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of the military policy was not certain; some observers believe that Habré's former adversaries had been given symbolic positions having no real influence. The headquarters staff of FANT totaled about twenty officers and was composed of a number of bureaus patterned after those of the French military. Included were personnel (B-1), intelligence (B-2), operations (B-3), logistics (B-4), and communications (B-5). Other bureaus were tactics and recruitment. French advisers were detailed to all but the intelligence bureau.
257:). Article 21 of the Fundamental Law states that "under the authority of the President of the Republic, the Chief of State, and the government, the national army has the task of defending the national independence and unity, sovereignty, territorial integrity, the security of the country, and its preservation from subversion and any aggression. The army participates in the work of national reconstruction.
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fought his way back to N'Djamena by mid-1982. His occupation of the city was followed by victories in the south against his divided opponents). With most regions of the country now under his authority, Habré assumed the presidency, promulgated a provisional constitution, the
Fundamental Law of 1982, and introduced a cabinet and other institutions broadly representative of the existing political forces.
191:. In addition to strengthening the regular army, the government increased mobile security companies of the National Gendarmerie, equipped as light infantry, to a strength of more than 1,600 men. A third force, the National Guard (later known as the National and Nomad Guard), which had at least 3,501 members, provided security for officials, government buildings, and regional government posts.
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The creation of a five-member military cabinet attached to the presidency, on which several of the ethnic groups composing FANT were represented, was one of the measures adopted by Habré to provide a governmental role for his former opponents. The extent to which Habré relied on its advice on matters
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Habré, who had personally commanded the major element of the northern forces during most of the
Chadian Civil War, retained the title of supreme commander and a large measure of control over the military establishment. In addition to his positions as president and supreme commander, Habré had assumed
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Except for the small number of nomad guards, the army and other security components continued to be composed primarily of members from southern ethnic groups, especially Sara. Little effort was made to enlist northerners, who, in spite of their reputation as fierce warriors, were not attracted to the
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Prior to independence, the French forces had been reorganized to redeploy some of the
Chadian troops assigned to other African territories back into Chad. Following independence, Chad's army was created from southern troops that had served with the French army. Initially, the army was limited to 400
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Malloum's military regime insisted on the departure of the French troops. FAT, however, found itself increasingly unable to cope with the insurgency in the north, and, as a consequence, Malloum was obliged to invite the French back in 1978. As part of an effort at conciliation with one of the rebel
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as his personal bodyguard. During the early 1970s, Tombalbaye doubled the size of the
National and Nomad Guard and augmented the National Gendarmerie considerably. At the same time, he neglected and downgraded FAT, which the force interpreted as a lack of trust. These actions ultimately contributed
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Except for the north, which had been organized into a separate military region, the country was divided into twelve military zones, each with headquarters in a major town. The senior officer, generally a major of the
Presidential Guard, held command responsibility for any military units within his
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Internecine conflict in the late 1970s and early 1980s, however, prevented Chad from achieving political or military unity. Erstwhile comrades Habré and
Goukouni became bitter adversaries, and, with Libyan backing, Goukouni evicted Habré from the capital in 1980. Although forced to flee, Habré had
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By the late 1980s, Chad's national security establishment was a conglomeration of former rebel armies under the command of Habré, whose troops were mostly from the north. The evolution of the national security establishment from an army of mostly southerners was rapid. This change occurred between
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support, a reorganization of the armed forces was initiated early in 1991 with the goal of reducing the armed forces to 25,000. An essential element of this effort was to make the ethnic composition of the armed forces reflective of the country as a whole. Neither of these goals was achieved. The
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In 2004, the government discovered that many of the soldiers it was paying did not exist and that some officers were taking these salaries for themselves; it furthermore determined that there were only about 19,000 soldiers in the army, as opposed to the 24,000 that had been previously believed.
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Because the French army units in Chad provided security, a large indigenous force was unnecessary. Accordingly, the
Chadian army was deliberately restricted in size. By 1966, however, the departure of the French administration from sparsely populated Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Prefecture in the north
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The
Presidential Guard (Sécurité Presidentielle, SP) was responsible for the personal security of the president and performed other internal security duties as well. Although the Presidential Guard participated in combat missions, it functioned as an independent wing of the armed forces. The
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The
Fundamental Law, which remained in effect as of 1988, declares that the president is the supreme commander of the army and is authorized to appoint high-ranking military officers, such appointments to be subject to implementing decrees approved by the Council of Ministers (presidential
162:) also drew on Chadians in great numbers, enlarging the veteran population still further. Those men receiving pensions tended to form the economic elite in their villages. As southerners, they did not become involved in later insurgent movements that developed in central and northern Chad.
273:, formerly commander of the People's Armed Forces (Forces Armées Populaires, FAP), a rebel army in the north, was responsible for tactics and operations. Another former rebel leader, Oki Dagache Yaya, was the senior representative of the FAP units that had been integrated into FANT.
364:. There were numerous small rebellions in eastern Chad, even among the Zaghawa. In the mid- and late-1990s, a rebellion in the south by the FARF delayed the promised petrol development until it was crushed by government forces. Most recently, Youssouf Togoimi and his
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At the head of the military chain of command in 1988 was
Hassane Djamouss, the commander in chief of FANT and the battlefield commander during the succession of military victories over Libya. His senior deputy with responsibility for administration and logistics was
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the ministerial portfolio of national defense, veterans, and war victims. In a practical sense, however, in 1988 the Ministry of National Defense, Veterans, and War Victims was not a fully staffed government department independent of the military command structure.
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participated in a spectacular campaign that seized the entire Fezzan region of southern Libya. Colonel Leclerc's 3,200-man force included 2,700 Africans, the great majority of them southerners from Chad. These troops went on to contribute to the Allied victory in
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The military involvement also provided the country's first taste of relative prosperity. In addition to the wages paid its forces, Chad received economic benefits from three years of use as a major route for Allied supply convoys and flights to
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on December 1, 1990, to oust President Habré, was mainly Zaghawa, including a large number of Sudanese, many of whom were recruited while Déby was in the bush. Déby's coalition also included a small number of Hadjerais and southerners.
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and NCOs. Other soldiers were transferred into a larger paramilitary security force, the National Gendarmerie. Equipped with light arms and other supplies, the army used facilities inherited from the French units that it had replaced.
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Presidential Guard depended on FANT headquarters for administration and was officially part of FANT's structure, but it operated as a separate army, often in semisecrecy. Dominated by soldiers of Habré's ethnic group, the
390:. According to this plan, 80% of revenues would go into development sectors such as education and healthcare, however money was diverted towards military spending from the beginning. Chad ripped the original plan after a
368:(MDJT) were the most serious threat to DĂ©by's power. Since 1998, government and rebel forces have fought with little progress on either side. In January 2002, the government and the MDJT signed a formal peace accord.
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encouraged dissident forces in the central prefectures to rebel. In response, the government expanded its armed strength to a 700-man infantry battalion with supporting light artillery and also activated an air unit.
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was brought into the government. Habré rejected, however, the plan to integrate his FAN troops into the army, and his force soon demonstrated its superior resolution and strength by expelling Malloum's army from
132:(Afrique Equatoriale Française, AEF) were receiving military pensions. Many Chadian southerners, finding military life attractive, had remained in the French army, often becoming
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The continued insurgency necessitated the further enlargement of the army, to a total of 3,800 men by 1971. The army formed a paratroop company from 350 Chadians trained by
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were looked upon as an army of occupation. They imposed humiliating restrictions in the northern settlements, and their abusive behavior was a source of bitterness.
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285:, it enjoyed many privileges and was assigned the most modern transportation equipment and weaponry. In 1987 the 3,600-man force was commanded by Ahmed Gorou.
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War and rebellion continue to plague Chad. Following Déby's rise to power, Habré loyalists continued to fight government troops and rob civilians around
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ethnic group, had provided a large share of the Africans in the French army. Chadian troops also had contributed significantly to the success of the
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Chad's armed forces numbered about 36,000 at the end of the Habré regime, but swelled to an estimated 50,000 in the early days of Déby's rule. With
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405:. Later in the same year Chad sent 850 soldiers to MISCA, those were withdrawn in April 2014 after alleged human rights abuses.
116:. Chadians, in general, were proud of their soldiers' role in the efforts to liberate France and in the international conflict.
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started, which allowed it to add "national security" in top priorities, most of this money went into the military. During the
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dislodged Military Command Council for the Salvation of the Republic rebels from the town of Miski, near the border with
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Government crackdowns against the practice are thought to have been a factor in a failed military mutiny in May 2004.
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armoured car of the Chadian Army. President DĂ©by purchased a number of these vehicles from a Belgian firm in 2008.
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In 2003, Chad become an oil producer, and plans on how to spend oil revenues were created with the help of
340:, a member of the minority Zaghawa-related Bidyate clan and a top military commander, revolted and fled to
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April 1975, when Malloum assumed power, and early 1979, when the combined northern forces of Habré and
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designated zone. Subzones were located in smaller communities, usually under a lieutenant.
99:. In December 1940, two African battalions began the Free French military campaign against
211:, impelled him to strengthen further the internal security forces and to employ a unit of
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The Value of Disorder : Autonomy, Prosperity, and Plunder in the Chadian Sahara
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The Value of Disorder : Autonomy, Prosperity, and Plunder in the Chadian Sahara
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The Value of Disorder : Autonomy, Prosperity, and Plunder in the Chadian Sahara
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The Value of Disorder : Autonomy, Prosperity, and Plunder in the Chadian Sahara
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In January 2015, Chad started sending troops to its neighbors to help fight against
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achieved independence in 1960. At the time, it had no armed forces under its own
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military still numbers at least 30,000 men and is dominated by the Zaghawa.
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Chad spent estimated 600 million dollars on buying new military equipment.
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in 1975 that resulted in Tombalbaye's death and a new government under
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from a base in Chad, and at the end of 1941, a force under Colonel
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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740:"Chad Pushes Out 'Enemy Forces' in North After Heavy Fighting"
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professional army. Consequently, southern troops stationed in
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to the decision by a small group of officers to carry out a
783:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 294–302.
709:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 279–290.
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The growing unpopularity of the country's first president,
676:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 98–131.
638:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 91–98.
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308:The Military of Chad was dominated by members of
245:drove the southern-dominated FAT from N'Djamena.
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738:N'Doh Nadjitan, Daniel (November 19, 2018).
171:men, some Chadian officers and many French
87:, however, southern Chad, particularly the
366:Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad
779:Brachet, Julien; Scheele, Judith (2019).
705:Brachet, Julien; Scheele, Judith (2019).
672:Brachet, Julien; Scheele, Judith (2019).
634:Brachet, Julien; Scheele, Judith (2019).
64:Learn how and when to remove this message
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401:In 2013, Chad sent 2000 troops to join
328:ethnic groups during the presidency of
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581:(2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.:
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415:On 31 March 2020, Chad launched
197:Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Prefecture
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128:. By 1948 about 15,000 men in
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575:Collelo, Thomas, ed. (1990).
203:Military under Hissène Habré
140:as well. The French wars in
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619:: CS1 maint: postscript (
293:Military under Idriss DĂ©by
583:Federal Research Division
187:instructors at a base in
136:(NCOs); a few had earned
843:Military history of Chad
765:: 1–2 – via JSTOR.
134:noncommissioned officers
130:French Equatorial Africa
36:may need to be rewritten
757:Hicks, Celeste (2015).
816:public domain material
417:Operation Boma's Wrath
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269:. The second deputy,
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589:. pp. 175–179.
763:Africa Policy Brief
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166:Early years
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421:Boko Haram
410:Boko Haram
388:World Bank
336:president
332:. Current
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155:(1954–62;
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235:N'Djamena
142:Indochina
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419:against
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318:Kanembou
302:Eland 90
243:Goukouni
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185:Israeli
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189:Zaire
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