31:
3015:
444:, formed in 1907, was a large philanthropic organization which worked closely with the American Sociological Society, which had medical sociology as a primary focus of its suggested policy reform. Bloom argues that the presidency of Donald R Young, a professor of sociology, that started in 1947 was significant in the development of medical sociology. Young motivated by a desire to legitimize sociology, encouraged
179:
3065:
3051:
3039:
824:, the social interactions between healthcare providers and those who interact with them, is studied by medical sociology. There are different models for the interaction between a patient and doctor, which may have been more or less prevalent at different times. One such model is medical consumerism that has partly given way to patient consumerism.
429:(ASSA) was a key event in this development. ASSA's initial aim was policy reform on the basis of science. Bloom argues that over the next few decades the role of ASSA moved from advocacy to academic discipline, noting that a number of academic professional bodies broke away from the ASSA during this period, starting with the
891:
risked losing its focus on analysing society. These fears that have been echoed since by Reid, Gold and
Timmermans. Rosenfeld argues that the study of sociology focused solely on making recommendations for medicine has limited use for theory building and its findings cease to apply in different social situations.
835:
is the perspective that doctors want what is best for the patient and must take decisions on behalf of the patient because the patient is not competent to make their own decisions. Parsons argued that though there was an asymmetry of knowledge and power in the doctor patient relationship the medical
847:
Yeyoung Oh Nelson argues that this system of paternalism was in part undermined by organizational change in the following decades in the US whereby insurance companies, managers and the pharmaceutical industry started competing for role of conceptualizing and delivering medical services, part of the
688:
There are a broad range of social constructionist frameworks used in medical sociology that make different assumptions about the relationships between ideas, social processes and the material world. Illnesses vary in the degree to which their definition is socially constructed and some illnesses are
409:
Samuel W. Bloom argues that the study of medical sociology has a long history but tended to be done as one of advocacy in response to social events rather than a field of study. He cites the 1842 publication of the sanitary conditions of the labouring population of Great
Britain as a good example of
396:
of disease meant for some doctors a redirection of medical thought from the purely clinical and psychological criteria of illness. The introduction of 'social' factors into medical explanation was most strongly evidenced in branches of medicine closely related to the community — Social
Medicine and,
586:
argued that medicine had reached a point of "Professional
Dominance" over the content of their work, other health professions and their clients by convincing the public of medicine's effectiveness, gaining a legal monopoly over their work, and appropriating other "medical" knowledge through control
894:
Richard
Boulton argues that medical sociology and social medicine are "co-produced" in the sense that social medicine responds to the conceptualization of medical practices created by medical sociology and alters medical practice and medical understanding in response, and that the effects of these
886:
is a similar field to medical sociology in that it tries to conceptualize social interactions in investigating how the study of social interactions can be used in medicine. However, the two fields have different training, career paths, titles, funding and publication.In the 2010s, Rose and
Callard
865:
studies ethical concern in medical treatment and research. Many scholars believe that bioethics arose due to a perceived lack of accountability of the medical profession, the field has been broadly adopted with most US hospitals offering some form of ethical consultation. The social effects of the
890:
In the 1950s, Strauss argued that it was important to maintain the independence of medical sociology from medicine so that there was a different perspective on sociology separate from the aims of medicine. Strauss feared that if medical sociology started to adopt the goals expected by medicine it
914:
studies some of the same phenomena as medical sociology but argues that medical anthropology has different origins, originally studying medicine within non-western cultures and using different methodologies. He argues that there was some convergence between the disciplines, as medical sociology
843:
referred to medicine as having "professional dominance", determining its work and defining a conceptualization of the problems that are brought to it and the best solutions to them. Professional dominance is defined by three characteristics: practitioners having power over clients, for example
653:
Medicalization can obscure social factors by defining a condition as existing entirely within an individual and can be depoliticizing, suggesting than an intervention should be medical when the best intervention is political. Medicalization can give the profession of medicine undue influence.
775:
Labelling theory separates the aspects of an individual's behaviour that is caused by an illness, and that which is caused by the application of a label. Freidson distinguished labels based on legitimacy and the degree to which to this legitimacy affected an individual's responsibilities.
844:
through dependency, knowledge, or location asymmetry; control over juniors in the field, requiring juniors deference and submission; and control over other professions either by excluding them from practice, or placing them under control of the medical profession.
747:
Parsons argues that defining properties are that the sick person is exempt from normal social roles, that they are not "responsible" for their condition, that they should try to get well, and that they should seek technically competent people to help them.
689:
straightforwardly biologically. For these straightforwardly biologically diseases it would not be meaningful to describe them a social construction, though it might be meaningful to study the social processes that resulted in the discovery of the disease.
751:
The concept of the sick role was critiqued by sociologists from a neo-marxist, phenomonological and social interactionist perspective, as well as by those with an anti-establishment viewpoint. Burnham argues that part of this criticism was a rejection of
779:
Labelling theory has been criticized on the ground that it does not explain which behaviours are labelled as deviant and why people engage in behaviours which are labelled as deviant: labelling theory is not a complete theory of deviant behaviour.
672:
and expression, perception and understanding of illness by individuals, institutions and society. Social constructionists study why diseases exist in one place and not another, or disappear from a particular area. For example,
870:, having its roots in biothetics, is the process by which a doctor and a patient agree to a particular intervention and has. Medical sociology study the social processes that influences and at times limit consent.
708:. For contested diseases can be studied as social constructs but there is no biomedical understanding. Some contested diseases, such as ME/CFS, are accepted by the institutions of biomedicine while others, such as
919:
and began to focus more on the patient, and medical anthropology started to focus on western medicine. He argues that more interdisciplinary communication could improve both disciplines.
634:
describe the process whereby an ever wider range of human experiences are understood is defined, experienced and treated as a medical condition. Examples of medicalization can be seen in
206:
899:) as the basis for all knowledge, and conversely the tendency to view all knowledge as associated with some activity both risk undermining the field of medical sociology.
697:
574:, but developed further by Benson Snyder. The concept have been criticised by Lakomski and there was considerable debate on the concepts within the educational community.
566:
is a concept in medical education that refers to a distinction between what is officially taught and what is learned by a medical student. The concept was introduced by
696:
when someone complains about a disease despite the medical community being unable to find a biological mechanism for disease. Examples of contested diseases include
1465:
646:
as a medical condition. Feminist scholars have shown that the female body is prone to medicalization, arguing that the tendency of viewing the female body as the
425:
Bloom argues the development of medical sociology is linked to the development of sociology within
American universities. He argues that the 1865 creation of the
792:
is considered worthwhile. Psychiatry has emphasizes the biological when considering mental illness. Some psychiatrists have criticized this model: some prefer
2056:
258:. Medical sociologists are also interested in the qualitative experiences of patients, doctors, and medical education; often working at the boundaries of
392:. In Britain, sociology was introduced into the medical curriculum following the Goodenough report in 1944: "In medicine, 'social explanations' of the
768:
who studied the sociology of marijuana use. He argued that norms and deviant behaviour are partly the result of the definitions applied by others.
199:
2594:
933:
895:
changes are then analyzed by medical sociology once again. He argues that the tendency to view certain theories such as the scientific method (
2017:
1990:
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perspective, looking at how the medical profession secures its own interests. Key contributors to medical sociology since the 1950s include
2272:
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was a central part of the medical sociology since its emergence in the 1950s. The first publication onn the topic was Robert Merton's,
426:
192:
89:
2609:
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663:
434:
527:
conflict theory perspective considers how the ruling classes can enact power through medicine, while other theories propose a more
2504:
448:, an anthropologist who studied the professions, to focus her work on the medical professions due to medicine's societal status.
246:, and the social or cultural (rather than clinical or bodily) effects of medical practice. The field commonly interacts with the
821:
3055:
2936:
2857:
2559:
966:
948:
836:
system provided sufficient safeguards to protect the patient justifying a paternalistic role by the doctor and medical system.
643:
623:, sociologist nursing professor, argued that, so far as nurses were concerned the medical 'paternalistic' attitudes remained.
430:
2317:
1485:
839:
A system of medical paternalism was prominent following the second world war through to the mid-1960s. Writing in the 1970s,
744:
and institutional behaviours where an individual is viewed as showing certain behaviour because they are in need of support.
487:. Bloom argues that Sullivans work, and its focus on putative interpersonal causes and treatment of schizophrenia influenced
251:
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30:
3095:
2985:
2951:
3030:
2955:
2307:
2117:
2084:
596:
464:
84:
77:
2049:
1513:"Reinforcing medical authority: clinical ethics consultation and the resolution of conflicts in treatment decisions"
3090:
2042:
1634:"Social medicine and sociology: the productiveness of antagonisms arising from maintaining disciplinary boundaries"
1149:
928:
907:
809:
346:
182:
137:
109:
50:
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models, others have argued that madness is an intelligent response if all circumstances are understood (Laing and
2941:
2659:
2614:
599:. Coburn argued that the academic interest in medical dominance decreased over time due to the increased role of
314:
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512:
1682:
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571:
548:
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797:
354:
334:
247:
2990:
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2599:
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2534:
2499:
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793:
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384:
degree course, or on dedicated master's degree courses where it is sometimes combined with the study of
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2882:
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2699:
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2579:
2519:
2509:
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635:
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456:
104:
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2459:
2449:
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2142:
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832:
556:
445:
377:
333:
theory to interactional relations between sick people and others. Later other sociologists such as
255:
243:
3019:
2970:
2947:
2619:
2589:
2524:
2514:
2444:
1819:
The
Medicalization of Society: On the Transformation of Human Conditions into Treatable Disorders
1740:
1663:
1459:
1405:
1199:
1143:
938:
647:
275:
2814:
238:, Health Care Delivery, the production of medical knowledge, selection of methods, the study of
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2013:
1996:
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1090:
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705:
592:
567:
563:
544:
520:
468:
338:
1259:
808:, who trained as psychiatrist, argued that mental health was a bad concept in his 1961 book,
2995:
2819:
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2474:
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99:
35:
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2629:
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2213:
2192:
883:
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due to its associations with conservatism. The sick role fell out of favour in the 1990s.
729:
721:
720:
The study of the social construction of illness within medical sociology can be traced to
508:
480:
419:
381:
322:
318:
163:
127:
995:
523:
perspective, looking at how the medical profession secures its own interests. Of these,
3069:
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2809:
2799:
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2734:
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132:
72:
39:
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1409:
1203:
974:
620:
604:
476:
460:
415:
259:
168:
1025:
519:, their altruism, and how they support communities. Other sociologists have taken a
414:, studying social structures as a cause or mediating factor in disease, such as for
2764:
2709:
2414:
2091:
1308:
Bird, Chloe E.; Conrad, Peter; Fremont, Allen M.; Timmermans, Stefan (2010-11-29).
805:
701:
484:
472:
279:
231:
223:
118:
17:
1347:
1235:
587:
of training. This concept of dominance was extended to professions as a whole in
2867:
2784:
2749:
2719:
2424:
1026:"Eliot Freidson: Sociological Narratives of Professionalism and Modern Medicine"
953:
741:
488:
330:
291:
271:
263:
142:
1187:
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2960:
2434:
2378:
1728:
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1451:
896:
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600:
500:
274:
to explore phenomena at the intersection of the social and clinical sciences.
267:
1780:
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1659:
1595:
1536:
1401:
1393:
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1195:
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An illness framework is the dominant framework for disease in psychiatry and
2729:
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2187:
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2132:
2027:
2000:
1973:
1946:
1917:
1892:
1865:
1838:
1807:
1528:
1279:
862:
857:
789:
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Parsons argued that the sick role is a social role approved and enforced by
733:
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639:
612:
389:
373:
366:
307:
303:
299:
287:
158:
94:
1603:
1554:
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1377:
329:. Parsons is one of the founding fathers of medical sociology, and applied
1115:
504:
393:
358:
235:
2921:
1219:"Imperialism, Paternalism and the Writing of Introductory Texts (Book)"
669:
616:
524:
1433:
Sociology of mental health and illness / Anne Rogers and David
Pilgrim
1030:
The
Palgrave Handbook of Social Theory in Health, Illness and Medicine
516:
302:, and age. Objective sociological research findings quickly become a
295:
227:
2034:
1218:
668:
Social constructionists study the relationships between ideas about
372:
The field of medical sociology is usually taught as part of a wider
915:
started to adopt some of the methodologies of anthropology such as
682:
230:, Illness, differential access to medical resources, the social
2254:
2038:
1983:
Modernity, Medicine, and Health: Medical Sociology Towards 2000
996:"Medical Sociology Section, American Sociological Association"
866:
field of bioethics have been studied by medical sociologists.
535:, looking at how the professions themselves secure influence.
2010:
The New Medical Sociology: Social Forms of Health and Illness
1902:(1st ed.). Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Boston, MA: JAI.
1713:"Parallel play in medical anthropology and medical sociology"
410:
such research. This medical sociology included an element of
2250:
1958:(3rd ed.). Maidenhead, England: Open University Press.
1120:. Caragh Brosnan, Bryan S. Turner. London: Routledge. 2009.
467:
working with sociologists and social scientists including
1928:
Inescapable Decisions: The Imperatives of Health Reform
1788:
Cockerham, William C.; Ritchey, Ferris Joseph (1997).
1172:"Medical dominance then and now: critical reflections"
603:
in healthcare in the US, challenges to the control of
459:
was a psychiatrist who investigated the treatment of
1684:
Social Medicine: An Introduction to New Public Health
812:, arguing that minds can only be ill metaphorically.
2913:
2838:
2647:
2487:
2404:
2354:
2316:
2227:
2206:
2180:
2159:
2141:
2110:
2072:
1436:. David Pilgrim (Sixth ed.). London, England.
1086:
The Word as Scalpel: A History of Medical Sociology
1032:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 287–305,
1816:
1487:The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Medical Sociology
1378:"Why sociologists abandoned the sick role concept"
698:myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome
1898:Levy, Judith A.; Pescosolido, Bernice A. (2002).
1874:Big Pharma: Exposing the Global Healthcare Agenda
1823:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1687:. Charles University in Prague, Karolinum Press.
1570:"Empty ethics: the problem with informed consent"
967:"The Development of Medical Sociology in Britain"
685:appear to exist in some cultures but not others.
313:Early work in medical sociology was conducted by
1850:(5th ed.). London, England: Hodder Arnold.
1765:(4th ed.). Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
1083:Bloom, Samuel William; Bloom, Samuel W. (2002).
1511:Hauschildt, Katrina; Vries, Raymond De (2020).
1264:(2nd ed.). London: UCL Press. p. 45.
887:argued that this distinction may be arbitrary.
551:. Other scholars who studied the field include
1117:Handbook of the sociology of medical education
278:commonly relate to typical categories such as
2266:
2050:
1931:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
1258:Abbott, Pamela; Meerabeau, Liz, eds. (1998).
1024:Calnan, Michael (2015), Collyer, Fran (ed.),
591:where professions were seen as competing for
200:
8:
1681:ÄŚeledová, Libuše; HolÄŤĂk, Jan (2019-05-01).
1311:Handbook of Medical Sociology, Sixth Edition
34:Nurses protesting at the Nurses' Protest at
317:whose theoretical interests in the work of
2484:
2273:
2259:
2251:
2057:
2043:
2035:
1464:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
971:Discussion Papers in Social Research No 13
207:
193:
45:
1649:
1585:
1544:
1234:
515:perspective, focusing on medics roles as
1956:A Sociology of Mental Health and Illness
619:through their access to the internet.
29:
1261:The sociology of the caring professions
987:
973:, University of Glasgow, archived from
150:
117:
64:
57:
1981:Scambler, Graham; Higgs, Paul (1998).
1457:
1141:
934:Gothenburg Study of Children with DAMP
764:Labelling theory derived from work by
615:and planners, and increased agency of
1954:Rogers, Anne; Pilgrim, David (2005).
1706:
1704:
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1623:
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1613:
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1371:
1369:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
7:
3038:
1484:Cockerham, William C. (2021-03-22).
1346:Cockerham, William C. (2017-04-21).
1341:
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1002:. American Sociological Association
772:applied these concepts to illness.
427:American Social Science Association
1985:. London and New York: Routledge.
1877:. New York, NY: Carroll and Graf.
1568:Corrigan, Oonagh (November 2003).
858:Bioethics § Medical sociology
507:has been studied by sociologists.
25:
1792:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
1763:Perspectives in Medical Sociology
1517:Sociology of Health & Illness
664:Social construction of disability
3063:
3049:
3037:
3014:
3013:
1632:Boulton, Richard (August 2017).
1587:10.1046/j.1467-9566.2003.00369.x
511:looked at the profession from a
353:, David Silverman, Phil Strong,
178:
177:
1790:Dictionary of Medical Sociology
1711:Conrad, Peter (December 1997).
1574:Sociology of Health and Illness
1376:Burnham, John C. (2014-02-01).
1314:. Vanderbilt University Press.
1223:Sociology of Health and Illness
949:Sociology of health and illness
816:The Doctor-Patient relationship
644:antisocial personality disorder
491:study of the hospital setting.
431:American Historical Association
658:Social construction of illness
252:science and technology studies
1:
2012:. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
1382:History of the Human Sciences
732:introduced the notion of the
595:, for example in the work of
435:American Sociological Society
42:on Saturday 12 September 2020
1848:Culture, Health, and Illness
1236:10.1111/1467-9566.ep11346508
1170:Coburn, David (2006-12-01).
2118:Doctor-patient relationship
1089:. Oxford University Press.
822:doctor–patient relationship
650:has been a factor in this.
465:interpersonal psychotherapy
369:, and Joseph W. Schneider.
327:sociological systems theory
85:Doctor-patient relationship
3112:
2937:Human environmental impact
1900:Social Networks and Health
1638:Social Theory & Health
1188:10.5172/hesr.2006.15.5.432
929:Epidemiological transition
855:
848:motive being cost saving.
810:The Myth of Mental Illness
661:
397:later, General Practice" (
110:Social model of disability
3010:
2288:
2008:Turner, Bryan M. (2004).
1729:10.1007/s12108-997-1021-4
1651:10.1057/s41285-016-0014-1
1490:. John Wiley & Sons.
1247:– via Academia.edu.
796:definitions, some prefer
531:approach, exemplified by
2374:Structural functionalism
1925:Mechanic, David (1994).
1717:The American Sociologist
1394:10.1177/0952695113507572
1352:. Taylor & Francis.
1038:10.1057/9781137355621_19
555:, with his publication,
244:healthcare professionals
2946:Industrial revolutions
2394:Symbolic interactionism
1529:10.1111/1467-9566.13003
1176:Health Sociology Review
965:Reid, Margaret (1976),
442:Russell Sage Foundation
2384:Social constructionism
2123:Shared decision making
1846:Helman, Cecil (2007).
1815:Conrad, Peter (2007).
1148:: CS1 maint: others (
798:social constructionist
710:environmental diseases
495:The Medical Profession
248:sociology of knowledge
90:Shared decision making
43:
2991:Social stratification
2873:Conversation analysis
2430:Cultural anthropology
2420:Comparative sociology
2346:Sociological practice
1430:Rogers, Anne (2021).
675:premenstrual syndrome
572:Life in the classroom
549:The Student Physician
33:
2440:Historical sociology
2198:Medical Anthropology
2143:Health professionals
1761:Brown, Phil (2008).
1217:Melia, Kath (1986).
917:qualitative research
912:medical anthropology
903:Medical anthropology
529:structural pluralist
463:using approaches of
457:Harry Stack Sullivan
452:Harry Stock Sullivan
315:Lawrence J Henderson
242:and interactions of
3096:Medicine in society
3001:Social cycle theory
2460:Social anthropology
2450:Political sociology
2341:Sociological theory
2097:Medical paternalism
1871:Law, Jacky (2006).
833:Medical paternalism
828:Medical Paternalism
692:Some illnesses are
446:Esther Lucile Brown
378:clinical psychology
355:Bernice Pescosolido
256:social epistemology
27:Branch of sociology
18:Medical sociologist
3070:Society portal
2971:Social environment
2595:race and ethnicity
2445:Industrial society
939:Health disparities
738:The Social System.
582:Writing the 1970s
276:Health disparities
44:
3091:Medical sociology
3078:
3077:
2966:Social complexity
2898:Social experiment
2643:
2642:
2470:Social psychology
2248:
2247:
2151:Hidden curriculum
2066:Medical sociology
2019:978-0-393-97505-5
1992:978-0-415-14938-9
1965:978-0-335-21584-3
1938:978-1-56000-121-8
1909:978-0-7623-0881-1
1884:978-0-7867-1783-5
1857:978-0-340-91450-2
1830:978-0-8018-8584-6
1799:978-0-313-29269-9
1772:978-1-57766-518-2
1694:978-80-246-4276-5
1497:978-1-119-63375-4
1443:978-0-335-24849-0
1359:978-1-317-21171-6
1349:Medical Sociology
1321:978-0-8265-1722-7
1127:978-0-203-87563-6
1096:978-0-19-507232-7
1047:978-1-349-47022-8
706:Gulf War syndrome
638:such as defining
593:scope of practice
578:Medical Dominance
568:Philip W. Jackson
564:hidden curriculum
545:medical education
539:Medical Education
469:Lawrence K. Frank
220:Medical sociology
217:
216:
59:Medical sociology
16:(Redirected from
3103:
3068:
3067:
3053:
3052:
3041:
3040:
3017:
3016:
2996:Social structure
2893:Network analysis
2485:
2475:Sociolinguistics
2465:Social movements
2389:Social darwinism
2326:Public sociology
2275:
2268:
2261:
2252:
2240:Patient advocacy
2172:Labelling theory
2128:Informed consent
2059:
2052:
2045:
2036:
2031:
2004:
1977:
1950:
1921:
1896:
1869:
1842:
1822:
1811:
1784:
1749:
1748:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1653:
1629:
1608:
1607:
1589:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1548:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1481:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1455:
1427:
1414:
1413:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1343:
1326:
1325:
1305:
1284:
1283:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1238:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1167:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1139:
1112:
1101:
1100:
1080:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1021:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1007:
992:
984:
983:
982:
868:Informed consent
766:Howard S. Becker
760:Labelling theory
679:anorexia nervosa
553:Howard S. Becker
437:formed in 1905.
349:, Jack Douglas,
343:Howard S. Becker
209:
202:
195:
181:
180:
100:Labelling theory
46:
36:Trafalgar Square
21:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3062:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2976:Social equality
2909:
2908:
2907:
2834:
2648:Major theorists
2639:
2483:
2480:Urban sociology
2455:Rural sociology
2407:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2369:Critical theory
2364:Conflict theory
2350:
2331:Social research
2318:General aspects
2312:
2284:
2279:
2249:
2244:
2223:
2214:Talcott Parsons
2202:
2193:Social medicine
2176:
2155:
2137:
2106:
2068:
2063:
2033:
2020:
2007:
1993:
1980:
1966:
1953:
1939:
1924:
1910:
1897:
1885:
1870:
1858:
1845:
1831:
1814:
1800:
1787:
1773:
1760:
1757:
1755:Further reading
1752:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1631:
1630:
1611:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1483:
1482:
1473:
1456:
1444:
1429:
1428:
1417:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1345:
1344:
1329:
1322:
1307:
1306:
1287:
1272:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1169:
1168:
1157:
1140:
1128:
1114:
1113:
1104:
1097:
1082:
1081:
1060:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1005:
1003:
994:
993:
989:
980:
978:
964:
962:
925:
905:
884:Social medicine
881:
879:Social medicine
876:
860:
854:
830:
818:
794:biopsychosocial
786:
762:
730:Talcott Parsons
722:Talcott Parsons
718:
666:
660:
629:
589:closure theory,
580:
541:
521:conflict theory
509:Talcott Parsons
497:
481:Harold Lasswell
454:
420:social medicine
407:
361:, Anne Rogers,
339:conflict theory
323:Talcott Parsons
319:Vilfredo Pareto
213:
164:Social medicine
128:Talcott Parsons
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3109:
3107:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3083:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3059:
3047:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2932:Human behavior
2929:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2625:stratification
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2406:Related fields
2402:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2219:Eliot Freidson
2216:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2181:Related fields
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2080:Medicalization
2076:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2018:
1991:
1964:
1937:
1908:
1883:
1856:
1829:
1798:
1771:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1700:
1693:
1673:
1644:(3): 241–260.
1609:
1580:(7): 768–792.
1560:
1523:(2): 307–326.
1503:
1496:
1471:
1442:
1415:
1365:
1358:
1327:
1320:
1285:
1270:
1250:
1209:
1182:(5): 432–443.
1155:
1126:
1102:
1095:
1058:
1046:
1013:
986:
961:
958:
957:
956:
951:
946:
944:Medicalization
941:
936:
931:
924:
921:
904:
901:
880:
877:
875:
874:Related fields
872:
856:Main article:
853:
850:
841:Eliot Freidson
829:
826:
817:
814:
785:
782:
770:Eliot Freidson
761:
758:
724:notion of the
717:
714:
659:
656:
632:Medicalization
628:
627:Medicalization
625:
584:Eliot Freidson
579:
576:
540:
537:
533:Eliot Freidson
496:
493:
453:
450:
412:social science
406:
403:
386:medical ethics
382:health studies
363:Anselm Strauss
351:Eliot Freidson
335:Eliot Freidson
215:
214:
212:
211:
204:
197:
189:
186:
185:
174:
173:
172:
171:
166:
161:
153:
152:
151:Related topics
148:
147:
146:
145:
140:
135:
133:Eliot Freidson
130:
122:
121:
115:
114:
113:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
81:
80:
73:Medicalization
67:
66:
62:
61:
55:
54:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3108:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3012:
3009:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2981:Social equity
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2927:Globalization
2925:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2863:Computational
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2505:consciousness
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2408:and subfields
2403:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2336:Social theory
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2235:Mental health
2233:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1723:(4): 90–100.
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1271:1-85728-903-X
1267:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1006:September 28,
1001:
997:
991:
988:
985:
977:on 2011-09-30
976:
972:
968:
959:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
922:
920:
918:
913:
909:
902:
900:
898:
892:
888:
885:
878:
873:
871:
869:
864:
859:
851:
849:
845:
842:
837:
834:
827:
825:
823:
815:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
784:Mental health
783:
781:
777:
773:
771:
767:
759:
757:
755:
754:functionalism
749:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
715:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
690:
686:
684:
680:
676:
671:
665:
657:
655:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
626:
624:
622:
621:Kath M. Melia
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:health policy
602:
598:
597:Andrew Abbott
594:
590:
585:
577:
575:
573:
570:in his book,
569:
565:
560:
558:
557:Boys in white
554:
550:
546:
543:The study of
538:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:functionalist
510:
506:
502:
494:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
477:Ruth Benedict
474:
470:
466:
462:
461:schizophrenia
458:
451:
449:
447:
443:
438:
436:
433:in 1884. The
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
416:public health
413:
404:
402:
400:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
345:, Mike Bury,
344:
340:
337:have taken a
336:
332:
328:
325:interests in
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
260:public health
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
210:
205:
203:
198:
196:
191:
190:
188:
187:
184:
176:
175:
170:
169:Public health
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
156:
155:
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2986:Social power
2888:Mathematical
2868:Ethnographic
2848:Quantitative
2615:small groups
2488:Sociology of
2415:Anthropology
2355:Perspectives
2207:Sociologists
2111:Medical care
2092:Iatrogenesis
2085:of sexuality
2065:
2009:
2006:
1982:
1979:
1955:
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999:
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970:
963:
908:Peter Conrad
906:
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882:
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806:Thomas Szasz
787:
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485:Edward Sapir
473:W. I. Thomas
455:
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347:Peter Conrad
312:
232:organization
226:analysis of
224:sociological
219:
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138:Peter Conrad
119:Sociologists
78:of sexuality
58:
3056:WikiProject
2858:Comparative
2853:Qualitative
2820:Baudrillard
2670:Tocqueville
2565:immigration
2540:environment
2425:Criminology
954:Stroke Belt
910:notes that
712:, are not.
609:politicians
331:social role
292:immigration
272:gerontology
264:social work
143:Ivan Illich
3085:Categories
3020:Categories
2961:Popularity
2914:Key themes
2878:Historical
2630:technology
2435:Demography
2379:Positivism
1452:1232510778
1053:2021-11-06
981:2011-03-11
960:References
897:positivism
700:(ME/CFS),
662:See also:
613:economists
601:capitalism
501:profession
268:demography
2883:Interview
2665:Martineau
2570:knowledge
2530:education
2525:economics
2282:Sociology
2188:Sociology
2167:Sick role
2133:Bioethics
1781:173976504
1745:144263774
1737:0003-1232
1668:152247854
1660:1477-8211
1596:0141-9889
1537:1467-9566
1460:cite book
1410:145639676
1402:0952-6951
1245:0141-9889
1204:143338826
1196:1446-1242
1144:cite book
1136:442931243
863:Bioethics
852:Bioethics
790:diagnosis
734:sick role
726:sick role
716:Sick role
694:contested
640:addiction
399:Reid 1976
390:bioethics
374:sociology
367:Renee Fox
321:inspired
308:political
304:normative
300:sexuality
288:ethnicity
159:Sociology
105:Adherence
95:Sick role
3031:Journals
2942:Identity
2825:Bourdieu
2815:Habermas
2810:Luhmann
2805:Foucault
2740:Mannheim
2715:Durkheim
2600:religion
2590:military
2585:medicine
2535:emotions
2520:deviance
2303:Timeline
2228:See also
2160:Patients
2102:Deviance
2028:54692993
2001:37573644
1974:60320098
1947:28029448
1918:50494394
1893:64590433
1866:74966843
1839:72774268
1808:35637576
1604:19780205
1555:31565808
1280:40682109
1000:Internet
923:See also
802:Esterson
636:deviance
617:patients
505:medicine
394:etiology
359:Carl May
236:medicine
183:Category
65:Concepts
51:a series
49:Part of
3044:Commons
2922:Society
2839:Methods
2830:Giddens
2795:Goffman
2790:Schoeck
2735:Du Bois
2700:Tönnies
2680:Spencer
2610:science
2580:leisure
2510:culture
2298:History
2293:Outline
2073:Society
1546:7012693
670:illness
525:Marxist
517:experts
405:History
310:issue.
240:actions
222:is the
2903:Survey
2800:Bauman
2775:Nisbet
2770:Merton
2760:Gehlen
2755:Adorno
2720:Addams
2710:Simmel
2705:Veblen
2695:Pareto
2685:Le Bon
2660:Sieyès
2560:health
2555:gender
2545:family
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3026:lists
2780:Mills
2750:Fromm
2745:Elias
2730:Weber
2655:Comte
2620:space
2605:sport
2515:death
2308:Index
1741:S2CID
1664:S2CID
1406:S2CID
1200:S2CID
683:susto
648:other
280:class
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2765:Aron
2725:Mead
2690:Ward
2675:Marx
2635:work
2550:food
2500:body
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1987:ISBN
1970:OCLC
1960:ISBN
1943:OCLC
1933:ISBN
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