475:: By first using Silicon lift-off stamps and later low cost polymer lift-off stamps and contacting these with an inked flat PDMS stamp, nanopatterns of multiple proteins or of complex digital nanodot gradients with dot spacing ranging from 0 nm to 15 um apart were achieved for immunoassays and cell assays. Implementation of this approach led to the patterning of a 100 digital nanodot gradient array, composed of more than 57 million protein dots 200 nm in diameter printed in 10 minutes in a 35 mm2 area.
25:
17:
514:: the main drawback of microcontact printing for biomedical application is that it is not possible to print different molecules with one stamp. To print different (bio)molecules in one step, a new concept is proposed : the macrostamp. It is a stamp composed of dots. The space between the dots corresponds to the space between the wells of a microplate. Then, it is possible to ink, dry and print in one step different molecules.
481:: as opposed to wet inking this technique does not permeate the PDMS bulk. The ink molecules only contact the protruding areas of the stamp that are going to be used for the patterning. The absence of ink on the rest of the stamp reduces the amount of ink transferred through the vapor phase that can potentially affect the pattern. This is done by the direct contact of a feature stamp and a flat PDMS substrate that has ink on it.
270:
124:. The master is then baked, developed and cleaned before use. In typical processes the photoresist is usually kept on the wafer to be used as a topographic template for the stamp. However, the unprotected silicon regions can be etched, and the photoresist stripped, which would leave behind a patterned wafer for creating the stamp. This method is more complex but creates a more stable template.
456:: Successful contact printing was done on a gold substrate with a contact time in the range of milliseconds. This printing time is three orders of magnitude shorter than the normal technique, yet successfully transformed the pattern. The process of contact was automated to achieve these speeds through a
309:
Swelling of the stamp may also occur. Most organic solvents induce swelling of the PDMS stamp. Ethanol in particular has a very small swelling effect, but many other solvents cannot be used for wet inking because of high swelling. Because of this the process is limited to apolar inks that are soluble
277:
During direct contact one must be careful because the stamp can easily be physically deformed causing printed features that are different from the original stamp features. Horizontally stretching or compressing the stamp will cause deformations in the raised and recessed features. Also, applying too
208:
Applying the stamp to the substrate is easy and straightforward which is one of the main advantages of this process. The stamp is brought into physical contact with the substrate and the thiol solution is transferred to the substrate. The thiol is area-selectively transferred to the surface based on
366:
techniques allowing for the creation of high resolution patterning. The patterned SAMs layer is a step in a series of steps to create complex microstructures. For example, applying the SAM layer on top of gold and etching creates microstructures of gold. After this step etched areas of gold exposes
469:: By submerging the stamp in a liquid medium stability was greatly increased. By printing hydrophobic long-chain thiols underwater the common problem of vapor transport of the ink is greatly reduced. PDMS aspect ratios of 15:1 were achieved using this method, which was not accomplished before
440:
To learn about micro organisms, scientists need adaptable ways to capture and record the behavior of motile single-celled organisms across a diverse range of species. PDMS stamps can mold growth material into micro chambers that then capture single-celled organisms for imaging.
1114:"Microscale multiple biomolecules printing in one step using a PDMS macrostamp", Helene LALO, Jean-Christophe Cau, Christophe Thibault, Nathalie Marsaud, Childerick Severac, Christophe Vieu, Microelectronic Engineering, Volume 86, Issues 4–6, April–June 2009, Pages 1428–1430
994:
Ricoult, Sebastien; Mateu Pla-Roca; Roozbeh
Safavieh; G. Monserratt Lopez-Ayon; Peter Grütter; Timothy E. Kennedy; David Juncker (October 11, 2013). "Large Dynamic Range Digital Nanodot Gradients of Biomolecules Made by Low-Cost Nanocontact Printing for Cell Haptotaxis".
297:
During the curing process some fragments can potentially be left uncured and contaminate the process. When this occurs the quality of the printed SAM is decreased. When the ink molecules contain certain polar groups the transfer of these impurities is increased.
190:
into the bulk of the stamp, which means the thiols reside not only on the surface, but also in the bulk of the stamp material. This diffusion into the bulk creates an ink reservoir for multiple prints. The stamp is let dry until no liquid is visible and an ink
318:
Ink diffusion from the PDMS bulk to the surface occurs during the formation of the patterned SAM on the substrate. This mobility of the ink can cause lateral spreading to unwanted regions. Upon the transfer this spreading can influence the desired pattern.
505:: to apply a homogeneous pressure during the printing step, a magnetic force is used. For that, the stamp is sensitive to a magnetic field by injecting iron powder into a second layer of PDMS. This force can be adjusted for nano and micro-patterns
415:
Microcontact printing has been used to advance the understanding of how cells interact with substrates. This technique has helped improve the study of cell patterning that was not possible with traditional cell culture techniques.
278:
much vertical pressure on the stamp during printing can cause the raised relief features to flatten against the substrate. These deformations can yield submicron features even though the original stamp has a lower resolution.
487:: To create uniform transfer of the ink the stamp needs to be both mechanically stable and also be able to create conformal contact well. These two characteristics are juxtaposed because high stability requires a high
166:
with elastomeric properties. The stamp is then peeled off and cut to the proper size. The stamp replicates the opposite of the master. Elevated regions of the stamp correspond to indented regions of the master.
428:
has also been done using this technique. The reduction in time and DNA material are the critical advantages for using this technique. The stamps were able to be used multiple times that were more
221:
Printing of the stamp onto the substrate, although not used as often, can also take place with a rolling stamp onto a planar substrate or a curved substrate with a planar stamp.
83:
and stamp printing have been around for centuries. However, the combination of the two gave rise to the method of microcontact printing. The method was first introduced by
959:
Coyer, Sean; Andrés J. García; Emmanuel
Delamarche (September 10, 2007). "Facile Preparation of Complex Protein Architectures with Sub-100-nm Resolution on Surfaces".
1030:
Ongo, Grant; Sebastien G Ricoult; Timothy E. Kennedy; David
Juncker (December 13, 2013). "Ordered, Random, Monotonic, and Non-Monotonic Digital Nanodot Gradients".
1130:
306:
During the curing process the stamp can potentially shrink in size leaving a difference in desired dimensions of the substrate patterning.
391:. Various proteins have been proven to be suitable inks and are applied to various substrates using the microcontact printing technique.
917:
Bessueille, François; Mateu Pla-Roca; Christopher A. Mills; Elena
Martinez; Josep Samitier; Abdelhamid Errachid (November 23, 2005).
371:
etch techniques. Because of the microcontact printing technique no traditional photolithography is needed to accomplish these steps.
919:"Submerged Microcontact Printing (SμCP): An Unconventional Printing Technique of Thiols Using High Aspect Ratio, Elastomeric Stamps"
327:
Depending on the type of ink used and the subsequent substrate the microcontact printing technique has many different applications
552:
www.microcontactprinting.net : a website dealing with microcontact printing (articles, patents, thesis, tips, education, ...)
261:
After this technique became popular various limitations and problems arose, all of which affected patterning and reproducibility.
890:
Avasthi, Prachee; Essock-Burns, Tara; Iii, Galo Garcia; Gehring, Jase; Matus, David Q.; Mets, David G.; York, Ryan (2023-05-03).
28:
Figure 2: Thiol is poured over the stamp and let dry. Conformal contact is made with the substrate and pattern is left behind.
281:
Deformation of the stamp can occur during removal from the master and during the substrate contacting process. When the
20:
Figure 1: PDMS master is created by patterning silicon, pouring and curing the PDMS, and peeling away from the substrate
463:. At these low contact times the surface spreading of thiol did not occur, greatly improving the pattern uniformity
363:
170:
Some commercial services for procuring PDMS stamps and micropatterned samples exist such as
Research Micro Stamps.
48:
891:
664:"Surfaces with Dual Functionality through Specific Coimmobilization of Self-Assembled Polymeric Nanostructures"
918:
336:
449:
To help overcome the limitations set by the original technique several alternatives have been developed.
56:
602:
1031:
614:
506:
492:
84:
52:
499:, thin PDMS stamp with a rigid back support has been used for patterning to help solve this problem.
210:
1088:
1056:
863:
831:
799:
767:
732:
694:
496:
388:
88:
663:
488:
1012:
976:
941:
686:
630:
64:
1004:
968:
933:
899:
678:
622:
213:
of the thiol align with each other to create a hydrophobic self-assembling monolayer (SAM).
105:
60:
40:
24:
1101:
1069:
876:
844:
812:
780:
745:
16:
618:
362:
Once the ink has been applied to the substrate the SAM layer acts as a resist to common
396:
892:"Gotta catch 'em all: Agar microchambers for high-throughput single-cell live imaging"
249:
A cheaper technique for fabrication that uses less energy than conventional techniques
1124:
457:
162:
complex. After pouring, the PDMS is cured at elevated temperatures to create a solid
714:
Microcontact printing of self-assembled monolayers: applications in microfabrication
698:
527:
Microcontact printing of self-assembled monolayers: applications in microfabrication
626:
282:
246:
Individual stamps can be used several times with minimal degradation of performance
147:
68:
858:
Thibault; Le Berre; Casimirius; Trevisiol; Francois; Vieu (2005). Nanobiotechnol.
682:
429:
404:
368:
340:
269:
183:
151:
113:
80:
903:
392:
289:
of the stamp can occur. When the aspect ratio is low roof collapse can occur.
273:
Figure 3: roof collapse, left, and buckling right can occur during the process
133:
44:
634:
384:
356:
237:
192:
143:
117:
1016:
1008:
980:
972:
945:
690:
182:
solution either by immersion or coating the stamp with a Q-tip. The highly
91:. Since its inception many methods of soft lithography have been explored.
577:
339:. For this application inking solutions commonly consist of a solution of
132:
After fabrication the master is placed in a walled container, typically a
460:
286:
187:
159:
155:
140:
121:
380:
163:
109:
937:
551:
236:
Can be done in a traditional laboratory without the constant use of a
233:
The simplicity and ease of creating patterns with micro-scale features
400:
352:
348:
343:. This method uses metal substrates with the most common metal being
1036:
648:
601:
Smith, Rachel K.; Lewis, Penelope A.; Weiss, Paul S. (2004-06-01).
556:
268:
179:
23:
15:
1083:
Libioulle; Bietsch; Schmid; Michel; Delamarche; Langmuir (1999).
1051:
Libioulle; Bietsch; Schmid; Michel; Delamarche; Langmuir (1999).
559:: a service that provides micro stamps via simple online sales.
344:
104:
Creation of the master, or template, is done using traditional
425:
252:
Some materials have no other micro patterning method available
403:
have been successfully placed onto surfaces including glass,
367:
the substrate which can further be etched using traditional
762:
Chen; Mrksich; Huang; Whitesides; Ingber (1997). Science.
139:
The PDMS stamp, in most applications, is a 10:1 ratio of
229:
Microcontact
Printing has several advantages including:
178:
Inking of the stamp occurs through the application of a
826:
Lange; Benes; Kern; Horber; Bernard (2004). Anal. Chem.
545:
Microcontact printing: limitations and achievements
243:
Multiple stamps can be created from a single master
209:the features of the stamp. During the transfer the
59:(nTP). Its applications are wide-ranging including
47:or Urethane rubber micro stamp to form patterns of
112:, but can be done on any solid patterned surface.
491:while efficient contact requires an increase in
335:Microcontact printing has great applications in
240:(cleanroom is needed only to create the master).
108:techniques. The master is typically created on
794:Bhatia; Balis; Yarmush; Toner (1999). FASEB J.
503:Magnetic field assisted micro contact printing
116:is applied to the surface and patterned by a
8:
55:through conformal contact as in the case of
136:, and the stamp is poured over the master.
43:that uses the relief patterns on a master
1035:
536:Microcontact Printing: A tool to pattern
569:
1097:
1086:
1065:
1054:
872:
861:
840:
829:
808:
797:
776:
765:
757:
755:
741:
730:
603:"Patterning self-assembled monolayers"
432:and sensitive than other techniques.
7:
512:Multiplexing : the macrostamp
199:Applying the stamp to the substrate
186:PDMS material allows the ink to be
150:. This mixture consists of a short
359:have been proven to work as well.
51:(SAMs) of ink on the surface of a
14:
525:Wilbur J.L.; et al. (1996).
45:polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp
727:Gross, G.W.; et al. (1995).
302:Shrinking/swelling of the stamp
1131:Lithography (microfabrication)
627:10.1016/j.progsurf.2003.12.001
387:., cell biology research, and
383:has helped the advancement of
1:
662:Rigo, Serena (October 2018).
534:Ruiz S.A.; Chen C.S. (2007).
473:Lift-off Nanocontact printing
683:10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02812
217:Other application techniques
154:crosslinker that contains a
607:Progress in Surface Science
557:www.researchmicrostamps.com
543:Reinhoudt, Huskens (2009).
407:, and hydrophobic silicon.
1147:
904:10.57844/arcadia-v1bg-6b60
424:Successful patterning of
146:and a silicone elastomer
49:self-assembled monolayers
399:antibody, and different
649:"Research Micro Stamps"
578:"Research Micro Stamps"
293:Substrate contamination
128:Creating the PDMS stamp
1009:10.1002/smll.201202915
973:10.1002/anie.200700989
445:Technique improvements
274:
29:
21:
712:Wilbur, J.L. (1996).
547:. Advanced Materials.
285:of the stamp is high
272:
57:nanotransfer printing
33:Microcontact printing
27:
19:
436:Making Microchambers
100:Preparing the master
85:George M. Whitesides
932:(26): 12060–12063.
619:2004PrSS...75....1S
485:New Stamp Materials
454:High-Speed printing
375:Patterning proteins
519:General references
467:Submerged Printing
389:tissue engineering
379:The patterning of
275:
89:Harvard University
87:and Amit Kumar at
30:
22:
1096:Missing or empty
1064:Missing or empty
1003:(19): 3308–3313.
967:(36): 6837–6840.
961:Angewandte Chemie
938:10.1021/la0513095
871:Missing or empty
839:Missing or empty
807:Missing or empty
775:Missing or empty
740:Missing or empty
716:. Nanotechnology.
677:(13): 4557–4565.
529:. Nanotechnology.
265:Stamp Deformation
65:surface chemistry
1138:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1027:
1021:
1020:
991:
985:
984:
956:
950:
949:
923:
914:
908:
907:
887:
881:
880:
874:
869:
867:
859:
855:
849:
848:
842:
837:
835:
827:
823:
817:
816:
810:
805:
803:
795:
791:
785:
784:
778:
773:
771:
763:
759:
750:
749:
743:
738:
736:
728:
724:
718:
717:
709:
703:
702:
668:
659:
653:
652:
645:
639:
638:
598:
592:
591:
589:
588:
574:
548:
539:
530:
411:Patterning cells
174:Inking the stamp
106:photolithography
61:microelectronics
41:soft lithography
1146:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1095:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1063:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1029:
1028:
1024:
993:
992:
988:
958:
957:
953:
921:
916:
915:
911:
896:Arcadia Science
889:
888:
884:
870:
860:
857:
856:
852:
838:
828:
825:
824:
820:
806:
796:
793:
792:
788:
774:
764:
761:
760:
753:
739:
729:
726:
725:
721:
711:
710:
706:
666:
661:
660:
656:
647:
646:
642:
600:
599:
595:
586:
584:
576:
575:
571:
566:
542:
533:
524:
521:
489:Young's modulus
447:
438:
422:
413:
377:
333:
325:
316:
304:
295:
267:
259:
227:
219:
206:
201:
176:
130:
102:
97:
77:
39:) is a form of
12:
11:
5:
1144:
1142:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1107:
1075:
1043:
1037:10.1101/001305
1022:
986:
951:
909:
882:
850:
818:
786:
751:
719:
704:
654:
640:
593:
568:
567:
565:
562:
561:
560:
554:
549:
540:
538:. Soft Matter.
531:
520:
517:
516:
515:
509:
500:
482:
479:Contact Inking
476:
470:
464:
446:
443:
437:
434:
421:
420:Patterning DNA
418:
412:
409:
397:immunoglobulin
376:
373:
337:micromachining
332:
331:Micromachining
329:
324:
321:
315:
312:
303:
300:
294:
291:
266:
263:
258:
255:
254:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
234:
226:
223:
218:
215:
205:
204:Direct contact
202:
200:
197:
175:
172:
129:
126:
101:
98:
96:
93:
76:
73:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1143:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1090:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1058:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
990:
987:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
955:
952:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
920:
913:
910:
905:
901:
897:
893:
886:
883:
878:
865:
854:
851:
846:
833:
822:
819:
814:
801:
790:
787:
782:
769:
758:
756:
752:
747:
734:
723:
720:
715:
708:
705:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
665:
658:
655:
650:
644:
641:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
597:
594:
583:
579:
573:
570:
563:
558:
555:
553:
550:
546:
541:
537:
532:
528:
523:
522:
518:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
494:
490:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
458:piezoelectric
455:
452:
451:
450:
444:
442:
435:
433:
431:
427:
419:
417:
410:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
374:
372:
370:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
330:
328:
322:
320:
313:
311:
307:
301:
299:
292:
290:
288:
284:
279:
271:
264:
262:
257:Disadvantages
256:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
235:
232:
231:
230:
224:
222:
216:
214:
212:
211:carbon chains
203:
198:
196:
194:
189:
185:
181:
173:
171:
168:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
142:
137:
135:
127:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
99:
94:
92:
90:
86:
82:
74:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
26:
18:
1110:
1098:|title=
1078:
1066:|title=
1046:
1025:
1000:
996:
989:
964:
960:
954:
929:
925:
912:
895:
885:
873:|title=
853:
841:|title=
821:
809:|title=
789:
777:|title=
742:|title=
722:
713:
707:
674:
670:
657:
643:
610:
606:
596:
585:. Retrieved
581:
572:
544:
535:
526:
511:
502:
484:
478:
472:
466:
453:
448:
439:
423:
414:
378:
361:
334:
326:
323:Applications
317:
314:Ink mobility
310:in ethanol.
308:
305:
296:
283:aspect ratio
280:
276:
260:
228:
220:
207:
195:is created.
177:
169:
158:made from a
148:curing agent
138:
131:
103:
78:
69:cell biology
36:
32:
31:
613:(1–2): 34.
430:homogeneous
405:polystyrene
369:anisotropic
364:wet etching
347:. However,
341:alkanethiol
184:hydrophobic
152:hydrosilane
114:Photoresist
81:lithography
587:2021-08-21
493:elasticity
393:Polylysine
385:biosensors
225:Advantages
134:petri dish
1089:cite book
1057:cite book
864:cite book
832:cite book
800:cite book
768:cite book
733:cite book
635:0079-6816
564:Footnotes
497:composite
357:palladium
238:cleanroom
193:reservoir
144:elastomer
118:photomask
95:Procedure
53:substrate
1125:Category
1017:23606620
981:17577910
946:16342970
926:Langmuir
699:52939177
691:30296105
671:Langmuir
461:actuator
381:proteins
287:buckling
188:diffused
160:platinum
156:catalyst
141:silicone
122:UV light
1032:bioRxiv
615:Bibcode
401:enzymes
164:polymer
110:silicon
75:History
1034:
1015:
979:
944:
697:
689:
633:
355:, and
353:copper
349:silver
997:Small
922:(PDF)
695:S2CID
667:(PDF)
180:thiol
79:Both
1102:help
1070:help
1013:PMID
977:PMID
942:PMID
877:help
845:help
813:help
781:help
746:help
687:PMID
631:ISSN
495:. A
345:gold
120:and
67:and
35:(or
1005:doi
969:doi
934:doi
900:doi
679:doi
623:doi
582:RMS
426:DNA
37:μCP
1127::
1093::
1091:}}
1087:{{
1061::
1059:}}
1055:{{
1011:.
999:.
975:.
965:46
963:.
940:.
930:21
928:.
924:.
898:.
894:.
868::
866:}}
862:{{
836::
834:}}
830:{{
804::
802:}}
798:{{
772::
770:}}
766:{{
754:^
737::
735:}}
731:{{
693:.
685:.
675:35
673:.
669:.
629:.
621:.
611:75
609:.
605:.
580:.
395:,
351:,
71:.
63:,
1104:)
1100:(
1072:)
1068:(
1040:.
1019:.
1007::
1001:9
983:.
971::
948:.
936::
906:.
902::
879:)
875:(
847:)
843:(
815:)
811:(
783:)
779:(
748:)
744:(
701:.
681::
651:.
637:.
625::
617::
590:.
508:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
