the village of Mbombwe. He was considered a "model of non-violent African advancement" by the colonial authorities during the mission's early years. He established a chain of independent black African schools, with over 900 pupils in total and founded the Natives' Industrial Union, a form of
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Having managed to become a competition to other Protestant missionaries, Booth attracted many missionary-educated Africans away from the Presbyterians by offering them exorbitant wages - an African worker was paid 18 shillings a month by Booth, whereas the normal rate in the 1890s was only around
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notes a significant contradiction in Booth's views that Chilembwe ended up inheriting, being a staunch egalitarianist while also calling for a hierarchical plantation economy and highly capitalist society. To this end, both Chilembwe and Booth were "the embodiment of the protestant ethic and the
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Mwanje had little military value but it has been proposed that the rebels may have hoped to find weapons and ammunition there. Led by Jonathan Chigwinya, the insurgents stormed one of the houses and killed the plantation's stock manager, Robert Ferguson, with a spear as he lay in bed reading a
748:] that the treatment they are treating our men and women was most bad and we have determined to strike a first and a last blow and then we will all die by the heavy storm of the whiteman's army. The whitemen will then think, after we are dead, that the treatment they are treating [
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During the night of Saturday 23β24 January, the rebels met at the Mission church in Mbombwe, where Chilembwe gave a speech stressing that none of them should expect to survive the reprisals that would follow the revolt but that the uprising would draw greater attention to their conditions and
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Information about Chilembwe's Church before the rebellion is scant, but his ideology proved popular and he developed a strong local following. For at least the first 12 years of his ministry, he preached ideas of African self-respect and advancement through education, hard work and personal
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The rebels were of diverse social and economic backgrounds, consisting of Yao people, Lomwe immigrants, agricultural farmers and African petty bourgeoisie. The colonial authorities ignored African petitions and failed to translate their laws into local languages, leading to many locals not
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As I hear that, war has broken out between you and other nations, only whitemen, I request, therefore, not to recruit more of my countrymen, my brothers who do not know the cause of your fight, who indeed, have nothing to do with it ... It is better to recruit white planters, traders,
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Following Booth's example, Chilembwe engaged not only in educational work and evangelism, but also attempted to establish his own agricultural estate. He employed local Lomwe labourers on his plots of coffee, rubber, pepper ad cotton. He won the respect of both fellow Africans and European
497:. Booth preached a form of egalitarianism and his progressive attitude towards race attracted Chilembwe's attention. Under Booth's patronage, Chilembwe travelled to the United States in 1897 for the purposes of higher education and to fundraise for Booth, beginning studies at the
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newspaper. Two of the colonists, John Robertson and his wife Charlotte, escaped into the cotton fields and walked 6 miles (9.7 km) to a neighbouring plantation to raise the alarm. One of the Robertsons' African servants, who remained loyal, was killed by the attackers.
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Watchtower Society, from Nyasaland, and placed restrictions on other African-run churches. Public gatherings, especially those associated with African-initiated religious groups, were banned until 1919. Fear of similar uprisings in other British colonies, notably
791:, on Nyasaland's far northern border, hoping that a German-led offensive from the north combined with an African insurrection in the south might force the British out of Nyasaland permanently. On 24 January, he sent a letter to the governor of German East Africa
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While the uprising enjoyed levels of sympathy amongst Yao commoners, none of the Yao chiefs in the Shire Highlands supported it. Most of them embraced Islam instead of Christianity and considered African planters a threat to their political hegemony. The
394:. Unlike many other parts of Africa, where British rule was dependent on the support of local factions, in Nyasaland British control rested on military superiority. During the 1890s the colonial authorities suppressed numerous rebellions by the local
438:, compelled many indigenous people to find paid work and the demand for labour created by the plantations led to their becoming a major employer. Once employed on the plantations, black workers found that they were frequently beaten and subject to
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poor management of the estate. The Commission found that the systematic discrimination, lack of freedoms and respect were key causes of resentment among the local population. It also emphasised the effect of Booth's ideology on Chilembwe.
1104:, who succeeded Banda in 1994, similarly invoked Chilembwe's memory to win popular support, inaugurating a new annual national holiday, Chilembwe Day, on 16 January 1995. Chilembwe's portrait was soon added to the national currency, the
1092:, an exhaustive study of Chilembwe and his rebellion that was banned during the colonial era but still widely read by Nyasaland's educated class. Chilembwe became viewed as an "unproblematic" hero by many of the country's people. The
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The revolt has been the subject of much research and has been interpreted in various ways by historians. At the time, the uprising was generally considered to mark a turning point in British colonial rule. The governor of Nyasaland,
727:), in August 1914. A Catholic mission was also warned but neither took any action. Morris notes that no action was taken as the colonial authorities had no way to confirm the rumours, given the secretive way of the uprising.
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system, it made only minor changes aimed at ending "casual brutality". Though the government passed laws banning plantation owners from using the services of their tenants as payment of rent in 1917, effectively abolishing
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shot dead by the rebels. The rebels were repulsed, but not before they had captured five rifles and some ammunition, which was taken back to Mbombwe. A number of rebels were taken prisoner during the retreat from Magomero.
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Despite his Christian pacifist and visionary temperament, Booth was also highly critical of established institutions such as the colonial government and Protestant churches in Nyasaland. He was particularly hostile towards
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334:, hoping to reach safety there, but many were captured. About 40 rebels were executed in the revolt's aftermath, and 300 were imprisoned; Chilembwe was shot dead by a police patrol near the border on 3 February.
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and argued that the lack of civil rights for Africans in the colonial system should exempt them from the duties of military service. In November 1914, following reports of large loss of life during fighting at
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was particularly known for using derogatory phrases towards educated and landowning Africans, asking "whose slave they are". Morris identifies this discrimination as one of the main causes for the rebellion.
907:, and redeployed the 1st Battalion of the KAR from the north of the colony. The rebels did not mount any further attack any of the many other isolated plantations in the region. They also did not occupy the
896:(KAR) soldier. Under Kaduya's command, the rebels successfully ambushed a small party of KAR troops near Mbombwe on 24 January, described as the "one reverse suffered by the government" during the uprising.
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S Hynde, (2010). ββThe extreme penalty of the lawββ: mercy and the death penalty as aspects of state power in colonial Nyasaland, c. 1903 47. Journal of Eastern African Studies Vol. 4, No. 3, p. 547.
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missionaries and other white settlers in the country, who are, indeed, of much value and who also know the cause of this war and have something to do with it ... (original syntax and grammar)
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of the Africans and the end of colonial rule, and began to foster closer links with a number of other independent African churches. From 1914, he preached more militant sermons, often referring to
970:. Many other rebels were captured; 300 were imprisoned following the rebellion and 40 were executed. Around 30 rebels evaded capture and settled in Portuguese territory near the Nyasaland border.
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G. Shepperson and T. Price, (1958). Independent African. John Chilembwe and the Origins, Setting and Significance of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915. Edinburgh University Press, pp. 166, 417
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estate. However, the grievances expressed by Chilembwe were not unique to his area, and Africans across Nyasaland identified with his struggle. Africans had no rights as tenants under the
581:, who feared Chilembwe's influence over their workers. In November 1913, employees of the A. L. Bruce Estates burnt down churches that Chilembwe or his followers had built on estate land.
955:, asking for aid. He never received a response, and the letter was considered an embarrassment to his supporters, given Germany's reputation as a particularly oppressive colonial power.
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799:. The courier was intercepted and Schnee never received the letter. During the latter stages of the East African campaign, after their invasion of Portuguese Mozambique,
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with the rebel leadership. The insurgents launched two roughly concurrent attacksβone group targeted Magomero, the plantation headquarters and home of the main manager
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and burned it down. The KAR and NVR captured Mbombwe without encountering any resistance on 26 January. Many of the rebels, including Chilembwe himself, fled towards
374:, where the revolt occurred, began between 1899 and 1900, when the British sought to increase their formal control over the territory to preempt encroachment by the
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The colonial authorities received two warnings that a revolt was imminent. A disaffected follower of Chilembwe reported the preacher's "worrying intentions" to
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The last known photo of John Chilembwe (left, with British missionary John Chorley "Sir Potts the 4th" on the right) taken in 1914 about a year before his death
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D D Phiri, (1999). Let Us Die for Africa: An African Perspective on the Life and Death of John Chilembwe of Nyasaland. Central Africana, Blantyre, pp. 86β7.
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712:, 110 miles (180 km) to the north-west and received his assurance that he would also mobilise his followers to join the rebellion when it broke out.
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minister. Based around his church in the village of Mbombwe in the south-east of the colony, the leaders of the revolt were mainly from an emerging black
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against the German colonial empire. In Nyasaland, the major effect of the war was massive recruitment of Africans to serve as porters in support of
618:, Chilembwe himself was not part of the apocalyptic Watch Tower movement, which was popular in central Africa at the time and later became known as
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Chilembwe opposed the recruitment of the Nyasan people to fight what he considered to be a war totally unconnected to them. He promoted a form of
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341:. The rebellion had lasting effects on the British system of administration in Nyasaland, and some reforms were enacted in its aftermath. After
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1660:"Religion and Mythology in the Chilembwe Rising of 1915 in Nyasaland and the Easter Rising of 1916 in Ireland: Preparing for the End Times?"
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Yorke, Edmund (1990). "The Spectre of a Second Chilembwe: Government, Missions, and Social Control in Wartime Northern Rhodesia, 1914β18".
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1129:, the Chilembwe uprising tarnished British prestige in East Africa which contributed, after the appointment of the future Prime Minister
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After the defeat of the rebellion, most of the remaining insurgents attempted to escape eastwards across the Shire Highlands, towards
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and a few other white staff, while a second assaulted the plantation-owned village of Mwanje, where there were two white households.
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Chilembwe returned to Nyasaland in 1900 and, with the assistance of the African-American National Baptist Convention, he founded his
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1112:. It has been argued that for Malawian politicians, Chilembwe has become "symbol, legitimising myth, instrument and propaganda".
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in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, but some of his followers may have been influenced by it. The leader of Watch Tower,
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The revolt broke out in the evening of 23 January 1915 when rebels, incited by Chilembwe, attacked the headquarters of the
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next three decades, local anti-colonial activists idealised Chilembwe and began to see him as a semi-mythical figure. The
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R Tangri (1971) Some New Aspects of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915, African Historical Studies, Vol. 4, No. 2 p. 307
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J Linden and I Linden (1971). John Chilembwe and the New Jerusalem. The Journal of African History. Vol. 12, pp. 638β40
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Independent African: John Chilembwe and the Origins, Setting and Significance of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915
780:(ALC)'s store of weapons. Another group headed towards the Alexander Livingstone Bruce Plantation's headquarters at
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broke out in July 1914. By September 1914, the war had spread to Africa as British and Belgian forces began the
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1344:"John Chilembwe, the Lynchburg Student Who Became the Father of Independence of the African Country of Malawi"
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1148:. According to McCracken, the uprising failed because Chilembwe was over-reliant on a small Europeanised
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on the Bruce plantation at Magomero. The plantation spanned about 5,000 acres (20 km) and grew both
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rifles captured from the plantation formed the basis of the rebel armoury for the rest of the uprising.
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1125:, declared that the revolt marked a "new phase in the existence of Nyasaland". According to historian
448:, which at best involved exacting considerable labour as rent in kind and frequently degenerated into
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destabilise the colonial system. This, Chilembwe believed, was the only way change would ever occur.
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would begin in October 1914, which some of Chilembwe's followers equated to an end to colonial rule.
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Although the rebellion did not itself achieve success, it is commonly cited as a watershed moment in
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followed during the night. By the morning of 24 January, the colonial authorities had mobilised the
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2649:. Rochester Studies in African History and the Diaspora. New York: University of Rochester Press.
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could not be effectively abolished, and it remained a constant source of friction into the 1950s.
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2712:
2687:(1971). "Psychological Stress and the Question of Identity: Chilembwe's Revolt Reconsidered". In
2611:
1150:
1003:
dismissed the uprising as a localised affair caused by the harsh mistreatment of Africans by the
962:, from where they hoped to head north to German-controlled territory. Chilembwe was spotted by a
788:
679:
522:
482:
987:, also led to similar repression of independent churches and foreign missions beyond Nyasaland.
553:
4638:
4632:
4542:
4403:
4349:
4205:
3856:
3778:
3748:
3639:
3460:
3453:
3343:
3303:
3237:
3196:
3085:
3077:
2751:
2731:
2700:
2688:
2684:
2672:
2669:
Strike a Blow and Die: A Narrative of Race Relations in Colonial Africa by George Simeon Mwase
2664:
2650:
2631:
2443:
2402:
2358:
2266:
2219:
1840:
1632:
1588:
1547:
1412:
1235:
1223:
1141:
1085:
1073:(NAC) of the 1940s and 1950s used him as a symbolic figurehead, partly because its president,
984:
843:
375:
338:
1162:
and financial debt may have been contributory factors in his decision to plot the rebellion.
4662:
4650:
4644:
4602:
4506:
4476:
4391:
4211:
4193:
4175:
4145:
3760:
3609:
3549:
3434:
2984:
2949:
2902:
2816:
2776:
2435:
2394:
2350:
2211:
1832:
1671:
1655:
1624:
1580:
1539:
1404:
930:
View of the Providence Industrial Mission shortly after its destruction by government troops
909:
872:
506:
244:
170:
693:
in Blantyre, explicitly appealing to the colonial authorities not to recruit black troops:
4554:
4494:
4433:
4427:
4355:
4235:
4139:
4121:
3772:
3469:
3424:
3419:
3325:
2896:
1201:
1105:
1084:
characterised Chilembwe's uprising as an early expression of Malawian nationalism, as did
939:
792:
411:
3694:
2811:
1659:
784:. Chilembwe sent a messenger to Ncheu to alert Chinyama that the rebellion was starting.
1154:
and did not gain enough mass support. Rotberg's examination the Chilembwe revolt from a
991:
Colonial officials in Nyasaland began to promote tribal loyalties through the system of
359:
287:. They were motivated by grievances against the British colonial system, which included
4686:
4415:
4337:
4295:
4289:
4277:
3965:
3521:
3409:
3118:
2926:
1193:
1155:
1097:
1061:
808:
530:
478:
461:
442:. Increasingly, the plantations were also forced to rely on a system, known locally as
276:
180:
166:
120:
4742:
4692:
4668:
4566:
4560:
4458:
3898:
3826:
3712:
3682:
3474:
3030:
2796:
1179:
1101:
992:
773:
724:
611:
449:
311:
288:
239:
4536:
4379:
4253:
3904:
3874:
3657:
2743:
2428:
An Environmental History of Southern Malawi: Land and People of the Shire Highlands
2387:
An Environmental History of Southern Malawi: Land and People of the Shire Highlands
2343:
An Environmental History of Southern Malawi: Land and People of the Shire Highlands
2204:
An Environmental History of Southern Malawi: Land and People of the Shire Highlands
1825:
An Environmental History of Southern Malawi: Land and People of the Shire Highlands
1617:
An Environmental History of Southern Malawi: Land and People of the Shire Highlands
1573:
An Environmental History of Southern Malawi: Land and People of the Shire Highlands
1532:
An Environmental History of Southern Malawi: Land and People of the Shire Highlands
1397:
An Environmental History of Southern Malawi: Land and People of the Shire Highlands
1126:
800:
403:
399:
342:
284:
4199:
1137:, to renewed pressure for an Anglo-Belgian offensive against German East Africa.
577:". Nevertheless, Chilembwe's activities led to friction with the managers of the
4656:
4301:
4097:
4031:
3838:
3688:
3186:
787:
Chilembwe also sought support for his uprising from the colonial authorities in
659:
639:
562:
296:
366:(modern-day Malawi), highlighted in dark red on a map of pre-World War I Africa
4103:
4025:
3736:
3573:
2780:
2692:
2439:
2398:
2354:
2215:
1836:
1628:
1584:
1543:
1408:
1211:
1169:
1045:, it was "uniformly ignored". A further Commission in 1920 concluded that the
914:
904:
876:
754:] our people is bad, and they might change to the better for our people."
672:
627:
615:
415:
17:
4724:
4711:
1158:
perspective concludes that Chilembwe's personal situation, his psychosomatic
4518:
4271:
4091:
3103:
2955:
2920:
1130:
470:
391:
363:
295:
and new demands imposed on the African population following the outbreak of
268:
136:
77:
2824:
2735:
2704:
2676:
2600:
Linden, Jane; Linden, Ian (1971). "John Chilembwe and the New Jerusalem".
1675:
1064:, Malawi's independence leader, championed Chilembwe's legacy in the 1960s
4247:
1004:
811:, worrying that African rebellions would destabilise the colonial order.
781:
769:
526:
444:
315:
307:
280:
2143:
2141:
2039:
2037:
2024:
2022:
1990:
1988:
1936:
1934:
1036:
The Commission's reforms were not far-reachingβthough it criticised the
557:
View of Mbombwe with the Providence Industrial Mission in the background
967:
952:
943:
848:
828:
684:
435:
431:
327:
2788:
2615:
899:
By the morning of 24 January the colonial government had mustered the
3429:
3093:
3073:
1159:
1028:
In the aftermath of the revolt, the colonial administration formed a
856:
824:
709:
538:
427:
423:
371:
272:
188:
83:
951:
Chilemwe also wrote a letter to the German colonial authorities in
606:
After 1912, Chilembwe became more radical and began to predict the
3042:
1056:
925:
882:
842:
647:
552:
469:
434:
were grown. The enforcement of colonial institutions, such as the
358:
56:
Alleged supporters of Chilembwe being led to their execution sites
481:, born locally in around 1871, received his early education at a
3489:
3046:
2838:
2812:
John Chilembwe: Brief life of an anticolonial rebel: 1871?β1915
537:
three shillings. However, he paid his own African labourers in
192:
750:
744:
419:
2973:
Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis in 1915
1140:
Chilembwe's aims have also come under scrutiny. According to
892:
leadership of the rebels was taken by David Kaduya, a former
3137:
2647:
Political Culture and Nationalism in Malawi: Building Kwacha
1016:
system was seen by many Africans as a new form of slavery.
2490:
2488:
2486:
2461:
2459:
2281:
2279:
2237:
2235:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1921:
1919:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1232:βa war against German colonial rule in East Africa, 1905β08
1204:βa 1915 uprising against British indirect rule in northern
1858:
1856:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
509:
circles and was influenced by stories of the abolitionist
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1779:
1777:
1764:
1762:
1482:
1480:
1478:
708:
particular, he formed close ties with Filipo Chinyama in
671:
at the time believed that World War I would be a form of
1325:
1323:
1321:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
2252:
2250:
1265:
1263:
652:
Nyasa porters, watched by British soldiers, during the
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2308:
2306:
2147:
2132:
2120:
2108:
2084:
2055:
2043:
2028:
1994:
1979:
1940:
1100:
with Chilembwe through speeches and radio broadcasts.
742:"This is the only way to show the whitemen, [
831:. Around 5,000 locals worked on it as part of their
819:
The major action of the Chilembwe uprising involved
4443:
3914:
3667:
3528:
3361:
3302:
3224:
3148:
3084:
3023:
3000:
2965:
2936:
2889:
2872:
2866:
Uprisings against Entente Powers during World War I
1706:
719:, a colonial civil servant (and future governor of
370:British colonial rule in the region of modern-day
275:) which took place in January 1915. It was led by
267:was a rebellion against British colonial rule in
918:regions likewise refused to join the uprising.
740:
695:
36:
2671:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
3501:
3058:
2850:
614:themes, concentrating on such aspects as the
204:
8:
938:On 26 January, a group of rebels attacked a
759:Chilembwe's speech to the rebels, 23 January
322:(NVR) and called in regular troops from the
3508:
3494:
3486:
3367:
3308:
3230:
3154:
3065:
3051:
3043:
2857:
2843:
2835:
2726:Shepperson, George; Price, Thomas (1958).
2717:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2376:
2374:
2193:
2191:
1606:
1604:
1521:
1519:
815:Attack on the Livingstone Bruce Plantation
211:
197:
189:
33:
2730:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
2570:
2494:
2477:
2285:
2241:
2182:
2072:
2013:
1925:
1910:
1898:
1718:
1510:
1498:
1469:
1448:
1431:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1312:
2434:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 181β182.
1886:
1831:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 170β171.
1741:
1623:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 160β161.
1579:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 158β159.
1538:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 156β157.
1403:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 152β155.
966:patrol and shot dead on 3 February near
903:(NVR), a unit that consisted of settler
616:Israelites' escape from slavery in Egypt
2582:
2558:
2527:
2465:
2170:
1967:
1874:
1862:
1806:
1783:
1768:
1753:
1486:
1367:
1329:
1300:
1288:
1269:
1254:
1247:
847:Modern-day view of a tea plantation at
803:helped to suppress the anti-Portuguese
2710:
573:that has been described as an "embryo
4784:Rebellions against the British Empire
2905:(15 September 1914 β 4 February 1915)
2546:
2515:
2324:
2312:
2297:
2096:
1650:
1648:
922:Siege of Mbombwe and attempted escape
7:
3767:Regulator Movement in North Carolina
3114:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
1088:and Thomas Price in their 1958 book
887:A modern view of the Shire Highlands
3099:British Central Africa Protectorate
2911:(23 January 1915 β 26 January 1915)
2750:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2393:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 178.
2349:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 174.
2210:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 173.
1135:Secretary of State for the Colonies
768:A contingent of rebels was sent to
644:East African campaign (World War I)
388:British Central Africa Protectorate
310:and killed three white settlers. A
27:1915 rebellion against British rule
2993:(28 November 1914 β 27 March 1915)
1342:Ackers, Lisa E. (19 August 2022).
25:
4754:African resistance to colonialism
3516:Colonial conflicts involving the
2697:Protest and Power in Black Africa
2944:Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition
2823:
1186:
1172:
179:
155:
129:
113:
50:
3592:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
4759:African theatre of World War I
3695:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War
2979:Operations against the Mahsuds
2952:(January 1915 β November 1918)
2768:The Journal of African History
2628:A History of Malawi, 1859β1966
2603:The Journal of African History
687:, Chilembwe wrote a letter to
410:settlers, particularly in the
44:African theatre of World War I
1:
4092:Black War (Van Diemen's Land)
3936:Castle Hill convict rebellion
2748:The First World War in Africa
2699:. New York. pp. 133β64.
1664:Studies in World Christianity
567:Providence Industrial Mission
499:Virginia Theological Seminary
466:Providence Industrial Mission
2946:(16 March β 6 November 1916)
2630:. Woodbridge: James Currey.
1217:British South Africa Company
505:in 1898. There he mixed in
235:Livingstone Bruce Plantation
3129:Political history of Malawi
3014:Conscription Crisis of 1917
2148:Shepperson & Price 1958
2133:Shepperson & Price 1958
2121:Shepperson & Price 1958
2109:Shepperson & Price 1958
2085:Shepperson & Price 1958
2056:Shepperson & Price 1958
2044:Shepperson & Price 1958
2029:Shepperson & Price 1958
1995:Shepperson & Price 1958
1980:Shepperson & Price 1958
1941:Shepperson & Price 1958
901:Nyasaland Volunteer Reserve
320:Nyasaland Volunteer Reserve
312:largely unsuccessful attack
4840:
4774:1915 in the British Empire
4609:Jewish revolt in Palestine
4254:Fenian Rebellion in Canada
3899:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign
3791:American Revolutionary War
1071:Nyasaland African Congress
838:William Jervis Livingstone
637:
600:William Jervis Livingstone
495:Zambezi Industrial Mission
459:
352:
4809:Opposition to World War I
4380:Jameson Raid South Africa
3447:
3370:
3311:
3233:
3157:
3135:
2781:10.1017/S0021853700031145
2440:10.1007/978-3-319-45258-6
2399:10.1007/978-3-319-45258-6
2355:10.1007/978-3-319-45258-6
2216:10.1007/978-3-319-45258-6
1837:10.1007/978-3-319-45258-6
1629:10.1007/978-3-319-45258-6
1585:10.1007/978-3-319-45258-6
1544:10.1007/978-3-319-45258-6
1409:10.1007/978-3-319-45258-6
1215:βa rebellion against the
871:The rebels cut the Zombaβ
778:African Lakes Corporation
230:
148:
104:
60:
49:
41:
4804:Nyasaland in World War I
4591:Arab revolt in Palestine
4188:Second Anglo-Burmese War
3930:Second Anglo-Maratha War
3821:Australian frontier wars
1707:Linden & Linden 1971
456:Chilembwe and his Church
4824:20th-century rebellions
4585:Second Mohmand campaign
4320:Third Anglo-Burmese War
4284:Second Anglo-Afghan War
4086:First Anglo-Burmese War
4062:Third Anglo-Maratha War
3893:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
3803:Second Anglo-Mysore War
3797:First Anglo-Maratha War
2991:Operations in the Tochi
1348:Lynchburg Museum System
550:spirit of capitalism".
543:African Christian Union
513:and the egalitarianist
380:German colonial empires
279:, an American-educated
4819:20th century in Malawi
4525:Third Anglo-Afghan War
4410:First Mohmand campaign
4134:First Anglo-Afghan War
3833:Third Anglo-Mysore War
3142:
3008:Komagata Maru incident
1065:
960:Portuguese East Africa
931:
888:
851:
801:German colonial troops
756:
700:
656:
558:
485:mission and later met
475:
390:and in 1907 was named
382:. The region became a
367:
355:Chilembwe's motivation
314:on a weapons store in
149:Commanders and leaders
4794:Wars involving Malawi
4182:Second Anglo-Sikh War
3839:Cotiote (Wayanad) War
3725:French and Indian War
3141:
2880:Battle of Broken Hill
2832:at Wikimedia Commons
1676:10.3366/swc.2017.0169
1094:Malawi Congress Party
1060:
1030:Commission of Enquiry
1024:Commission of Enquiry
1001:Commission of Enquiry
929:
894:King's African Rifles
886:
846:
797:Portuguese Mozambique
664:East African campaign
654:East African campaign
651:
556:
473:
440:racial discrimination
414:, was converted into
362:
332:Portuguese Mozambique
324:King's African Rifles
293:racial discrimination
4789:Rebellions in Africa
4344:HunzaβNagar Campaign
4152:First Anglo-Sikh War
4128:EgyptianβOttoman War
3212:World Heritage Sites
2645:Power, Joey (2010).
2111:, pp. 283, 286.
1370:, pp. xxivβxxv.
1108:, and reproduced on
795:via courier through
624:Charles Taze Russell
515:Booker T. Washington
384:British protectorate
96:Rebellion suppressed
4814:January 1915 events
4721: /
4597:Waziristan campaign
4531:Waziristan campaign
4224:Revolt of Rajab Ali
3701:War of Jenkins' Ear
2087:, pp. 281β282.
2058:, pp. 279β280.
1303:, pp. xvβxvii.
1230:Maji Maji Rebellion
1116:Historical analysis
1090:Independent African
1082:Desmond Dudwa Phiri
690:The Nyasaland Times
626:had predicted that
579:A. L. Bruce Estates
575:chamber of commerce
304:A. L. Bruce Estates
68:January 23β26, 1915
4764:1910s in Nyasaland
4749:Chilembwe uprising
4471:Bambatha Rebellion
4386:Anglo-Zanzibar War
4374:Chitral Expedition
4308:Anglo-Egyptian War
4080:Anglo-Ashanti wars
3785:Lord Dunmore's War
3743:Anglo-Cherokee War
3652:King William's War
3290:Traditional Courts
3143:
3109:Chilembwe uprising
3033:(24β29 April 1916)
2987:(1915 β July 1917)
2909:Chilembwe uprising
2830:Chilembwe uprising
2585:, pp. 158β60.
1151:petite bourgeoisie
1066:
1012:in Nyasaland, the
932:
889:
852:
789:German East Africa
680:Christian pacifism
657:
563:independent church
559:
523:Church of Scotland
491:Baptist missionary
483:Church of Scotland
476:
368:
265:Chilembwe uprising
222:Chilembwe uprising
178:David Kaduya
37:Chilembwe Uprising
4779:Conflicts in 1915
4725:15.739Β°S 35.192Β°E
4702:
4701:
4633:Malayan Emergency
4543:Malabar rebellion
4404:Siege of Malakand
4350:Anglo-Manipur War
4206:Anglo-Persian War
3755:Anglo-Spanish War
3707:King George's War
3628:King Philip's War
3604:Anglo-Spanish War
3483:
3482:
3443:
3442:
3357:
3356:
3298:
3297:
3280:Political parties
3275:National Assembly
3248:Foreign relations
3220:
3219:
3040:
3039:
2828:Media related to
2656:978-1-58046-310-2
2637:978-1-84701-064-3
2468:, pp. 137β8.
2449:978-3-319-45257-9
2425:(November 2016).
2408:978-3-319-45257-9
2384:(November 2016).
2364:978-3-319-45257-9
2340:(November 2016).
2300:, pp. 373β4.
2271:978-9-99081-417-0
2225:978-3-319-45257-9
2201:(November 2016).
1901:, pp. 130β1.
1846:978-3-319-45257-9
1822:(November 2016).
1656:Thompson, T. Jack
1638:978-3-319-45257-9
1614:(November 2016).
1594:978-3-319-45257-9
1570:(November 2016).
1553:978-3-319-45257-9
1529:(November 2016).
1501:, pp. 133β4.
1418:978-3-319-45257-9
1394:(November 2016).
1315:, pp. 128β9.
1236:History of Malawi
1224:Southern Rhodesia
1142:Robert I. Rotberg
1086:George Shepperson
985:Northern Rhodesia
571:cooperative union
258:
257:
187:
186:
100:
99:
87:
16:(Redirected from
4831:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4651:Cyprus Emergency
4477:Maritz rebellion
4465:Tibet expedition
4398:Benin Expedition
4218:Indian Rebellion
4212:Second Opium War
4194:Eureka Rebellion
4170:British Honduras
4146:New Zealand Wars
3731:Seven Years' War
3677:Queen Anne's War
3510:
3503:
3496:
3487:
3463:
3456:
3368:
3329:
3309:
3231:
3162:Cities and towns
3155:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3044:
2985:Mohmand blockade
2981:(JuneβJuly 1917)
2950:Senussi campaign
2903:Maritz rebellion
2859:
2852:
2845:
2836:
2827:
2817:Harvard Magazine
2800:
2761:
2739:
2722:
2716:
2708:
2680:
2660:
2641:
2619:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2498:
2492:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2433:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2392:
2378:
2369:
2368:
2348:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2274:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2245:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2209:
2195:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2151:
2145:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2032:
2026:
2017:
2011:
1998:
1992:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1944:
1938:
1929:
1923:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1830:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1787:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1757:
1756:, pp. 33β4.
1751:
1745:
1739:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1622:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1578:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1537:
1523:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1402:
1388:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1273:
1267:
1258:
1257:, pp. xβxi.
1252:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1156:psychoanalytical
1053:In later culture
964:Nyasaland Police
940:Catholic mission
760:
525:missionaries in
507:African-American
339:Malawian history
225:
223:
213:
206:
199:
190:
183:
175:
160:
159:
158:
139:
135:
133:
132:
123:
119:
117:
116:
81:
62:
61:
54:
34:
21:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4739:
4738:
4730:-15.739; 35.192
4729:
4727:
4723:
4720:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4639:Kenya Emergency
4445:
4439:
4434:Second Boer War
4428:Boxer Rebellion
4356:Pahang Uprising
4236:Ambela campaign
4158:RΓo de la Plata
4140:First Opium War
4122:Aden Expedition
3954:RΓo de la Plata
3916:
3910:
3881:Irish Rebellion
3773:First Carib War
3669:
3663:
3586:Confederate War
3580:Irish Rebellion
3530:
3524:
3514:
3484:
3479:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3439:
3353:
3327:
3294:
3216:
3144:
3133:
3124:1993 referendum
3080:
3071:
3041:
3036:
3019:
2996:
2961:
2932:
2885:
2868:
2863:
2808:
2803:
2764:
2758:
2742:
2725:
2709:
2683:
2663:
2657:
2644:
2638:
2624:McCracken, John
2622:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2514:
2501:
2493:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2431:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2390:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2346:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2284:
2277:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2248:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2207:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2154:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2001:
1993:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1947:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1865:, p. 48-9.
1861:
1854:
1847:
1828:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1790:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1620:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1576:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1535:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1400:
1390:
1389:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1276:
1268:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1202:Bussa rebellion
1192:
1187:
1185:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1118:
1110:Malawian stamps
1055:
1026:
976:
924:
869:
817:
809:Barue uprisings
793:Heinrich Schnee
762:
758:
738:
733:
717:Philip Mitchell
705:
646:
636:
468:
460:Main articles:
458:
412:Shire Highlands
386:in 1891 as the
357:
351:
261:
260:
259:
254:
250:Nguludi Mission
226:
221:
219:
217:
177:
171:
156:
154:
130:
128:
127:
114:
112:
111:
88:
80:
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4837:
4835:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4799:Millenarianism
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4769:1915 in Africa
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4741:
4740:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4648:
4642:
4636:
4630:
4624:
4618:
4612:
4606:
4600:
4594:
4588:
4582:
4579:Barzani revolt
4576:
4570:
4564:
4558:
4552:
4546:
4540:
4534:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4456:
4449:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4416:Tirah campaign
4413:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4341:
4335:
4329:
4326:Central Africa
4323:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4299:
4296:First Boer War
4293:
4287:
4281:
4278:Anglo-Zulu War
4275:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3966:Froberg mutiny
3963:
3957:
3951:
3945:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3920:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3884:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3722:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3673:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3646:Williamite War
3643:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3534:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3522:British Empire
3515:
3513:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3490:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3465:
3464:
3457:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3339:Communications
3336:
3334:Stock Exchange
3331:
3323:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3192:National parks
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3119:Hastings Banda
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3011:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2927:Volta-Bani War
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2839:
2821:
2820:
2807:
2806:External links
2804:
2802:
2801:
2762:
2756:
2740:
2723:
2689:Rotberg, R. I.
2685:Rotberg, R. I.
2681:
2665:Rotberg, R. I.
2661:
2655:
2642:
2636:
2620:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2575:
2573:, p. 140.
2571:McCracken 2012
2563:
2561:, p. 133.
2551:
2532:
2530:, p. 139.
2520:
2499:
2497:, p. 146.
2495:McCracken 2012
2482:
2480:, p. 145.
2478:McCracken 2012
2470:
2455:
2448:
2414:
2407:
2370:
2363:
2329:
2317:
2302:
2290:
2288:, p. 144.
2286:McCracken 2012
2275:
2258:
2246:
2244:, p. 143.
2242:McCracken 2012
2231:
2224:
2187:
2185:, p. 142.
2183:McCracken 2012
2175:
2173:, p. 137.
2152:
2150:, p. 297.
2137:
2135:, p. 296.
2125:
2123:, p. 289.
2113:
2101:
2089:
2077:
2075:, p. 141.
2073:McCracken 2012
2060:
2048:
2046:, p. 277.
2033:
2031:, p. 273.
2018:
2016:, p. 127.
2014:McCracken 2012
1999:
1997:, p. 272.
1984:
1982:, p. 270.
1972:
1970:, p. 136.
1945:
1943:, p. 274.
1930:
1928:, p. 131.
1926:McCracken 2012
1915:
1913:, p. 130.
1911:McCracken 2012
1903:
1899:McCracken 2012
1891:
1889:, p. 177.
1879:
1877:, p. 163.
1867:
1852:
1845:
1811:
1809:, p. 135.
1788:
1786:, p. 162.
1773:
1771:, p. 138.
1758:
1746:
1744:, p. 132.
1723:
1721:, p. 136.
1719:McCracken 2012
1711:
1709:, p. 632.
1699:
1690:
1681:
1658:(March 2017).
1644:
1637:
1600:
1593:
1559:
1552:
1515:
1513:, p. 128.
1511:McCracken 2012
1503:
1499:McCracken 2012
1491:
1489:, p. 140.
1474:
1472:, p. 137.
1470:McCracken 2012
1462:
1453:
1451:, p. 133.
1449:McCracken 2012
1436:
1434:, p. 132.
1432:McCracken 2012
1424:
1417:
1372:
1360:
1334:
1332:, p. xxi.
1317:
1313:McCracken 2012
1305:
1293:
1291:, p. xiv.
1274:
1259:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1220:administration
1208:
1198:
1197:
1194:History portal
1183:
1167:
1164:
1117:
1114:
1098:Hastings Banda
1075:James Chinyama
1062:Hastings Banda
1054:
1051:
1025:
1022:
975:
972:
923:
920:
868:
865:
816:
813:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
704:
701:
635:
632:
531:Harry Johnston
479:John Chilembwe
462:John Chilembwe
457:
454:
353:Main article:
350:
347:
277:John Chilembwe
256:
255:
253:
252:
247:
242:
237:
231:
228:
227:
218:
216:
215:
208:
201:
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185:
184:
167:John Chilembwe
164:
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150:
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145:
142:
141:
140:
107:
106:
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101:
98:
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94:
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74:
70:
69:
66:
58:
57:
47:
46:
39:
38:
32:
31:
26:
24:
18:Mbombwe Ambush
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4836:
4825:
4822:
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4604:
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4598:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4567:Ikhwan revolt
4565:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4532:
4529:
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4027:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4014:Spice Islands
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3972:Santo Domingo
3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3934:
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3928:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3913:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
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3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3761:Pontiac's War
3759:
3756:
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3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3713:Carnatic Wars
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3683:Tuscarora War
3681:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3666:
3659:
3656:
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3650:
3647:
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3641:
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3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3400:Ethnic groups
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3063:
3061:
3056:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3032:
3031:Easter Rising
3029:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3010:(23 May 1914)
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:North America
2999:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:British India
2964:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2855:
2853:
2848:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2826:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2775:(3): 373β91.
2774:
2770:
2769:
2763:
2759:
2757:0-19-925728-0
2753:
2749:
2745:
2744:Strachan, Hew
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2693:Mazrui, A. A.
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2610:(4): 631β51.
2609:
2605:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2584:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2552:
2549:, p. 28.
2548:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2518:, p. 27.
2517:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2423:Morris, Brian
2418:
2415:
2410:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2382:Morris, Brian
2377:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2338:Morris, Brian
2333:
2330:
2327:, p. 21.
2326:
2321:
2318:
2315:, p. 20.
2314:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2199:Morris, Brian
2194:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2099:, p. 19.
2098:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1887:Strachan 2004
1883:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1820:Morris, Brian
1815:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1742:Strachan 2004
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1612:Morris, Brian
1607:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1568:Morris, Brian
1563:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1527:Morris, Brian
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1392:Morris, Brian
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1361:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1272:, p. xi.
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1184:
1181:
1180:Malawi portal
1170:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:Bakili Muluzi
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
996:
994:
993:indirect rule
988:
986:
980:
973:
971:
969:
965:
961:
956:
954:
948:
945:
941:
936:
935:as about 20.
928:
921:
919:
916:
912:
911:
906:
902:
897:
895:
885:
881:
878:
875:and Blantyreβ
874:
867:Later actions
866:
864:
860:
858:
850:
845:
841:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
814:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
766:
761:
755:
753:
752:
747:
746:
735:
730:
728:
726:
722:
718:
713:
711:
702:
699:
694:
692:
691:
686:
681:
676:
674:
669:
665:
661:
655:
650:
645:
641:
633:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:Old Testament
609:
604:
601:
595:
592:
586:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
555:
551:
548:
544:
540:
534:
532:
528:
524:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
472:
467:
463:
455:
453:
451:
450:forced labour
447:
446:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
407:
405:
404:Chewa peoples
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
365:
361:
356:
348:
346:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
289:forced labour
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
232:
229:
224:
214:
209:
207:
202:
200:
195:
194:
191:
182:
176:
174:
168:
165:
163:
153:
152:
147:
143:
138:
126:
125:
124:
122:
109:
108:
103:
95:
92:
91:
85:
79:
75:
72:
71:
67:
64:
63:
59:
53:
48:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
4706:
4704:
4537:Iraqi Revolt
4488:
4392:Matabeleland
4368:North Borneo
4362:Matabeleland
4314:Saskatchewan
4116:Upper Canada
4110:Lower Canada
4068:Persian Gulf
3984:Persian Gulf
3924:Newfoundland
3905:Polygar Wars
3875:Kandyan Wars
3827:Nootka Sound
3395:Demographics
3385:Coat of arms
3321:Central bank
3258:Human rights
3108:
2937:North Africa
2908:
2822:
2815:
2772:
2766:
2747:
2727:
2696:
2668:
2646:
2627:
2607:
2601:
2593:Bibliography
2583:Rotberg 1971
2578:
2566:
2559:Rotberg 1971
2554:
2528:Rotberg 1971
2523:
2473:
2466:Rotberg 1971
2427:
2417:
2386:
2342:
2332:
2320:
2293:
2261:
2203:
2178:
2171:Rotberg 1971
2128:
2116:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2051:
1975:
1968:Rotberg 1971
1906:
1894:
1882:
1875:Rotberg 1971
1870:
1863:Rotberg 1967
1824:
1814:
1807:Rotberg 1971
1784:Rotberg 1971
1769:Rotberg 1971
1754:Rotberg 1967
1749:
1714:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1670:(1): 51β66.
1667:
1663:
1616:
1572:
1562:
1531:
1506:
1494:
1487:Rotberg 1971
1465:
1456:
1427:
1396:
1368:Rotberg 1967
1363:
1351:. Retrieved
1347:
1337:
1330:Rotberg 1967
1308:
1301:Rotberg 1967
1296:
1289:Rotberg 1967
1270:Rotberg 1967
1255:Rotberg 1967
1250:
1210:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1127:Hew Strachan
1123:George Smith
1119:
1089:
1079:
1067:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1027:
1018:
1013:
1008:
997:
989:
981:
977:
957:
949:
937:
933:
908:
898:
890:
870:
861:
853:
832:
818:
786:
767:
763:
757:
749:
743:
741:
714:
706:
703:Preparations
696:
688:
677:
658:
619:
605:
596:
590:
587:
583:
560:
547:Brian Morris
535:
519:
493:who ran the
489:, a radical
487:Joseph Booth
477:
443:
408:
369:
343:World War II
336:
301:
285:middle class
271:(modern-day
264:
262:
220:
172:
162:George Smith
110:
105:Belligerents
82:(modern-day
42:Part of the
29:
4728: /
4657:Suez Crisis
4555:Transjordan
4459:West Africa
4436:(1899β1902)
4430:(1898β1901)
4422:Six-Day War
4370:(1894β1905)
4358:(1891β1895)
4338:Mashonaland
4302:Mahdist War
4242:Shimonoseki
4172:(1847β1901)
4082:(1824β1901)
4050:Cape Colony
3948:Cape Colony
3907:(1799β1805)
3901:(1799β1803)
3889:(1798β1800)
3877:(1796β1818)
3851:Cape Colony
3841:(1793β1806)
3823:(1788β1934)
3719:Nova Scotia
3689:Yamasee War
3660:(1694β1700)
3634:Child's War
3622:2nd Tangier
3616:1st Tangier
3612:(1655β1739)
3562:Saint Kitts
3540:(1593β1603)
3316:Agriculture
3187:Lake Malawi
3016:(1917β1918)
2958:(1914β1921)
2929:(1915β1917)
2917:(1900β1920)
1226:in 1896β97.
660:World War I
640:World War I
634:World War I
416:plantations
297:World War I
4743:Categories
4716:35Β°11β²31β³E
4713:15Β°44β²20β³S
4561:Pink's War
4453:Somaliland
4290:Basutoland
4044:Guadeloupe
4026:Xhosa Wars
4008:Seychelles
3990:Guadeloupe
3978:Martinique
3845:Rohilkhand
3809:Gold Coast
3779:Rohilkhand
3737:Bengal War
3574:Pequot War
3328:(currency)
3177:Ecoregions
2915:Somaliland
2547:Power 2010
2516:Power 2010
2325:Power 2010
2313:Power 2010
2298:Yorke 1990
2097:Power 2010
1242:References
1222:in nearby
1212:Chimurenga
1080:Historian
915:Chiradzulu
913:(fort) at
905:reservists
877:Mikalongwe
673:Armageddon
638:See also:
628:Armageddon
608:liberation
511:John Brown
376:Portuguese
349:Background
4693:Falklands
4689:(1963β67)
4683:(1962β66)
4677:(1962β90)
4665:(1962β76)
4653:(1955β59)
4647:(1954β59)
4641:(1952β60)
4635:(1948β60)
4629:(1946β50)
4621:Indonesia
4617:(1945β46)
4615:Indochina
4611:(1944β48)
4599:(1936β39)
4593:(1936β39)
4581:(1931β32)
4575:(1930β31)
4569:(1927β30)
4551:(1922β24)
4549:Kurdistan
4533:(1919β20)
4509:(1916β17)
4489:Nyasaland
4485:(1914β15)
4479:(1914β15)
4467:(1903β04)
4461:(1901β02)
4455:(1900β20)
4418:(1897β98)
4412:(1897β98)
4394:(1896β97)
4364:(1893β94)
4328:(1886β89)
4304:(1881β99)
4298:(1880β81)
4292:(1880β81)
4286:(1879β80)
4274:(1875β76)
4260:Abyssinia
4256:(1866β71)
4250:(1864β65)
4238:(1863β64)
4230:Kagoshima
4226:(1857β58)
4220:(1857β59)
4214:(1856β60)
4208:(1856β57)
4202:(1854β56)
4200:Γ
land War
4184:(1848β49)
4160:(1845β50)
4154:(1845β46)
4148:(1845β72)
4142:(1839β42)
4136:(1839β42)
4130:(1839β41)
4118:(1837β38)
4112:(1837β38)
4106:(1831β33)
4100:(1831β32)
4094:(1828β32)
4088:(1824β26)
4064:(1817β18)
4040:(1814β16)
4034:(1812β15)
4028:(1811β79)
4022:(1810β11)
4002:Mauritius
3974:(1808β09)
3956:(1806β07)
3932:(1803β05)
3895:(1798β99)
3865:(1795β96)
3859:(1795β96)
3835:(1789β92)
3811:(1781β82)
3805:(1779β84)
3799:(1775β82)
3793:(1775β83)
3781:(1773β74)
3775:(1769β73)
3769:(1765β71)
3763:(1763β66)
3757:(1762β63)
3745:(1758β61)
3739:(1756β65)
3733:(1756β63)
3727:(1754β63)
3721:(1749β55)
3715:(1746β63)
3709:(1744β48)
3703:(1740β42)
3697:(1722β25)
3691:(1715β17)
3685:(1711β15)
3679:(1702β13)
3654:(1688β97)
3648:(1688β91)
3636:(1686β90)
3630:(1675β78)
3606:(1654β60)
3600:(1654β67)
3594:(1649β53)
3588:(1641β53)
3576:(1634β38)
3546:(1609β46)
3405:Education
3349:Transport
3285:President
3253:Judiciary
3243:Elections
3172:Districts
3150:Geography
3104:Nyasaland
2956:Zaian War
2873:Australia
2797:161760025
2713:cite book
1131:Bonar Law
974:Aftermath
821:an attack
731:Rebellion
503:Lynchburg
392:Nyasaland
364:Nyasaland
269:Nyasaland
137:Nyasaland
78:Nyasaland
4681:Malaysia
4603:Ethiopia
4501:Peshawar
4266:Manitoba
4248:Duar War
3544:Virginia
3470:Category
3430:Religion
3375:Abortion
3270:Military
3226:Politics
3207:Wildlife
3078:articles
2746:(2004).
2695:(eds.).
2667:(1967).
2626:(2012).
1166:See also
1146:thangata
1047:thangata
1043:thangata
1038:thangata
1014:thangata
1009:thangata
1005:Magomero
833:thangata
782:Magomero
770:Blantyre
736:Outbreak
620:Kitawala
591:thangata
527:Blantyre
445:thangata
316:Blantyre
308:Magomero
240:Blantyre
73:Location
4675:Sarawak
4627:Sarawak
4519:Nigeria
4507:Mohmand
4495:Nigeria
4446:century
4104:Malacca
4098:Jamaica
4056:Algiers
3996:Reunion
3942:Surinam
3917:century
3863:Grenada
3857:Jamaica
3749:Jamaica
3670:century
3610:Jamaica
3538:Ireland
3531:century
3518:English
3454:Outline
3390:Culture
3363:Society
3344:Tourism
3326:Kwacha
3304:Economy
3238:Cabinet
3197:Regions
3182:Islands
3167:Climate
3086:History
2921:Nigeria
2897:Nigeria
1353:12 June
1206:Nigeria
953:Tunduru
944:Nguludi
829:tobacco
805:Makombe
685:Karonga
436:Hut Tax
432:tobacco
328:Nguludi
281:Baptist
245:Mbombwe
173:†
121:Britain
4695:(1982)
4671:(1962)
4669:Brunei
4659:(1956)
4623:(1945)
4605:(1943)
4587:(1935)
4563:(1925)
4557:(1923)
4545:(1921)
4539:(1920)
4527:(1919)
4521:(1918)
4515:(1917)
4513:Quebec
4503:(1915)
4497:(1915)
4491:(1915)
4473:(1906)
4424:(1899)
4406:(1897)
4400:(1897)
4388:(1896)
4382:(1896)
4376:(1895)
4352:(1891)
4346:(1891)
4340:(1890)
4334:(1888)
4332:Hazara
4322:(1885)
4316:(1885)
4310:(1882)
4280:(1879)
4268:(1870)
4262:(1868)
4244:(1864)
4232:(1863)
4196:(1854)
4190:(1852)
4178:(1848)
4176:Ceylon
4166:(1847)
4164:Canton
4124:(1839)
4076:(1823)
4074:Guiana
4070:(1819)
4058:(1816)
4052:(1815)
4046:(1815)
4016:(1810)
4010:(1810)
4004:(1810)
3998:(1810)
3992:(1810)
3986:(1809)
3980:(1809)
3968:(1807)
3962:(1807)
3950:(1806)
3944:(1804)
3938:(1804)
3926:(1800)
3883:(1798)
3871:(1795)
3869:Ceylon
3853:(1795)
3847:(1794)
3829:(1789)
3817:(1786)
3787:(1774)
3751:(1762)
3642:(1687)
3624:(1664)
3618:(1662)
3598:Acadia
3582:(1641)
3570:(1628)
3568:Quebec
3564:(1626)
3558:(1622)
3552:(1612)
3550:Swally
3475:Portal
3435:Sports
3415:Health
3380:Anthem
3202:Rivers
3094:Maravi
3076:
3074:Malawi
3024:Europe
2975:(1915)
2923:(1918)
2899:(1915)
2890:Africa
2882:(1915)
2795:
2789:182876
2787:
2754:
2736:421086
2734:
2705:139250
2703:
2677:184725
2675:
2653:
2634:
2616:181018
2614:
2446:
2405:
2361:
2269:
2222:
1843:
1635:
1591:
1550:
1415:
1160:asthma
1106:kwacha
968:Mlanje
857:Mauser
849:Mlanje
825:cotton
721:Uganda
668:Allied
565:, the
539:calico
428:cotton
424:coffee
418:where
372:Malawi
273:Malawi
169:
144:Rebels
134:
118:
93:Result
84:Malawi
4573:Tirah
4483:Tochi
4272:Perak
4038:Nepal
3960:Egypt
3887:Malta
3815:Assam
3658:Ghana
3556:Ormuz
3461:Index
3425:Music
3420:Media
2793:S2CID
2785:JSTOR
2612:JSTOR
2432:(PDF)
2391:(PDF)
2347:(PDF)
2208:(PDF)
1829:(PDF)
1621:(PDF)
1577:(PDF)
1536:(PDF)
1401:(PDF)
774:Limbe
725:Kenya
710:Ncheu
400:Ngoni
4687:Aden
4663:Oman
4645:Oman
4444:20th
4020:Java
3915:19th
3668:18th
3640:Siam
3529:17th
3410:Flag
3263:LGBT
2752:ISBN
2732:OCLC
2719:link
2701:OCLC
2673:OCLC
2651:ISBN
2632:ISBN
2444:ISBN
2403:ISBN
2359:ISBN
2267:ISBN
2220:ISBN
1841:ISBN
1633:ISBN
1589:ISBN
1548:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1355:2024
910:boma
873:Tete
827:and
807:and
772:and
723:and
642:and
464:and
430:and
402:and
263:The
65:Date
4032:USA
2814:at
2777:doi
2436:doi
2395:doi
2351:doi
2212:doi
1833:doi
1672:doi
1625:doi
1581:doi
1540:doi
1405:doi
1133:as
942:at
751:sic
745:sic
501:in
420:tea
396:Yao
378:or
306:at
4745::
2791:.
2783:.
2773:31
2771:.
2715:}}
2711:{{
2691:;
2608:12
2606:.
2535:^
2502:^
2485:^
2458:^
2442:.
2401:.
2373:^
2357:.
2305:^
2278:^
2249:^
2234:^
2218:.
2190:^
2155:^
2140:^
2063:^
2036:^
2021:^
2002:^
1987:^
1948:^
1933:^
1918:^
1855:^
1839:.
1791:^
1776:^
1761:^
1726:^
1668:23
1666:.
1662:.
1647:^
1631:.
1603:^
1587:.
1546:.
1518:^
1477:^
1439:^
1411:.
1375:^
1346:.
1320:^
1277:^
1262:^
517:.
452:.
426:,
422:,
406:.
398:,
299:.
291:,
3520:/
3509:e
3502:t
3495:v
3066:e
3059:t
3052:v
2858:e
2851:t
2844:v
2799:.
2779::
2760:.
2738:.
2721:)
2707:.
2679:.
2659:.
2640:.
2618:.
2452:.
2438::
2411:.
2397::
2367:.
2353::
2273:.
2228:.
2214::
1849:.
1835::
1678:.
1674::
1641:.
1627::
1597:.
1583::
1556:.
1542::
1421:.
1407::
1357:.
212:e
205:t
198:v
86:)
20:)
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