Sievert - Knowledge (XXG)

49: 539:

30 cm diameter "tissue equivalent" sphere consisting of a material with a density of 1 g·cm and a mass composition of 76.2% oxygen, 11.1% carbon, 10.1% hydrogen and 2.6% nitrogen. This material is specified to most closely approximate human tissue in its absorption properties. According to the ICRP, the ICRU "sphere phantom" in most cases adequately approximates the human body as regards the scattering and attenuation of penetrating radiation fields under consideration. Thus radiation of a particular energy fluence will have roughly the same energy deposition within the sphere as it would in the equivalent mass of human tissue.

1724: 5074: 1419:(0.07). This means the radiation is equivalent to that found at a depth of 0.07 mm in the ICRU sphere phantom. Examples of low penetrating radiation are alpha particles, beta particles and low-energy photons. This dose quantity is used for the determination of equivalent dose to such as the skin, lens of the eye. In radiological protection practice value of omega is usually not specified as the dose is usually at a maximum at the point of interest. 436: 1708: 599: 1716: 7039: 1615:(LNT model). Some argue that this LNT model is now outdated and should be replaced with a threshold below which the body's natural cell processes repair damage and/or replace damaged cells. There is general agreement that the risk is much higher for infants and fetuses than adults, higher for the middle-aged than for seniors, and higher for women than for men, though there is no quantitative consensus about this. 1523:. This is dose from radionuclides which have been ingested or inhaled into the human body, and thereby "committed" to irradiate the body for a period of time. The concepts of calculating protection quantities as described for external radiation applies, but as the source of radiation is within the tissue of the body, the calculation of absorbed organ dose uses different coefficients and irradiation mechanisms. 2583:(CIPM) in 1980, five years after adopting the gray. The CIPM then issued an explanation in 1984, recommending when the sievert should be used as opposed to the gray. That explanation was updated in 2002 to bring it closer to the ICRP's definition of equivalent dose, which had changed in 1990. Specifically, the ICRP had introduced equivalent dose, renamed the quality factor (Q) to radiation weighting factor (W 1624: 487:. However, there are joint ICRU/ICRP proposals to simplify this system by changes to the operational dose definitions to harmonise with those of protection quantities. These were outlined at the 3rd International Symposium on Radiological Protection in October 2015, and if implemented would make the naming of operational quantities more logical by introducing "dose to lens of eye" and "dose to local skin" as 2670: 1016: 582:. Such instruments are calibrated using radiation metrology techniques which will trace them to a national radiation standard, and thereby relate them to an operational quantity. The readings of instruments and dosimeters are used to prevent the uptake of excessive dose and to provide records of dose uptake to satisfy radiation safety legislation; such as in the 1031:. However, this is not the case. The sievert is used only to convey the fact that a gray of absorbed alpha particles would cause twenty times the biological effect of a gray of absorbed x-rays. It is this biological component that is being expressed when using sieverts rather than the actual energy delivered by the incident absorbed radiation. 2587:), and dropped another weighting factor "N" in 1990. In 2002, the CIPM similarly dropped the weighting factor "N" from their explanation but otherwise kept other old terminology and symbols. This explanation only appears in the appendix to the SI brochure and is not part of the definition of the sievert. 3531:

Based on the linear no-threshold model, the ICRP says, "In the low dose range, below about 100 mSv, it is scientifically plausible to assume that the incidence of cancer or heritable effects will rise in direct proportion to an increase in the equivalent dose in the relevant organs and tissues." ICRP

1684:

structure. According to the conservative ICRP model, someone who spent 20 years inside the capitol building would have an extra one in a thousand chance of getting cancer, over and above any other existing risk (calculated as: 20 a·0.85 mSv/a·0.001 Sv/mSv·5.5%/Sv ≈ 0.1%). However, that

881:

The equivalent dose is calculated by multiplying the absorbed energy, averaged by mass over an organ or tissue of interest, by a radiation weighting factor appropriate to the type and energy of radiation. To obtain the equivalent dose for a mix of radiation types and energies, a sum is taken over all

705:

is used to calculate dose to each organ or tissue. These are then summed to obtain the effective dose. In the case of uniform irradiation of the human body, these summate to 1, but in the case of partial or non-uniform irradiation, they will summate to a lower value depending on the organs concerned;

538:

Simple (non-anthropomorphic) "phantoms" are used to relate operational quantities to measured free-air irradiation. The ICRU sphere phantom is based on the definition of an ICRU 4-element tissue-equivalent material which does not really exist and cannot be fabricated. The ICRU sphere is a theoretical

2638:

Conversion from hourly rates to annual rates is further complicated by seasonal fluctuations in natural radiation, decay of artificial sources, and intermittent proximity between humans and sources. The ICRP once adopted fixed conversion for occupational exposure, although these have not appeared in

1739:

Significant radiation doses are not frequently encountered in everyday life. The following examples can help illustrate relative magnitudes; these are meant to be examples only, not a comprehensive list of possible radiation doses. An "acute dose" is one that occurs over a short and finite period of

1071:

is used. But if there is partial or non-uniform body irradiation the calculation must take account of the individual organ doses received, because the sensitivity of each organ to irradiation depends on their tissue type. This summed dose from only those organs concerned gives the effective dose for

1442:

In order to simplify the means of calculating operational quantities and assist in the comprehension of radiation dose protection quantities, ICRP Committee 2 & ICRU Report Committee 26 started in 2010 an examination of different means of achieving this by dose coefficients related to Effective

534:

The calibration of individual and area dosimeters in photon fields is performed by measuring the collision "air kerma free in air" under conditions of secondary electron equilibrium. Then the appropriate operational quantity is derived applying a conversion coefficient that relates the air kerma to

2626:

or "dose rate" indications on instruments and warnings for radiological protection are μSv/h and mSv/h. Regulatory limits and chronic doses are often given in units of mSv/a or Sv/a, where they are understood to represent an average over the entire year. In many occupational scenarios, the hourly

1648:

only occur in the case of acute high doses (≳ 0.1 Gy) and high dose rates (≳ 0.1 Gy/h) and are conventionally not measured using the unit sievert, but use the unit gray (Gy). A model of deterministic risk would require different weighting factors (not yet established) than are

1544:

The ICRP further states "For internal exposure, committed effective doses are generally determined from an assessment of the intakes of radionuclides from bioassay measurements or other quantities (e.g., activity retained in the body or in daily excreta). The radiation dose is determined from the

451:

The external dose quantities and their relationships are shown in the accompanying diagram. The ICRU is primarily responsible for the operational dose quantities, based upon the application of ionising radiation metrology, and the ICRP is primarily responsible for the protection quantities, based

1377:

gives the method of calculation. The absorbed dose is first corrected for the radiation type to give the equivalent dose, and then corrected for the tissue receiving the radiation. Some tissues like bone marrow are particularly sensitive to radiation, so they are given a weighting factor that is

530:

Operational quantities are measured in practice, and are the means of directly measuring dose uptake due to exposure, or predicting dose uptake in a measured environment. In this way they are used for practical dose control, by providing an estimate or upper limit for the value of the protection

1390:

The operational quantities are used in practical applications for monitoring and investigating external exposure situations. They are defined for practical operational measurements and assessment of doses in the body. Three external operational dose quantities were devised to relate operational

558:

Protection quantities are calculated models, and are used as "limiting quantities" to specify exposure limits to ensure, in the words of ICRP, "that the occurrence of stochastic health effects is kept below unacceptable levels and that tissue reactions are avoided". These quantities cannot be

447:

and are called operational quantities. To relate these actual received doses to likely health effects, protection quantities have been developed to predict the likely health effects using the results of large epidemiological studies. Consequently, this has required the creation of a number of

1672:

For occupational exposure, the limit is 50 mSv in a single year with a maximum of 100 mSv in a consecutive five-year period, and for the public to an average of 1 mSv (0.001 Sv) of effective dose per year, not including medical and occupational exposures.

1464:(10) is not a reasonable estimate of effective dose due to high energy photons, as a result of the extension of particle types and energy ranges to be considered in ICRP report 116. This change would remove the need for the ICRU sphere and introduce a new quantity called 563:. These are 3D computational models of the body which take into account a number of complex effects such as body self-shielding and internal scattering of radiation. The calculation starts with organ absorbed dose, and then applies radiation and tissue weighting factors. 706:

reflecting the lower overall health effect. The calculation process is shown on the accompanying diagram. This approach calculates the biological risk contribution to the whole body, taking into account complete or partial irradiation, and the radiation type or types.

549:

The joint ICRU/ICRP proposals outlined at the 3rd International Symposium on Radiological Protection in October 2015 to change the definition of operational quantities would not change the present use of calibration phantoms or reference radiation fields.

1381:

In summary, the sum of tissue-weighted doses to each irradiated organ or tissue of the body adds up to the effective dose for the body. The use of effective dose enables comparisons of overall dose received regardless of the extent of body irradiation.

2627:

dose rate might fluctuate to levels thousands of times higher for a brief period of time, without infringing on the annual limits. The conversion from hours to years varies because of leap years and exposure schedules, but approximate conversions are:

1548:

A committed dose from an internal source is intended to carry the same effective risk as the same amount of equivalent dose applied uniformly to the whole body from an external source, or the same amount of effective dose applied to part of the body.

1635:

to cause cell death. The blue line is for cells which were not given a chance to recover; the radiation was delivered in one session. The red line is for cells which were allowed to stand for a time and recover with the pause in delivery conferring

2530:

which gradually turned into effective dose over an extended period of time. Therefore the true acute dose must be lower, but standard dosimetry practice is to account committed doses as acute in the year the radioisotopes are taken into the

1391:

dosimeter and instrument measurements to the calculated protection quantities. Also devised were two phantoms, The ICRU "slab" and "sphere" phantoms which relate these quantities to incident radiation quantities using the Q(L) calculation.

1657:

The ICRP recommends a number of limits for dose uptake in table 8 of report 103. These limits are "situational", for planned, emergency and existing situations. Within these situations, limits are given for the following groups:

403:

1 Sv = 1 joule/kilogram—a biological effect. The sievert represents the equivalent biological effect of the deposit of a joule of radiation energy in a kilogram of human tissue. The ratio to absorbed dose is denoted by

1062:, but it is used only if there has been non-uniform irradiation of a body. If the body has been subject to uniform irradiation, the effective dose equals the whole body equivalent dose, and only the radiation weighting factor 709:

The values of these weighting factors are conservatively chosen to be greater than the bulk of experimental values observed for the most sensitive cell types, based on averages of those obtained for the human population.

1378:

disproportionally large relative to the fraction of body mass they represent. Other tissues like the hard bone surface are particularly insensitive to radiation and are assigned a disproportionally low weighting factor.

6137: 5782: 5272: 1590:

The use of the sievert implies that only stochastic effects are being considered, and to avoid confusion deterministic effects are conventionally compared to values of absorbed dose expressed by the SI unit gray (Gy).

283:

Conventionally, deterministic health effects due to acute tissue damage that is certain to happen, produced by high dose rates of radiation, are compared to the physical quantity absorbed dose measured by the unit

2576:(ICRU) promoted a switch to coherent SI units in the 1970s, and announced in 1976 that it planned to formulate a suitable unit for equivalent dose. The ICRP pre-empted the ICRU by introducing the sievert in 1977. 3974: 742:, which is dependent on the radiation type and on the target tissue, is applied to convert the absorbed dose measured in the unit gray to determine the equivalent dose. The result is given the unit sievert. 3893:"Dose–effect relationship and estimation of the carcinogenic effects of low doses of ionizing radiation: The joint report of the Académie des Sciences (Paris) and of the Académie Nationale de Médecine" 5313: 471:

Although the CIPM definition states that the linear energy transfer function (Q) of the ICRU is used in calculating the biological effect, the ICRP in 1990 developed the "protection" dose quantities

6117: 4792:

Chen, W. L.; Luan, Y. C.; Shieh, M. C.; Chen, S. T.; Kung, H. T.; Soong, K. L.; Yeh, Y. C.; Chou, T. S.; Mong, S. H.; Wu, J. T.; Sun, C. P.; Deng, W. P.; Wu, M. F.; Shen, M. L. (25 August 2006).

2573: 427:

The sievert is used for a number of dose quantities which are described in this article and are part of the international radiological protection system devised and defined by the ICRP and ICRU.

325: 269: 443:

When the sievert is used to represent the stochastic effects of external ionizing radiation on human tissue, the radiation doses received are measured in practice by radiometric instruments and

954: 1571:

effects on human health. Deterministic (acute tissue effect) events happen with certainty, with the resulting health conditions occurring in every individual who received the same high dose.

542:

To allow for back-scattering and absorption of the human body, the "slab phantom" is used to represent the human torso for practical calibration of whole body dosimeters. The slab phantom is

5239: 1685:"existing risk" is much higher; an average American would have a 10% chance of getting cancer during this same 20-year period, even without any exposure to artificial radiation (see natural 3641:"Operational Quantities for External Radiation Exposure, Actual Shortcomings and Alternative Options", G. Dietze, D.T. Bartlett, N.E. Hertel, given at IRPA 2012, Glasgow, Scotland. May 2012 5351: 5511: 1583:

negative health effects after exposure, while an indeterministic random minority do, often with the resulting subtle negative health effects being observable only after large detailed

1485:

The driver for this is the need to measure the deterministic effect, which it is suggested, is more appropriate than stochastic effect. This would calculate equivalent dose quantities

1403:*(10). This means the radiation is equivalent to that found 10 mm within the ICRU sphere phantom in the direction of origin of the field. An example of penetrating radiation is 2699: 5727:"Council Directive 80/181/EEC of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to Unit of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71/354/EEC" 2540:

The dose rate received by air crews is highly dependent on the radiation weighting factors chosen for protons and neutrons, which have changed over time and remain controversial.

6122: 250: 3865: 3597:"Operational Quantities and new approach by ICRU" – Akira Endo. The 3rd International Symposium on the System of Radiological Protection, Seoul, Korea – October 20–22, 2015 1427:

This is used for individual dose monitoring, such as with a personal dosimeter worn on the body. The recommended depth for assessment is 10 mm which gives the quantity

2552:

Noted figures exclude any committed dose from radioisotopes taken into the body. Therefore the total radiation dose would be higher unless respiratory protection was used.

4618:

Van Unnik, J. G.; Broerse, J. J.; Geleijns, J.; Jansen, J. T.; Zoetelief, J.; Zweers, D. (1997). "Survey of CT techniques and absorbed dose in various Dutch hospitals".

2580: 566:

As protection quantities cannot practically be measured, operational quantities must be used to relate them to practical radiation instrument and dosimeter responses.

3978: 277: 6127: 5844: 5457: 522:

and is used for instrument calibration, and absorbed dose is the amount of radiation energy deposited per unit mass in the matter or tissue under consideration.

460:

The ICRU/ICRP dose quantities have specific purposes and meanings, but some use common words in a different order. There can be confusion between, for instance,

6637: 6003: 361:, the special names for the respective units should be used, that is, the name gray should be used instead of joules per kilogram for the unit of absorbed dose 1963:

Average accumulated exposure of residents over a period of 9–20 years, who suffered no ill effects, in apartments in Taiwan constructed with rebar containing

3685:

In 1991, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recommended a revised system of dose limitation, including specification of primary

5320: 4067: 48: 7014: 6622: 1680:

are such that a human body would receive an additional dose rate of 0.85 mSv/a, close to the regulatory limit, because of the uranium content of the

2692: 5419: 4679:

Hosoda, Masahiro; Tokonami, Shinji; Sorimachi, Atsuyuki; Monzen, Satoru; Osanai, Minoru; Yamada, Masatoshi; Kashiwakura, Ikuo; Akiba, Suminori (2011).

2171:

All conversions between hours and years have assumed continuous presence in a steady field, disregarding known fluctuations, intermittent exposure and

423:"The sievert is the special name for the SI unit of equivalent dose, effective dose, and operational dose quantities. The unit is joule per kilogram." 5438: 3137: 696:

is used, and the effective dose equals the whole body equivalent dose. But if the irradiation of a body is partial or non-uniform the tissue factor

5164: 1541:

is the integration time in years following the intake. The commitment period is taken to be 50 years for adults, and to age 70 years for children.

1015: 268:

is converted into equivalent dose and effective dose by applying factors for radiation type and biological context, published by the ICRP and the

386:

1 Gy = 1 joule/kilogram—a physical quantity. 1 Gy is the deposit of a joule of radiation energy per kilogram of matter or tissue.

6591: 4736: 6168: 5667: 5100: 4011: 3949: 3841: 3783: 3678: 3509: 2685: 4401: 6617: 6586: 6531: 4277: 587: 4189:

Zeitlin, C.; et al. (31 May 2013). "Measurements of Energetic Particle Radiation in Transit to Mars on the Mars Science Laboratory".

4251: 6250: 6132: 887: 4945:

McLaughlin, Thomas P.; Monahan, Shean P.; Pruvost, Norman L.; Frolov, Vladimir V.; Ryazanov, Boris G.; Sviridov, Victor I. (May 2000).

6730: 6566: 6112: 5837: 4110: 3611:- M.A. Boyd, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2009. An account of chronological differences between US and ICRP dosimetry systems. 2487: 1502:

This would remove the need for the ICRU Sphere and the Q-L function. Any changes would replace ICRU report 51, and part of report 57.

62: 2622:

are the millisievert (1 mSv = 0.001 Sv) and microsievert (1 μSv = 0.000 001 Sv) and commonly used units for

2415:, with the volume of fusion waste naturally being orders of magnitude less than from coal ash. Immediate predicted activation is 90 M 234:, a Swedish medical physicist renowned for work on radiation dose measurement and research into the biological effects of radiation. 7063: 5684:

Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection and of the International Commission on Radiological Units

4378: 1740:

time, while a "chronic dose" is a dose that continues for an extended period of time so that it is better described by a dose rate.

1723: 757: 626: 1933:

Chronic dose to lungs over one year smoking 1.5 packs of cigarettes per day, mostly due to inhalation of Polonium-210 and Lead-210

7078: 6920: 6632: 5364: 7083: 6153: 1702: 7024: 5935: 5314:"Consideration of strategies, industry experience, processes and time scales for the recycling of fusion irradiated material" 3752:"1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection: Quantities used in radiological protection" 2304: 2249: 75: 1530:) as the sum of the products of the committed organ or tissue equivalent doses and the appropriate tissue weighting factors 559:

measured in practice but their values are derived using models of external dose to internal organs of the human body, using

7088: 6739: 6698: 6218: 6163: 6158: 5830: 4973: 3818: 2726: 2600: 1906: 1728: 222:, which is defined as the probability of causing radiation-induced cancer and genetic damage. The sievert is important in 211: 5483: 2411:

after 100 years. After approximately 300 years of decay the fusion waste would produce the same dose rate as exposure to

4740: 506:

These are directly measurable physical quantities in which no allowance has been made for biological effects. Radiation

249:, which represents the risk of internal irradiation due to inhaled or ingested radioactive substances. According to the 6454: 2153: 1920: 1848: 1826: 560: 3632:

E. Gargioni, L. Büermann and H.-M. Kramer Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany

350:

is not defined further by CIPM, but it requires the use of the relevant ICRU recommendations to provide this value.

6686: 6541: 6514: 6206: 5945: 4766: 4409: 3034: 2210:

ICRP recommended maximum for external irradiation of the human body, excluding medical and occupational exposures.

2081: 1830: 1797: 1608: 1374: 1048: 733: 615: 242: 1012:

Thus for example, an absorbed dose of 1 Gy by alpha particles will lead to an equivalent dose of 20 Sv.

535:

the appropriate operational quantity. The conversion coefficients for photon radiation are published by the ICRU.

7093: 6571: 6424: 5892: 4794:"Effects of Cobalt-60 Exposure on Health of Taiwan Residents Suggest New Approach Needed in Radiation Protection" 4074: 2462: 1612: 258: 5726: 479:

dose which are calculated from more complex computational models and are distinguished by not having the phrase

6978: 6509: 6283: 6202: 6189: 6184: 5810: 5709: 4657: 4466: 4405: 3404: 2175:. Converted values are shown in parentheses. "/a" is "per annum", which means per year. "/h" means "per hour". 1645: 1600: 31: 6419: 732:

Since different radiation types have different biological effects for the same deposited energy, a corrective

5022: 7019: 6449: 6243: 5980: 5775:

Report of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation to the General Assembly

5336:

dose rates of 2-20 mSv/h, typical of plasma facing components after intermediate storage for up to 100 years

3737: 3149: 3082: 3005: 2596: 2565: 1732: 1072:

the whole body. The tissue weighting factor is used to calculate those individual organ dose contributions.

864: 273: 231: 194: 110: 1977:

The U.S. 10 C.F.R. § 20.1201(a)(2)(ii) occupational dose limit, shallow-dose equivalent to skin, per annum

7073: 6723: 6690: 6601: 6275: 6210: 6107: 6040: 4278:"Mars trip would deliver big radiation dose; Curiosity instrument confirms expectation of major exposures" 2404: 1757: 1686: 1028: 321: 7068: 6694: 6429: 6214: 6023: 5213: 4870: 4039: 2483: 2134: 1677: 632:

The ICRP calculation provides two weighting factors to enable the calculation of protection quantities.

483:

in their name. Only the operational dose quantities which still use Q for calculation retain the phrase

5294: 5296:

Regulatory Guide 8.38: Control of Access to High and Very High Radiation Areas in Nuclear Power Plants

1894:

U.S. 10 C.F.R. § 20.1201(a)(1)(i) occupational dose limit, total effective dose equivalent, per annum

1719:

Various doses of radiation in sieverts, ranging from trivial to lethal, expressed as comparative areas

1607:

is that the incidence of cancers due to ionizing radiation can be modeled as increasing linearly with

6551: 6439: 6396: 6346: 6035: 6028: 5867: 5853: 5654: 5179: 4692: 4200: 4147: 3763: 3420: 2228: 2067: 1760:, an illustrative unit of radiation dose representing the measure of radiation from a typical banana 227: 54: 4744: 4431:

Hendrick, R. Edward (October 2010). "Radiation Doses and Cancer Risks from Breast Imaging Studies".

7004: 6668: 6627: 6546: 6459: 6050: 5960: 5516: 4995:"The Cecil Kelley Criticality Accident: The Origin of the Los Alamos Human Tissue Analysis Program" 4003:

Effects of ionizing radiation: UNSCEAR 2006 report to the General Assembly, with scientific annexes

2049: 1727:

Comparison of radiation doses – includes the amount detected on the trip from Earth to Mars by the

1399:

This is used for area monitoring of penetrating radiation and is usually expressed as the quantity

5366:

Draft Final Report of the Los Alamos Historical Document Retrieval and Assessment (LAHDRA) Project

5165:"Human exposure to high natural background radiation: what can it teach us about radiation risks?" 3751: 3493: 1474:

2. For individual monitoring, to measure deterministic effects on eye lens and skin, it would be:

1415:

This is used for monitoring of low penetrating radiation and is usually expressed as the quantity

621:

These dose quantities are weighted averages of absorbed dose designed to be representative of the

6663: 6484: 6464: 6444: 6328: 6236: 5897: 5887: 5882: 5624: 5149: 5002: 4600: 4319: 4232: 3598: 2820: 2615:

becomes capitalised at the beginning of a sentence and in titles but is otherwise in lower case.

2495: 1628: 1019:

The radiation weighting factor for neutrons has been revised over time and remains controversial.

219: 2386:

NRC definition of a high radiation area in a nuclear power plant, warranting a chain-link fence

1796:

Average (one time) dose to people living within 10 mi (16 km) of the plant during the

1711:

US Department of Energy 2010 dose chart in sieverts for a variety of situations and applications

448:

different dose quantities within a coherent system developed by the ICRU working with the ICRP.

7042: 6928: 6716: 6556: 6434: 6371: 6336: 5940: 5663: 5599: 5591: 5205: 5096: 4823: 4718: 4635: 4592: 4552: 4517: 4509: 4448: 4374: 4224: 4216: 4191: 4171: 4163: 4138: 4007: 3955: 3945: 3922: 3914: 3837: 3779: 3674: 3505: 3425: 3415: 2792: 2734: 2669: 2172: 2157: 1783: 58: 5548:. International Congress of the International Radiation Protection Association. Paris, France 5512:"Japanese nuclear plant just recorded an astronomical radiation level. Should we be worried?" 4323: 4315: 3665: 1023:

This may seem to be a paradox. It implies that the energy of the incident radiation field in

531:

quantities related to an exposure. They are also used in practical regulations and guidance.

6561: 6081: 6076: 5583: 5195: 5187: 4904: 4813: 4805: 4708: 4700: 4627: 4584: 4544: 4501: 4440: 4291: 4208: 4155: 3904: 3829: 3771: 3140:

required that their use for "public health ... purposes" be phased out by 31 December 1985.

2491: 1852: 5568: 5117: 3689:

for radiation protection purposes. These protection quantities are essentially unmeasurable

435: 353:

The CIPM also says that "in order to avoid any risk of confusion between the absorbed dose

6795: 6673: 6658: 6474: 6386: 6376: 5975: 5950: 5264: 5045: 4931:, Defense Atomic Support Agency, Dept. of Defense, Chapter VIII, Initial nuclear radiation 4052: 2966: 2853: 2623: 2130: 1637: 1312: 1151: 727: 611: 511: 238: 91: 4946: 4339:

Radiation Safety for Personnel Security Screening Systems Using X-Rays or Gamma Radiation

4337: 498:

there are differently named dose quantities which are not part of the ICRP nomenclature.

5183: 4696: 4681:"The time variation of dose rate artificially increased by the Fukushima nuclear crisis" 4535:

Wall, B. F.; Hart, D. (1997). "Revised Radiation Doses for Typical X-Ray Examinations".

4204: 4151: 4136:

Kerr, R. A. (31 May 2013). "Radiation Will Make Astronauts' Trip to Mars Even Riskier".

3767: 1707: 629:

have been applied to the absorbed dose measurement or calculation (expressed in grays).

598: 6948: 6880: 6521: 6479: 6469: 6391: 6381: 6351: 6066: 6013: 5930: 5877: 5392: 5200: 4842: 4818: 4793: 4713: 4680: 3134: 2527: 2408: 2149: 2063: 2026: 1520: 1514: 870: 859: 246: 5690:. National Bureau of Standards Handbook. Vol. 47. US Department of Commerce. 1950 5191: 4809: 4488:

Grajewski, Barbara; Waters, Martha A.; Whelan, Elizabeth A.; Bloom, Thomas F. (2002).

4001: 3121:

Although the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission permits the use of the units

7057: 7009: 6933: 6870: 6860: 6596: 6356: 6341: 5920: 3775: 3494:"The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection" 2889: 2085: 1564: 802: 495: 265: 5748: 4994: 4572: 2607:

letter (Sv), but when written in full, it follows the rules for capitalisation of a

365:

and the name sievert instead of joules per kilogram for the unit of dose equivalent

264:

To calculate the value of stochastic health risk in sieverts, the physical quantity

245:, which represent the risk of external radiation from sources outside the body, and 6953: 6910: 6895: 6850: 6830: 6747: 6576: 6536: 6401: 6045: 5965: 5902: 5798: 5773: 5682: 5587: 5540: 5420:"High radiation readings at Fukushima's No. 2 reactor complicate robot-based probe" 4604: 4282: 3608: 3122: 2763: 2673:

Graphic showing relationships between radioactivity and detected ionizing radiation

2441: 2325: 2115: 2100: 1945: 1715: 1690: 1584: 1558: 142: 4367:

Radiation Exposure of the UK Population from Medical and Dental X-ray Examinations

4365: 4236: 4159: 4102: 1623: 6228: 5163:

Hendry, Jolyon H.; Simon, Steven L.; Wojcik, Andrzej; et al. (1 June 2009).

4926: 3909: 3892: 3630:

Measurement of H*(10) and Hp(10) in Mixed High-Energy Electron and Photon Fields.

6825: 6780: 6318: 6086: 6018: 5955: 5806: 5488: 2899: 2861: 2619: 2608: 2416: 1866: 1135: 285: 254: 4631: 4548: 4000:

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2008).

6366: 6313: 5970: 5145: 3833: 3450:

Please note there are two non-SI units that use the same Sv abbreviation: the

3130: 3126: 2947: 2604: 2034: 1949: 1834: 1632: 1572: 1568: 1247: 687:

When a whole body is irradiated uniformly only the radiation weighting factor

622: 515: 444: 215: 5662:(9th ed.), International Bureau of Weights and Measures, December 2022, 5595: 4513: 4220: 4167: 3959: 3918: 625:

health effects of radiation, and use of the sievert implies that appropriate

6890: 6805: 6653: 6526: 6361: 6308: 6298: 6259: 6008: 5925: 5872: 5747:

Office of Air and Radiation; Office of Radiation and Indoor Air (May 2007).

4444: 4295: 4212: 3409: 2744: 2569: 2366: 2030: 1964: 1811: 1505:

A final draft report was issued in July 2017 by ICRU/ICRP for consultation.

1404: 797: 614:(the external-source, whole-body exposure effects, in a uniform field), and 579: 575: 510:

is the number of radiation particles impinging per unit area per unit time,

452:

upon modelling of dose uptake and biological sensitivity of the human body.

223: 17: 5350:, 18th World Energy Congress, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 21–25 October 2001, 5209: 4827: 4722: 4596: 4521: 4452: 4228: 4175: 3926: 61:, Japan, showing dose rate in microsieverts per hour, five years after the 5439:"Fukushima nuclear reactor radiation at highest level since 2011 meltdown" 4954:. Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos National Laboratory. pp. 74–75. LA-13638 4639: 4556: 4490:"Radiation dose estimation for epidemiologic studies of flight attendants" 3152:, still often used in the United States. One sievert is equal to 100 rem: 2494:. In this environment, it takes between 22 and 34 seconds to accumulate a 670:, which is specific for tissue type T being irradiated. This is used with 6770: 6303: 6288: 6071: 5603: 5458:"Fukushima's Reactor #2 is far more radioactive than previously realized" 4588: 3554: 3455: 3451: 3430: 2834: 2412: 2362: 1999:

Maximum allowed radiation exposure for NASA astronauts over their career

679:

to calculate the contributory organ doses to arrive at an effective dose

174: 5055:. Radiation Protection and the Human Radiation Experiments (23): 177–223 4770: 2482:

The radiation level inside the primary containment vessel of the second

2465:

spent fuel waste, after 10-year cooldown, no shielding and no distance.

1988:

Highest dose received by a worker responding to the Fukushima emergency

6958: 6943: 6815: 6810: 6760: 6102: 5822: 5569:"The New Special Names of SI Units in the Field of Ionizing Radiations" 4505: 2830: 2677:

The following table shows radiation quantities in SI and non-SI units:

2437: 1881: 1829:§ 20.1301(a)(1) dose limit for individual members of the public, total 1681: 1604: 1263: 1215: 1183: 816: 507: 5783:

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation

5273:

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation

4896: 4704: 4467:"NRC: 10 CFR 20.1301 Dose limits for individual members of the public" 3433:(a non-SI unit of volume transport with the same symbol Sv as sievert) 1771:

U.S. limit on effective dose from a single airport security screening

1665:

Emergency exposure – limits given for occupational and public exposure

1519:

The sievert is used for human internal dose quantities in calculating

6973: 6875: 6785: 6765: 6755: 3866:"ICRP draft "Operational Quantities for External Radiation Exposure"" 1580: 1576: 1199: 1118: 845: 519: 154: 4489: 1662:

Planned exposure – limits given for occupational, medical and public

1449:

1. For area monitoring of effective dose of whole body it would be:

5240:"The Claw of Chernobyl: most dangerous thing in the exclusion zone" 1438:

Proposals for changing the definition of protection dose quantities

6988: 6983: 6968: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6820: 6775: 6406: 6293: 4573:"Computed Tomography — an Increasing Source of Radiation Exposure" 2907: 2668: 1722: 1714: 1706: 1622: 1328: 1231: 1024: 1014: 793: 597: 439:

External radiation dose quantities used in radiological protection

434: 170: 150: 3570: 3568: 3566: 1644:

The deterministic (acute tissue damage) effects that can lead to

6963: 6905: 6900: 2010:

Dose required to kill a human with a 50% risk within 30 days (LD

1295: 1279: 1167: 849: 806: 602:

Graphic showing relationship of "protection dose" quantities in

574:

This is an actual reading obtained from such as an ambient dose

302: 6712: 6232: 5826: 5093:

An introduction to nuclear waste immobilisation, second edition

1579:, with most individuals in a group failing to ever exhibit any 1027:

has increased by a factor of 20, thereby violating the laws of

6938: 6865: 6855: 3549: 3547: 2921: 184: 5817: 3897:

International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics

2490:

power station, in February 2017, six years after a suspected

2303:

Next to Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, before installing the

5725:

The Council of the European Communities (21 December 1979).

2574:

International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements

2193:

Steady dose rates below 100 nSv/h are difficult to measure.

1905:

Estimated maximum dose to evacuees who lived closest to the

270:

International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements

257:

of eventually developing fatal cancer based on the disputed

6708: 5484:"Excessive Radiation Inside Fukushima Fries Clean-up Robot" 3091: 3053: 3014: 2985: 1603:. The consensus of nuclear regulators, governments and the 603: 583: 80: 5152:

from the original on 17 November 2021 – via YouTube.

3667:

Calibration of Radiation Protection Monitoring Instruments

2444:, 20 mi (32 km) away, 3 hours after detonation. 1649:

used in the calculation of equivalent and effective dose.

1599:

Stochastic effects are those that occur randomly, such as

237:

The sievert is used for radiation dose quantities such as

4658:"NRC: 10 CFR 20.1201 Occupational dose limits for adults" 4103:"Ionizing Radiation Dose Ranges (Rem and Sievert charts)" 2653:

Therefore, for occupation exposures of that time period,

2088:

who received 17 Sv lived for 83 days after the accident.

2014:/30), if the dose is received over a very short duration 658:

which can be for the whole body or for individual organs.

610:

The sievert is used in external radiation protection for

164:

Sv indicates absorbed dose modified by weighting factors.

2286:

Natural background radiation at airline cruise altitude

1008:

is the radiation weighting factor defined by regulation.

303:

International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM)

5400:. Bechtel Saic. p. 19. 000-30R-GGDE-00100-000-00A 4767:"Radiation Risk for Xray and CT exams - dosage chart" 4402:"What Happened and What Didn't in the TMI-2 Accident" 4373:. National Radiological Protection Board. p. 9. 2137:

which required work in the reactor with no shielding

2133:

in 1961 after a reactor cooling system failed on the

1575:(cancer induction and genetic) events are inherently 890: 5348:

Energy Markets: The Challenges of the New Millennium

4561:(5,000 patient dose measurements from 375 hospitals) 4252:"Data Point to Radiation Risk for Travelers to Mars" 3819:"Dose Quantities and Units for Radiation Protection" 1676:

For comparison, natural radiation levels inside the

1611:

at a rate of 5.5% per sievert. This is known as the

6997: 6919: 6794: 6746: 6646: 6610: 6497: 6327: 6274: 6267: 6177: 6146: 6095: 6059: 5994: 5911: 5860: 2603:unit named for a person, its symbol starts with an 316:of ionizing radiation and the dimensionless factor 251:

International Commission on Radiological Protection

180: 160: 138: 116: 106: 98: 86: 74: 69: 41: 5567:Wyckoff, H. O.; Allisy, A.; Lidén, K. (May 1976). 3975:"How to Understand and Communicate Radiation Risk" 3660: 3658: 3656: 949:{\displaystyle H_{T}=\sum _{R}W_{R}\cdot D_{T,R},} 948: 649:– This is used in calculating the equivalent dose 5754:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. p. 2 4066:Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program. 1053:The second weighting factor is the tissue factor 5818:Eurados - The European radiation dosimetry group 4131: 4129: 2581:International Committee for Weights and Measures 2269:Average natural background radiation in Finland 90:stochastic health effect of ionizing radiation ( 27:SI unit of equivalent dose of ionizing radiation 2324:Ambient field inside most radioactive house in 1481:= Φ × conversion coefficient for absorbed dose. 4652: 4650: 4336:American National Standards Institute (2009). 618:(which depends on the body parts irradiated). 6724: 6244: 5838: 4940: 4938: 4848:. In Klein, Dale; Corradini, Michael (eds.). 3148:An older unit for the dose equivalent is the 2693: 1952:, which are very difficult to shield against 1545:intake using recommended dose coefficients". 1526:The ICRP defines Committed effective dose, E( 8: 5510:Fifield, Anna; Oda, Yuki (8 February 2017). 5372:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5095:(2nd ed.). Elsevier. 13 November 2018. 4097: 4095: 4073:. US Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from 3609:"The confusing world of radiation dosimetry" 7015:Historical definitions of the SI base units 6004:Airborne radioactive particulate monitoring 5046:"The Human Plutonium Injection Experiments" 3817:Mattsson, Sören; Söderberg, Marcus (2013), 2548: 2546: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2033:flash, 1.2 km from ground zero of the 6731: 6717: 6709: 6271: 6251: 6237: 6229: 5845: 5831: 5823: 4737:"F. Typical Sources of Radiation Exposure" 3942:Nuclear is for life: a cultural revolution 2700: 2686: 2679: 1814:, using weighting factors updated in 2007 968:is the equivalent dose absorbed by tissue 320:(quality factor) defined as a function of 47: 38: 5714:. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 2009. 5302:. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 2006. 5269:Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation 5199: 5118:"Air crew radiation exposure—An overview" 4817: 4712: 4571:Brenner, David J.; Hall, Eric J. (2007). 4034:ICRP. "Report 103": Table 8, section 6.5. 3908: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 2118:in 1958, death occurred within 35 hours. 931: 918: 908: 895: 889: 5542:Round table on SI units: ICRU Activities 5394:TAD Source Term and Dose Rate Evaluation 3826:Radiation Protection in Nuclear Medicine 3673:, Safety Reports Series 16, IAEA, 2000, 3154: 3138:European units of measurement directives 1627:This is a graph depicting the effect of 1086: 744: 5044:Moss, William; Eckhardt, Roger (1995). 5021:Dolgodvorov, Vladimir (November 2002). 4850:Fukushima Daiichi: ANS Committee Report 4841:American Nuclear Society (March 2012). 4494:American Journal of Industrial Medicine 3471: 3443: 2512: 2037:fission bomb, air burst at 600 m. 1668:Existing exposure – All persons exposed 1088:Weighting factors for different organs 645:, which is specific for radiation type 419:The ICRP definition of the sievert is: 6592:Wireless electronic devices and health 5146:"The Most Radioactive Places on Earth" 4048: 4037: 3944:. Aylesbury: Wade Allison Publishing. 3855:ICRP report 103 paragraphs B168 - B170 3798:ICRP report 103 paragraphs B163 - B164 3740:page 40, table A1, retrieved 2011-7-20 3593: 3591: 3589: 2681:Ionizing radiation related quantities 594:Calculating protection dose quantities 253:(ICRP), one sievert results in a 5.5% 6169:Radiation Protection Convention, 1960 4644:(3000 examinations from 18 hospitals) 3881:ICRP publication 103 - Paragraph 144. 3807:ICRP report 103 paragraphs B165- B167 3583:ICRP publication 60 published in 1991 2152:spread over ≈21 years, due to a 1945 661: 2. The tissue weighting factor 7: 6618:List of civilian radiation accidents 6587:Wireless device radiation and health 6582:Biological dose units and quantities 6532:Electromagnetic radiation and health 5482:Dvorsky, George (10 February 2018). 3727:ICRP publication 103, paragraph B146 3650:ICRP publication 103, paragraph B159 3620:ICRP publication 103, paragraph B147 1869:, up to 2 minutes, 4–24 spot images 588:Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 546:depth to represent the human torso. 312:is the product of the absorbed dose 5437:McCurry, Justin (3 February 2017). 5319:. UKAEA. p. vi. Archived from 5275:, United Nations. 2000. p. 121 4974:"JCO worker succumbs after 83 days" 3718:ICRP publication 103, paragraph B64 3709:ICRP publication 103, paragraph B50 3700:ICRP publication 103, paragraph 112 1084:are given in the table shown here. 6567:Radioactivity in the life sciences 5172:Journal of Radiological Protection 2564:The sievert has its origin in the 25: 5656:The International System of Units 4948:A Review of Criticality Accidents 4810:10.2203/dose-response.06-105.Chen 3541:ICRP report 103 para 104 and 105. 2526:Noted figures are dominated by a 2156:by doctors working on the secret 758:relative biological effectiveness 570:Instrument and dosimetry response 514:is the ionising effect on air of 120: 7038: 7037: 5749:"Radiation: Risks and Realities" 5456:Hruska, Joel (3 February 2017). 4620:The British Journal of Radiology 4537:The British Journal of Radiology 4276:Gelling, Cristy (29 June 2013). 3574:ICRP publication 103 - Glossary. 2403:Typical dose rate for activated 882:types of radiation energy dose. 714:Radiation type weighting factor 272:(ICRU). One sievert equals 100 261:of ionizing radiation exposure. 4769:. 26 April 2012. Archived from 4577:New England Journal of Medicine 3973:Peck, Donald J.; Samei, Ehsan. 2579:The sievert was adopted by the 2344:Inside "The Claw" of Chernobyl 1703:Orders of magnitude (radiation) 989:is the absorbed dose in tissue 301:The SI definition given by the 214:(SI) intended to represent the 7025:System of units of measurement 5936:Computed tomography dose index 5588:10.1259/0007-1285-49-581-476-b 5238:Charleston, LJ (7 July 2019). 5116:Bailey, Susan (January 2000). 4928:The Effects of Nuclear Weapons 4364:Hart, D.; Wall, B. F. (2002). 4250:Chang, Kenneth (30 May 2013). 4068:"Radiation in the Environment" 3977:. Image Wisely. Archived from 2634:114.1 μSv/h = 1 Sv/a 2631:1 mSv/h = 8.766 Sv/a 2250:Chernobyl New Safe Confinement 2154:plutonium injection experiment 636: 1. The radiation factor 415:ICRP definition of the sievert 308:"The quantity dose equivalent 297:CIPM definition of the sievert 1: 5799:"Millisieverts and Radiation" 5625:"Recommendations of the ICRP" 5539:Wyckoff, H. O. (April 1977). 4160:10.1126/science.340.6136.1031 3532:publication 103 paragraph 64. 2665:Ionizing radiation quantities 2568:(rem) which was derived from 2103:in 1946 criticality accident 1907:Fukushima I nuclear accidents 1035:Tissue type weighting factor 761:according to ICRP report 103 212:International System of Units 5576:British Journal of Radiology 5445:– via theguardian.com. 5363:Widner, Thomas (June 2009). 4741:National Institute of Health 4006:. New York: United Nations. 3910:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.06.013 3776:10.1016/0146-6453(91)90066-P 3556:CIPM, 2002: Recommendation 2 3412:(disintegrations per second) 2660:500 μSv/h = 1 Sv/a 2229:natural background radiation 1460:The driver for this is that 1456:= Φ × conversion coefficient 746:Radiation weighting factors 683:for non-uniform irradiation. 6455:Cosmic background radiation 5192:10.1088/0952-4746/29/2A/S03 3903:(2). Elsevier BV: 317–319. 2649:50 weeks = 1 year 2595:The sievert is named after 1921:International Space Station 1411:Directional dose equivalent 7110: 6684: 6542:Lasers and aviation safety 6200: 4632:10.1259/bjr.70.832.9166072 4549:10.1259/bjr.70.833.9227222 2657:1 mSv/h = 2 Sv/a 2082:Tokaimura nuclear accident 1798:Three Mile Island accident 1700: 1556: 1512: 1049:effective dose (radiation) 1046: 734:radiation weighting factor 725: 29: 7033: 6682: 6572:Radioactive contamination 6425:Electromagnetic radiation 6415: 6198: 5893:Radioactive contamination 5023:"K-19, the Forgotten Sub" 4925:Glasstone, Dolan (1962), 3891:Tubiana, Maurice (2005). 3834:10.1007/978-3-642-31167-3 3033: 2965: 2888: 2819: 2733: 2080:Fatal acute doses during 2048:Fatal acute doses during 2025:Calculated dose from the 1865:Barium fluoroscopy, e.g. 1613:linear no-threshold model 1096:Tissue weighting factors 1095: 1092: 858: 844: 815: 792: 259:linear no-threshold model 134: 46: 7064:Radiation health effects 6979:minute and second of arc 6685:See also the categories 6623:1996 Costa Rica accident 6284:Acoustic radiation force 6201:See also the categories 6190:Radiation-induced cancer 6185:Acute radiation syndrome 5811:University of Nottingham 4406:American Nuclear Society 3500:. ICRP Publication 103. 3405:Acute radiation syndrome 3133:alongside SI units, the 1646:acute radiation syndrome 1601:radiation-induced cancer 1509:Internal dose quantities 1423:Personal dose equivalent 865:nuclear fission products 561:anthropomorphic phantoms 544:300 mm × 300 mm × 150 mm 431:External dose quantities 357:and the dose equivalent 32:Sievert (disambiguation) 7079:Units of radiation dose 7020:2019 revision of the SI 6597:Radiation heat-transfer 6450:Gravitational radiation 5631:. ICRP publication 26. 4445:10.1148/radiol.10100570 4296:10.1002/scin.5591831304 4213:10.1126/science.1235989 4111:US Department of Energy 3758:. ICRP publication 60. 2646:40 h = 1 week 2597:Rolf Maximilian Sievert 2361:Natural radiation on a 1563:Ionizing radiation has 1443:Dose or Absorbed Dose. 1395:Ambient dose equivalent 578:monitor, or a personal 232:Rolf Maximilian Sievert 111:Rolf Maximilian Sievert 7084:Units of radioactivity 6638:1990 Zaragoza accident 6633:1984 Moroccan accident 6602:Linear energy transfer 6276:Non-ionizing radiation 6041:Semiconductor detector 5997:measurement techniques 5424:The Japan Times Online 5391:Su, S. (August 2006). 4047:Cite journal requires 3940:Allison, Wade (2015). 3083:röntgen equivalent man 3006:röntgen equivalent man 2674: 2566:röntgen equivalent man 1758:Banana equivalent dose 1736: 1720: 1712: 1687:Epidemiology of cancer 1641: 1386:Operational quantities 1029:conservation of energy 1020: 950: 607: 526:Operational quantities 440: 322:linear energy transfer 6628:1987 Goiânia accident 6430:Synchrotron radiation 6420:Earth's energy budget 6402:Radioactive materials 6397:Particle accelerators 6060:Protection techniques 6024:Scintillation counter 5025:(in Russian). trud.ru 2672: 2643:8 h = 1 day 2436:Highest reading from 2135:Soviet submarine K-19 1726: 1718: 1710: 1678:United States Capitol 1626: 1619:Deterministic effects 1557:Further information: 1018: 951: 601: 554:Protection quantities 438: 276:, which is an older, 7089:Radiation protection 6921:Other accepted units 6699:Radiation protection 6552:Radiation protection 6440:Black-body radiation 6347:Background radiation 6262:(physics and health) 6219:Radiation protection 6036:Radiation monitoring 6029:Proportional counter 5914:quantities and units 5868:Background radiation 5854:Radiation protection 5148:. 17 December 2014. 4589:10.1056/NEJMra072149 3421:Exposure (radiation) 2129:Fatal acute dose to 2114:Fatal acute dose to 2099:Fatal acute dose to 2068:criticality accident 2062:Fatal acute dose to 1919:6-month stay on the 1075:The ICRP values for 888: 230:. It is named after 228:radiation protection 55:background radiation 30:For other uses, see 7005:Conversion of units 6669:Radiation hardening 6611:Radiation incidents 6547:Medical radiography 6506:Radiation syndrome 6460:Cherenkov radiation 6051:Whole-body counting 5961:Mean glandular dose 5898:Radioactive sources 5517:The Washington Post 5426:. 10 February 2017. 5184:2009JRP....29...29H 4895:Wellerstein, Alex. 4697:2011NatSR...1E..87H 4205:2013Sci...340.1080Z 4199:(6136): 1080–1084. 4152:2013Sci...340.1031K 4080:on 11 February 2012 3828:, Springer Verlag, 3768:1991JRP....11..199V 3687:limiting quantities 2707: 2508:Notes on examples: 2407:in possible future 1089: 762: 502:Physical quantities 210:) is a unit in the 129:... is equal to ... 70:General information 6798:with special names 6664:Radioactive source 6485:Radiation exposure 6465:Askaryan radiation 6445:Particle radiation 6329:Ionizing radiation 5888:Internal dosimetry 5883:Ionizing radiation 5629:Annals of the ICRP 5326:on 12 October 2013 5219:on 21 October 2013 5053:Los Alamos Science 5003:Los Alamos Science 4901:nuclearsecrecy.com 4871:"Lethal dose (LD)" 4685:Scientific Reports 4506:10.1002/ajim.10018 4412:on 30 October 2004 4326:. FGR11 discussed. 4256:The New York Times 3981:on 8 December 2010 3756:Annals of the ICRP 3498:Annals of the ICRP 2680: 2675: 2639:recent documents: 2496:median lethal dose 2227:Human exposure to 2167:Dose rate examples 1948:—radiation due to 1784:dental radiographs 1737: 1721: 1713: 1642: 1631:on the ability of 1629:dose fractionation 1595:Stochastic effects 1087: 1021: 993:by radiation type 946: 913: 756:used to represent 745: 608: 456:Naming conventions 441: 220:ionizing radiation 191: 182: 168: 162: 148: 140: 63:Fukushima disaster 7051: 7050: 6929:astronomical unit 6706: 6705: 6687:Radiation effects 6557:Radiation therapy 6493: 6492: 6435:Thermal radiation 6372:Neutron radiation 6337:Radioactive decay 6226: 6225: 6207:Radiation effects 6178:Radiation effects 5941:Counts per minute 5669:978-92-822-2272-0 5352:Figure X page 13. 5102:978-0-08-099392-8 4705:10.1038/srep00087 4583:(22): 2277–2284. 4345:. ANSI/HPS N43.17 4013:978-92-1-142263-4 3951:978-0-9562756-4-6 3843:978-3-642-31166-6 3785:978-0-08-041144-6 3680:978-92-0-100100-9 3511:978-0-7020-3048-2 3426:Rutherford (unit) 3416:Counts per minute 3396: 3395: 3119: 3118: 3090:100 erg⋅g × 3013:100 erg⋅g × 2506: 2505: 2307:in November 2016 2231:, global average 2173:radioactive decay 2164: 2163: 2158:Manhattan Project 2148:Nonfatal dose to 1880:Single full-body 1853:flight attendants 1849:occupational dose 1371: 1370: 1344:Remainder of body 904: 879: 878: 627:weighting factors 400:—equivalent dose 280:radiation unit. 200: 199: 117:Conversions 16:(Redirected from 7101: 7094:SI derived units 7041: 7040: 6733: 6726: 6719: 6710: 6647:Related articles 6562:Radiation damage 6387:Nuclear reactors 6272: 6253: 6246: 6239: 6230: 6082:Radon mitigation 6077:Potassium iodide 5995:Instruments and 5847: 5840: 5833: 5824: 5814: 5785: 5780: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5753: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5689: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5661: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5582:(581): 476–477. 5573: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5547: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5399: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5371: 5360: 5354: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5333: 5331: 5325: 5318: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5218: 5212:. Archived from 5203: 5169: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5122: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5050: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5010:: 250–251. 1995. 4999: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4953: 4942: 4933: 4932: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4905:Alex Wellerstein 4892: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4847: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4821: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4773:on 26 April 2012 4763: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4743:. Archived from 4733: 4727: 4726: 4716: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4654: 4645: 4643: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4568: 4562: 4560: 4543:(833): 437–439. 4532: 4526: 4525: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4408:. Archived from 4398: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4372: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4344: 4333: 4327: 4324:follow up thread 4320:original posting 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4133: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4107: 4099: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4079: 4072: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4050: 4045: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4020: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3912: 3888: 3882: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3862: 3856: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3823: 3814: 3808: 3805: 3799: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3747: 3741: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3719: 3716: 3710: 3707: 3701: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3672: 3662: 3651: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3595: 3584: 3581: 3575: 3572: 3561: 3560: 3551: 3542: 3539: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3489: 3459: 3448: 3350: 3340: 3324: 3314: 3299: 3289: 3273: 3263: 3248: 3238: 3222: 3212: 3197: 3187: 3171: 3161: 3155: 2942: 2940: 2884: 2882: 2871: 2869: 2814: 2813: 2810: 2786: 2777: 2775: 2708: 2702: 2695: 2688: 2618:Frequently used 2599:. As with every 2553: 2550: 2541: 2538: 2532: 2524: 2486:-reactor of the 2178: 2177: 2050:Goiânia accident 1748: 1747: 1653:ICRP dose limits 1090: 1007: 988: 967: 955: 953: 952: 947: 942: 941: 923: 922: 912: 900: 899: 763: 545: 489:equivalent doses 192: 183: 169: 163: 149: 141: 51: 39: 21: 7109: 7108: 7104: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7099: 7098: 7054: 7053: 7052: 7047: 7029: 7010:Metric prefixes 6993: 6915: 6797: 6790: 6742: 6737: 6707: 6702: 6701: 6678: 6674:Havana syndrome 6659:Nuclear physics 6642: 6606: 6499: 6489: 6475:Unruh radiation 6411: 6392:Nuclear weapons 6377:Nuclear fission 6323: 6263: 6257: 6227: 6222: 6221: 6203:Medical physics 6194: 6173: 6142: 6091: 6055: 5996: 5990: 5951:Equivalent dose 5913: 5907: 5856: 5851: 5796: 5793: 5788: 5778: 5772: 5768: 5767: 5757: 5755: 5751: 5746: 5745: 5741: 5731: 5729: 5724: 5723: 5719: 5708: 5707: 5703: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5670: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5638: 5636: 5623: 5622: 5618: 5608: 5606: 5571: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5551: 5549: 5545: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5523: 5521: 5509: 5508: 5504: 5494: 5492: 5481: 5480: 5476: 5466: 5464: 5462:extremetech.com 5455: 5454: 5450: 5436: 5435: 5431: 5418: 5417: 5413: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5390: 5389: 5385: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5362: 5361: 5357: 5346: 5342: 5329: 5327: 5323: 5316: 5312: 5311: 5307: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5278: 5276: 5271:. Vol. 1. 5263: 5262: 5258: 5248: 5246: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5222: 5220: 5216: 5178:(2A): A29–A42. 5167: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5129: 5127: 5120: 5115: 5114: 5110: 5103: 5091: 5090: 5086: 5073: 5072: 5068: 5058: 5056: 5048: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5028: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5015: 4997: 4993: 4992: 4988: 4978: 4976: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4943: 4936: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4909: 4907: 4894: 4893: 4889: 4879: 4877: 4869: 4868: 4864: 4854: 4852: 4845: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4776: 4774: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4750: 4748: 4747:on 13 June 2013 4735: 4734: 4730: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4663: 4661: 4656: 4655: 4648: 4626:(832): 367–71. 4617: 4616: 4612: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4487: 4486: 4482: 4472: 4470: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4415: 4413: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4370: 4363: 4362: 4358: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4314: 4310: 4300: 4298: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4260: 4258: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4135: 4134: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4105: 4101: 4100: 4093: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4070: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4046: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4028: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3984: 3982: 3972: 3971: 3967: 3952: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3868: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3850: 3844: 3821: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3681: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3564: 3553: 3552: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3491: 3490: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3462: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3401: 3348: 3338: 3322: 3312: 3297: 3287: 3271: 3261: 3246: 3236: 3220: 3210: 3195: 3185: 3169: 3159: 3146: 3144:Rem equivalence 3108: 3099: 3070: 3061: 3022: 2993: 2967:Equivalent dose 2955:100 erg⋅g 2938: 2936: 2880: 2878: 2867: 2865: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2784: 2773: 2771: 2706: 2667: 2624:time derivative 2593: 2591:Common SI usage 2586: 2562: 2557: 2556: 2551: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2525: 2514: 2501: 2409:fusion reactors 2321:μSv/h avg) 2305:New Sarcophagus 2283:μSv/h avg) 2266:nSv/h avg) 2224:nSv/h avg) 2207:nSv/h avg) 2169: 2131:Boris Korchilov 2013: 1746: 1705: 1699: 1655: 1638:radioresistance 1621: 1597: 1561: 1555: 1536: 1517: 1511: 1498: 1491: 1470: 1440: 1433: 1425: 1413: 1397: 1388: 1373:The article on 1313:Salivary glands 1112: 1107: 1102: 1083: 1070: 1061: 1051: 1045: 1043: 1005: 1000: 987: 975: 965: 960: 927: 914: 891: 886: 885: 868: 863: 860:alpha particles 801: 783: 760: 755: 754: 740: 730: 728:Equivalent dose 724: 722: 704: 695: 678: 669: 657: 644: 612:equivalent dose 596: 572: 556: 543: 528: 504: 485:dose equivalent 481:dose equivalent 466:dose equivalent 462:equivalent dose 458: 433: 417: 383:—absorbed dose 299: 294: 239:equivalent dose 218:health risk of 190: 181: 167: 161: 147: 139: 92:Equivalent dose 65: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7107: 7105: 7097: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7056: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7045: 7034: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7001: 6999: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6925: 6923: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6816:degree Celsius 6813: 6808: 6802: 6800: 6796:Derived units 6792: 6791: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6752: 6750: 6744: 6743: 6738: 6736: 6735: 6728: 6721: 6713: 6704: 6703: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6614: 6612: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6522:Health physics 6519: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6503: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6487: 6482: 6480:Dark radiation 6477: 6472: 6470:Bremsstrahlung 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6382:Nuclear fusion 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6352:Alpha particle 6349: 6344: 6339: 6333: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6280: 6278: 6269: 6265: 6264: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6248: 6241: 6233: 6224: 6223: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6150: 6148: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6099: 6097: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6067:Lead shielding 6063: 6061: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6014:Geiger counter 6011: 6006: 6000: 5998: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5946:Effective dose 5943: 5938: 5933: 5931:Committed dose 5928: 5923: 5917: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5878:Health physics 5875: 5870: 5864: 5862: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5842: 5835: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5797:Glover, Paul. 5792: 5791:External links 5789: 5787: 5786: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5739: 5717: 5711:10 CFR 20.1004 5701: 5674: 5668: 5646: 5616: 5559: 5531: 5502: 5474: 5448: 5429: 5411: 5383: 5355: 5340: 5305: 5286: 5256: 5230: 5155: 5137: 5108: 5101: 5084: 5066: 5036: 5013: 4986: 4965: 4934: 4917: 4887: 4862: 4833: 4784: 4758: 4728: 4671: 4646: 4610: 4563: 4527: 4480: 4458: 4439:(1): 246–253. 4423: 4393: 4379: 4356: 4328: 4318:mailing list: 4308: 4268: 4242: 4181: 4146:(6136): 1031. 4125: 4091: 4058: 4049:|journal= 4026: 4012: 3992: 3965: 3950: 3932: 3883: 3874: 3857: 3848: 3842: 3809: 3800: 3791: 3784: 3742: 3729: 3720: 3711: 3702: 3693: 3679: 3652: 3643: 3634: 3622: 3613: 3601: 3585: 3576: 3562: 3543: 3534: 3524: 3510: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3434: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3407: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3345: 3342: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3319: 3316: 3308: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3294: 3291: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3268: 3265: 3257: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3243: 3240: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3217: 3214: 3206: 3205: 3204:1,000,000 μSv 3202: 3199: 3192: 3189: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3166: 3163: 3145: 3142: 3135:European Union 3117: 3116: 3115:0.010 Sv 3113: 3110: 3104: 3095: 3088: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3066: 3057: 3050: 3047: 3042: 3035:Effective dose 3031: 3030: 3029:0.010 Sv 3027: 3024: 3018: 3011: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2989: 2982: 2979: 2974: 2963: 2962: 2961:0.010 Gy 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2918: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2905: 2902: 2897: 2886: 2885: 2876: 2873: 2859: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2828: 2817: 2816: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2781: 2778: 2769: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2742: 2731: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2705: 2704: 2697: 2690: 2682: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2651: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2636: 2635: 2632: 2592: 2589: 2584: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2542: 2533: 2528:committed dose 2511: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2466: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2446: 2445: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2371: 2370: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2345: 2342: 2341:μSv/h avg 2339: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2328: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2308: 2301: 2300:μSv/h avg 2298: 2295: 2292: 2288: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2253: 2246: 2245:nSv/h avg 2243: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2232: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2212: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2195: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2150:Albert Stevens 2146: 2143: 2139: 2138: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2119: 2112: 2109: 2105: 2104: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2089: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2070: 2064:Harry Daghlian 2060: 2057: 2053: 2052: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2023: 2020: 2016: 2015: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2001: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1968: 1967: 1961: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1942: 1939: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1917: 1914: 1910: 1909: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1884: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1831:effective dose 1823: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1800: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1745: 1742: 1701:Main article: 1698: 1695: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1654: 1651: 1620: 1617: 1609:effective dose 1596: 1593: 1554: 1553:Health effects 1551: 1534: 1521:committed dose 1515:Committed dose 1513:Main article: 1510: 1507: 1496: 1489: 1483: 1482: 1468: 1458: 1457: 1446:Specifically; 1439: 1436: 1431: 1424: 1421: 1412: 1409: 1396: 1393: 1387: 1384: 1375:effective dose 1369: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1079: 1066: 1057: 1047:Main article: 1044: 1039: 1033: 1010: 1009: 1003: 998: 979: 973: 963: 945: 940: 937: 934: 930: 926: 921: 917: 911: 907: 903: 898: 894: 877: 876: 873: 856: 855: 852: 842: 841: 838: 834: 833: 830: 826: 825: 822: 819: 813: 812: 809: 803:beta particles 790: 789: 779: 774: 767: 750: 738: 726:Main article: 723: 718: 712: 700: 691: 685: 684: 674: 665: 659: 653: 640: 616:effective dose 595: 592: 571: 568: 555: 552: 527: 524: 503: 500: 457: 454: 432: 429: 425: 424: 416: 413: 412: 411: 410: 409: 390: 389: 388: 387: 344: 343: 298: 295: 293: 290: 247:committed dose 243:effective dose 198: 197: 188: 187:units (non-SI) 178: 177: 165: 158: 157: 145: 136: 135: 132: 131: 126: 119: 118: 114: 113: 108: 104: 103: 100: 96: 95: 88: 84: 83: 78: 72: 71: 67: 66: 57:in a hotel at 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7106: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7074:Radioactivity 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7044: 7036: 7035: 7032: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6996: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6949:degree of arc 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6918: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6793: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6734: 6729: 6727: 6722: 6720: 6715: 6714: 6711: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6691:Radioactivity 6688: 6681: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6609: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6496: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6414: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6357:Beta particle 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6342:Cluster decay 6340: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6273: 6270: 6268:Main articles 6266: 6261: 6254: 6249: 6247: 6242: 6240: 6235: 6234: 6231: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6211:Radioactivity 6208: 6204: 6197: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6096:Organisations 6094: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5993: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5921:Absorbed dose 5919: 5918: 5916: 5910: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5861:Main articles 5859: 5855: 5848: 5843: 5841: 5836: 5834: 5829: 5828: 5825: 5819: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5803:Sixty Symbols 5800: 5795: 5794: 5790: 5784: 5777: 5776: 5771: 5770: 5750: 5743: 5740: 5728: 5721: 5718: 5713: 5712: 5705: 5702: 5686: 5685: 5678: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5658: 5657: 5650: 5647: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5620: 5617: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5570: 5563: 5560: 5544: 5543: 5535: 5532: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5506: 5503: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5478: 5475: 5463: 5459: 5452: 5449: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5415: 5412: 5396: 5395: 5387: 5384: 5368: 5367: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5349: 5344: 5341: 5337: 5322: 5315: 5309: 5306: 5298: 5297: 5290: 5287: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5257: 5245: 5241: 5234: 5231: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5166: 5159: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5138: 5126: 5119: 5112: 5109: 5104: 5098: 5094: 5088: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5075:"Google Maps" 5070: 5067: 5054: 5047: 5040: 5037: 5024: 5017: 5014: 5009: 5005: 5004: 4996: 4990: 4987: 4975: 4969: 4966: 4950: 4949: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4929: 4921: 4918: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4891: 4888: 4876: 4872: 4866: 4863: 4851: 4844: 4837: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4798:Dose-Response 4795: 4788: 4785: 4772: 4768: 4762: 4759: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4732: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4672: 4659: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4614: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4567: 4564: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4528: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4484: 4481: 4468: 4462: 4459: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4427: 4424: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4394: 4382: 4380:0-85951-468-4 4376: 4369: 4368: 4360: 4357: 4341: 4340: 4332: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4309: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4272: 4269: 4257: 4253: 4246: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4185: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4140: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4113: 4112: 4104: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4076: 4069: 4062: 4059: 4054: 4041: 4030: 4027: 4015: 4009: 4005: 4004: 3996: 3993: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3943: 3936: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3887: 3884: 3878: 3875: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3852: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3813: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3795: 3792: 3787: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3750:ICRP (1991). 3746: 3743: 3739: 3736:UNSCEAR-2008 3733: 3730: 3724: 3721: 3715: 3712: 3706: 3703: 3697: 3694: 3690: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3669: 3668: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3577: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3557: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3535: 3528: 3525: 3513: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3492:ICRP (2007). 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3444: 3437: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3398: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3353: 3346: 3343: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3320: 3317: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3302: 3295: 3292: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3269: 3266: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3251: 3244: 3241: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3218: 3215: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3200: 3193: 3190: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3167: 3164: 3157: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2891: 2890:Absorbed dose 2887: 2877: 2874: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2790: 2782: 2779: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2703: 2698: 2696: 2691: 2689: 2684: 2683: 2678: 2671: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2654: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2590: 2588: 2582: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2559: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2529: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2166: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2086:Hisashi Ouchi 2083: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1744:Dose examples 1743: 1741: 1735:(2011–2013). 1734: 1730: 1725: 1717: 1709: 1704: 1697:Dose examples 1696: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1639: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1565:deterministic 1560: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1540: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1522: 1516: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1495: 1488: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1437: 1435: 1430: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1394: 1392: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1376: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1099: 1091: 1085: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1056: 1050: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1017: 1013: 1006: 999: 996: 992: 986: 982: 978: 974: 971: 966: 959: 958: 957: 943: 938: 935: 932: 928: 924: 919: 915: 909: 905: 901: 896: 892: 883: 874: 872: 866: 861: 857: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 836: 835: 831: 828: 827: 823: 820: 818: 814: 810: 808: 804: 799: 795: 791: 787: 782: 778: 775: 772: 768: 765: 764: 759: 753: 749: 743: 741: 735: 729: 721: 717: 713: 711: 707: 703: 699: 694: 690: 682: 677: 673: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 643: 639: 635: 634: 633: 630: 628: 624: 619: 617: 613: 605: 600: 593: 591: 589: 585: 581: 577: 569: 567: 564: 562: 553: 551: 547: 540: 536: 532: 525: 523: 521: 517: 513: 509: 501: 499: 497: 492: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 469: 467: 463: 455: 453: 449: 446: 437: 430: 428: 422: 421: 420: 414: 407: 402: 401: 399: 395: 392: 391: 385: 384: 382: 378: 375: 374: 373: 370: 368: 364: 360: 356: 351: 349: 346:The value of 342: 338: 334: 331: 330: 329: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 306: 304: 296: 291: 289: 287: 281: 279: 275: 271: 267: 266:absorbed dose 262: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 235: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 196: 189: 186: 179: 176: 172: 166: 159: 156: 152: 146: 144: 143:SI base units 137: 133: 130: 127: 125: 121: 115: 112: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 82: 79: 77: 73: 68: 64: 60: 56: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7069:Radiobiology 6954:electronvolt 6885: 6695:Radiobiology 6581: 6577:Radiobiology 6537:Laser safety 6215:Radiobiology 6046:Survey meter 5985: 5966:Monitor unit 5912:Measurement 5903:Radiobiology 5802: 5774: 5756:. Retrieved 5742: 5730:. Retrieved 5720: 5710: 5704: 5692:. Retrieved 5683: 5677: 5655: 5649: 5637:. Retrieved 5632: 5628: 5619: 5607:. Retrieved 5579: 5575: 5562: 5550:. Retrieved 5541: 5534: 5522:. Retrieved 5515: 5505: 5493:. Retrieved 5487: 5477: 5465:. Retrieved 5461: 5451: 5443:The Guardian 5442: 5432: 5423: 5414: 5404:17 September 5402:. Retrieved 5393: 5386: 5374:. Retrieved 5365: 5358: 5347: 5343: 5335: 5328:. Retrieved 5321:the original 5308: 5295: 5289: 5277:. Retrieved 5268: 5259: 5247:. Retrieved 5243: 5233: 5221:. Retrieved 5214:the original 5175: 5171: 5158: 5140: 5128:. Retrieved 5125:Nuclear News 5124: 5111: 5092: 5087: 5078: 5069: 5057:. Retrieved 5052: 5039: 5027:. Retrieved 5016: 5007: 5001: 4989: 4977:. Retrieved 4968: 4956:. Retrieved 4947: 4927: 4920: 4908:. Retrieved 4900: 4890: 4878:. Retrieved 4874: 4865: 4853:. Retrieved 4849: 4843:"Appendix B" 4836: 4804:(1): 63–75. 4801: 4797: 4787: 4775:. Retrieved 4771:the original 4761: 4749:. Retrieved 4745:the original 4731: 4688: 4684: 4674: 4662:. Retrieved 4623: 4619: 4613: 4580: 4576: 4566: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4500:(1): 27–37. 4497: 4493: 4483: 4471:. Retrieved 4461: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4414:. Retrieved 4410:the original 4396: 4384:. Retrieved 4366: 4359: 4347:. Retrieved 4338: 4331: 4311: 4299:. Retrieved 4287: 4283:Science News 4281: 4271: 4259:. Retrieved 4255: 4245: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4143: 4137: 4116:. Retrieved 4109: 4082:. Retrieved 4075:the original 4061: 4040:cite journal 4029: 4017:. Retrieved 4002: 3995: 3983:. Retrieved 3979:the original 3968: 3941: 3935: 3900: 3896: 3886: 3877: 3860: 3851: 3825: 3812: 3803: 3794: 3759: 3755: 3745: 3732: 3723: 3714: 3705: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3666: 3646: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3616: 3604: 3579: 3559:, BIPM, 2000 3555: 3537: 3527: 3515:. Retrieved 3501: 3497: 3446: 3147: 3120: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3044: 3038: 3019: 3015: 2990: 2986: 2976: 2970: 2893: 2883:10 C/kg 2842:C⋅kg of air 2824: 2738: 2676: 2652: 2637: 2617: 2612: 2594: 2578: 2563: 2536: 2507: 2442:Trinity bomb 2405:reactor wall 2326:Ramsar, Iran 2248:Next to the 2170: 2116:Cecil Kelley 2101:Louis Slotin 1946:trip to Mars 1833:equivalent, 1738: 1691:cancer rates 1675: 1671: 1656: 1643: 1598: 1589: 1585:epidemiology 1562: 1559:Radiobiology 1547: 1543: 1538: 1531: 1527: 1525: 1518: 1504: 1501: 1493: 1486: 1484: 1478: 1473: 1465: 1461: 1459: 1453: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1428: 1426: 1416: 1414: 1400: 1398: 1389: 1380: 1372: 1080: 1076: 1074: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1054: 1052: 1040: 1036: 1022: 1011: 1001: 994: 990: 984: 980: 976: 969: 961: 884: 880: 840:2.5 + 3.25e 832:5.0 + 17.0e 824:2.5 + 18.2e 785: 780: 776: 770: 751: 747: 736: 731: 719: 715: 708: 701: 697: 692: 688: 686: 680: 675: 671: 666: 662: 654: 650: 646: 641: 637: 631: 620: 609: 573: 565: 557: 548: 541: 537: 533: 529: 505: 493: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 470: 465: 461: 459: 450: 442: 426: 418: 405: 397: 393: 380: 376: 372:In summary: 371: 366: 362: 358: 354: 352: 347: 345: 340: 336: 332: 317: 313: 309: 307: 300: 282: 263: 236: 207: 203: 201: 128: 123: 87:Unit of 36: 18:Microsievert 6319:Ultraviolet 6314:Radio waves 6087:Respirators 6019:Ion chamber 5807:Brady Haran 5694:14 November 5489:Gizmodo.com 5376:12 November 5279:11 November 5244:news.com.au 5079:Google Maps 5059:13 November 4880:12 February 4875:www.nrc.gov 4416:28 December 4114:. June 2010 3380:0.000001 Sv 2787:10 Bq 2729:equivalent 2720:Derivation 2620:SI prefixes 2609:common noun 2365:beach near 2252:(May 2019) 1950:cosmic rays 1867:Barium meal 1782:One set of 1136:bone marrow 837:> 50 MeV 396:: quantity 379:: quantity 255:probability 107:Named after 76:Unit system 53:Display of 7058:Categories 6748:Base units 6500:and health 6498:Radiation 6367:Cosmic ray 6147:Regulation 5524:31 January 5495:31 January 5467:31 January 5249:31 January 5223:1 December 4664:7 February 4473:7 February 3762:(1–3): 8. 3466:References 3362:0.0001 rem 3255:10000 μSv 2941:10 Gy 2800:10 s 2793:rutherford 2605:upper case 2369:, Brazil. 2035:Little Boy 1633:gamma rays 1573:Stochastic 1569:stochastic 1405:gamma rays 1248:Oesophagus 848:, charged 829:1 – 50 MeV 821:< 1 MeV 798:gamma rays 784:(formerly 623:stochastic 516:gamma rays 477:equivalent 445:dosimeters 292:Definition 216:stochastic 122:1 Sv 6891:steradian 6806:becquerel 6654:Half-life 6527:Dosimetry 6362:Gamma ray 6309:Microwave 6299:Starlight 6260:Radiation 6159:NRC (USA) 6108:HPS (USA) 6009:Dosimeter 5926:Becquerel 5873:Dosimetry 5635:(3). 1977 5596:1748-880X 5265:"Annex B" 4897:"NUKEMAP" 4514:0271-3586 4433:Radiology 4290:(13): 8. 4221:0036-8075 4168:0036-8075 3960:945569856 3919:0360-3016 3410:Becquerel 3386:0.001 mSv 3306:1000 μSv 2924:per gram 2815: Bq 2776:10 s 2745:becquerel 2711:Quantity 2570:CGS units 2488:Fukushima 2367:Guarapari 2031:gamma ray 1965:Cobalt-60 1835:per annum 1812:mammogram 1810:Two-view 1587:studies. 925:⋅ 906:∑ 766:Radiation 580:dosimeter 473:effective 224:dosimetry 206:(symbol: 7043:Category 6998:See also 6771:kilogram 6740:SI units 6304:Sunlight 6289:Infrared 6164:ONR (UK) 6154:IRR (UK) 6133:SRP (UK) 6072:Glovebox 5976:Roentgen 5809:for the 5758:19 March 5210:19454802 5150:Archived 4979:24 April 4958:21 April 4910:15 April 4828:18648557 4777:15 April 4723:22355606 4597:18046031 4522:11757053 4453:20736332 4229:23723233 4176:23723213 3927:16168825 3456:svedberg 3452:sverdrup 3431:Sverdrup 3399:See also 3368:0.1 mrem 3077:SI unit 3000:SI unit 2916:SI unit 2848:SI unit 2835:kilogram 2821:Exposure 2758:SI unit 2735:Activity 2611:; i.e., 2492:meltdown 2470:(4.6–5.6 2461:Typical 2413:coal ash 2363:monazite 2074:10 to 17 2066:in 1945 1944:6-month 1825:U.S. 10 1537:, where 817:neutrons 769:Energy ( 6959:hectare 6944:decibel 6886:sievert 6881:siemens 6811:coulomb 6761:candela 6515:chronic 6138:UNSCEAR 6103:Euratom 5986:Sievert 5520:. Tokyo 5330:5 March 5201:4030667 5180:Bibcode 4819:2477708 4751:20 June 4714:3216573 4693:Bibcode 4640:9166072 4605:2760372 4557:9227222 4316:RadSafe 4201:Bibcode 4192:Science 4148:Bibcode 4139:Science 3764:Bibcode 3738:Annex A 3504:(2–4). 3357:10 μSv 3337:0.00001 3331:1 mrem 3186:.000000 3168:100,000 3052:J⋅kg × 3045:sievert 2984:J⋅kg × 2977:sievert 2872:of air 2870: g 2854:röntgen 2831:coulomb 2717:Symbol 2613:sievert 2560:History 2476:530–650 2440:of the 2438:fallout 2391:(17–173 2187:<100 2027:neutron 1882:CT scan 1847:Annual 1841:1.5–1.7 1804:400–600 1731:on the 1682:granite 1605:UNSCEAR 1298:surface 1264:Thyroid 1216:Bladder 1200:Breasts 1184:Stomach 1111:ICRP103 846:protons 508:fluence 494:In the 394:sievert 324:by the 204:sievert 42:sievert 6974:minute 6934:dalton 6876:radian 6871:pascal 6861:newton 6786:second 6766:kelvin 6756:ampere 6697:, and 6217:, and 5732:19 May 5666: 5639:17 May 5609:18 May 5604:949584 5602: 5594: 5552:18 May 5208: 5198: 5130:19 May 5099: 5029:2 July 4855:19 May 4826: 4816: 4721: 4711: 4691:: 87. 4638: 4603: 4595: 4555: 4520: 4512: 4451: 4386:18 May 4377: 4349:31 May 4301:8 July 4261:31 May 4237:604569 4235: 4227: 4219: 4174: 4166: 4118:28 May 4084:18 May 4019:18 May 4010: 3985:18 May 3958: 3948: 3925: 3917: 3840: 3782: 3677: 3517:17 May 3508: 3392:1 μSv 3374:1 μSv 3280:1 mSv 3229:1 rem 3129:, and 2930:erg⋅g 2927:erg/g 2572:. The 2502:/30). 2473:MSv/a) 2452:MSv/a) 2427:kSv/a) 2352:mSv/a) 2335:mSv/a) 2294:mSv/a) 2239:mSv/a) 1581:causal 1577:random 1434:(10). 1119:Gonads 1106:ICRP60 1101:ICRP26 1093:Organs 1025:joules 956:where 871:nuclei 869:heavy 794:x-rays 586:, the 520:X-rays 305:says: 288:(Gy). 124:in ... 99:Symbol 59:Naraha 6989:tonne 6984:neper 6969:litre 6911:weber 6896:tesla 6851:lumen 6846:katal 6841:joule 6836:hertz 6831:henry 6821:farad 6776:metre 6510:acute 6407:X-ray 6294:Light 5779:(PDF) 5752:(PDF) 5688:(PDF) 5660:(PDF) 5572:(PDF) 5546:(PDF) 5398:(PDF) 5370:(PDF) 5324:(PDF) 5317:(PDF) 5300:(PDF) 5217:(PDF) 5168:(PDF) 5121:(PDF) 5049:(PDF) 4998:(PDF) 4952:(PDF) 4846:(PDF) 4660:. NRC 4601:S2CID 4469:. NRC 4371:(PDF) 4343:(PDF) 4233:S2CID 4106:(PDF) 4078:(PDF) 4071:(PDF) 3869:(PDF) 3822:(PDF) 3671:(PDF) 3438:Notes 3311:0.001 3286:0.001 3211:.0000 3178:1 Sv 3160:.0000 3123:curie 3112:1971 3074:1977 3026:1971 2997:1977 2958:1953 2933:1950 2913:1974 2875:1928 2866:0.001 2845:1974 2839:C/kg 2803:1946 2780:1953 2764:curie 2755:1974 2723:Year 2714:Unit 2531:body. 2433:mSv/h 2400:mSv/h 2394:Sv/a) 2383:mSv/h 2377:Sv/a) 2358:μSv/h 2315:mSv/a 2277:mSv/a 2263:(~900 2260:mSv/a 2218:mSv/a 2201:mSv/a 2190:nSv/h 2184:mSv/a 2181:<1 2042:4.5–6 1930:mSv: 1874:10–30 1367:1.00 1358:Total 1353:0.12 1339:0.01 1329:Brain 1323:0.01 1307:0.01 1290:0.01 1274:0.04 1258:0.04 1242:0.04 1232:Liver 1226:0.04 1210:0.12 1194:0.12 1178:0.12 1162:0.12 1152:Colon 1146:0.12 1129:0.08 1113:2007 850:pions 807:muons 606:units 576:gamma 512:kerma 6964:hour 6906:watt 6901:volt 6826:gray 6781:mole 6128:IRPA 6123:ICRP 6118:ICRU 6113:IAEA 5956:Gray 5760:2011 5734:2012 5696:2012 5664:ISBN 5641:2012 5611:2012 5600:PMID 5592:ISSN 5554:2012 5526:2021 5497:2021 5469:2021 5406:2021 5378:2012 5332:2013 5281:2012 5251:2021 5225:2012 5206:PMID 5132:2012 5097:ISBN 5061:2012 5031:2015 4981:2016 4960:2010 4912:2021 4882:2017 4857:2012 4824:PMID 4779:2019 4753:2019 4719:PMID 4666:2014 4636:PMID 4593:PMID 4553:PMID 4518:PMID 4510:ISSN 4475:2014 4449:PMID 4418:2018 4388:2012 4375:ISBN 4351:2012 4322:and 4303:2013 4263:2013 4225:PMID 4217:ISSN 4172:PMID 4164:ISSN 4120:2018 4086:2012 4053:help 4021:2012 4008:ISBN 3987:2012 3956:OCLC 3946:ISBN 3923:PMID 3915:ISSN 3838:ISBN 3780:ISBN 3675:ISBN 3519:2012 3506:ISBN 3454:and 3347:0.01 3325:mrem 3298:.000 3274:mrem 3247:.000 3237:0000 3235:0.01 3223:mrem 3219:1000 3196:.000 3194:1000 3172:mrem 3087:rem 3010:rem 2952:rad 2910:⋅kg 2900:gray 2879:2.58 2833:per 2701:edit 2694:talk 2687:view 2479:Sv/h 2458:Sv/h 2449:(2.3 2424:(1.7 2419:/a. 2397:2–20 2349:(800 2338:39.8 2332:(350 2297:5.19 2280:(2.7 2221:(270 2204:(100 2029:and 1985:mSv: 1974:mSv: 1960:mSv: 1941:mSv: 1927:160 1916:mSv: 1902:mSv: 1891:mSv: 1877:mSv: 1862:mSv: 1851:for 1844:mSv: 1822:mSv: 1807:μSv: 1793:μSv: 1779:μSv: 1776:5–10 1768:nSv: 1754:nSv: 1689:and 1567:and 1497:skin 1492:and 1490:lens 1364:1.00 1361:1.00 1350:0.05 1347:0.30 1304:0.01 1301:0.03 1296:Bone 1287:0.01 1280:Skin 1271:0.05 1268:0.03 1255:0.05 1239:0.05 1223:0.05 1207:0.05 1204:0.15 1191:0.12 1175:0.12 1172:0.12 1168:Lung 1159:0.12 1143:0.12 1140:0.12 1134:Red 1126:0.20 1123:0.25 1108:1990 1103:1977 518:and 475:and 464:and 377:gray 326:ICRU 286:gray 241:and 226:and 202:The 193:100 6939:day 6866:ohm 6856:lux 5981:Rem 5971:Rad 5584:doi 5196:PMC 5188:doi 4814:PMC 4806:doi 4709:PMC 4701:doi 4628:doi 4585:doi 4581:357 4545:doi 4502:doi 4441:doi 4437:257 4292:doi 4288:183 4209:doi 4197:340 4156:doi 4144:340 3905:doi 3830:doi 3772:doi 3351:mSv 3315:rem 3300:mSv 3288:000 3270:100 3264:rem 3262:000 3260:0.1 3249:mSv 3213:rem 3198:mSv 3162:rem 3158:100 3150:rem 3131:rem 3127:rad 3049:Sv 2981:Sv 2948:rad 2937:1.0 2922:erg 2904:Gy 2868:293 2862:esu 2812:000 2809:000 2797:Rd 2783:3.7 2772:3.7 2768:Ci 2749:Bq 2498:(LD 2484:BWR 2463:PWR 2455:270 2430:190 2318:(15 2312:130 2291:(46 2242:810 2215:2.4 2145:Sv: 2126:Sv: 2111:Sv: 2096:Sv: 2077:Sv: 2059:Sv: 2056:5.1 2045:Sv: 2022:Sv: 2007:Sv: 2004:4–5 1996:Sv: 1982:670 1971:500 1957:400 1938:250 1859:2–7 1827:CFR 1765:250 1733:MSL 1729:RAD 1693:). 1469:max 997:and 875:20 496:USA 369:". 278:CGS 274:rem 195:rem 185:CGS 7060:: 6693:, 6689:, 6213:, 6209:, 6205:, 5805:. 5801:. 5781:, 5627:. 5598:. 5590:. 5580:49 5578:. 5574:. 5514:. 5486:. 5460:. 5441:. 5422:. 5334:. 5267:. 5242:. 5204:. 5194:. 5186:. 5176:29 5174:. 5170:. 5123:. 5077:. 5051:. 5008:23 5006:. 5000:. 4937:^ 4903:. 4899:. 4873:. 4822:. 4812:. 4800:. 4796:. 4739:. 4717:. 4707:. 4699:. 4687:. 4683:. 4649:^ 4634:. 4624:70 4622:. 4599:. 4591:. 4579:. 4575:. 4551:. 4541:70 4539:. 4516:. 4508:. 4498:41 4496:. 4492:. 4447:. 4435:. 4404:. 4286:. 4280:. 4254:. 4231:. 4223:. 4215:. 4207:. 4195:. 4170:. 4162:. 4154:. 4142:. 4128:^ 4108:. 4094:^ 4044:: 4042:}} 4038:{{ 3954:. 3921:. 3913:. 3901:63 3899:. 3895:. 3836:, 3824:, 3778:. 3770:. 3760:21 3754:. 3683:, 3655:^ 3588:^ 3565:^ 3546:^ 3502:37 3496:. 3474:^ 3371:= 3341:Sv 3328:= 3323:.0 3290:Sv 3277:= 3272:.0 3245:10 3239:Sv 3226:= 3221:.0 3188:Sv 3175:= 3170:.0 3125:, 3100:× 3062:× 3041:) 2973:) 2896:) 2864:/ 2858:R 2827:) 2752:s 2741:) 2727:SI 2601:SI 2545:^ 2515:^ 2500:50 2417:Gy 2374:(9 2355:90 2274:24 2257:~8 2236:(8 2160:. 2142:64 2123:54 2108:36 2093:21 2084:. 2012:50 1913:80 1899:68 1888:50 1790:80 1751:98 1499:. 1471:. 1417:H' 1407:. 854:2 811:1 805:, 796:, 788:) 604:SI 590:. 584:UK 491:. 468:. 339:× 335:= 328:" 208:Sv 175:kg 102:Sv 81:SI 6732:e 6725:t 6718:v 6252:e 6245:t 6238:v 5846:e 5839:t 5832:v 5813:. 5762:. 5736:. 5698:. 5643:. 5633:1 5613:. 5586:: 5556:. 5528:. 5499:. 5471:. 5408:. 5380:. 5283:. 5253:. 5227:. 5190:: 5182:: 5134:. 5105:. 5081:. 5063:. 5033:. 4983:. 4962:. 4914:. 4884:. 4859:. 4830:. 4808:: 4802:5 4781:. 4755:. 4725:. 4703:: 4695:: 4689:1 4668:. 4642:. 4630:: 4607:. 4587:: 4559:. 4547:: 4524:. 4504:: 4477:. 4455:. 4443:: 4420:. 4390:. 4353:. 4305:. 4294:: 4265:. 4239:. 4211:: 4203:: 4178:. 4158:: 4150:: 4122:. 4088:. 4055:) 4051:( 4023:. 3989:. 3962:. 3929:. 3907:: 3871:. 3832:: 3788:. 3774:: 3766:: 3521:. 3458:. 3389:= 3383:= 3377:= 3365:= 3354:= 3349:0 3344:= 3339:0 3334:= 3321:1 3318:= 3313:0 3303:= 3296:1 3293:= 3283:= 3267:= 3252:= 3242:= 3232:= 3216:= 3209:1 3201:= 3191:= 3184:1 3181:= 3165:= 3106:T 3102:W 3097:R 3093:W 3068:T 3064:W 3059:R 3055:W 3039:E 3037:( 3020:R 3016:W 2991:R 2987:W 2971:H 2969:( 2939:× 2908:J 2894:D 2892:( 2881:× 2825:X 2823:( 2807:1 2785:× 2774:× 2739:A 2737:( 2585:R 2380:1 2198:1 2019:5 1993:1 1819:1 1640:. 1539:t 1535:T 1532:W 1528:t 1494:H 1487:H 1479:D 1466:E 1462:H 1454:H 1432:p 1429:H 1401:H 1336:— 1333:— 1320:— 1317:— 1284:— 1252:— 1236:— 1220:— 1188:— 1156:— 1081:T 1077:W 1068:R 1064:W 1059:T 1055:W 1041:T 1037:W 1004:R 1002:W 995:R 991:T 985:R 983:, 981:T 977:D 972:, 970:T 964:T 962:H 944:, 939:R 936:, 933:T 929:D 920:R 916:W 910:R 902:= 897:T 893:H 867:, 862:, 800:, 786:Q 781:R 777:W 773:) 771:E 752:R 748:W 739:R 737:W 720:R 716:W 702:T 698:W 693:R 689:W 681:E 676:R 672:W 667:T 663:W 655:T 651:H 647:R 642:R 638:W 408:. 406:Q 398:H 381:D 367:H 363:D 359:H 355:D 348:Q 341:D 337:Q 333:H 318:Q 314:D 310:H 173:⋅ 171:J 155:s 153:⋅ 151:m 94:) 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index