51:
714:
1260:, including dosages, administration, timing or any drug interactions. Additionally, there is still research being conducted on whether intubation and suctioning of meconium in newborns with MAS is beneficial, harmful or is simply a redundant and outdated treatment. In general, there is still no generally accepted therapeutic protocol and effective treatment plan for MAS.
1272:
830:(ECMO) may be utilised in infants who fail to respond to ventilation therapy. While on ECMO, the body can have time to absorb the meconium and for all the associated disorders to resolve. There has been an excellent response to this treatment, as the survival rate of MAS while on ECMO is more than 94%.
273:
As MAS describes a spectrum of disorders of newborns born through MSAF, without any congenital respiratory disorders or other underlying pathology, there are numerous hypothesised mechanisms and causes for the onset of this syndrome. Long-term consequences may arise from these disorders, for example,
1217:
has been used when MSAF was present, which involves a transcervical infusion of fluid during labour. The idea was to dilute the thick meconium to reduce its potential pathophysiology and reduce cases of MAS, since MAS is more prevalent in cases of thick meconium. However, there are associated risks,
1239:
are not frequently associated with MSAF (only approximately 5% in total contain MSAF). The rate of MAS declines in populations where labour is induced in women that have pregnancies exceeding 41 weeks. There are many suspected pre-disposing factors that are thought to increase the risk of MAS. For
774:
Most infants born through MSAF do not require any treatments (other than routine postnatal care) as they show no signs of respiratory distress, as only approximately 5% of infants born through MSAF develop MAS. However, infants which do develop MAS need to be admitted to a neonatal unit where they
148:
throughout the third trimester of pregnancy and it is the first intestinal discharge released within the first 48 hours after birth. Notably, since meconium and the whole content of the gastrointestinal tract is located 'extracorporeally,' its constituents are hidden and normally not recognised by
93:
within their lungs. Therefore, MAS has a wide range of severity depending on what conditions and complications develop after parturition. Furthermore, the pathophysiology of MAS is multifactorial and extremely complex which is why it is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in term infants.
1201:
aspiration was utilised for 20 years. This treatment was believed to be effective as it was reported to significantly decrease the incidence of MAS compared to those newborns born through MSAF who were not treated. This claim was later disproved and future studies concluded that oropharyngeal and
833:
Ventilation of infants with MAS can be challenging and, as MAS can affect each individual differently, ventilation administration may need to be customised. Some newborns with MAS can have homogenous lung changes and others can have inconsistent and patchy changes to their lungs. It is common for
814:
In cases of MAS, there is a need for supplemental oxygen for at least 12 hours in order to maintain oxygen saturation of haemoglobin at 92% or more. The severity of respiratory distress can vary significantly between newborns with MAS, as some require minimal or no supplemental oxygen requirement
624:
The extent of surfactant inhibition depends on both the concentration of surfactant and meconium. If the surfactant concentration is low, even very highly diluted meconium can inhibit surfactant function whereas, in high surfactant concentrations, the effects of meconium are limited. Meconium may
358:
are found in samples of MSAF at a higher rate than in clear amniotic fluid, for example 46.9% of patients with MSAF also had endotoxins present. A microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) is more common in patients with MSAF and this could ultimately lead to an intra-amniotic inflammatory
200:
with MSAF. It is believed that foetal distress develops into foetal hypoxia causing the foetus to defecate meconium resulting in MSAF and then perhaps MAS. Other stressors which causes foetal distress, and therefore meconium passage, includes when umbilical vein oxygen saturation is below 30%.
208:
and relaxing the anal sphincter, which results in the passage of meconium. Then, because of intrauterine gasping or from the first few breaths after delivery, MAS may develop. Furthermore, aspiration of thick meconium leads to obstruction of airways resulting in a more severe
248:
of the foetal intestines is present as early as 8 weeks gestation and the anal sphincter develops at about 20–22 weeks. The early control mechanisms of the anal sphincter are not well understood, however there is evidence that the foetus does defecate routinely into the
253:
even in the absence of distress. The presence of fetal intestinal enzymes have been found in the amniotic fluid of women who are as early as 14–22 weeks pregnant. Thus, suggesting there is free passage of the intestinal contents into the amniotic fluid.
721:
Respiratory distress in an infant born through the darkly coloured MSAF as well as meconium obstructing the airways is usually sufficient enough to diagnose MAS. Additionally, newborns with MAS can have other types of respiratory distress such as
2646:
2531:
2516:
2501:
1171:
and death. Early intervention and using it on newborns with mild MAS is more effective. However, there are risks as a large volume of fluid instillation to the lung of a newborn can be dangerous (particularly in cases of severe MAS with
695:
cleavage of lung airway epithelial cells, this is detected by the presence of fragmented DNA within the airways and in alveolar epithelial nuclei. Meconium induces an inflammatory reaction within the lungs as there is an increase of
2128:
Vain, NE; Szyld, EG; Prudent, LM; Wiswell, TE; Aguilar, AM; Vivas, NI (2004). "Oropharyngeal and
Nasopharyngeal Suctioning of Meconium-Stained Neonates Before Delivery of their Shoulders: Multicentre, Randomised Controlled Trial".
997:
formation and oxidative lung injury. However, glucocorticoids may increase the risk of infection and this risk increases with the dose and duration of glucocorticoid treatment. Other issues can arise, such as aggravation of
652:(PPHN) is the failure of the foetal circulation to adapt to extra-uterine conditions after birth. PPHN is associated with various respiratory diseases, including MAS (as 15-20% of infants with MAS develop PPHN), but also
704:
after exposure. After 8 hours of meconium exposure, in rabbit foetuses, the total amount of apoptotic cells is 54%. Therefore, the majority of meconium-induced lung damage may be due to the apoptosis of lung epithelium.
2639:
264:
also increases in later gestations. Therefore, the increased incidence of MAS in post-term pregnancies may reflect the maturation and development of the peristalsis within the gastrointestinal tract in the newborn.
1230:
1 in every 7 pregnancies have MSAF and, of these cases, approximately 5% of these infants develop MAS. MSAF is observed 23-52% in pregnancies at 42 weeks therefore, the frequency of MAS increases as the length of
1188:
Originally, it was believed that MAS developed as a result of the meconium being a physical blockage of the airways. Thus, to prevent newborns, who were born through MSAF, from developing MAS, suctioning of the
2632:
862:
as it causes vasodilation within ventilated areas of the lung thus, decreasing the ventilation-perfusion mismatch and thereby, improves oxygenation. Treatment utilising iNO decreases the need for
959:
etc.) and other biologically active substances. The anti-inflammatory effect of glucocorticoids is also demonstrated by enhancing the activity of lipocortines which inhibit the activity of PLA
633:), and by changing the viscosity and structure of surfactant. Several morphological changes occur after meconium exposure, the most notable being the detachment of airway epithelium from
417:
recognises as a foreign and dangerous substance. The immune system, which is present at birth, responds within minutes with a low specificity and no memory in order to try to eliminate
1202:
nasopharyngeal suctioning, before delivery of the shoulders in infants born through MSAF, does not prevent MAS or its complications. In fact, it can cause more issues and damage (e.g.
1248:
Research is being focused on developing both a successful method for preventing MAS as well as an effective treatment. For example, investigations are being made in the efficiency of
691:
is an important mechanism in the clearance of injured cells and in tissue repair, however too much apoptosis may cause harm, such as acute lung injury. Meconium induces apoptosis and
302:. After 60 minutes of exposure, the meconium travels further down into the smaller airways. Once within the terminal bronchioles and alveoli, the meconium triggers inflammation,
405:
Meconium has a complex chemical composition, so it is difficult to identify a single agent responsible for the several diseases that arise. As meconium is stored inside the
226:
of infants with MSAF are vigorous at birth and do not have any distress or hypoxia. Additionally, foetal distress occurs frequently without the passage of meconium as well.
981:
need to be administered as quickly as possible as the effect of these drugs can diminish even just an hour after meconium aspiration. For example, early administration of
866:
and mortality in newborns with hypoxic respiratory failure and PPHN as a result of MAS. However, approximately 30-50% of infants with PPHN do not respond to iNO therapy.
1222:
and prolongation of labour. The UK National
Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) Guidelines recommend against the use of amnioinfusion in women with MSAF.
1206:
damage), thus it is not a recommended preventative treatment. Suctioning may not significantly reduce the incidence of MAS as meconium passage and aspiration may occur
330:, because of obstruction and/or destruction, will become hypoxic and an inflammatory response may consequently occur. Partial obstruction will lead to air trapping and
1041:
contractile activity. Therefore, non-selective and selective inhibitors of PDE could potentially be used in MAS therapy. However, the use of PDE inhibitors can cause
390:
and matrix-degrading enzymes. Therefore, these aforementioned mediators within the amniotic fluid during MIAC and intra-amniotic infection could, when aspirated
617:. Surfactant also contributes to lung protection and defence as it is also an anti-inflammatory agent. Surfactant enhances the removal of inhaled particles and
3020:
3035:
3025:
188:. However, the exact mechanism for meconium passage into the amniotic fluid is not completely understood and it may be a combination of several factors.
625:
impact surfactant mechanisms by preventing surfactant from spreading over the alveolar surface, decreasing the concentration of surfactant proteins (
50:
260:
is found in higher concentrations in post-term than pre-term foetal gastrointestinal tracts. Similarly, intestinal parasympathetic innervation and
85:
is a medical condition affecting newborn infants. It describes the spectrum of disorders and pathophysiology of newborns born in meconium-stained
2315:
Bassler, D; Choong, K; McNamara, P; Kirpalani, H (2006). "Neonatal
Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension Treated with Milrinone: Four Case Report".
3015:
1163:
has potential benefits depending on how early it is given in newborns with MAS. This treatment shows promise as it has an effect on air leaks,
742:
In general, the incidence of MAS has been significantly reduced over the past two decades as the number of post-term deliveries has minimized.
2399:
Carson, BS; Losey, RW; Bowes Jr, WA; Simmons, MA (1976). "Combined
Obstetric and Pediatric Approach to Prevent Meconium Aspiration Syndrome".
1240:
example, the risk of MSAF is higher in
African American, African and Pacific Islander mothers, compared to mothers from other ethnic groups.
2918:
2272:
Czock, D; Keller, F; Rasche, FM; Haussler, U (2005). "Pharmacokinetics and
Pharmacodynamics of Systemically Administered Glucocorticoids".
641:
into the airway. These indicate a direct detrimental effect on lung alveolar cells because of the introduction of meconium into the lungs.
1936:
Zagariya, A; Bhat, R; Chari, G; Uhal, B; Navale, S; Vidyasagar, D (2005). "Apoptosis of Airway
Epithelial Cells in Response to Meconium".
1324:
Van
Ierland, Y; De Beaufort, AJ (2009). "Why Does Meconium Cause Meconium Aspiration Syndrome? Current Concepts of MAS Pathophysiology".
1148:
Meconium is typically sterile however, it can contain various cultures of bacteria so appropriate antibiotics may need to be prescribed.
282:
In the first 15 minutes of meconium aspiration, there is obstruction of larger airways which causes increased lung resistance, decreased
1168:
863:
827:
717:
Release of meconium into the amniotic cavity and then intrauterine gasping of post-term neonates may cause meconium aspiration syndrome.
2923:
1971:
Marco, P; Nadya, Y; Roselyne, B; Paolo, M; Mostafa, M; De Luca, D (2014). "Lung
Ultrasound Findings in Meconium Aspiration Syndrome".
376:
2701:
941:
859:
649:
339:
901:. Thus, there is a reduction in the action of mediators released from these cells and therefore, a reduced inflammatory response.
750:
Prevention during pregnancy may include amnioinfusion and antibiotics but the effectiveness of these treatments are questionable.
3244:
3219:
3010:
1376:
Vain, NE; Batton, DG (2017). "Meconium "Aspiration" (or
Respiratory Distress Associated with Meconium-Stained Amniotic Fluid?)".
734:. Additionally, X-rays and lung ultrasounds can be quick, easy and cheap imaging techniques to diagnose lung diseases like MAS.
480:
are released from neutrophilic granules and these may damage the lung membrane and surfactant proteins. Additionally, activated
3311:
3261:
2829:
1768:
Mokra, D; Mokry, J; Tonhajzerova, I (2013). "Anti-Inflammatory Treatment of Meconium Aspiration Syndrome: Benefits and Risks".
1210:
Thereby making the suctioning redundant and useless as the meconium may already be deep within the lungs at the time of birth.
1128:, (either through selective or non-selective drugs) inflammation and oedema can be reduced. However, COX inhibitors may induce
730:. Sometimes it is hard to diagnose MAS as it can be confused with other diseases that also cause respiratory distress, such as
58:
X-ray showing the extent of lung epithelial damage in response to meconium seen in neonates with meconium aspiration syndrome.
1030:
1026:
168:
The main theories of meconium passage into amniotic fluid are caused by fetal maturity or from foetal stress as a result of
1813:"Bacteria and Endotoxin in Meconium-Stained Amniotic Fluid at Term: Could Intra-amniotic Infection Cause Meconium Passage?"
3003:
3239:
3162:
2980:
897:
cells, and other cells. They reduce the migration of neutrophils into the lungs ergo, decreasing their adherence to the
1811:
Romero, R; Yoon, BH; Chaemsaithong, P; Cortez, J; Park, CW; Behnke, RGE; Hassan, SS; Chaiworapongsa, T; Yeo, L (2014).
3229:
3134:
3071:
920:. Ultimately, effecting whether various proteins get produced or not. Inhibiting the transcription of nuclear factor (
2952:
815:
and, in severe cases, mechanical ventilation may be needed. The desired oxygen saturation is between 90 and 95% and
3076:
3066:
2957:
555:
1666:"Neurodevelopmental Outcome of Infants with Meconium Aspiration Syndrome: Report of a Study and Literature Review"
3106:
2815:
2811:
2771:
2624:
2015:
Chettri, S; Bhat, BV; Adhisivam, B (2016). "Current Concepts in the Management of Meconium Aspiration Syndrome".
925:
485:
216:
The association between foetal distress and meconium passage is not a definite cause-effect relationship as over
3172:
3093:
2550:
1909:
Brooke-Vincent, F (2015). "Meconium Aspiration Syndrome and Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn".
788:
327:
274:
infants that develop MAS have higher rates of developing neurodevelopmental defects due to poor respiration.
3268:
3234:
2839:
2759:
2749:
2696:
1219:
913:
905:
566:. Injury to the alveolocapillary membrane results in leakage of liquid, plasma proteins, and cells into the
489:
438:
766:
suctioning is not an ideal preventative treatment for both vigorous and depressed (not breathing) infants.
3149:
2967:
2876:
2859:
2612:
1173:
851:
823:
449:
351:
235:
145:
1708:
Mokra, D; Calkovska, A (2013). "How to Overcome Surfactant Dysfunction in Meconium Aspiration Syndrome".
3083:
2791:
713:
3332:
3121:
3111:
2913:
2869:
1488:"Meconium Aspiration Syndrome: Possible Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Future Potential Therapies"
1285:
1129:
1038:
929:
792:
630:
626:
509:
457:
422:
414:
299:
3306:
3289:
3139:
2995:
2905:
2535:
2360:"Surfactant Lavage Therapy for Meconium Aspiration Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
1086:
1082:
1078:
1066:
551:
505:
477:
311:
811:
suctioning can be used however, the efficacy of this method is in question and it can cause harm.
338:
may follow. Chronic hypoxia will lead to an increase in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle tone and
3337:
3224:
3180:
3157:
3047:
2824:
2340:
2297:
2154:
2040:
1891:
1793:
1733:
1037:
of a newborn with MAS, various isoforms of PDE may be involved due to their pro-inflammatory and
1034:
1011:
606:
571:
517:
204:
Foetal hypoxic stress during parturition can stimulate colonic activity, by enhancing intestinal
153:
1256:
therapy. More research needs to be conducted on the pharmacological properties of, for example,
3057:
2975:
2945:
2886:
2864:
2681:
2590:
2561:
2457:
2416:
2381:
2332:
2289:
2251:
2195:
2146:
2110:
2032:
1988:
1953:
1883:
1842:
1785:
1725:
1687:
1646:
1611:
1567:
1509:
1393:
1341:
1249:
1177:
1074:
1022:
999:
978:
784:
677:
661:
634:
563:
524:, key mediators in inflammation, and may thus contribute to the inflammatory response in MAS.
521:
430:
380:
210:
197:
169:
63:
2510:
1629:
Poggi, SH; Ghidini, A (2009). "Pathophysiology of Meconium Passage into the Amniotic Fluid".
885:
have a strong anti-inflammatory activity and works to reduce the migration and activation of
874:
As inflammation is such a huge issue in MAS, treatment has consisted of anti-inflammatories.
775:
will be closely observed and provided any treatments needed. Observations include monitoring
156:
during the period when the fluid-filled lungs transition into an air-filled organ capable of
3299:
3126:
2786:
2727:
2691:
2447:
2408:
2371:
2324:
2281:
2241:
2233:
2185:
2138:
2102:
2072:
2024:
1980:
1945:
1918:
1873:
1832:
1824:
1777:
1717:
1677:
1638:
1601:
1557:
1547:
1499:
1461:
1431:
1385:
1333:
1101:
964:
952:
945:
780:
665:
539:
528:
501:
497:
384:
307:
3256:
3042:
2934:
2854:
1277:
1203:
1140:. Additionally, COX inhibitors have not shown any great response in the treatment of MAS.
1046:
834:
sedation and muscle relaxants to be used to optimise ventilation and minimise the risk of
598:
476:
and epithelial cells that may injure the lung tissue directly or indirectly. For example,
303:
283:
250:
152:
For the meconium within the amniotic fluid to successfully cause MAS, it has to enter the
822:
may be as high as 90mmHg. In cases where there is thick meconium deep within the lungs,
2881:
2739:
2544:
2540:
2246:
2221:
1837:
1812:
1562:
1535:
1257:
1194:
1105:
1050:
1042:
972:
882:
763:
586:
331:
141:
117:
86:
2142:
1984:
1235:
increases, such that the prevalence is greatest in post-term pregnancies. Conversely,
538:), a potent proinflammatory enzyme, which may directly (or through the stimulation of
116:
Meconium is a sticky dark-green substance which contains gastrointestinal secretions,
3326:
2820:
2660:
2412:
2285:
2106:
1878:
1861:
1642:
1337:
1236:
1214:
1190:
1137:
1113:
1093:(a selective PDE3 inhibitor) improved oxygenation and survival of neonates with MAS.
1070:
1058:
982:
937:
933:
917:
904:
Glucocorticoids also possess a genomic mechanism of action in which, once bound to a
759:
465:
461:
434:
418:
410:
372:
364:
177:
2344:
2301:
2158:
1895:
1797:
1737:
2940:
2781:
2044:
1164:
1133:
1121:
1109:
1054:
1003:
986:
968:
956:
909:
855:
847:
835:
796:
590:
567:
493:
335:
157:
17:
2601:
2555:
1828:
676:
mismatch can trigger PPHN, depending on the concentration of meconium within the
3284:
3186:
3052:
2754:
2585:
1253:
1156:
1117:
898:
727:
594:
559:
558:(PAF) and other vasoactive substances that may lead to destruction of capillary
453:
295:
291:
261:
245:
205:
133:
2076:
1781:
1721:
1465:
1435:
1389:
3294:
3251:
3192:
3030:
2566:
2525:
2237:
2028:
1949:
1922:
1267:
1160:
1062:
990:
890:
886:
776:
638:
618:
602:
582:
481:
473:
469:
406:
355:
315:
2063:
Stenson, BJ; Smith, CL (2012). "Management of Meconium Aspiration Syndrome".
3197:
2656:
2596:
2478:
2093:
Aguilar, AM; Vain, NE (2011). "The Suctioning in the Delivery Room Debate".
1232:
1090:
731:
723:
701:
697:
688:
673:
669:
653:
610:
547:
516:. Recently, it has been hypothesised that meconium is a potent activator of
513:
368:
287:
239:
121:
110:
2461:
2385:
2336:
2293:
2255:
2222:"Glucocorticoids in the Treatment of Neonatal Meconium Aspiration Syndrome"
2199:
2150:
2114:
2036:
1992:
1957:
1887:
1846:
1789:
1729:
1691:
1650:
1615:
1571:
1513:
1397:
1345:
2452:
2435:
2174:"Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Use in Meconium Aspiration Syndrome"
1552:
2990:
2607:
2420:
1057:. Additionally, methylxanthines decreases the concentrations of calcium,
921:
894:
543:
445:
426:
360:
90:
2493:
2190:
2173:
1682:
1665:
1606:
1589:
1452:
Argyridis, S; Arulkumaran, S (2016). "Meconium Stained Amniotic Fluid".
2713:
2358:
Choi, HJ; Hahn, S; Lee, J; Park, BJ; Lee, SM; Kin, HS; Bae, CW (2012).
1198:
1007:
808:
257:
185:
181:
2376:
2359:
2328:
1504:
1487:
542:) lead to surfactant dysfunction, lung epithelium destruction, tissue
2717:
2520:
2505:
1862:"Surfactant therapy for meconium aspiration syndrome: current status"
1065:, this controls the release of various mediators of inflammation and
657:
137:
2436:"Risk of Meconium-Stained Amniotic Fluid in Different Ethnic Groups"
425:
as it is a potent activator of inflammatory mediators which include
1049:, increase concentrations of cAMP and cGMP in the cells leading to
3101:
2848:
1125:
994:
712:
614:
196:
There may be an important association between foetal distress and
129:
172:
or infection. Other factors that promote the passage of meconium
816:
125:
2628:
2434:
Sehaghatian, MR; Othman, I; Hossain, MM; Vidyasagar, D (2000).
1422:
Rahman, S; Unsworth, J; Vause, S (2013). "Meconium in Labour".
799:). In general, treatment of MAS is more supportive in nature.
692:
109:
as the sedative effects it had on the foetus were observed by
326:
The lung areas which do not or only partially participate in
1536:"Advances in the Management of Meconium Aspiration Syndrome"
928:) attenuates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (
989:, reduced ventilatory pressures, decreased the number of
680:. PPHN in newborns is the leading cause of death in MAS.
359:
response. MIAC is associated with high concentrations of
238:
early in development, MSAF rarely occurs before 34 weeks
176:
include placental insufficiency, maternal hypertension,
144:
and cellular debris. Meconium accumulates in the foetal
2479:
eMedicine's article about meconium aspiration syndrome
1486:
Lindenskov, PHH; Castellheim, A; Saugstad, OD (2015).
2483:
1045:
side effects. Non-selective PDE inhibitors, such as
3277:
3212:
3171:
3148:
3120:
3092:
2989:
2966:
2904:
2897:
2838:
2804:
2768:
2736:
2710:
2678:
2667:
2576:
2487:
1817:
The Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine
62:
40:
35:
1590:"Meconium Aspiration Syndrome: Historical Aspects"
1197:area before delivery of the shoulders followed by
1124:effects. By inhibiting COX, and more specifically
1534:Swarnam, K; Soraisham, AS; Sivanandan, S (2012).
1454:Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine
1424:Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine
1073:. Selective PDE inhibitors target one subtype of
613:(to prevent alveolar collapse) and prevents lung
230:Meconium passage as a result of foetal maturity
192:Meconium passage as a result of foetal distress
397:, induce lung inflammation within the foetus.
2640:
342:causing respiratory and circulatory failure.
8:
1120:, which exhibit potent pro-inflammatory and
1089:and PDE-7 may become enhanced. For example,
1252:agents, surfactant replacement therapy and
27:Medical condition affecting newborn infants
2901:
2675:
2647:
2633:
2625:
2484:
963:and therefore, decrease the production of
838:associated with dyssynchronous breathing.
314:, collapse of airways and inactivation of
49:
32:
2451:
2375:
2245:
2189:
1877:
1836:
1681:
1605:
1561:
1551:
1503:
444:Meconium is a source of pro-inflammatory
1378:Seminars in Foetal and Neonatal Medicine
621:cells away from the alveolar structure.
1770:Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology
1710:Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology
1297:
908:, the activated complex moves into the
2267:
2265:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1703:
1701:
2088:
2086:
2058:
2056:
2054:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
993:in the bronchoalveolar area, reduced
7:
2919:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
1583:
1581:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1447:
1445:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
858:. This is ideal in the treatment of
601:(to allow for lung expansion during
234:Although meconium is present in the
1540:International Journal of Pediatrics
828:extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
826:may be required. In extreme cases,
2924:Transient tachypnea of the newborn
1860:Dargaville, PA; Mills, JF (2005).
1112:, to various substances including
807:To clear the airways of meconium,
527:Meconium contains high amounts of
377:monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
25:
2702:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
650:Persistent pulmonary hypertension
645:Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension
550:. Meconium can also activate the
409:, and is partly unexposed to the
340:persistent pulmonary hypertension
3220:Vertically transmitted infection
2286:10.2165/00003088-200544010-00003
2107:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.01.003
1879:10.2165/00003495-200565180-00003
1643:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.09.011
1338:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.09.009
1270:
413:, when it becomes aspirated the
3312:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
3262:Group B streptococcal infection
2830:Intrauterine growth restriction
1018:Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase
803:Assisted ventilation techniques
101:is derived from the Greek word
83:neonatal aspiration of meconium
44:Neonatal aspiration of meconium
2655:Conditions originating in the
350:Microorganisms, most commonly
1:
3004:Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
2143:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16852-9
1985:10.1016/S0378-3782(14)50011-4
1077:and in MAS the activities of
754:Prevention during parturition
468:), and mediators produced by
3163:Periventricular leukomalacia
2981:Persistent fetal circulation
2929:Meconium aspiration syndrome
2413:10.1016/0002-9378(76)90525-1
2065:Paediatrics and Child Health
1829:10.3109/14767058.2013.844124
1664:Beligere, N; Rao, R (2008).
1097:Inhibitors of cyclooxygenase
854:causing selective pulmonary
589:and is made of a complex of
421:. Meconium perhaps leads to
75:Meconium aspiration syndrome
36:Meconium aspiration syndrome
3072:Intraventricular hemorrhage
2220:Mokra, D; Mokry, J (2011).
1911:Journal of Neonatal Nursing
746:Prevention during pregnancy
3354:
3077:Germinal matrix hemorrhage
3067:Velamentous cord insertion
2958:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
2077:10.1016/j.paed.2012.08.015
1782:10.1016/j.resp.2013.02.025
1722:10.1016/j.resp.2013.02.030
1466:10.1016/j.ogrm.2016.05.001
1436:10.1016/j.ogrm.2013.05.007
1390:10.1016/j.siny.2017.04.002
556:platelet-activating factor
334:of certain lung areas and
149:the foetal immune system.
107:juice from the opium poppy
3107:Necrotizing enterocolitis
2816:Large for gestational age
2812:Small for gestational age
2274:Clinical Pharmacokinetics
2238:10.1007/s00431-011-1453-2
2029:10.1007/s12098-016-2128-9
1950:10.1016/j.lfs.2004.10.033
1923:10.1016/j.jnn.2015.05.002
924:) and protein activator (
758:As previously mentioned,
512:and accelerated cellular
180:and maternal drug use of
136:, pancreatic secretions,
57:
48:
597:. It functions to lower
3269:Neonatal conjunctivitis
2760:Single umbilical artery
2750:Umbilical cord prolapse
2697:Placental insufficiency
2670:complicating pregnancy,
2178:Journal of Perinatology
2095:Early Human Development
1973:Early Human Development
1670:Journal of Perinatology
1631:Early Human Development
1594:Journal of Perinatology
1326:Early Human Development
1220:umbilical cord prolapse
1180:and lead to mortality.
1176:) as it can exacerbate
985:significantly enhanced
906:glucocorticoid receptor
578:Surfactant inactivation
484:and cytokines generate
439:reactive oxygen species
3245:ureaplasma urealyticum
2953:Wilson–Mikity syndrome
2877:Brachial plexus injury
2317:Biology of the Neonate
1174:pulmonary hypertension
852:vascular smooth muscle
824:mechanical ventilation
795:or the development of
718:
587:type II alveolar cells
450:tumour necrosis factor
401:Pulmonary inflammation
236:gastrointestinal tract
146:gastrointestinal tract
3193:Congenital hypertonia
3084:Anemia of prematurity
2792:Shoulder presentation
2453:10.1038/sj.jp.7200367
1588:Fanaroff, AA (2008).
791:(to detect worsening
716:
3198:Congenital hypotonia
3112:Meconium peritonitis
2914:Intrauterine hypoxia
2870:Subgaleal hemorrhage
1286:Aspiration pneumonia
1152:Surfactant treatment
1104:is metabolised, via
842:Inhaled nitric oxide
793:respiratory acidosis
700:cells and levels of
637:and the shedding of
510:platelet aggregation
423:chemical pneumonitis
415:innate immune system
300:respiratory acidosis
3307:Neonatal withdrawal
3290:Perinatal mortality
3140:Sclerema neonatorum
2996:hematologic disease
2401:Am J Obstet Gynecol
2191:10.1038/jp.2008.152
1683:10.1038/jp.2008.154
1607:10.1038/jp.2008.162
1553:10.1155/2012/359571
1184:Previous treatments
1067:bronchoconstriction
979:Anti-inflammatories
660:. A combination of
552:coagulation cascade
546:and an increase in
506:bronchoconstriction
478:proteolytic enzymes
312:bronchoconstriction
18:Meconium aspiration
3240:mycoplasma hominis
3225:Neonatal infection
3181:Gray baby syndrome
3158:Perinatal asphyxia
3048:Hyperbilirubinemia
2825:Postterm pregnancy
2672:labour or delivery
2577:External resources
2172:Short, BL (2008).
1035:respiratory system
1023:Phosphodiesterases
1012:growth retardation
870:Antiinflammatories
719:
585:is synthesised by
564:basement membranes
518:toll-like receptor
278:Airway obstruction
154:respiratory system
3320:
3319:
3208:
3207:
3058:Neonatal jaundice
2976:Pneumopericardium
2946:Pneumomediastinum
2887:Klumpke paralysis
2865:Caput succedaneum
2800:
2799:
2668:Maternal factors
2622:
2621:
2377:10.1159/000329822
2329:10.1159/000088192
2232:(12): 1495–1505.
2137:(9434): 597–602.
2023:(10): 1125–1130.
2017:Indian J Paediatr
1944:(16): 1849–1858.
1872:(18): 2569–2591.
1505:10.1159/000369373
1250:anti-inflammatory
1075:phosphodiesterase
1000:diabetes mellitus
967:and mediators of
785:oxygen saturation
678:respiratory tract
486:reactive nitrogen
72:
71:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3345:
3300:Infant mortality
3135:Erythema toxicum
3127:thermoregulation
3094:Gastrointestinal
2902:
2898:Affected systems
2775:
2743:
2728:Chorioamnionitis
2721:
2692:Placenta praevia
2685:
2676:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2626:
2485:
2466:
2465:
2455:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2407:(126): 172–175.
2396:
2390:
2389:
2379:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2217:
2204:
2203:
2193:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2090:
2081:
2080:
2060:
2049:
2048:
2012:
1997:
1996:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1881:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1840:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1765:
1742:
1741:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1685:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1609:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1565:
1555:
1531:
1518:
1517:
1507:
1483:
1470:
1469:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1419:
1402:
1401:
1373:
1350:
1349:
1321:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1102:Arachidonic acid
1033:and, within the
965:arachidonic acid
944:etc.), enzymes (
781:respiratory rate
666:vasoconstriction
639:epithelial cells
554:, production of
540:arachidonic acid
502:vasoconstriction
498:Oxidative stress
308:vasoconstriction
225:
224:
220:
89:(MSAF) and have
81:) also known as
53:
33:
21:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3273:
3257:Neonatal sepsis
3204:
3173:Musculoskeletal
3167:
3144:
3125:
3116:
3088:
3043:Hydrops fetalis
2994:
2985:
2962:
2935:Pleural disease
2893:
2855:Cephalohematoma
2834:
2796:
2769:
2764:
2737:
2732:
2711:
2706:
2679:
2671:
2669:
2663:
2653:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2572:
2571:
2496:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2219:
2218:
2207:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2092:
2091:
2084:
2071:(12): 532–535.
2062:
2061:
2052:
2014:
2013:
2000:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1767:
1766:
1745:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1637:(10): 607–610.
1628:
1627:
1623:
1587:
1586:
1579:
1533:
1532:
1521:
1485:
1484:
1473:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1421:
1420:
1405:
1375:
1374:
1353:
1332:(10): 617–620.
1323:
1322:
1299:
1294:
1278:Medicine portal
1276:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1258:glucocorticoids
1246:
1244:Future research
1228:
1186:
1167:, the need for
1154:
1146:
1099:
1051:bronchodilation
1047:methylxanthines
1025:(PDE) degrades
1020:
962:
949:
883:Glucocorticoids
880:
878:Glucocorticoids
872:
844:
820:
805:
772:
756:
748:
740:
711:
686:
647:
599:surface tension
593:, proteins and
580:
537:
532:
529:phospholipase A
403:
388:
385:phospholipase A
348:
324:
304:pulmonary edema
284:lung compliance
280:
271:
269:Pathophysiology
251:amniotic cavity
232:
222:
218:
217:
194:
166:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3351:
3349:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3325:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3235:herpes simplex
3232:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3150:Nervous system
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3045:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3007:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2968:Cardiovascular
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2844:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2818:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2740:umbilical cord
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2673:
2665:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2629:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2604:
2593:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2558:
2547:
2528:
2513:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:Classification
2482:
2481:
2474:
2473:External links
2471:
2468:
2467:
2446:(4): 257–261.
2426:
2391:
2370:(3): 183–191.
2350:
2307:
2261:
2205:
2164:
2120:
2082:
2050:
1998:
1963:
1928:
1917:(4): 161–167.
1901:
1852:
1823:(8): 775–788.
1803:
1743:
1697:
1656:
1621:
1577:
1519:
1498:(3): 225–230.
1471:
1460:(8): 227–230.
1441:
1430:(8): 247–252.
1403:
1384:(4): 214–219.
1351:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1265:
1262:
1245:
1242:
1237:preterm births
1227:
1224:
1213:Historically,
1195:nasopharyngeal
1185:
1182:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1114:prostaglandins
1106:cyclooxygenase
1098:
1095:
1071:prostaglandins
1043:cardiovascular
1019:
1016:
973:cyclooxygenase
960:
947:
879:
876:
871:
868:
850:(iNO) acts on
843:
840:
818:
804:
801:
771:
768:
764:nasopharyngeal
755:
752:
747:
744:
739:
736:
710:
707:
698:autophagocytic
685:
682:
646:
643:
609:at the end of
579:
576:
535:
530:
490:oxygen species
435:prostaglandins
402:
399:
386:
347:
344:
332:hyperinflation
323:
322:Foetal hypoxia
320:
279:
276:
270:
267:
231:
228:
193:
190:
165:
162:
142:vernix caseosa
118:amniotic fluid
87:amniotic fluid
70:
69:
66:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3350:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2821:Preterm birth
2819:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2661:fetal disease
2658:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2226:Eur J Pediatr
2223:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1938:Life Sciences
1932:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
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1764:
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1758:
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1752:
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1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
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1715:
1711:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
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1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1215:amnioinfusion
1211:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:oropharyngeal
1183:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1159:with diluted
1158:
1151:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1138:hypernatremia
1135:
1131:
1130:peptic ulcers
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:acetylcholine
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:smooth muscle
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1015:
1014:in children.
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:dexamethasone
980:
976:
974:
970:
966:
958:
954:
950:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
914:transcription
912:and inhibits
911:
907:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
877:
875:
869:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
841:
839:
837:
831:
829:
825:
821:
812:
810:
802:
800:
798:
794:
790:
789:blood glucose
786:
782:
778:
769:
767:
765:
761:
760:oropharyngeal
753:
751:
745:
743:
737:
735:
733:
729:
725:
715:
708:
706:
703:
699:
694:
690:
683:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
644:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
605:), stabilise
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:phospholipids
588:
584:
577:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
533:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:immune system
408:
400:
398:
396:
393:
389:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
353:
352:Gram-negative
345:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
321:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
277:
275:
268:
266:
263:
259:
255:
252:
247:
243:
241:
237:
229:
227:
214:
212:
207:
202:
199:
191:
189:
187:
183:
179:
178:pre-eclampsia
175:
171:
163:
161:
159:
155:
150:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
67:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
3185:
2941:Pneumothorax
2933:
2928:
2847:
2840:Birth trauma
2782:Breech birth
2772:presentation
2770:
2738:
2712:
2680:
2606:
2595:
2584:
2560:
2549:
2530:
2515:
2500:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2367:
2363:
2353:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2280:(1): 61–98.
2277:
2273:
2229:
2225:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2098:
2094:
2068:
2064:
2020:
2016:
1979:(2): 41–43.
1976:
1972:
1966:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1776:(1): 52–57.
1773:
1769:
1716:(1): 58–63.
1713:
1709:
1676:: S93–S101.
1673:
1669:
1659:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1597:
1593:
1543:
1539:
1495:
1491:
1457:
1453:
1427:
1423:
1381:
1377:
1329:
1325:
1247:
1229:
1212:
1207:
1187:
1165:pneumothorax
1155:
1147:
1134:hyperkalemia
1118:leukotrienes
1110:lipoxygenase
1100:
1069:, including
1055:vasodilation
1021:
1004:osteoporosis
987:gas exchange
977:
969:lipoxygenase
903:
881:
873:
856:vasodilation
848:nitric oxide
845:
836:pneumothorax
832:
813:
806:
797:hypoglycemia
773:
757:
749:
741:
720:
687:
664:, pulmonary
648:
623:
581:
568:interstitium
526:
454:interleukins
448:, including
443:
404:
394:
391:
349:
336:pneumothorax
325:
281:
272:
256:
244:
233:
215:
203:
195:
173:
167:
158:gas exchange
151:
115:
106:
102:
98:
96:
82:
78:
74:
73:
3333:Neonatology
3285:Miscarriage
3187:muscle tone
3053:Kernicterus
2906:Respiratory
2882:Erb's palsy
2787:Asynclitism
2755:Nuchal cord
2586:MedlinePlus
2440:J Perinatol
2364:Neonatology
2184:: S79–S83.
2101:: S13–S15.
1492:Neonatology
1157:Lung lavage
1144:Antibiotics
991:neutrophils
899:endothelium
895:mononuclear
891:eosinophils
887:neutrophils
728:hypercapnia
670:ventilation
603:inspiration
595:saccharides
560:endothelium
520:(TLRs) and
500:results in
492:which have
474:macrophages
470:neutrophils
328:ventilation
296:atelectasis
292:hypercapnia
262:myelination
246:Peristalsis
206:peristalsis
134:cholesterol
68:Neonatology
41:Other names
3327:Categories
3295:Stillbirth
3252:Omphalitis
3213:Infections
3122:Integument
2562:DiseasesDB
2323:(1): 1–5.
1546:: 359571.
1292:References
1254:antibiotic
1226:Prevalence
1161:surfactant
1132:and cause
1122:vasoactive
1108:(COX) and
1063:monoamines
975:pathways.
777:heart rate
738:Prevention
611:expiration
583:Surfactant
522:complement
482:leukocytes
452:(TNF) and
431:complement
407:intestines
381:complement
369:chemokines
356:endotoxins
354:rods, and
316:surfactant
122:bile acids
3338:Syndromes
3021:Anti-Kell
2659:period /
2657:perinatal
2597:eMedicine
1600:: S3–S7.
1233:gestation
1208:in-utero.
1091:Milrinone
770:Treatment
732:pneumonia
724:tachypnea
709:Diagnosis
702:caspase 3
689:Apoptosis
684:Apoptosis
674:perfusion
654:pneumonia
619:senescent
548:apoptosis
514:apoptosis
496:effects.
494:cytotoxic
446:cytokines
427:cytokines
371:(such as
363:(such as
361:cytokines
346:Infection
288:hypoxemia
240:gestation
128:, blood,
111:Aristotle
97:The word
64:Specialty
2991:Bleeding
2682:placenta
2608:Orphanet
2462:10879341
2386:22067375
2345:38587541
2337:16155380
2302:24458998
2294:15634032
2256:21465122
2200:19057615
2159:29268118
2151:15313360
2115:21277716
2037:27206687
1993:25220126
1958:15698862
1896:46969843
1888:16392874
1847:24028637
1798:41008280
1790:23466955
1738:20533996
1730:23473924
1692:19057618
1651:19836908
1616:19057607
1572:22164183
1514:25721501
1398:28411000
1346:19833459
1264:See also
1218:such as
1199:tracheal
846:Inhaled
809:tracheal
574:spaces.
572:alveolar
544:necrosis
419:microbes
286:, acute
174:in utero
105:meaning
103:mēkōnion
99:meconium
91:meconium
3230:rubella
2860:Chignon
2714:chorion
2602:ped/768
2556:D008471
2247:3221844
2045:4723566
1838:5881914
1563:3228378
1204:mucosal
1178:hypoxia
1008:atrophy
1006:, skin
910:nucleus
662:hypoxia
607:alveoli
258:Motilin
221:⁄
211:hypoxia
198:hypoxia
186:cocaine
182:tobacco
170:hypoxia
2805:Growth
2718:amnion
2591:001596
2545:770.12
2541:770.11
2511:KB26.0
2460:
2421:984149
2419:
2384:
2343:
2335:
2300:
2292:
2254:
2244:
2198:
2157:
2149:
2131:Lancet
2113:
2043:
2035:
1991:
1956:
1894:
1886:
1845:
1835:
1796:
1788:
1736:
1728:
1690:
1649:
1614:
1570:
1560:
1512:
1396:
1344:
995:oedema
658:sepsis
635:stroma
615:oedema
164:Causes
138:lanugo
3278:Other
3102:Ileus
2849:scalp
2613:70588
2526:P24.0
2341:S2CID
2298:S2CID
2155:S2CID
2041:S2CID
1892:S2CID
1866:Drugs
1794:S2CID
1734:S2CID
1126:COX-2
1087:PDE-5
1083:PDE-4
1079:PDE-3
953:COX-2
922:NF-ÎşB
395:utero
130:mucus
3036:Rh E
3031:Rh D
3026:Rh c
2567:7907
2551:MeSH
2536:9-CM
2458:PMID
2417:PMID
2382:PMID
2333:PMID
2290:PMID
2252:PMID
2196:PMID
2147:PMID
2111:PMID
2033:PMID
1989:PMID
1954:PMID
1884:PMID
1843:PMID
1786:PMID
1726:PMID
1688:PMID
1647:PMID
1612:PMID
1568:PMID
1544:2012
1510:PMID
1394:PMID
1342:PMID
1193:and
1169:ECMO
1136:and
1116:and
1061:and
1053:and
1031:cGMP
1029:and
1027:cAMP
1010:and
971:and
957:iNOs
940:and
938:IL-8
934:IL-6
930:IL-1
926:AP-1
918:mRNA
864:ECMO
860:PPHN
787:and
762:and
726:and
668:and
656:and
631:SP-B
629:and
627:SP-A
570:and
562:and
534:(PLA
488:and
466:IL-8
462:IL-6
458:IL-1
437:and
375:and
373:IL-8
365:IL-6
298:and
184:and
126:bile
3124:and
3016:ABO
3011:HDN
2993:and
2532:ICD
2517:ICD
2502:ICD
2448:doi
2409:doi
2372:doi
2368:101
2325:doi
2282:doi
2242:PMC
2234:doi
2230:170
2186:doi
2139:doi
2135:364
2103:doi
2099:87S
2073:doi
2025:doi
1981:doi
1946:doi
1919:doi
1874:doi
1833:PMC
1825:doi
1778:doi
1774:187
1718:doi
1714:187
1678:doi
1639:doi
1602:doi
1558:PMC
1548:doi
1500:doi
1496:107
1462:doi
1432:doi
1386:doi
1334:doi
946:PLA
942:TNF
916:of
817:PaO
693:DNA
379:),
367:),
79:MAS
3329::
2823:/
2814:/
2611::
2600::
2589::
2565::
2554::
2543:,
2539::
2524::
2521:10
2509::
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2456:.
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2442:.
2438:.
2415:.
2405:15
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2380:.
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2362:.
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2331:.
2321:89
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2109:.
2097:.
2085:^
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2067:.
2053:^
2039:.
2031:.
2021:83
2019:.
2001:^
1987:.
1977:90
1975:.
1952:.
1942:76
1940:.
1915:21
1913:.
1890:.
1882:.
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1772:.
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1732:.
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1380:.
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1328:.
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433:,
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