Knowledge

Multi-commodity flow problem

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can be modeled as an integer minimum cost multi-commodity flow problem: Values produced by instructions are source nodes, values consumed by instructions are sink nodes and registers as well as stack slots are edges.
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Add: Jean-Patrice Netter, Flow Augmenting Meshings: a primal type of approach to the maximum integer flow in a multi-commodity network, Ph.D dissertation Johns Hopkins University, 1971
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otherwise (i.e. "single path routing"). Find an assignment of all flow variables which satisfies the following four constraints:
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are generalizations of all flow problems. That is, any flow problem can be viewed as a particular circulation problem.
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S. Even and A. Itai and A. Shamir (1976). "On the Complexity of Timetable and Multicommodity Flow Problems".
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Even, S.; Itai, A.; Shamir, A. (1975). "On the complexity of time table and multi-commodity flow problems".
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In the decision version of problems, the problem of producing an integer flow satisfying all demands is
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https://web.archive.org/web/20130306031532/http://typo.zib.de/opt-long_projects/Software/Mcf/
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The minimum cost variant of the multi-commodity flow problem is a generalization of the
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If fractional flows are allowed, the problem can be solved in polynomial time through
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with multiple commodities (flow demands) between different source and sink nodes.
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Proceedings of the thirteenth annual ACM-SIAM symposium on Discrete algorithms
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Multicommodity flow is applied in the overlay routing in content delivery.
2383:"Faster approximation schemes for fractional multicommodity flow problems" 2303: 2176:, even for only two commodities and unit capacities (making the problem 650:
The sum of all flows routed over a link does not exceed its capacity.
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16th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (SFCS 1975)
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Ahuja, Ravindra K.; Magnanti, Thomas L.; Orlin, James B. (1993).
2346:(3rd ed.). MIT Press and McGraw–Hill. p. 862. 1407:
is the attempt to route flows such that the utilization
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in case the flow can be split among multiple paths, and
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would be approached via multi-commodity flow formulas.
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Network Flows. Theory, Algorithms, and Applications
784:The amount of a flow entering an intermediate node 2126: 2106: 2075: 2020: 1885: 1852: 1789: 1704: 1671: 1598: 1472: 1434: 1388: 1199: 1010: 796: 770: 636: 575: 514: 481: 460: 417: 389: 360: 332: 304: 231: 172: 151: 115: 77: 2211:Papers by Clifford Stein about this problem: 1609:The problem can be solved e.g. by minimizing 1024:A flow must exit its source node completely. 8: 2366:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1672:{\displaystyle \sum _{u,v\in V}(U(u,v))^{2}} 1250: 1232: 1213:A flow must enter its sink node completely. 1061: 1043: 841: 823: 631: 619: 2213:http://www.columbia.edu/~cs2035/papers/#mcf 2189:fully polynomial time approximation schemes 305:{\displaystyle \,K_{i}=(s_{i},t_{i},d_{i})} 2119: 2099: 2067: 2057: 2046: 2040: 2007: 1979: 1969: 1958: 1907: 1901: 1867: 1865: 1809: 1802:minimum cost multi-commodity flow problem 1754: 1749: 1720: 1690: 1684: 1663: 1620: 1614: 1567: 1539: 1529: 1518: 1511: 1488: 1447: 1412: 1365: 1352: 1324: 1308: 1289: 1261: 1256: 1221: 1211:(4) Flow conservation at the destination: 1182: 1163: 1135: 1113: 1100: 1072: 1067: 1032: 1002: 989: 964: 936: 908: 880: 852: 847: 812: 789: 741: 713: 703: 692: 687: 658: 595: 590: 588: 534: 529: 527: 496: 494: 475: 473: 437: 432: 430: 409: 404: 402: 383: 381: 352: 347: 345: 324: 319: 317: 293: 280: 267: 251: 246: 244: 223: 204: 191: 185: 166: 164: 130: 128: 90: 56: 54: 18:Minimum cost multi-commodity flow problem 232:{\displaystyle K_{1},K_{2},\dots ,K_{k}} 2414:Algorithmic Nuggets in Content Delivery 2229: 782:(2) Flow conservation on transit nodes: 637:{\displaystyle \,f_{i}(u,v)\in \{0,1\}} 2359: 2187:, or through (typically much faster) 2094:(in which there is merely one source 7: 2076:{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{k}d_{i}} 2033:maximum multi-commodity flow problem 1022:(3) Flow conservation at the source: 2256:(PhD). Carnegie Mellon University. 1400:Corresponding optimization problems 1853:{\displaystyle a(u,v)\cdot f(u,v)} 1722: 1223: 1034: 974: 971: 968: 965: 814: 660: 27:Network flow problem (mathematics) 25: 2147:Routing and wavelength assignment 804:is the same that exits the node. 576:{\displaystyle \,f_{i}(u,v)\in } 978: 963: 2217:Software solving the problem: 1997: 1985: 1951: 1939: 1920: 1908: 1880: 1868: 1847: 1835: 1826: 1814: 1784: 1772: 1737: 1725: 1660: 1656: 1644: 1638: 1590: 1578: 1557: 1545: 1505: 1493: 1461: 1449: 1429: 1417: 1377: 1358: 1337: 1325: 1314: 1295: 1274: 1262: 1188: 1169: 1148: 1136: 1125: 1106: 1085: 1073: 954: 942: 921: 909: 898: 886: 865: 853: 765: 753: 731: 719: 675: 663: 613: 601: 570: 558: 552: 540: 509: 497: 455: 443: 299: 260: 146: 134: 104: 92: 72: 60: 1: 1893:. You then need to minimize 468:defines the fraction of flow 461:{\displaystyle \,f_{i}(u,v)} 425:is its demand. The variable 32:multi-commodity flow problem 2456: 2381:George Karakostas (2002). 2343:Introduction to Algorithms 2086:Relation to other problems 1473:{\displaystyle (u,v)\in E} 116:{\displaystyle (u,v)\in E} 2277:SIAM Journal on Computing 2252:Koes, David Ryan (2009). 2092:minimum cost flow problem 152:{\displaystyle \,c(u,v)} 78:{\displaystyle \,G(V,E)} 2151:optical burst switching 1886:{\displaystyle \,(u,v)} 1705:{\displaystyle U_{max}} 515:{\displaystyle \,(u,v)} 418:{\displaystyle \,d_{i}} 361:{\displaystyle \,t_{i}} 333:{\displaystyle \,s_{i}} 2128: 2108: 2077: 2062: 2022: 1974: 1887: 1860:for sending a flow on 1854: 1791: 1706: 1673: 1600: 1534: 1474: 1436: 1435:{\displaystyle U(u,v)} 1390: 1201: 1012: 798: 772: 708: 638: 577: 516: 483: 462: 419: 391: 362: 334: 306: 233: 174: 153: 117: 79: 2129: 2109: 2078: 2042: 2023: 1954: 1888: 1855: 1792: 1707: 1674: 1601: 1514: 1475: 1437: 1391: 1202: 1013: 799: 773: 688: 639: 578: 517: 484: 463: 420: 392: 363: 335: 307: 234: 175: 154: 118: 80: 2440:NP-complete problems 2435:Network flow problem 2330:Charles E. Leiserson 2304:10.1109/SFCS.1975.21 2298:. pp. 184–193. 2283:(4). SIAM: 691–703. 2178:strongly NP-complete 2118: 2098: 2039: 1900: 1864: 1808: 1719: 1683: 1613: 1487: 1446: 1411: 1220: 1031: 811: 788: 657: 587: 526: 493: 472: 429: 401: 380: 344: 316: 243: 184: 163: 127: 89: 53: 36:network flow problem 2161:Register allocation 2136:circulation problem 2134:). Variants of the 482:{\displaystyle \,i} 390:{\displaystyle \,i} 173:{\displaystyle \,k} 2206:External resources 2185:linear programming 2124: 2104: 2073: 2018: 1930: 1883: 1850: 1804:, there is a cost 1787: 1702: 1669: 1637: 1596: 1470: 1432: 1386: 1347: 1284: 1197: 1158: 1095: 1008: 931: 875: 794: 768: 648:(1) Link capacity: 634: 573: 512: 479: 458: 415: 387: 358: 330: 302: 229: 170: 149: 113: 75: 2353:978-0-262-03384-8 2127:{\displaystyle t} 2107:{\displaystyle s} 1903: 1616: 1594: 1320: 1257: 1131: 1068: 904: 848: 797:{\displaystyle u} 16:(Redirected from 2447: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2365: 2357: 2334:Ronald L. Rivest 2326:Thomas H. Cormen 2322: 2316: 2315: 2292: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2241:. Prentice Hall. 2234: 2180:in this case). 2133: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2113: 2111: 2110: 2105: 2082: 2080: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2071: 2061: 2056: 2027: 2025: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2012: 2011: 1984: 1983: 1973: 1968: 1929: 1892: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1859: 1857: 1856: 1851: 1796: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1765: 1764: 1711: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1701: 1700: 1678: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1667: 1636: 1605: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1544: 1543: 1533: 1528: 1512: 1479: 1477: 1476: 1471: 1441: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1395: 1393: 1392: 1387: 1370: 1369: 1357: 1356: 1346: 1313: 1312: 1294: 1293: 1283: 1206: 1204: 1203: 1198: 1187: 1186: 1168: 1167: 1157: 1118: 1117: 1105: 1104: 1094: 1017: 1015: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1006: 994: 993: 977: 941: 940: 930: 885: 884: 874: 803: 801: 800: 795: 777: 775: 774: 769: 746: 745: 718: 717: 707: 702: 643: 641: 640: 635: 600: 599: 582: 580: 579: 574: 539: 538: 521: 519: 518: 513: 488: 486: 485: 480: 467: 465: 464: 459: 442: 441: 424: 422: 421: 416: 414: 413: 396: 394: 393: 388: 367: 365: 364: 359: 357: 356: 339: 337: 336: 331: 329: 328: 311: 309: 308: 303: 298: 297: 285: 284: 272: 271: 256: 255: 238: 236: 235: 230: 228: 227: 209: 208: 196: 195: 179: 177: 176: 171: 158: 156: 155: 150: 122: 120: 119: 114: 84: 82: 81: 76: 21: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2448: 2446: 2445: 2444: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2401: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2358: 2354: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2293: 2289:10.1137/0205048 2274: 2273: 2269: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2208: 2200: 2194: 2170: 2155:Optical Network 2144: 2116: 2115: 2096: 2095: 2088: 2063: 2037: 2036: 2003: 1975: 1935: 1931: 1898: 1897: 1862: 1861: 1806: 1805: 1750: 1717: 1716: 1686: 1681: 1680: 1659: 1611: 1610: 1574: 1563: 1535: 1513: 1485: 1484: 1480:is even, where 1444: 1443: 1409: 1408: 1402: 1361: 1348: 1304: 1285: 1218: 1217: 1178: 1159: 1109: 1096: 1029: 1028: 998: 985: 932: 876: 809: 808: 786: 785: 737: 709: 655: 654: 591: 585: 584: 530: 524: 523: 491: 490: 470: 469: 433: 427: 426: 405: 399: 398: 378: 377: 348: 342: 341: 320: 314: 313: 289: 276: 263: 247: 241: 240: 219: 200: 187: 182: 181: 161: 160: 125: 124: 87: 86: 51: 50: 44: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2453: 2451: 2443: 2442: 2437: 2427: 2426: 2419: 2418: 2406: 2399: 2373: 2352: 2340:(2009). "29". 2338:Clifford Stein 2317: 2267: 2244: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2215: 2207: 2204: 2199: 2196: 2169: 2166: 2143: 2140: 2123: 2103: 2087: 2084: 2070: 2066: 2060: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2029: 2028: 2016: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1972: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1798: 1797: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1607: 1606: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1532: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1405:Load balancing 1401: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1208: 1207: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1019: 1018: 1005: 1001: 997: 992: 988: 984: 981: 976: 973: 970: 967: 962: 959: 956: 953: 950: 947: 944: 939: 935: 929: 926: 923: 920: 917: 914: 911: 907: 903: 900: 897: 894: 891: 888: 883: 879: 873: 870: 867: 864: 861: 858: 855: 851: 846: 843: 840: 837: 834: 831: 828: 825: 822: 819: 816: 793: 779: 778: 767: 764: 761: 758: 755: 752: 749: 744: 740: 736: 733: 730: 727: 724: 721: 716: 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2148: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2121: 2114:and one sink 2101: 2093: 2085: 2083: 2068: 2064: 2058: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2043: 2034: 2014: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1980: 1976: 1970: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1936: 1932: 1926: 1923: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1904: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1832: 1829: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1811: 1803: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1769: 1766: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1687: 1664: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1641: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1575: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1540: 1536: 1530: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1508: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1490: 1483: 1482: 1481: 1467: 1464: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1442:of all links 1426: 1423: 1420: 1414: 1406: 1399: 1383: 1380: 1374: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1353: 1349: 1343: 1340: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1321: 1317: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1298: 1290: 1286: 1280: 1277: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1258: 1253: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1229: 1226: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1212: 1194: 1191: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1164: 1160: 1154: 1151: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1132: 1128: 1122: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1101: 1097: 1091: 1088: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1069: 1064: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1040: 1037: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1023: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 986: 982: 979: 960: 957: 951: 948: 945: 937: 933: 927: 924: 918: 915: 912: 905: 901: 895: 892: 889: 881: 877: 871: 868: 862: 859: 856: 849: 844: 838: 835: 832: 829: 826: 820: 817: 807: 806: 805: 791: 783: 762: 759: 756: 750: 747: 742: 738: 734: 728: 725: 722: 714: 710: 704: 699: 696: 693: 689: 684: 681: 678: 672: 669: 666: 653: 652: 651: 649: 645: 628: 625: 622: 616: 610: 607: 604: 596: 592: 567: 564: 561: 555: 549: 546: 543: 535: 531: 506: 503: 500: 476: 452: 449: 446: 438: 434: 410: 406: 384: 376:of commodity 375: 371: 353: 349: 325: 321: 294: 290: 286: 281: 277: 273: 268: 264: 257: 252: 248: 239:, defined by 224: 220: 216: 213: 210: 205: 201: 197: 192: 188: 167: 143: 140: 137: 131: 123:has capacity 110: 107: 101: 98: 95: 85:, where edge 69: 66: 63: 57: 49: 41: 39: 37: 33: 19: 2421: 2409: 2386: 2376: 2342: 2320: 2295: 2280: 2276: 2270: 2253: 2247: 2238: 2232: 2201: 2198:Applications 2193: 2182: 2171: 2159: 2145: 2089: 2032: 2030: 1801: 1799: 1608: 1404: 1403: 1210: 1209: 1021: 1020: 781: 780: 647: 646: 373: 369: 180:commodities 159:. There are 48:flow network 45: 31: 29: 2416:sigcomm.org 2389:. pp.  2174:NP-complete 489:along edge 2429:Categories 2225:References 42:Definition 2362:cite book 2168:Solutions 2149:(RWA) in 2044:∑ 2001:⋅ 1956:∑ 1924:∈ 1905:∑ 1830:⋅ 1767:≥ 1741:∈ 1723:∀ 1631:∈ 1618:∑ 1561:⋅ 1516:∑ 1465:∈ 1341:∈ 1322:∑ 1318:− 1278:∈ 1259:∑ 1242:… 1230:∈ 1224:∀ 1152:∈ 1133:∑ 1129:− 1089:∈ 1070:∑ 1053:… 1041:∈ 1035:∀ 983:≠ 925:∈ 906:∑ 902:− 869:∈ 850:∑ 833:… 821:∈ 815:∀ 748:≤ 735:⋅ 690:∑ 679:∈ 661:∀ 617:∈ 556:∈ 214:… 108:∈ 2312:18449466 2262:26416771 1712:, where 522:, where 312:, where 46:Given a 2391:166–173 2031:In the 1800:In the 368:is the 2397:  2350:  2336:, and 2310:  2260:  397:, and 370:source 2308:S2CID 2258:S2CID 2142:Usage 34:is a 2395:ISBN 2368:link 2348:ISBN 374:sink 372:and 340:and 30:The 2300:doi 2285:doi 2153:of 2431:: 2393:. 2385:. 2364:}} 2360:{{ 2332:, 2328:, 2306:. 2279:. 2191:. 2403:. 2370:) 2356:. 2314:. 2302:: 2291:. 2287:: 2281:5 2264:. 2122:t 2102:s 2069:i 2065:d 2059:k 2054:1 2051:= 2048:i 2015:) 2009:i 2005:d 1998:) 1995:v 1992:, 1989:u 1986:( 1981:i 1977:f 1971:k 1966:1 1963:= 1960:i 1952:) 1949:v 1946:, 1943:u 1940:( 1937:a 1933:( 1927:E 1921:) 1918:v 1915:, 1912:u 1909:( 1881:) 1878:v 1875:, 1872:u 1869:( 1848:) 1845:v 1842:, 1839:u 1836:( 1833:f 1827:) 1824:v 1821:, 1818:u 1815:( 1812:a 1785:) 1782:v 1779:, 1776:u 1773:( 1770:U 1762:x 1759:a 1756:m 1752:U 1747:: 1744:E 1738:) 1735:v 1732:, 1729:u 1726:( 1698:x 1695:a 1692:m 1688:U 1665:2 1661:) 1657:) 1654:v 1651:, 1648:u 1645:( 1642:U 1639:( 1634:V 1628:v 1625:, 1622:u 1591:) 1588:v 1585:, 1582:u 1579:( 1576:c 1569:i 1565:d 1558:) 1555:v 1552:, 1549:u 1546:( 1541:i 1537:f 1531:k 1526:1 1523:= 1520:i 1509:= 1506:) 1503:v 1500:, 1497:u 1494:( 1491:U 1468:E 1462:) 1459:v 1456:, 1453:u 1450:( 1430:) 1427:v 1424:, 1421:u 1418:( 1415:U 1384:1 1381:= 1378:) 1375:w 1372:, 1367:i 1363:t 1359:( 1354:i 1350:f 1344:E 1338:) 1335:u 1332:, 1329:w 1326:( 1315:) 1310:i 1306:t 1302:, 1299:w 1296:( 1291:i 1287:f 1281:E 1275:) 1272:w 1269:, 1266:u 1263:( 1254:: 1251:} 1248:k 1245:, 1239:, 1236:1 1233:{ 1227:i 1195:1 1192:= 1189:) 1184:i 1180:s 1176:, 1173:w 1170:( 1165:i 1161:f 1155:E 1149:) 1146:u 1143:, 1140:w 1137:( 1126:) 1123:w 1120:, 1115:i 1111:s 1107:( 1102:i 1098:f 1092:E 1086:) 1083:w 1080:, 1077:u 1074:( 1065:: 1062:} 1059:k 1056:, 1050:, 1047:1 1044:{ 1038:i 1004:i 1000:t 996:, 991:i 987:s 980:u 975:n 972:e 969:h 966:w 961:0 958:= 955:) 952:u 949:, 946:w 943:( 938:i 934:f 928:E 922:) 919:u 916:, 913:w 910:( 899:) 896:w 893:, 890:u 887:( 882:i 878:f 872:E 866:) 863:w 860:, 857:u 854:( 845:: 842:} 839:k 836:, 830:, 827:1 824:{ 818:i 792:u 766:) 763:v 760:, 757:u 754:( 751:c 743:i 739:d 732:) 729:v 726:, 723:u 720:( 715:i 711:f 705:k 700:1 697:= 694:i 685:: 682:E 676:) 673:v 670:, 667:u 664:( 632:} 629:1 626:, 623:0 620:{ 614:) 611:v 608:, 605:u 602:( 597:i 593:f 571:] 568:1 565:, 562:0 559:[ 553:) 550:v 547:, 544:u 541:( 536:i 532:f 510:) 507:v 504:, 501:u 498:( 477:i 456:) 453:v 450:, 447:u 444:( 439:i 435:f 411:i 407:d 385:i 354:i 350:t 326:i 322:s 300:) 295:i 291:d 287:, 282:i 278:t 274:, 269:i 265:s 261:( 258:= 253:i 249:K 225:k 221:K 217:, 211:, 206:2 202:K 198:, 193:1 189:K 168:k 147:) 144:v 141:, 138:u 135:( 132:c 111:E 105:) 102:v 99:, 96:u 93:( 73:) 70:E 67:, 64:V 61:( 58:G 20:)

Index

Minimum cost multi-commodity flow problem
network flow problem
flow network
minimum cost flow problem
circulation problem
Routing and wavelength assignment
optical burst switching
Optical Network
Register allocation
NP-complete
strongly NP-complete
linear programming
fully polynomial time approximation schemes
http://www.columbia.edu/~cs2035/papers/#mcf
https://web.archive.org/web/20130306031532/http://typo.zib.de/opt-long_projects/Software/Mcf/
S2CID
26416771
doi
10.1137/0205048
doi
10.1109/SFCS.1975.21
S2CID
18449466
Thomas H. Cormen
Charles E. Leiserson
Ronald L. Rivest
Clifford Stein
Introduction to Algorithms
ISBN
978-0-262-03384-8

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