20:
921:
85:. Depending on the formulation, it consists of approximately 2.50-3.75% potassium iodide and 0.75–1.25% iodine, with the remainder of the solution being 50% water and 50% chloral hydrate. Melzer's is toxic to humans if ingested due to the presence of iodine and chloral hydrate. Due to the legal status of chloral hydrate, Melzer's reagent is difficult to obtain in the United States.
930:
166:
in the cell walls of amyloid material, however, its mechanism of action is not entirely understood. It has been observed that hemiamyloid material reacts differently when exposed to Melzer's than it does when exposed to other IKI solutions such as Lugol's, and that in some cases an amyloid reaction
174:
were tested for reactions to both Melzer's and Lugol's showed that spores in a large percentage of the species tested display very different reactions between the two reagents. These varied from being weakly or non-reactive in Lugols, to giving iodine-positive reactions in Lugol's but not in
178:
Melzer's degrades into a cloudy precipitate when combined with alkaline solutions, hence it cannot be used in combination or in direct series with such common mycological reagents such as potassium hydroxide or
92:) as a replacement. In 2019, research showed that Visikol behaves differently to Melzer’s reagent in several key situations, noting it should not be recommended as a viable substitute.
522:
162:
of the iodine, which is otherwise only semi-soluble in water. Iodine is thought to be the main active staining agent in Melzer's; it is thought to
95:
Melzer's reagent is part of a class of iodine/potassium iodide (IKI)-containing reagents used in biology; Lugol's iodine is another such formula.
462:
334:
158:, bleaching and improving the transparency of various dark-colored microscopic materials. The potassium iodide is used to improve the
515:
313:
292:
183:
solutions. When potassium hydroxide is used as a pretreatment, the alkalinity must be first neutralized before adding Melzer's.
151:
Melzer's reactions are typically almost immediate, though in some cases the reaction may take up to 20 minutes to develop.
191:
The use of iodine-containing solutions as an aid to describing and identifying fungi dates back to the mid-19th century.
962:
508:
857:
755:
88:
In response to difficulties obtaining chloral hydrate, scientists at
Rutgers formulated Visikol (compatible with
635:
902:
845:
957:
897:
671:
199:
738:
683:
641:
167:
is shown in material that had prior exposure to KOH, but an inamyloid reaction without such pretreatment.
907:
727:
124:
Inamyloid or Melzer's-negative, in which the tissues do not change color, or react faintly yellow-brown.
721:
665:
612:
577:
19:
933:
761:
653:
589:
486:
Blackwell M, et al. 2001. The presence of glycine betaine and the dextinoid reaction in basidiomata.
175:
Melzer's, to even giving dextrinoid reactions in Lugol's while giving amyloid reactions in Melzer's.
424:
409:
Lugol's solution/IKI versus Melzer's reagent: Hemiamyloidity, a universal feature of the ascus wall.
851:
773:
659:
647:
606:
140:
133:
194:
Melzer's reagent was first described in 1924 and takes its name from its inventor, the mycologist
154:
The function of the chemicals that make up Melzer's reagent are several. The chloral hydrate is a
824:
812:
779:
180:
143:, but shows no reaction in Melzer's reagent; when KOH-pretreated it turns blue in both reagents (
111:
829:
807:
408:
459:
952:
732:
600:
571:
309:
288:
259:
89:
925:
785:
595:
349:
249:
195:
104:
78:
58:
46:
875:
818:
791:
767:
466:
74:
677:
583:
548:
378:
155:
144:
62:
198:, who modified an older chloral hydrate-containing IKI solution developed by botanist
946:
863:
802:
797:
171:
886:
881:
103:
Melzer's is used by exposing fungal tissue or cells to the reagent, typically in a
700:
629:
500:
365:
163:
254:
233:
159:
118:
50:
263:
335:"Melzer's, Lugol's or Iodine for Identification of white-spored Agaricales?"
114:
or Melzer's-positive reaction, in which the material reacts blue to black.
543:
891:
204:
82:
425:
Variation in ascomycete iodine reactions: KOH pretreatment explored.
306:
North
American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi
212:
ornamentation or entire spore is of great taxonomic significance.
209:
54:
18:
458:
The
Russulales News Team. 2007. Introduction to the Russulales:
504:
121:
reaction, in which the material reacts brown to reddish brown.
440:
Melzer, V. (1924). "L'ornementation des spores de
Russules".
132:
Euamyloid reaction, in which the material turns blue without
285:
How to
Identify Mushrooms to Genus III: Microscopic Features
128:
Among the amyloid reaction, two types can be distinguished:
232:
Kato, Hajime; Yamaguchi, Tomio; Nishihara, Natsuki (1976).
107:
preparation, and looking for any of three color reactions:
493:
Rossman AY. 1980. The iodine reaction: Melzer's vs. IKI.
139:
Hemiamyloid reaction, in which the material turns red in
442:
Bulletin
Trimestriel de la Société Mycologique de France
248:(4). The Phytopathological Society of Japan: 507–510.
838:
748:
714:
693:
622:
564:
557:
536:
170:An experiment in which spores from 35 species of
516:
366:http://otc.rutgers.edu/pdf/Simon-2012-146.pdf
8:
73:Melzer's reagent is an aqueous solution of
561:
523:
509:
501:
328:
326:
324:
322:
279:
277:
275:
273:
253:
403:
401:
399:
221:
208:, a genus in which the amyloidy on the
16:Stain for fungus parts to identify them
460:Characteristics of the russuloid fungi
227:
225:
164:react with starch-like polysaccharides
53:to assist with the identification of
7:
929:
377:Leonard, Lawrence M. (Summer 2019).
26:spores stained with Melzer's reagent
242:Japanese Journal of Phytopathology
14:
928:
919:
379:"Melzer's Reagent Update, 2019"
287:. Arcata, CA: Mad River Press.
308:. Guilford, CT: Falcon Guide.
1:
531:Analytical reagents and tests
333:Leonard, Lawrence M. (2006).
202:. Melzer was a specialist in
724:(aldehyde & ketones etc)
304:Miller OK, Miller H. 2006.
979:
623:Proteins & amino acids
558:Sugars, fats, and proteins
348:(1): 43–51. Archived from
255:10.3186/jjphytopath.42.507
916:
903:Fecal coliform detection
668:(aldehyde & ketones)
662:(aldehyde & ketones)
636:Bicinchoninic acid assay
488:Harvard Papers in Botany
423:Kohn LM, Korf RP. 1975.
283:Largent D, et al. 1977.
898:Pesticide detection kit
858:Folin–Ciocalteu reagent
854:(creates free radicals)
672:Van Slyke determination
35:Melzer's iodine reagent
756:Dille–Koppanyi reagent
739:Ceric ammonium nitrate
684:Xanthoproteic reaction
642:Bradford protein assay
234:"The perfect state of
27:
846:Dragendorff's reagent
580:(reducing sugars etc)
565:Sugars & starches
22:
926:Chemistry portal
794:(MDMA, opiates, etc)
654:Pierce Protein Assay
590:Aniline acetate test
963:Analytical reagents
908:Prion detection kit
774:Gallic acid reagent
735:(types of alcohols)
648:Lowry protein assay
136:(KOH)-pretreatment.
134:potassium hydroxide
61:for fungi that are
825:Salicylate testing
813:Zimmermann reagent
780:Liebermann reagent
758:(barbiturates etc)
722:Benedict's reagent
666:Fehling's solution
613:Fehling's solution
578:Benedict's reagent
465:2013-07-07 at the
236:Pyricularia oryzae
181:ammonium hydroxide
28:
940:
939:
815:(Benzodiazepines)
762:Ehrlich's reagent
710:
709:
615:(reducing sugars)
609:(reducing sugars)
574:(Monosaccharides)
407:Baral H-O. 1987.
117:Pseudoamyloid or
59:phytopathologists
41:or informally as
39:Melzer's solution
24:Lactarius rubidus
970:
932:
931:
924:
923:
922:
870:Melzer's reagent
852:Fenton's reagent
786:Mandelin reagent
776:(drug precursor)
728:Denigés' reagent
660:Tollens' reagent
607:Tollens' reagent
596:Starch indicator
562:
525:
518:
511:
502:
474:
456:
450:
449:
437:
431:
421:
415:
405:
394:
393:
383:
374:
368:
363:
357:
356:
354:
339:
330:
317:
302:
296:
281:
268:
267:
257:
238:Cav. in culture"
229:
141:Lugol's solution
105:microscope slide
79:potassium iodide
47:chemical reagent
31:Melzer's reagent
978:
977:
973:
972:
971:
969:
968:
967:
943:
942:
941:
936:
920:
918:
912:
876:Marquis reagent
834:
830:Folin's reagent
819:Zwikker reagent
808:Simon's reagent
792:Marquis reagent
768:Froehde reagent
744:
741:test (alcohols)
706:
689:
656:(total protein)
650:(total protein)
644:(concentration)
638:(concentration)
618:
553:
532:
529:
483:
481:Further reading
478:
477:
471:Russulales News
467:Wayback Machine
457:
453:
439:
438:
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422:
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381:
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299:
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271:
231:
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223:
218:
189:
101:
75:chloral hydrate
71:
63:plant pathogens
33:(also known as
17:
12:
11:
5:
976:
974:
966:
965:
960:
958:Chemical tests
955:
945:
944:
938:
937:
917:
914:
913:
911:
910:
905:
900:
895:
889:
884:
879:
873:
867:
866:(caffeine etc)
861:
860:(antioxidants)
855:
849:
842:
840:
836:
835:
833:
832:
827:
822:
821:(barbiturates)
816:
810:
805:
800:
795:
789:
783:
782:(street drugs)
777:
771:
765:
764:(indoles, etc)
759:
752:
750:
746:
745:
743:
742:
736:
733:Lucas' reagent
730:
725:
718:
716:
712:
711:
708:
707:
705:
704:
697:
695:
691:
690:
688:
687:
681:
678:Sakaguchi test
675:
669:
663:
657:
651:
645:
639:
633:
626:
624:
620:
619:
617:
616:
610:
604:
601:Molisch's test
598:
593:
587:
581:
575:
572:Barfoed's test
568:
566:
559:
555:
554:
552:
551:
549:Xylenol orange
546:
540:
538:
534:
533:
530:
528:
527:
520:
513:
505:
499:
498:
495:MSA newsletter
491:
482:
479:
476:
475:
451:
432:
416:
395:
369:
358:
355:on 2011-07-20.
318:
297:
269:
220:
219:
217:
214:
188:
185:
172:basidiomycetes
156:clearing agent
149:
148:
145:hemiamyloidity
137:
126:
125:
122:
115:
100:
97:
90:Lugol's iodine
70:
67:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
975:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
950:
948:
935:
927:
915:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
864:Murexide test
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
843:
841:
837:
831:
828:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
803:Drug checking
801:
799:
798:Mecke reagent
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
753:
751:
747:
740:
737:
734:
731:
729:
726:
723:
720:
719:
717:
713:
702:
699:
698:
696:
692:
685:
682:
679:
676:
674:(amino acids)
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
627:
625:
621:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
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591:
588:
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582:
579:
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569:
567:
563:
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556:
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547:
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541:
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521:
519:
514:
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507:
506:
503:
496:
492:
489:
485:
484:
480:
472:
468:
464:
461:
455:
452:
447:
444:(in French).
443:
436:
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429:
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420:
417:
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404:
402:
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396:
391:
387:
380:
373:
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362:
359:
351:
347:
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336:
329:
327:
325:
323:
319:
315:
314:0-7627-3109-5
311:
307:
301:
298:
294:
293:0-916422-09-7
290:
286:
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256:
251:
247:
243:
239:
237:
228:
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215:
213:
211:
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:Václav Melzer
192:
186:
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176:
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146:
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138:
135:
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98:
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84:
80:
76:
68:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
25:
21:
887:Nitrite test
882:Nitrate test
869:
494:
487:
470:
454:
445:
441:
435:
427:
419:
411:
389:
385:
372:
361:
350:the original
345:
341:
305:
300:
284:
245:
241:
235:
203:
200:Arthur Meyer
193:
190:
177:
169:
153:
150:
127:
102:
94:
87:
72:
42:
38:
34:
30:
29:
23:
848:(alkaloids)
701:Sudan stain
630:Biuret test
584:Bial's test
414:29:399–450.
69:Composition
51:mycologists
947:Categories
788:(ketamine)
686:(proteins)
680:(arginine)
632:(proteins)
592:(pentoses)
586:(pentoses)
473:(website).
430:3:165–172.
342:McIlvainea
295:. p 25–26.
216:References
160:solubility
119:dextrinoid
878:(various)
770:(opioids)
428:Mycotaxon
412:Mycotaxon
264:1882-0484
99:Reactions
57:, and by
953:Mycology
715:Alcohols
703:(lipids)
544:Aluminon
490:6:35–41.
463:Archived
448:: 78–81.
392:(2): 10.
316:. p 549.
49:used by
43:Melzer's
934:Commons
894:(blood)
892:Luminol
872:(fungi)
603:(carbs)
205:Russula
187:History
112:Amyloid
45:) is a
537:Metals
497:31:22.
312:
291:
262:
83:iodine
81:, and
839:Other
749:Drugs
386:Fungi
382:(PDF)
353:(PDF)
338:(PDF)
210:spore
55:fungi
694:Fats
310:ISBN
289:ISBN
260:ISSN
250:doi
949::
469:,
446:40
398:^
390:12
388:.
384:.
346:16
344:.
340:.
321:^
272:^
258:.
246:42
244:.
240:.
224:^
147:).
77:,
65:.
37:,
524:e
517:t
510:v
266:.
252::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
