60:
42:
300:
1190:
Stefan
Paerschke; Almut H. Vollmer; Angelika Preisfeld (8 May 2017). "Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical investigation of paramylon combined with new 18S rDNA-based secondary structure analysis clarifies phylogenetic affiliation of Entosiphon sulcatum (Euglenida: Euglenozoa)".
305:
304:
301:
306:
386:
in reference to the helical pellicle composed of spirally arranged strips. The following cladogram depicts the evolutionary relationships of
Spirocuta according to phylogenetic studies published in the early 2020s:
303:
288:, or unique trait: their high number of strips (between 16 and 56) confers the cells with an immense flexibility, allowing them to actively stretch and deform. This process is known as
302:
1462:
1500:
1343:
G. Lax; M. Kolisko; Y. Eglit; et al. (June 2021). "Multigene phylogenetics of euglenids based on single-cell transcriptomics of diverse phagotrophs".
1345:
1234:
Gordon Lax; Alastair G. B. Simpson (16 August 2020). "The
Molecular Diversity of Phagotrophic Euglenids Examined Using Single-cell Methods".
1120:
Alexei Y. Kostygov; Anna
Karnkowska; Jan Votýpka; Daria Tashyreva; Kacper Maciszewski; Vyacheslav Yurchenko; Julius Lukeš (10 March 2021).
1074:
1287:
Brian S Leander; Heather J Esson; Susana A Breglia (1 October 2007). "Macroevolution of complex cytoskeletal systems in euglenids".
1012:
1495:
225:. They are distinguished from other euglenids by active deformation of their cell shape, a process called euglenid motion or
382:. In 2017, Stefan Paerschke and colleagues independently noticed the same clade through phylogenetic analyses, and named it
59:
330:
with more than 15 spirally arranged pellicle strips. It was named in reference of this characteristic, from
1490:
1389:
280:
composed of proteinaceous strips that interlock with each other, and are spirally arranged underneath the
1072:(30 March 2023). "Phylogenomics of novel ploeotid taxa contribute to the backbone of the euglenid tree".
1007:
323:
873:
1441:
715:
229:. This is made possible by a high number of spirally arranged protein strips that run below their
132:
1069:
573:
277:
234:
170:
54:
608:
1467:
1449:
1362:
1314:
1306:
1261:
1253:
1236:
1208:
1161:
1143:
1091:
1037:
1029:
848:
728:
379:
1370:
1354:
1322:
1298:
1269:
1245:
1216:
1200:
1169:
1151:
1135:
1099:
1083:
1045:
1021:
269:
1427:
1156:
1121:
446:
343:
331:
194:
144:
1484:
911:
281:
230:
272:
in contact with the substrate to propel the cell forward. Like other members of the
1126:
466:
355:
347:
285:
154:
41:
1412:
1249:
1454:
1421:
1358:
950:
796:
744:
359:
254:
127:
1025:
1204:
926:
771:
697:
528:
481:
394:
371:
367:
363:
351:
250:
222:
159:
139:
122:
81:
1366:
1310:
1257:
1212:
1147:
1095:
1033:
49:
Cell exhibiting 'euglenoid motion' or metaboly, characteristic of this clade
1436:
1374:
1289:
1273:
1220:
1173:
1103:
404:
375:
273:
257:
214:
71:
1318:
1265:
1165:
1041:
1326:
1049:
1010:(15 September 2016). "Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa".
233:
and confer the cell with flexibility. These strips compose the helicoidal
1406:
626:
556:
327:
265:
210:
149:
91:
1139:
17:
1302:
261:
218:
1087:
268:
for locomotion in the anterior region of the cell. The move through a
506:
1383:
1122:"Euglenozoa: taxonomy, diversity and ecology, symbioses and viruses"
298:
206:
1387:
362:. Later, Peranemea was separated into two distinct clades:
322:
Spirocuta was first proposed by
American protozoologist
1063:
1061:
1059:
374:, which contains various phagotrophs and a clade of
1396:
1002:
1000:
998:
1185:
1183:
1115:
1113:
284:. In particular, members of Spirocuta share a
237:, a trait referenced by the alternative name
8:
326:in 2016, as a superclass uniting all those
1384:
1338:
1336:
40:
31:
1155:
370:whose monophyly is yet to be proven, and
342: 'skin'. It contained two classes:
27:Group of flagellates with flexible cells
994:
1346:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7:
1501:Taxa named by Thomas Cavalier-Smith
904:
897:
721:
711:
704:
693:
599:
548:
541:
534:
459:
452:
442:
435:
424:
417:
410:
400:
390:
1075:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
25:
1193:Organisms Diversity and Evolution
313:, moving by metaboly and swimming
1013:European Journal of Protistology
338: 'coil, spire' and
201: 'coil, spire' and
58:
1:
276:, their cells are lined by a
1250:10.1016/J.PROTIS.2020.125757
1359:10.1016/J.YMPEV.2021.107088
1517:
1026:10.1016/J.EJOP.2016.09.003
1205:10.1007/S13127-017-0330-X
973:
948:
924:
909:
902:
895:
871:
845:
794:
768:
741:
726:
719:
709:
702:
691:
658:
623:
604:
597:
570:
553:
546:
539:
532:
503:
479:
464:
457:
450:
440:
433:
422:
415:
408:
398:
176:
169:
119:
114:
55:Scientific classification
53:
48:
39:
34:
249:Spirocuta is a group of
221:belonging to the phylum
1496:Taxa described in 2016
1068:Gordon Lax; Anna Cho;
314:
181:Paerschke et al., 2017
1008:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
324:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
309:
109:Cavalier-Smith, 2016
1140:10.1098/RSOB.200407
354:, and Peranemea, a
205: 'skin') is a
1303:10.1002/BIES.20645
1070:Patrick J. Keeling
315:
1478:
1477:
1390:Taxon identifiers
1088:10.1111/JEU.12973
986:
985:
970:
969:
961:
960:
937:
936:
884:
883:
860:
859:
834:
833:
825:
824:
816:
815:
807:
806:
783:
782:
757:
756:
680:
679:
671:
670:
647:
646:
638:
637:
586:
585:
518:
517:
492:
491:
307:
188:
187:
110:
16:(Redirected from
1508:
1471:
1470:
1458:
1457:
1445:
1444:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1297:(10): 987–1000.
1284:
1278:
1277:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1159:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1065:
1054:
1053:
1004:
905:
898:
722:
712:
705:
694:
600:
549:
542:
535:
460:
453:
443:
436:
425:
418:
411:
401:
391:
308:
264:with one or two
213:, single-celled
182:
108:
63:
62:
44:
32:
21:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1491:Euglenozoa taxa
1481:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1466:
1461:
1453:
1448:
1440:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1392:
1382:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1067:
1066:
1057:
1006:
1005:
996:
992:
987:
978:
977:
971:
962:
938:
885:
861:
835:
826:
817:
808:
784:
758:
681:
672:
648:
639:
587:
519:
493:
320:
299:
294:euglenid motion
247:
180:
107:
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1514:
1512:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1459:
1446:
1433:
1418:
1402:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1381:
1380:
1332:
1279:
1226:
1199:(1): 509–520.
1179:
1109:
1055:
993:
991:
988:
984:
983:
980:
979:
975:
974:
972:
968:
967:
964:
963:
959:
958:
955:
954:
947:
944:
943:
940:
939:
935:
934:
931:
930:
923:
920:
919:
916:
915:
908:
903:
901:
896:
894:
891:
890:
887:
886:
882:
881:
878:
877:
874:Petalomonadida
870:
867:
866:
863:
862:
858:
857:
854:
853:
844:
841:
840:
837:
836:
832:
831:
828:
827:
823:
822:
819:
818:
814:
813:
810:
809:
805:
804:
801:
800:
793:
790:
789:
786:
785:
781:
780:
777:
776:
767:
764:
763:
760:
759:
755:
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736:
733:
732:
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710:
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690:
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686:
683:
682:
678:
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669:
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664:
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636:
635:
632:
631:
622:
619:
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603:
598:
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584:
583:
580:
579:
569:
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561:
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531:
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494:
490:
489:
486:
485:
478:
475:
474:
471:
470:
463:
458:
456:
451:
449:
447:Euglenophyceae
441:
439:
434:
432:
423:
421:
416:
414:
409:
407:
399:
397:
389:
344:Euglenophyceae
319:
318:Classification
316:
270:gliding motion
246:
243:
186:
185:
184:
183:
174:
173:
167:
166:
165:
164:
163:
162:
157:
152:
145:Euglenophyceae
142:
137:
136:
135:
130:
117:
116:
112:
111:
102:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
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69:
65:
64:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1513:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
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1429:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1244:(5): 125757.
1243:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1003:
1001:
999:
995:
989:
982:
981:
966:
965:
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956:
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952:
946:
945:
942:
941:
933:
932:
929:
928:
922:
921:
918:
917:
914:
913:
912:Kinetoplastea
907:
906:
900:
899:
893:
892:
889:
888:
880:
879:
876:
875:
869:
868:
865:
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842:
839:
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830:
829:
821:
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811:
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802:
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791:
788:
787:
779:
778:
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773:
766:
765:
762:
761:
753:
752:
749:
748:
747:
746:
739:
738:
735:
734:
731:
730:
724:
723:
717:
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713:
707:
706:
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695:
689:
688:
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684:
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651:
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629:
628:
621:
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613:
612:
610:
602:
601:
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594:
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590:
582:
581:
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568:
567:
564:
563:
560:
559:
558:
551:
550:
544:
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537:
536:
530:
527:
526:
523:
522:
514:
513:
510:
509:
508:
501:
500:
497:
496:
488:
487:
484:
483:
477:
476:
473:
472:
469:
468:
462:
461:
455:
454:
448:
445:
444:
438:
437:
430:
427:
426:
420:
419:
413:
412:
406:
403:
402:
396:
393:
392:
388:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
366:, a group of
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
317:
312:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:cell membrane
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
256:
252:
244:
242:
240:
236:
232:
231:cell membrane
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
178:
177:
175:
172:
168:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
147:
146:
143:
141:
138:
134:
131:
129:
126:
125:
124:
121:
120:
118:
113:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
76:
73:
70:
67:
66:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1397:
1350:
1344:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1196:
1192:
1131:
1127:Open Biology
1125:
1079:
1073:
1017:
1011:
949:
925:
910:
872:
846:
795:
770:
769:
743:
742:
727:
716:Natomonadida
661:"Jenningsia"
660:
659:
625:
624:
606:
605:
572:
571:
555:
554:
505:
504:
480:
467:Eutreptiales
465:
428:
383:
360:heterotrophs
356:paraphyletic
348:monophyletic
339:
335:
321:
310:
293:
289:
286:synapomorphy
248:
238:
226:
202:
198:
190:
189:
155:Eutreptiales
133:Natomonadida
104:
98:
29:
1422:Wikispecies
1020:: 250–276.
976:"Peranemea"
951:Symbiontida
797:Anisonemida
745:Neometanema
574:Chasmostoma
368:phagotrophs
352:phototrophs
255:unicellular
251:flagellates
245:Description
128:Anisonemida
1485:Categories
1375:Q110667805
1353:: 107088.
1274:Q101127864
1221:Q125677096
1174:Q125548575
1134:: 200407.
1104:Q123348233
990:References
927:Diplonemea
772:Heteronema
698:Anisonemia
609:Jenningsia
529:Peranemida
482:Euglenales
395:Euglenozoa
376:osmotrophs
372:Anisonemia
364:Peranemida
258:eukaryotes
223:Euglenozoa
215:eukaryotes
193:(from
179:Helicales
160:Euglenales
140:Peranemida
123:Anisonemia
82:Euglenozoa
35:Spirocuta
1437:AlgaeBase
1428:Spirocuta
1413:Q61996123
1398:Spirocuta
1367:1055-7903
1327:Q33299331
1311:0265-9247
1290:BioEssays
1258:1434-4610
1213:1439-6092
1148:2046-2441
1096:1066-5234
1050:Q39151632
1034:0932-4739
849:Ploeotids
429:Spirocuta
405:Euglenida
384:Helicales
378:known as
358:group of
350:group of
328:euglenids
274:Euglenida
239:Helicales
211:euglenids
191:Spirocuta
105:Spirocuta
92:Euglenida
72:Eukaryota
1468:11907344
1407:Wikidata
1371:Wikidata
1323:Wikidata
1319:17876783
1270:Wikidata
1266:33126020
1217:Wikidata
1170:Wikidata
1166:33715388
1100:Wikidata
1046:Wikidata
1042:27889663
627:Peranema
557:Urceolus
290:metaboly
278:pellicle
266:flagella
262:protists
235:pellicle
227:metaboly
219:protists
171:Synonyms
150:Rapazida
78:Phylum:
68:Domain:
18:Metaboly
1237:Protist
1157:8061765
729:Aphagea
700:
431:
380:Aphagea
311:Euglena
115:Orders
88:Class:
1442:163181
1373:
1365:
1325:
1317:
1309:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1219:
1211:
1172:
1164:
1154:
1146:
1102:
1094:
1048:
1040:
1032:
507:Rapaza
1463:IRMNG
1082:(4).
340:cutis
336:spira
334:
332:Latin
207:clade
203:cutis
199:spira
197:
195:Latin
99:Clade
1363:ISSN
1315:PMID
1307:ISSN
1262:PMID
1254:ISSN
1209:ISSN
1162:PMID
1144:ISSN
1092:ISSN
1038:PMID
1030:ISSN
346:, a
1450:CoL
1355:doi
1351:159
1299:doi
1246:doi
1242:171
1201:doi
1152:PMC
1136:doi
1084:doi
1022:doi
292:or
260:or
217:or
209:of
1487::
1465::
1455:76
1452::
1439::
1424::
1409::
1369:.
1361:.
1349:.
1335:^
1321:.
1313:.
1305:.
1295:29
1293:.
1268:.
1260:.
1252:.
1240:.
1215:.
1207:.
1197:17
1195:.
1182:^
1168:.
1160:.
1150:.
1142:.
1132:11
1130:.
1124:.
1112:^
1098:.
1090:.
1080:70
1078:.
1058:^
1044:.
1036:.
1028:.
1018:56
1016:.
997:^
851:"
296:.
253:,
241:.
101::
1377:.
1357::
1329:.
1301::
1276:.
1248::
1223:.
1203::
1176:.
1138::
1106:.
1086::
1052:.
1024::
847:"
611:"
607:"
20:)
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