Body armor - Knowledge

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user's entire body to small shields that are mostly for use in hand-to-hand combat. Shields also vary a great deal in thickness; whereas some shields were made of thick wooden planking, to protect soldiers from spears and crossbow bolts, other shields were thinner and designed mainly for glancing blows away (such as a sword blow). In prehistory, shields were made of wood, animal hide, or wicker. In antiquity and in the Middle Ages, shields were used by foot soldiers and mounted soldiers. Even after the invention of gunpowder and firearms, shields continued to be used. In the 18th century, Scottish clans continued to use small shields, and in the 19th century, some non-industrialized peoples continued to use shields. In the 20th and 21st centuries,

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vest fragment protection. The 2-4-16-64 grain series at limited velocity can be stopped by an all-textile vest of approximately 5.4 kg/m (1.1 lb/sq ft). In contrast to deformable lead bullets, fragments do not change shape; they are steel and can not be deformed by textile materials. The 2 gr (0.13 g) FSP (the smallest fragment projectile commonly used in testing) is about the size of a grain of rice; such small, fast-moving fragments can potentially slip through the vest, moving between yarns. As a result, fabrics optimized for fragment protection are tightly woven, although these fabrics are not as effective at stopping lead bullets.

997:, rested on the shoulders and prevented the wearer from turning his head, greatly restricting mobility. During the 18th and 19th centuries, helmets were not widely used in warfare; instead, many armies used unarmored hats that offered no protection against blade or bullet. The arrival of World War I, with its trench warfare and wide use of artillery, led to mass adoption of metal helmets once again, this time with a shape that offered mobility, a low profile, and compatibility with gas masks. Today's militaries often use high-quality helmets made of ballistic materials such as 1179:

similar to the standard developed by UK Home Office Scientific Development Branch. HG (Hand Gun) is for soft armor and RF (Rifle) is for hard armor. Another important change is that the test-round velocity for conditioned armor will be the same as that for new armor during testing. For example, for NIJ Standard-0101.06 Level IIIA the .44 Magnum round is currently shot at 408 m/s (1,340 ft/s) for conditioned armor and at 436 m/s (1,430 ft/s) for new armor. For the NIJ Standard-0101.07, the velocity for both conditioned and new armor will be the same.

129: 881: 517: 257:(Gyeongsangnam Province, South Korea). Using both vertical and triangular plate designs, the plate armor sets consisted of 27 or more individual 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) thick curved plates, which were secured together by nail or hinge. The recovered sets include accessories such as iron arm guards, neck guards, leg guards, and horse armor/bits. The use of these armor types disappeared from use on the Korean Peninsula after the fall of the Gaya Confederacy to the Silla Dynasty, during the three kingdoms era 736:, which are used for varying reasons from protecting from tungsten carbide penetrators, to improved weight to area ratios. Ceramic body armor is made up of a hard and rigid ceramic strike face bonded to a ductile fiber composite backing layer. The projectile is shattered, turned, or eroded as it impacts the ceramic strike face, and much of its kinetic energy is consumed as it interacts with the ceramic layer; the fiber composite backing layer absorbs residual kinetic energy and catches bullet and ceramic debris ( 1175:(HOSDB—formerly the Police Scientific Development Branch (PSDB)) standards are also used by a number of other countries and organizations. These "model" standards are usually adapted by other countries by following the same basic test methodologies, while changing the specific ammunition tested. NIJ Standard-0101.06 has specific performance standards for bullet resistant vests used by law enforcement. This rates vests on the following scale against penetration and also blunt trauma protection (deformation): 861:. Originated in the Netherlands, Dyneema has an extremely high strength-to-weight ratio (a 1 mm (0.039 in) diameter rope of Dyneema can bear up to a 240 kg (530 lb) load), is light enough (low density) that it can float on water, and has high energy absorption characteristics. Since the introduction of the Dyneema Force Multiplier Technology in 2013, many body armor manufacturers have switched to Dyneema for their high-end armor solutions. 600:(1861–1865) bought iron and steel vests from peddlers (both sides had considered but rejected it for standard issue). The effectiveness of the vests varied widely—some successfully deflected bullets and saved lives but others were poorly made and resulted in tragedy for the soldiers. In any case the vests were abandoned by many soldiers due to their weight on long marches as well as the stigma they got for being cowards from their fellow troops. 4734: 854:. Like Kevlar, Twaron is a strong, synthetic fiber. It is also heat resistant and has many applications. It can be used in the production of several materials that include the military, construction, automotive, aerospace, and even sports market sectors. Among the examples of Twaron-made materials are body armor, helmets, ballistic vests, speaker woofers, drumheads, tires, turbo hoses, wire ropes, and cables. 470:

precisely because of the danger posed by the gun. Hence, guns and cavalry in plate armor were "threat and remedy" together on the battlefield for almost 400 years. By the 15th-century, Italian armor plates were almost always made of steel. In Southern Germany armorers began to harden their steel armor only in the late 15th century. They would continue to harden their steel for the next century because they

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standards allow for 44 mm (1.7 in), which can potentially cause internal injury. The allowable backface signature for this has been controversial from its introduction in the first NIJ test standard and the debate as to the relative importance of penetration-resistance vs. backface signature continues in the medical and testing communities.

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form chaps that loggers use while operating a chainsaw. If the moving chain contacts and tears through the outer cover, the long fibers of Kevlar tangle, clog, and stop the chain from moving as they get drawn into the workings of the drive mechanism of the saw. Kevlar is used also in emergency services protection gear if it involves high heat,

1009:(MICH) type helmet has a slightly smaller coverage at the sides which allows tactical headsets and other communication equipment. The MICH model has standard pad suspension and four-point chinstrap. The Personal Armor System for Ground Troops (PASGT) helmet has been in use since 1983 and has slowly been replaced by the MICH helmet. 546: 385:, though it did require larger furnaces to produce larger blooms. Mail continued to be used to protect those joints which could not be adequately protected by plate, such as the armpit, crook of the elbow and groin. Another advantage of plate was that a lance rest could be fitted to the breast plate. 1582:

The random nature of fragmentation required the military vest specification to trade off mass vs. ballistic-benefit. Hard vehicle armor is capable of stopping all fragments, but military personnel can only carry a limited amount of gear and equipment, so the weight of the vest is a limiting factor in

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mass × velocity, neglecting rotational energy). The military engineering data showed that, like the fragment size, the fragment velocities had characteristic distributions. It is possible to segment the fragment output from a warhead into velocity groups. For example, 95% of all fragments from a bomb

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shots that penetrate and a second group of three shots that are stopped by the armor all within a specified velocity range. It is possible, and desirable, to have a penetration velocity lower than a stop velocity. These three stops and three penetrations can then be used to calculate a V50 velocity.

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The backface signature allowed by different test standards can be difficult to compare. Both the clay materials and the bullets used for the test are not common. In general the British, German and other European standards allow 20–25 mm (0.79–0.98 in) of backface signature, while the US-NIJ

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could actually stop bullets fired from a modest distance. The front breast plates were, in fact, commonly shot as a test. The impact point would often be encircled with engraving to point it out. This was called the "proof". Armor often also bore an insignia of the maker, especially if it was of good

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V0 is difficult to measure, so a second concept has been developed in ballistic testing called V50. This is the velocity at which 50 percent of the shots go through and 50 percent are stopped by the armor. US military standards define a commonly used procedure for this test. The goal is to get three

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Only a single low velocity penetrating shot is required to reduce the V0 value. The more shots made the lower the V0 will go. In terms of statistics, the zero penetration velocity is the tail end of the distribution curve. If the variability is known and the standard deviation can be calculated, one

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Variability reduces the predictive power of a determination of V0. If, for example, the V0 of an armor design is measured to be 1,600 ft/s (490 m/s) with a 9 mm FMJ bullet based on 30 shots, the test is only an estimate of the real V0 of this armor. The problem is variability. If the

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vests were being developed and fragment testing was in its early stages. Artillery shells, mortar shells, aerial bombs, grenades, and antipersonnel mines are fragmentation devices. They all contain a steel casing that is designed to burst into small steel fragments or shrapnel, when their explosive

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is held in the hand or arm. Its purpose is to intercept attacks, either by stopping projectiles such as arrows or by glancing a blow to the side of the shield-user, and it can also be used offensively as a bludgeoning weapon. Shields vary greatly in size, ranging from large shields that protect the

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formation also created substantial problems for heavy cavalry. Rather than dooming the use of body armor, the threat of small firearms intensified the use and further refinement of plate armor. There was a 150-year period in which better and more metallurgically advanced steel armor was being used,

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military forces since the early 1980s both have Kevlar as a key component, as do their replacements. Civilian applications include Kevlar reinforced clothing for motorcycle riders to protect against abrasion injuries. Kevlar in non-woven long strand form is used inside an outer protective cover to

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The quality of the metal used in armor deteriorated as armies became bigger and armor was made thicker, necessitating breeding of larger cavalry horses. If during the 14th and 15th centuries armor seldom weighed more than 15 kg (33 lb), then by the late 16th century it weighed 25 kg

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In practice this measurement of V50 often requires 1–2 vest panels and 10–20 shots. A very useful concept in armor testing is the offset velocity between the V0 and V50. If this offset has been measured for an armor design, then V50 data can be used to measure and estimate changes in V0. For vest

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In 2018 or 2019, NIJ was expected to introduce the new NIJ Standard-0101.07. This new standard will completely replace the NIJ Standard-0101.06. The current system of using Roman numerals (II, IIIA, III, and IV) to indicate the level of threat will disappear and be replaced by a naming convention

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The second part of "Casualty Reduction" strategy is a study of velocity distributions of fragments from munitions. Warhead explosives have blast speeds of 20,000 ft/s (6,100 m/s) to 30,000 ft/s (9,100 m/s). As a result, they are capable of ejecting fragments at speeds of over

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but acidic, basic and some other solutions can permanently reduce para-aramid fiber tensile strength. (As a result of this, the major test standards call for wet testing of textile armor.) Mechanisms for this wet loss of performance are not known. Vests that will be tested after ISO-type water

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munitions, a fragment test was developed. Fragment simulators were designed and the most common shape is a Right Circular Cylinder or RCC simulator. This shape has a length equal to its diameter. These RCC Fragment Simulation Projectiles (FSPs) are tested as a group. The test series most often

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In effect, rather than making plate armor obsolete, the use of firearms stimulated the development of plate armor into its later stages. For most of that period, it allowed horsemen to fight while being the targets of defending arquebusiers without being easily killed. Full suits of armor were

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From 2003 to 2005, a large study of the environmental degradation of Zylon armor was undertaken by the US-NIJ. This concluded that water, long-term use, and temperature exposure significantly affect tensile strength and the ballistic performance of PBO or Zylon fiber. This NIJ study on vests

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is designed to protect the wearer from ballistic threats. Ballistic face masks are usually made of kevlar or other bullet-resistant materials and the inside of the mask may be padded for shock absorption, depending on the design. Due to weight restrictions, protection levels range only up to

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of a bullet at impact. Because the energy of a bullet is a key factor in its penetrating capacity, velocity is used as the primary independent variable in ballistic testing. For most users the key measurement is the velocity at which no bullets will penetrate the armor. Measuring this zero

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weapons greatly improved from the 16th century onward, it became cheaper and more effective to have groups of unarmored infantry with early guns than to have expensive knights mounted on horseback, which was the primary cause for armor to be largely discarded. Most

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Textile armor is tested for both penetration resistance by bullets and for the impact energy transmitted to the wearer. The "backface signature" or transmitted impact energy is measured by shooting armor mounted in front of a backing material, typically oil-based

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penetration velocity (V0) must take into account variability in armor performance and test variability. Ballistic testing has a number of sources of variability: the armor, test backing materials, bullet, casing, powder, primer and the gun barrel, to name a few.

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can rigorously set the V0 at a confidence interval. Test Standards now define how many shots must be used to estimate a V0 for the armor certification. This procedure defines a confidence interval of an estimate of V0. (See "NIJ and HOSDB test methods".)

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made the formation of plates faster and cheaper. At times the development of armor has run parallel to the development of increasingly effective weaponry on the battlefield, with armorers seeking to create better protection without sacrificing mobility.

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rode out to engage the German cavalry who likewise used helmets and armor. By that period, the shiny armor plate was covered in dark paint and a canvas wrap covered their elaborate Napoleonic-style helmets. Their armor was meant to protect only against

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is similar to Kevlar. They both belong to the aramid family of synthetic fibers. The only difference is that Twaron was first developed by Akzo in the 1970s. Twaron was first commercially produced in 1986. Now, Twaron is manufactured by

1213:. The clay is used at a controlled temperature and verified for impact flow before testing. After the armor is impacted with the test bullet the vest is removed from the clay and the depth of the indentation in the clay is measured. 1120:. Vests intended for police and military use may also include ballistic shoulder and side protection armor components, and explosive ordnance disposal technicians wear heavy armor and helmets with face visors and spine protection. 843:. The latest Kevlar material that DuPont has developed is Kevlar XP. In comparison with "normal" Kevlar, Kevlar XP is more lightweight and more comfortable to wear, as its quilt stitch is not required for the ballistic package. 1438: 1005:, which have excellent bullet and fragmentation stopping power. Some helmets also have good non-ballistic protective qualities, though many do not. The two most popular ballistic helmet models are the PASGT and the MICH. The 159:

Many factors have affected the development of personal armor throughout human history. Significant factors in the development of armor include the economic and technological necessities of armor production. For instance full

121:, and occasionally ordinary citizens. Today there are two main types: regular non-plated body armor for moderate to substantial protection, and hard-plate reinforced body armor for maximum protection, such as used by 1370: 1586:

By the 2010s, the development of body armor had been stymied in regards to weight, in that designers had trouble increasing the protective capability of body armor while still maintaining or decreasing its weight.

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manufacturing, field evaluation and life testing both V0 and V50 are used. However, as a result of the simplicity of making V50 measurements, this method is more important for control of armor after certification.

2523: 141: 404:, as it was lengthened downward to protect the back of the neck and the sides of the head. Additionally, several new forms of fully enclosed helmets were introduced in the late 14th century to replace the 1550:, military planners developed a concept of "Casualty Reduction". The large body of casualty data made clear that in a combat situation, fragments, not bullets, were the greatest threat to soldiers. After 2808:

Johnson, W., Collins, C., and Kindred, F., A Mathematical Model for Predicting Residual Velocities of Fragments After Perforating Helmets, Ballistic Research Laboratories Technical Note no. 1705, October

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includes 2-grain (0.13 g), 4-grain (0.26 g), 16-grain (1.0 g), and 64-grain (4.1 g) mass RCC FSP testing. The 2-4-16-64 series is based on the measured fragment size distributions.

2502: 740:). This allows such armor to defeat armor-piercing 5.56×45mm, 7.62×51mm, and 7.62x39mm bullets, among others, with little or no felt blunt trauma. High-end ceramic armor plates typically utilize 2918: 1787:"Celtic military technology was taken over by and incorporated into the Roman Army, particularly chain mail, the iron-clad wheel, two-wheeled chariot, and "battlebowler" style of helmet" 355:

Gradually, small additional plates or discs of iron were added to the mail to protect vulnerable areas. By the late 13th century, the knees were capped, and two circular discs, called

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By about 1400, the full harness of plate armor had been developed in armories of Lombardy Heavy cavalry dominated the battlefield for centuries in part because of their armor.

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to give a surface of harder steel. Plate armor became cheaper than mail by the 15th century as it required much less labor and labor had become much more expensive after the

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and plates were also used. In pre-Qin dynasty times, leather armor was made out of rhinoceros. The use of iron plate armor on the Korean peninsula was developed during the

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World War I personal armor, including a steel cap for wearing under an ordnance cap, French splinter goggles with vision is through thin slits, and a steel dagger gauntlet

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blast under 4 gr (0.26 g) have a velocity of 3,000 ft/s (910 m/s) or less. This established a set of goals for military ballistic vest design.

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Dusablon, L V (December 1972). "The Casualty Reduction Analysis Model for Personnel Armor Systems". U.S. Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center.

2712: 1198: 1132:, including metal boots for the lower legs, gauntlets for the hands and wrists, and greaves for the legs. Today, protection of limbs from bombs is provided by a 1270:

and the system parameters for textile-based body armors. Under the assumption that the energy of impact is dissipated in breaking the yarn, it was shown that

1136:. Most modern soldiers sacrifice limb protection for mobility, since armor thick enough to stop bullets would greatly inhibit movement of the arms and legs. 2495:"The Next Revision of the NIJ Performance Standard for Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor, NIJ Standard 0101.07: Changes to Test Methods and Test Threats" 2494: 1974: 1381: 2040: 953:, and up to the modern era. Their materials and construction became more advanced as weapons became more and more powerful. Initially constructed from 3373: 2964: 2132: 1172: 537:. This gave the horse protection and enhanced the visual impression of a mounted knight. Late in the era, elaborate barding was used as parade armor. 2819: 4495: 4394: 3431: 3353: 3304: 2074: 1596: 1225:

immersion tend to have heat-sealed enclosures and those that are tested under NIJ-type water spray methods tend to have water-resistant enclosures.

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spall shield on the other, optimizing ballistic resistance against different projectile threats, including various calibers of shells and bullets.

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suits. Too heavy and restrictive for infantry, most were worn by spotters, sentries, machine gunners, and other troops who stayed in one place.

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quality. Crossbow bolts or quarrels, if still used, would seldom penetrate good plate, nor would any bullet unless fired from close range.

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in many societies after about AD 950. At that time, they were purely military equipment, protecting the head from cutting blows with

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is used in hard plate armor capable of defeating rifle and armor piercing ammunition. The ceramic material is typically structured with a

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returned from the field demonstrated that environmental effects on Zylon resulted in ballistic failures under standard test conditions.

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A variety of methods for improving the protection provided by mail were used as armorers seemingly experimented. Hardened leather and

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Design Information for Construction of Light Personnel Armor. Authors: Willard R. Beye 1950 MIDWEST RESEARCH INST KANSAS CITY MO

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In general a vest's textile material temporarily degrades when wet. Neutral water at room temp does not affect para-aramid or

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rounds, and metallic components or tightly woven fiber layers can give soft armor resistance to stab and slash attacks from a

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armored gloves continue to be used by butchers and abattoir workers to prevent cuts and wounds while cutting up carcasses.

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bullets. Metallic components or tightly woven fiber layers can give soft armor resistance to stab and slash attacks from

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The Knight and the Blast Furnace: A History of the Metallurgy of Armour in the Middle Ages & the Early Modern Period

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ballistic and stab documents are examples of broadly accepted standards. In addition to the NIJ, the United Kingdom's

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firearms were fired at a relatively low velocity (usually below 600 m/s (2,000 ft/s)). The full suits of

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Due to the various different types of projectiles, it is often inaccurate to refer to a particular product as "

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V0 is tested again with a second group of 30 shots on the same vest design, the result will not be identical.

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are regional. Around the world ammunition varies and armor testing must reflect the threats found locally.

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Cunniff, P. M. (1999), "Dimensionless parameters for optimization of textile-based body armor systems.",

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Early plate in Italy, and elsewhere in the 13th to 15th centuries were made of iron. Iron armor could be

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A modern equivalent may combine a ballistic vest with other items of protective clothing, such as a

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units discarded their armor, though some heavy cavalry units continued to use it, such as German

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3,330 ft/s (1,010 m/s), implying very high energy (where the energy of a fragment is

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or a variant, suggesting the Celts as the originators. The Romans widely adopted mail as the

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core detonates. After considerable effort measuring fragment size distribution from various

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Metal or ceramic plates can be used with a soft vest, providing additional protection from

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tactics, allowing infantry to defeat armored knights on the battlefield. At the same time

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Metal armor remained in limited use long after its general obsolescence. Soldiers in the

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was developed, an armor made of large plates sewn inside a textile or leather coat.

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In addition to the NIJ and HOSDB standards, other important standards include: the

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The horse was afforded protection from cavalry and infantry weapons by steel plate

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people in Europe about 500 BC: most cultures that used mail used the Celtic word

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are used by military and police units that specialize in anti-terrorist action,

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are the failure stress, failure strain, density and elastic modulus of the yarn

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While many standards exist, a few standards are widely used as models. The US

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designed to absorb or deflect physical attacks. Historically used to protect

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Using dimensionless analysis, Cuniff arrived at a relation connecting the V

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were made more powerful to pierce armor, and the development of the Swiss

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of 42 CE - 562 CE. The iron was mined and refined in the area surrounding

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Measuring the ballistic performance of armor is based on determining the

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floor and pilot seats of gunships. It was used in armor plates like the

4678: 4525: 3935: 3875: 3436: 3123: 3073: 2995: 1183: 1094: 1079: 1075: 1059: 1030: 954: 914: 790: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 729: 714: 534: 490: 413: 356: 316: 290: 246: 4450: 4384: 4333: 4328: 4318: 4263: 4157: 3995: 3985: 3945: 3940: 3544: 3398: 3297: 3287: 3282: 2973: 2647:"Injuries to law enforcement officers: The backface signature injury" 1102: 1002: 998: 990: 962: 905: 857:

Another fiber used to manufacture a bullet-resistant vest is Dyneema

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assault troops of the Italian army wore body armor in 1916 and 1917.

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Renaissance/Early Modern suits of armor appropriate for heavy cavalry

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Pyke, Andrew J.; Costello, Joseph T.; Stewart, Ian B. (2015-03-01).

427:

Probably the most recognized style of armor in the world became the

744:

fiber composite backing layers, whereas budget plates will utilize

525:

actually worn by generals and princely commanders until the 1710s.

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is well known as a component of some bullet resistant vests and

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From Sumer to Rome: The Military Capabilities of Ancient Armies

1197:'s Technische Richtlinie (TR) Ballistische Schutzwesten, Draft 2184:"New Ceramic Armor Materials - From Boron Suboxide to Diamond" 759: 721:

series, and today in most civilian accessible body armors.

400:

The small skull cap evolved into a bigger true helmet, the

177:

The first record of body armor in history was found on the

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projectiles, and small fragments from explosives, such as

650:

By the end of the war the Germans had made some 400,000

1128:

Medieval armor often offered protection for all of the

323:. (794－1185) These early samurai armors are called the 2524:"Technische Richtlinie (TR) Ballistische Schutzwesten" 2016:"Application of Boron Carbide Ceramics in Body Armor" 1516: 1487: 1447: 1384: 1279: 977:

Ages, they soon came to be made entirely from forged

164:

first appeared in Medieval Europe when water-powered

1190:(and much of the standards were based on ISO 9001). 4644: 4603: 4513: 4428: 4352: 4221: 4060: 4029: 3856: 3760: 3751: 3551: 3485: 3471: 3329: 3270: 3242: 3233: 3226: 3004: 2896:"Body Armor for Law Enforcement Officers: In Brief" 709:ceramics were first used in the 1960s in designing 366:construction were used for arm and leg pieces. The 2936:"Air Force cadet creates bulletproof breakthrough" 1529: 1500: 1471: 1432: 1364: 871:List of personal protective equipment by body area 636:, like the infantry soldiers, who at least had a 233:. In East Asian history laminated armor such as 2702:Kevlar, Twaron, Dyneema, Spectra technical data 1827:(London: Thames and Hudson, 1993) p. 75-9, 114 2742:Army MIL-STD-662F V50 BALLISTIC TEST FOR ARMOR 2733:ARMY MIL-STD-662F V50 BALLISTIC TEST FOR ARMOR 2430:"Ballistic Resistance of NIJ Standard-0101.06" 662:Soldiers use metal or ceramic plates in their 293:of the early medieval age, and the full steel 3529: 2958: 8: 1695:Gabriel, Richard A.; Metz, Karen S. (1991). 105:, today it is also used by various types of 2616:"Bullet-Resisting Equipment: UL 752: Scope" 1537:is the mass per unit area of the projectile 439:, but continuing to the early 17th-century 27:Protective clothing; armor worn on the body 3757: 3536: 3522: 3514: 3326: 3239: 3230: 2965: 2951: 2943: 2754:18th International Symposium on Ballistics 2401:"Overview Of The NIJ Body Armor Standard" 1521: 1515: 1492: 1486: 1472:{\displaystyle \sigma ,\epsilon ,\rho ,E} 1446: 1418: 1398: 1389: 1383: 1347: 1337: 1331: 1314: 1310: 1300: 1284: 1278: 1173:Home Office Scientific Development Branch 806:Learn how and when to remove this message 1924: 1912: 1900: 1888: 1876: 1864: 1597:International Medieval Combat Federation 1146:List of body armor performance standards 1007:Modular Integrated Communications Helmet 859:ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene 742:ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene 189:. The oldest known Western armor is the 2917:Novobilski, Marisa (October 14, 2016). 2246:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 1623: 993:. Some late medieval helmets, like the 666:, providing additional protection from 2782: 2771: 2424: 2422: 2125:"Advanced Armor Protection | CoorsTek" 1508:is the mass per unit area of the armor 359:were fitted to protect the underarms. 2294:"Short History of Armour and Weapons" 1105:forces, private citizens and private 286:, well-known armor types include the 7: 2407:from the original on 1 November 2013 1182:In January 2012, the NIJ introduced 1070:from explosions, and is worn on the 941:around 900 BC, followed by the 933:, and is known to have been worn in 788:adding citations to reliable sources 478:their product which allowed for the 2622:. December 21, 2006. Archived from 2441:United States Department of Justice 2159:Body Armor News | BodyArmorNews.com 2934:Burke, Kelly David (2 June 2017). 2894:James, Nathan (January 28, 2016). 1794:StFX Humanities Colloquium Lecture 1101:. Soft vests are commonly worn by 1050:equipped with neck and groin armor 449:In the early 15th century, small " 396:helmet with curved back, side view 25: 615:in 1914, thousands of the French 453:" first began to be used, in the 229:has a long history, beginning in 215:, although they also made use of 4733: 4732: 4724: 3432:Body armor performance standards 2475:from the original on 24 May 2017 2355:from the original on 17 May 2008 764: 553:of the 19th century (Drawing by 2921:. Air Force Research Laboratory 2685:from the original on 2012-07-26 2663:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.02.028 2505:from the original on 2021-01-22 2450:from the original on 2008-09-20 2275:from the original on 2020-12-09 2219:from the original on 2022-05-17 2165:from the original on 2020-12-14 2135:from the original on 2020-12-09 2106:from the original on 2020-12-09 2077:from the original on 2020-11-29 1977:from the original on 2020-12-11 1948:from the original on 2021-01-08 1677:from the original on 2020-07-27 1607:High Risk Modular tactical vest 775:needs additional citations for 628:. The cavalry had to beware of 592:Bulletproof vest § History 482:to be combined with tempering. 2903:Congressional Research Service 2651:Forensic Science International 1728:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1307: 1293: 640:to give them some protection. 53:Improved Modular Tactical Vest 1: 3218:Boiled leather (cuir bouilli) 3193:Kusari (Japanese mail armour) 2499:National Institute of Justice 1843:Korean Archaeological Society 1169:National Institute of Justice 1058:helps absorb the impact from 931:personal protective equipment 929:is among the oldest forms of 351:Components of medieval armour 150: 2239:"Behind Armour Blunt Trauma" 2153:Burton, Scott (2020-01-31). 1796:. Antigonish. Archived from 1722:Gabriel, Richard A. (2007). 1652:10.1016/j.apergo.2014.08.016 1233:Ballistic testing V50 and V0 937:around 1700 BC and the 237:, and styles similar to the 97:or close-fitting hands-free 4764:Military personal equipment 4103:Helmet Steel Airborne Troop 2645:Wilhelm, M; Bir, C (2008). 1760:. Vancouver. Archived from 824:bullet resistant face masks 443:in all European countries. 4785: 4239:Czechoslovak Vz. 53 Helmet 1967:"Boron Carbide | CoorsTek" 1143: 1028: 868: 589: 348: 342: 245:were commonly used. Later 40: 29: 4720: 3511: 2981: 2620:Underwriters Laboratories 2209:"Ceramic Composite Armor" 1203:Underwriters Laboratories 658:Modern non-metallic armor 132:Japanese warrior in armor 3337:Armour of the Kelly gang 3183:Karuta (Japanese armour) 2711:NIJ, HOSDB, US-Army and 2594:"pr EN ISO 14876-3-2002" 2572:"pr EN ISO 14876-2-2002" 2550:"pr EN ISO 14876-1-2002" 2375:"Hard Armor and Helmets" 2067:"Interceptor Body Armor" 1158:is generally preferred. 1042:sailors in 2007 wearing 724:Other materials include 701:layer on one side and a 113:in particular), private 30:Not to be confused with 3235:Bullet-resistant armour 3188:Kikko (Japanese armour) 3005:Historical armour types 2882:Museum Syndicate: Armor 2848:Williams, Alan (2003). 2258:10.1136/jramc-147-01-09 917:, and siege-breaching. 259:Three Kingdoms of Korea 207: 4441:Advanced Combat Helmet 3486:Fictional armour types 2781:Cite journal requires 2715:ballistic test methods 2596:. www.ISO-standard.org 2574:. www.ISO-standard.org 2552:. www.ISO-standard.org 2071:www.globalsecurity.org 1825:The World of the Celts 1531: 1502: 1473: 1434: 1366: 1051: 1048:Modular Tactical Vests 901: 664:bullet resistant vests 608: 558: 521: 489:In the early years of 457:, in combination with 397: 319:armor appeared in the 279: 156: 133: 59: 41:For the beverage, see 4533:Boxing / Martial Arts 3084:Mail and plate armour 2349:"Kevlar PASGT Helmet" 1996:US patent 4824624 1532: 1530:{\displaystyle A_{p}} 1503: 1501:{\displaystyle A_{d}} 1474: 1435: 1367: 1140:Performance standards 1038: 883: 828:PASGT helmet and vest 606: 548: 519: 391: 349:Further information: 272: 144: 131: 51: 4083:M32 (Czechoslovakia) 3342:Brewster Body Shield 1514: 1485: 1445: 1382: 1277: 1201:prEN ISO 14876, and 784:improve this article 441:Age of Enlightenment 431:associated with the 43:Bodyarmor SuperDrink 4254:Romanian M73 helmet 4208:M1918 (Switzerland) 4128:Mk II talker helmet 4093:Stahlhelm (Germany) 3648:Henry VIII's Horned 3227:Modern armour types 3166:Gothic plate armour 3156:Kasten-brust armour 3079:Transitional armour 2329:on 16 December 2007 2323:About.com Education 1867:, pp. 740–741. 1205:(UL Standard 752). 1044:Lightweight Helmets 1014:ballistic face mask 989:, and low-velocity 95:protective clothing 85:, among others, is 4491:Lightweight Helmet 3966:Lobster-tailed pot 3404:Osprey body armour 2887:2011-10-16 at the 2237:Cannon, L (2001). 1942:Mémorial de Verdun 1640:Applied Ergonomics 1527: 1498: 1469: 1430: 1362: 1052: 1040:United States Navy 902: 609: 598:American Civil War 559: 522: 398: 280: 193:, dating from the 157: 134: 103:military personnel 60: 4746: 4745: 4714: 4713: 4553:Gridiron football 4509: 4508: 4163:SSh-39 and SSh-40 4098:M1934/39 (Greece) 3445: 3444: 3427: 3426: 3359:Ranger Body Armor 3325: 3324: 3271:Ballistic fabrics 3171:Maximilian armour 3027:Lorica segmentata 2859:978-90-04-12498-1 2626:on April 21, 2012 2471:. February 2017. 1833:978-0-500-27998-4 1785:Newton, Michael. 1735:978-0-313-33348-4 1725:The Ancient World 1708:978-0-313-27645-3 1612:Osprey body armor 1428: 1427: 1416: 1353: 949:, throughout the 911:ballistic shields 816: 815: 808: 711:bulletproof vests 217:lorica segmentata 185:in today's south 179:Stele of Vultures 16:(Redirected from 4776: 4736: 4735: 4728: 4148:M1940 (Portugal) 3823:Late Roman ridge 3758: 3538: 3531: 3524: 3515: 3327: 3240: 3231: 3146:Greenwich armour 2967: 2960: 2953: 2944: 2939: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2900: 2871: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2831: 2822:. Archived from 2816: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2784: 2779: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2759: 2757: 2749: 2743: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2725: 2722: 2716: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2690: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2510: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2455: 2449: 2434: 2426: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2377:. Archived from 2371: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2325:. Archived from 2315: 2309: 2308: 2306: 2305: 2296:. Archived from 2290: 2284: 2283: 2281: 2280: 2274: 2243: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2224: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2195: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2170: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2141: 2140: 2129:www.coorstek.com 2121: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2111: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2082: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2011: 2005: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1983: 1982: 1971:www.coorstek.com 1963: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1953: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1916: 1910: 1904: 1898: 1892: 1886: 1880: 1874: 1868: 1862: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1841: 1835: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1809: 1808: 1802: 1791: 1782: 1776: 1775: 1773: 1772: 1766: 1755: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1692: 1686: 1685: 1683: 1682: 1676: 1637: 1628: 1577: 1576: 1572: 1542:Military testing 1536: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1525: 1507: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1497: 1496: 1478: 1476: 1475: 1470: 1439: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1420: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1407: 1399: 1394: 1393: 1371: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1354: 1352: 1351: 1342: 1341: 1332: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1305: 1304: 1289: 1288: 1262:Cunniff analysis 1156:bullet resistant 811: 804: 800: 797: 791: 768: 760: 611:At the start of 555:Édouard Detaille 437:Late Middle Ages 435:of the European 284:European history 251:Gaya Confederacy 210: 197:around 1400 BC. 155: 152: 36:military uniform 21: 4784: 4783: 4779: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4749: 4748: 4747: 4742: 4738:Category:Armour 4716: 4715: 4710: 4640: 4631:Riot protection 4599: 4505: 4456:ECH (Australia) 4424: 4348: 4217: 4213:Type 92 Tetsubo 4138:Netherlands M34 4088:M1923 (Denmark) 4056: 4052:Tarleton helmet 4025: 3858: 3852: 3747: 3603:Coventry Sallet 3555: 3553: 3547: 3542: 3507: 3481: 3467: 3441: 3423: 3321: 3317:Ballistic nylon 3266: 3244:Ballistic plate 3222: 3141:Munition armour 3054:Lamellar armour 3049:Lorica squamata 3000: 2977: 2971: 2933: 2924: 2922: 2916: 2907: 2905: 2898: 2893: 2889:Wayback Machine 2878: 2860: 2847: 2844: 2839: 2838: 2829: 2827: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2780: 2770: 2767: 2766: 2762: 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1847: 1842: 1838: 1819: 1815: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1789: 1784: 1783: 1779: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1753: 1749:Ehman, Amy Jo. 1748: 1747: 1743: 1736: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1709: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1635: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1593: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1544: 1517: 1512: 1511: 1488: 1483: 1482: 1443: 1442: 1408: 1400: 1385: 1380: 1379: 1343: 1333: 1327: 1306: 1296: 1280: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1235: 1148: 1142: 1126: 1107:security guards 1033: 1027: 923: 898:Ferguson unrest 878: 873: 867: 865:Protected areas 812: 801: 795: 792: 781: 769: 758: 734:silicon carbide 692: 660: 594: 588: 586:Late modern use 543: 531: 353: 347: 341: 315:known today as 267: 221:lorica squamata 175: 153: 139: 115:security guards 91:a person's body 57:US Marine Corps 55:fielded by the 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 18:Medieval armour 15: 12: 11: 5: 4782: 4780: 4772: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4751: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4730: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4697: 4696: 4694:American fiber 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4665: 4664: 4654: 4648: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4432: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4356: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4229:Bangtan Helmet 4225: 4223: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4198:M1937 (Sweden) 4195: 4193:M1926 (Sweden) 4190: 4185: 4183:M1942 Modelo Z 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4078:M36 (Bulgaria) 4075: 4070: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3862: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3764: 3762: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3738:Witcham Gravel 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3628:Guilden Morden 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3608:Crosby Garrett 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3559: 3557: 3549: 3548: 3543: 3541: 3540: 3533: 3526: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3333: 3331: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3319: 3314: 3313: 3312: 3310:Spectra Shield 3302: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3280: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3248: 3246: 3237: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3133: 3132: 3131: 3129:Muscle cuirass 3126: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3089:Coat of plates 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3059:Laminar armour 3056: 3051: 3046: 3044:Lorica plumata 3041: 3036: 3035: 3034: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3008: 3006: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2991:Vehicle armour 2988: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2972: 2970: 2969: 2962: 2955: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2931: 2914: 2891: 2877: 2876:External links 2874: 2873: 2872: 2858: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2811: 2801: 2792: 2783:|journal= 2760: 2744: 2735: 2726: 2717: 2704: 2695: 2637: 2607: 2585: 2563: 2541: 2515: 2486: 2460: 2418: 2392: 2366: 2340: 2310: 2285: 2229: 2215:. 2022-05-10. 2200: 2175: 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May 16, 2024 2032: 2006: 1987: 1958: 1944:. 2015-11-03. 1938:"Sappenpanzer" 1929: 1927:, p. 916. 1917: 1915:, p. 331. 1905: 1893: 1881: 1869: 1857: 1855:Costume Museum 1845: 1836: 1813: 1777: 1741: 1734: 1714: 1707: 1687: 1622: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1592: 1589: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1524: 1520: 1509: 1495: 1491: 1480: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1440: 1426: 1423: 1414: 1411: 1406: 1403: 1397: 1392: 1388: 1373: 1372: 1361: 1357: 1350: 1346: 1340: 1336: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1267: 1263: 1260: 1239:kinetic energy 1234: 1231: 1211:modelling clay 1144:Main article: 1141: 1138: 1125: 1122: 1056:ballistic vest 1029:Main article: 1026: 1023: 995:great bascinet 943:ancient Greeks 922: 919: 915:hostage rescue 892:, including a 886:police officer 877: 874: 869:Main article: 866: 863: 814: 813: 772: 770: 763: 757: 754: 726:boron suboxide 691: 688: 680:knife bayonets 659: 656: 590:Main article: 587: 584: 576:Polish hussars 542: 539: 530: 527: 416:and later the 408:, such as the 368:coat of plates 343:Main article: 340: 337: 313:Japanese armor 297:worn by later 266: 263: 239:coat of plates 191:Dendra panoply 174: 171: 154: 1400 BC 138: 135: 69:(also spelled 67:personal armor 32:combat uniform 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4781: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4719: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4621:Firefighter's 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4476:Hełm wz. 2005 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4427: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4405:Hełm wz. 2000 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4249:Hungarian M70 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4203:L'Eplattenier 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4178:M1934 (Spain) 4176: 4174: 4173:M1926 (Spain) 4171: 4169: 4168:M1921 (Spain) 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 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3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3534: 3532: 3527: 3525: 3520: 3519: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3330:Armor systems 3328: 3318: 3315: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3252:Ceramic plate 3250: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3138: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3109:Mirror armour 3107: 3105: 3104:Splint armour 3102: 3100: 3099:Jack of plate 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3039:Lorica hamata 3037: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2975: 2968: 2963: 2961: 2956: 2954: 2949: 2948: 2945: 2937: 2932: 2920: 2915: 2904: 2897: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2826:on 2019-11-09 2825: 2821: 2815: 2812: 2805: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2788: 2775: 2764: 2761: 2755: 2748: 2745: 2739: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2708: 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July 2008. 2442: 2438: 2437:NIJ Standards 2431: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2393: 2380: 2376: 2370: 2367: 2354: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2314: 2311: 2300:on 2007-12-19 2299: 2295: 2289: 2286: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2240: 2233: 2230: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2204: 2201: 2189: 2185: 2179: 2176: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2149: 2146: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2120: 2117: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2091: 2088: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2062: 2059: 2046: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2021: 2017: 2010: 2007: 1997: 1991: 1988: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1962: 1959: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1925:Williams 2003 1921: 1918: 1914: 1913:Williams 2003 1909: 1906: 1903:, p. 66. 1902: 1901:Williams 2003 1897: 1894: 1891:, p. 53. 1890: 1889:Williams 2003 1885: 1882: 1879:, p. 55. 1878: 1877:Williams 2003 1873: 1870: 1866: 1865:Williams 2003 1861: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1846: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1814: 1803:on 2013-07-30 1799: 1795: 1788: 1781: 1778: 1767:on 2013-12-03 1763: 1759: 1752: 1745: 1742: 1737: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1718: 1715: 1710: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1691: 1688: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1634: 1627: 1624: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1541: 1522: 1518: 1510: 1493: 1489: 1481: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1441: 1424: 1421: 1412: 1409: 1404: 1401: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1359: 1355: 1348: 1344: 1338: 1334: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1301: 1297: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1212: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1195:German Police 1191: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1147: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1123: 1121: 1119: 1118:combat helmet 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1084:hand grenades 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 935:ancient India 932: 928: 927:combat helmet 920: 918: 916: 912: 907: 899: 895: 891: 887: 882: 875: 872: 864: 862: 860: 855: 853: 852:Teijin Aramid 848: 844: 842: 838: 833: 832:United States 829: 825: 821: 810: 807: 799: 796:November 2020 789: 785: 779: 778: 773:This section 771: 767: 762: 761: 755: 753: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 707:Boron carbide 704: 700: 696: 695:Boron carbide 689: 687: 685: 681: 677: 676:combat knives 673: 669: 665: 657: 655: 653: 648: 646: 641: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 618: 614: 605: 601: 599: 593: 585: 583: 581: 578:, and French 577: 573: 569: 568:light cavalry 564: 556: 552: 547: 541:Gunpowder era 540: 538: 536: 528: 526: 518: 514: 511: 510:breast plates 507: 503: 502:muzzleloading 500: 496: 492: 487: 483: 481: 477: 473: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 447: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 425: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 395: 390: 386: 384: 380: 379:case hardened 376: 371: 369: 365: 360: 358: 352: 346: 338: 336: 335: 332: 329: 327: 322: 318: 314: 309: 307: 304: 300: 296: 295:plate harness 292: 289: 285: 278: 275: 271: 264: 262: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 231:Ancient China 228: 227:Eastern armor 224: 222: 218: 214: 213:lorica hamata 209: 204: 200: 196: 195:Mycenaean Era 192: 188: 184: 183:ancient Sumer 180: 172: 170: 167: 163: 148: 143: 136: 130: 126: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 83:coat of armor 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 58: 54: 50: 44: 37: 33: 19: 4669:Heraldic use 4657:Helmet cover 4429:2001–present 4259:Mº 44 E.T.A. 4113:M42 Duperite 4011:Takula tofao 3961:Lamellenhelm 3859:Early Modern 3857:Medieval and 3828:Montefortino 3573:Benty Grange 3178:Lame (armor) 3161:White armour 3151:Almain rivet 3136:Plate armour 3064:Scale armour 2985: 2923:. Retrieved 2906:. Retrieved 2849: 2828:. Retrieved 2824:the original 2814: 2804: 2795: 2774:cite journal 2763: 2753: 2747: 2738: 2729: 2720: 2707: 2698: 2687:. Retrieved 2654: 2650: 2640: 2630:November 13, 2628:. Retrieved 2624:the original 2610: 2600:November 13, 2598:. Retrieved 2588: 2578:November 13, 2576:. Retrieved 2566: 2556:November 13, 2554:. Retrieved 2544: 2534:November 13, 2532:. Retrieved 2528:the original 2518: 2507:. Retrieved 2498: 2489: 2477:. Retrieved 2463: 2452:. Retrieved 2436: 2409:. Retrieved 2395: 2383:. Retrieved 2379:the original 2369: 2357:. Retrieved 2343: 2331:. Retrieved 2327:the original 2322: 2313: 2302:. Retrieved 2298:the original 2288: 2277:. Retrieved 2252:(1): 87–96. 2249: 2245: 2232: 2221:. Retrieved 2212: 2203: 2192:. Retrieved 2190:. 2019-07-10 2187: 2178: 2167:. Retrieved 2158: 2148: 2137:. Retrieved 2128: 2119: 2108:. Retrieved 2099: 2090: 2079:. Retrieved 2070: 2061: 2049:. Retrieved 2044: 2035: 2023:. Retrieved 2019: 2014:Rose, Lisa. 2009: 1990: 1979:. Retrieved 1970: 1961: 1950:. Retrieved 1941: 1932: 1920: 1908: 1896: 1884: 1872: 1860: 1848: 1839: 1824: 1816: 1805:. Retrieved 1798:the original 1793: 1780: 1769:. Retrieved 1762:the original 1757: 1744: 1724: 1717: 1701:. ABC-CLIO. 1697: 1690: 1679:. 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Fox News. 2925:October 14, 2908:October 14, 2756:: 1303–1310 2657:(1): 6–11. 2213:Adept Armor 2188:DIAMOND AGE 1821:Simon James 1561:Soviet Bloc 1548:Vietnam War 1152:bulletproof 1064:projectiles 969:during the 961:, and then 951:Middle Ages 894:riot shield 617:cuirassiers 613:World War I 580:cuirassiers 529:Horse armor 506:plate armor 467:Pike square 451:hand cannon 429:plate armor 383:Black Death 303:Renaissance 277:plated mail 265:Middle Ages 261:in 562 CE. 162:plate armor 111:riot police 4769:Human body 4759:Body armor 4753:Categories 4580:Motorcycle 4563:Revolution 4548:Equestrian 4375:M90 (Iraq) 3956:Kulah khud 3916:Frog-mouth 3793:Corinthian 3783:Chalcidian 3713:Sutton Hoo 3698:Ribchester 3658:Iron Gates 3653:Horncastle 3623:Gjermundbu 3593:Coppergate 3583:Canterbury 3554:historical 3552:Individual 3472:Components 3293:Kevlar KM2 3094:Brigandine 3069:Chain mail 3012:Linothorax 2986:Body armor 2842:References 2830:2019-11-09 2689:2009-11-25 2509:2021-01-17 2479:1 February 2454:2008-11-13 2304:2009-11-23 2279:2020-11-29 2223:2022-05-10 2194:2020-11-29 2169:2020-11-29 2139:2020-11-29 2110:2020-11-29 2081:2020-11-29 1981:2020-11-29 1952:2021-01-06 1807:2012-05-07 1771:2012-05-07 1681:2020-06-04 1546:After the 1111:bodyguards 750:fiberglass 684:Chain mail 551:cuirassier 508:, or only 495:arquebuses 422:close helm 406:great helm 392:Signature 375:carburized 243:brigandine 123:combatants 119:bodyguards 63:Body armor 4706:Zuckerman 4662:Mitznefet 4611:Custodian 4590:Scrum cap 4558:Eyeshield 4436:A2 Helmet 4353:1980–2000 4339:Swiss M71 4222:1945–1980 4061:1914–1945 3931:Hounskull 3813:Kegelhelm 3464:Stab vest 3459:Bomb suit 3454:Riot gear 3347:Steel Bib 3278:Gold Flex 3114:Klivanion 3022:Buff coat 2671:0379-0738 1660:1872-9126 1646:: 11–15. 1461:ρ 1455:ϵ 1449:σ 1425:ρ 1413:ρ 1405:ϵ 1402:σ 1391:∗ 1302:∗ 1162:Standards 985:, flying 939:Assyrians 896:, during 890:riot gear 563:gunpowder 463:crossbows 459:Wagenburg 247:cuirasses 147:Mycenaean 4684:Tarnhelm 4626:Hard hat 4575:Lacrosse 4514:Athletic 4486:KH-B2000 4461:ECH (US) 4289:M76 Para 4234:CABAL II 3906:Enclosed 3886:Burgonet 3881:Bascinet 3871:Aventail 3848:Shmarjet 3838:Phrygian 3808:Imperial 3803:Illyrian 3778:Boeotian 3733:Waterloo 3728:Venetian 3703:Shorwell 3683:Nijmegen 3678:Newstead 3638:Hallaton 3618:Gevninge 3588:Ciumeşti 3563:Agighiol 3478:Medieval 3394:MTV/IMTV 3208:Haramaki 3017:Gambeson 2885:Archived 2868:49386331 2683:Archived 2679:17434273 2503:Archived 2473:Archived 2445:Archived 2405:Archived 2353:Archived 2270:Archived 2266:11307682 2217:Archived 2163:Archived 2133:Archived 2104:Archived 2075:Archived 2045:Chemshun 1975:Archived 1946:Archived 1672:Archived 1668:25479969 1591:See also 1188:ISO 9001 1134:bombsuit 1068:shrapnel 991:musketry 830:used by 738:spalling 476:tempered 472:quenched 402:bascinet 364:splinted 357:besagews 299:Medieval 235:lamellar 79:armoured 4679:Mahiole 4636:Welding 4543:Cricket 4538:Bicycle 4526:Coolflo 4521:Batting 4415:SPECTRA 4344:Type 66 4037:Dragoon 4001:Secrete 3936:Jingasa 3901:Dragoon 3876:Barbute 3761:Ancient 3693:Pioneer 3668:Meyrick 3663:Lokrume 3556:helmets 3545:Helmets 3437:BA 9000 3364:IBA/OTV 3203:Dō-maru 3198:Ō-yoroi 3124:Cuirass 3074:Hauberk 2996:Barding 2411:12 June 2385:12 June 2359:12 June 2333:12 June 2319:"Galea" 2051:May 30, 2025:May 30, 1853:式正の鎧・大鎧 1573:⁄ 1375:Here, 1184:BA 9000 1095:bayonet 1080:shotgun 1076:handgun 1062:-fired 1060:firearm 1031:Cuirass 955:leather 900:in 2014 888:with a 818:DuPont 730:alumina 715:cockpit 690:Ceramic 572:reiters 557:, 1885) 549:French 535:barding 491:pistols 433:knights 414:barbute 394:Maratha 331:dō-maru 326:ō-yoroi 317:samurai 306:knights 291:hauberk 274:Turkish 173:Ancient 149:armor, 137:History 99:shields 4729:Portal 4701:Winged 4674:Horned 4652:Flight 4616:Diving 4585:Racing 4570:Hockey 4451:QGF-03 4385:M59/85 4334:SSh-68 4329:SSh-60 4319:OR-201 4264:M59/85 4188:SSK 90 4158:SSh-36 4133:Mk III 4073:Brodie 4068:Adrian 4021:Viking 4016:Turban 3996:Sallet 3986:Paseki 3976:Morion 3951:Kettle 3946:Katapu 3941:Kabuto 3788:Coolus 3753:Combat 3688:Peretu 3673:Nemiya 3643:Hellvi 3399:PRU-70 3298:Twaron 3288:Kevlar 3283:Aramid 3213:Tatami 3032:Manica 2974:Armour 2866: 2856: 2677: 2669: 2264: 2002: 1831: 1732: 1705: 1666: 1658: 1222:UHMWPE 1103:police 1003:Twaron 999:Kevlar 987:arrows 983:swords 971:Bronze 963:bronze 947:Romans 906:shield 876:Shield 847:Twaron 826:. 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