845:
59:
240:
47:
1341:
1373:. The number of employees of the Committee for Public Security was cut by 30% in central headquarters and by 40–50% in local structures. The huge network of secret informers was also substantially reduced and the most implicated functionaries of the Ministry of Public Security were arrested. Surveillance and repressive activities were reduced; in the majority of factories, special cells of public security, set up to spy on workers, were secretly closed.
1014:
676:
introduced, which allowed for the sentencing of civil persons before military tribunals including young people and children. The courts were concerned with the alleged crimes, not the age and the maturity of its victims. For many years, the public prosecutors and judges as well as functionaries of the
Ministry of Public Security, Security Service of the Ministry of Interior (SB) and
395:
813:, embarrassing the authorities in Warsaw. Światło had intimate knowledge of the internal politics of the Polish government, especially the activities of the various secret services. Over the course of the following months, American newspapers and Radio Free Europe reported extensively on political repression in Poland based on Światło revelations, including the
729:
880:. The Ministry of Public Security structure was being changed constantly from January 1945 on, as the Ministry expanded. It was divided into departments and each department was subdivided into sections entrusted with different tasks. In January 1945, the largest and the most important department in UB was Department One, responsible for
857:
358:
technical-operational and accounting departments of the MBP remained in the committee. It therefore maintained full surveillance and repression capabilities. Several people were removed from prominent positions, but the personal continuity of the MBP-KdsBP management was maintained. In 1956 the marginally less repressive
739:
1316:
In 1953, in the field, there were 17 Voivode
Offices of Public Security (WUBP), and 2 Regional Offices of Public Security on the order of WUBP. There were 268 District Offices of Public Security (PUBP) and 5 City Offices of Public Security (MUBP), which operated as District Offices of Public Security
2294:"Doomed Soldiers, About - This Project Is An All Volunteer Effort Dedicated To the Preservation of history of the fallen Polish Underground Soldiers From Home Army (Armia Krajowa), WiN (Wolnosc i Niezawislosc), NSZ (Narodowe Sily Zbrojne), ROAK, And Other Patriotic Polish Underground Organizations"
565:
GZI WP) were infiltrated by Soviet intelligence and counter-intelligence officers, who served as the main guarantee of pro-Soviet policy of the new Polish socialist state. The Red Army provided assistance to MPB not only in the form of advisors, but also with their own paramilitary units including
675:
Overall, in the years 1944–1956 around 300,000 Polish citizens had been arrested, of whom many thousands were sentenced to long-term imprisonment. There were 6,000 death sentences pronounced, the majority of them carried out "in the majesty of the law". A special disciplinary legislation had been
357:
The
Ministry of Public Security was replaced by a short-lived Committee for Public Security (1954–1956). Propaganda publicized these events, although the changes were in reality cosmetic. The competences of the MBP were taken over by the KdsBP, headed by Władysław Dworakowski. All operational,
612:
in the USSR. In 1941–1945, he was the First Deputy People's
Commissar of the State Security and later – Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union. Once he became main advisor to the UB in March 1945, Ivan Serov oversaw the kidnapping of 16 top Polish politicians and
1396:(Citizens' Militia, MO) police force, correctional facilities, fire and rescue forces, and the border guard. In 1956 the Committee was dissolved, most of its functions merged into Ministry of Interior; the secret police was renamed to the 'Security Service' (
1278:
700:, who opposed the new occupiers and attacked the Stalinist strongholds, were eventually hunted down by UB security services and assassination squads. The underground structures had been destroyed, and most members of the Armia Krajowa and
426:
by the advancing Red Army. PKWN was proclaimed "the only legitimate Polish government" by Stalin, with full political control and Soviet sponsorship. Within the PKWN's internal structure, there were thirteen departments called
342:. Throughout its existence, the UB was responsible for brutally beating, arresting, imprisoning, torturing and murdering at least tens of thousands of political opponents and suspects as well as taking part in actions such as
647:
laid down their arms, granted an official amnesty (lasting till
October 15). Most were arrested by UB on the spot, tortured and tried for treason. The UB carried out brutal pacification of civilians, mass arrests (see:
604:, a well-trained Stalinist experienced with Soviet security organs. Serov became commander of the NKVD-run militsiya during World War II. He worked as chief of the NKVD Secret Political Department, before becoming
1348:
The highly publicized defection of
Colonel Światło, not to mention the general hatred of the Ministry of Public Security among the Polish public led to changes in late 1954. In December of that year, the
2240:
2517:
798:
The two officials traveled to Berlin and spoke with Mielke. On
December 5, 1953, the day after meeting Mielke, Światło defected to the United States through their military mission in
2948:
1538:. The victims' bodies – often placed naked in cement bags – were wheeled out at night and buried in unmarked graves in the vicinity of various Warsaw cemeteries and in open fields.
2811:
338:
The
Ministry of Public Security was established on 1 January 1945 and ceased operations on 7 December 1954. It was the chief secret service in communist Poland during the period of
697:
630:
3115:
3046:
677:
562:
1381:
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In 1950s
Ministry of Public Security employed around 32,000 people. Also, UB had control over 41,000 soldiers, including 29,053 privates and 2,356 officers of the
2217:
3110:
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Two new departments were formed in addition to departments and sections created for the Resort
Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego (RBP) forming the core of
1380:
and counter-espionage, government security and the secret police. From September 3, 1955 to November 28, 1956 it also controlled the Polish Army's
3080:
2823:
2650:
525:), 32,000 officers and soldiers in the Border guard (Wojska Ochrony Pogranicza), 10,000 prison officers (Straż Więzienna), and 125,000 members of
411:
202:, from 1949 Commission of the Secretariat of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers Party for Public Security
3085:
3056:
1013:
962:. In July 1946, further changes were enacted. UB was divided into eight (8) departments, five of which dealt with operational cases, including
2852:
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2551:
2459:
2364:
2331:
2171:
2033:
2016:
1878:
833:
389:
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1377:
1297:, or WUBP). Each WUBP had 308 full-time UB officers and employees on staff. Beside WUBP, there were also City Offices of Public Security (
661:
1987:
609:
546:
3029:
2929:
2923:
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2599:
2589:
2415:
2411:
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1981:
1973:
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58:
1017:
Ministry of Public Security organization for 1953, (Organizacja Ministerstwa Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego na rok 1953, M Malinowski)
844:
2880:
2709:
2642:
1547:
657:
653:
640:
2885:
809:Światło's defection was widely publicized in the United States and Europe by the American authorities, as well as in Poland via
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1002:
877:
818:
750:
310:
239:
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1354:
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1329:
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362:(SB) replaced the committee in 1956. All secret servicemen, functionaries, and employees were widely known by the public as
2199:
1824:
2935:
2837:
2742:
2244:
3014:
849:
471:
199:
2414:, Warsaw, 2004 (Methods of operative work of Security organs against churches and trade unions 1945–1989, published by
2584:
1392:
and counter espionage service. The Ministry of Interior was responsible for the supervision of local governments, the
2993:
2719:
2475:
1757:
Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947
1362:
443:
275:
157:
993:
counter-intelligence. The Special Office conducted surveillance on members of the MPB itself. On March 2, 1949, the
2704:
1689:
781:
439:
1480:
1328:, in 1953, there was one UB officer for every 800 Polish citizens. Never again, in the 45-year-old history of the
1181:
825:
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of prisoners under interrogation and politically motivated executions. Światło also detailed struggles inside the
3051:
2732:
1901:
359:
243:
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2425:
701:
669:
550:
332:
318:
228:
2452:
Historyczno-prawna analiza struktur organów bezpieczeństwa państwa w Polsce Ludowej (1944-1990). Zbiór studiów
1797:
350:, but its branches and places of detention were scattered across the entire country, the most infamous being
3041:
1601:
1559:
1517:
1506:
1492:
1350:
1027:
713:
709:
685:
514:
503:
432:
302:
213:
186:
178:
1034:
458:). All departments were renamed: the Department of Public Security became the Ministry of Public Security (
431:. One of these was the Department of Public Security (Resort Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego) or RBP, headed by
3130:
3024:
482:, monitoring anti-state activity in Poland and abroad, monitoring government and civilian communications (
422:
on the initiative of Polish communists, in order to assume control over Polish territories liberated from
407:
2917:
2441:
1500:
765:
742:
665:
553:
was stationed in Poland until 1956. The command and administrative structure of the Polish Armed Forces,
2874:
2435:
2350:
2159:
1666:
1093:
1038:
1023:
1661:
1595:
1401:
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and by December, Światło had been flown to Washington D.C, where he underwent an extensive debriefing.
605:
46:
17:
1736:, a concentration camp for Silesians, Germans, and Poles, operated in 1945 by the Polish secret police
1357:
decided to replace the ministry with two separate administrations: the Committee for Public Security (
2998:
1681:
1625:
1112:
1077:
1046:
689:
618:
558:
479:
2372:
2561:
2421:
1955:
1727:
1630:
1613:
1393:
1310:
649:
522:
218:
130:
2039:
1317:(PUBP). Together, they employed 33,200 permanent officers, of which 7,500 were stationed in their
824:
Among other activities, Światło had been ordered to falsify evidence that was used to incriminate
2311:
2092:
1844:
1722:
1325:
954:
762:
575:
491:
2949:
Centre for Radioelectronic Combat Reconnaissance and Support ″Lieutenant Colonel Jan Kowalewski″
2117:
1340:
1305:
or PUBP), with 51 officers and employees; and finally, the Communal Offices of Public Security (
1062:
754:
1301:
or MUBP), with 148 MPB officers and employees; as well as District Offices of Public Security (
2942:
2455:
2408:
Metody Pracy Operacyjnej Aparatu Bezpieczństwa wobec kościołów i związków zawodowych 1945–1989
2360:
2327:
2223:
2167:
2163:
2071:
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1977:
1959:
1913:
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1874:
1830:
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1733:
1697:
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1535:
1469:
829:
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681:
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351:
343:
271:
2495:
2454:. Warsaw: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu.
1671:
1097:
639:
Infiltrated by NKGB and NKVD agents – the Ministry of Public Security was well known for its
490:, maintaining prisons, fire services, rescue services, and border patrol; as well as several
470:
From the end of the 1940s to 1954, the Ministry of Public Security – operating alongside the
2778:
1512:
1050:
946:
126:
2293:
2842:
2104:
1856:
1780:
1573:
1486:
1429:
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1151:
1070:
889:
693:
634:
451:
255:
134:
1587:
1581:
1116:
792:
745:, born Izaak Fleischfarb, defected to the West and spoke publicly of UB's brutal actions
506:(the Polish Military Intelligence). Military and civilian intelligence merged to become
1686:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1578:
705:
399:
314:
2385:
Special Operations: from Bierut to Ochab, Secret History of Poland series, Warsaw 1996
3074:
2526:
2152:
2137:
by Boris Shub and Bernard Quint, Swen Publications, New York, Manila, 1951. Page 121.
1893:
1781:
Polish Secret Police, The "Bezpieka": Dossiers of Polish secret police functionaries.
1655:
1465:
1438:
1226:
868:
The political and administrative matters of the Ministry came under the authority of
777:
598:
263:
2678:
2571:
2546:
2530:
1651:
1567:
1556:
1421:
1321:
869:
828:, whom he personally arrested. He had also arrested and falsified evidence against
788:
758:
732:
554:
423:
306:
267:
2476:
List of persons condemned by Military Courts to the capital punishment (1946–1955)
2241:"Otwarcie wystawy "Zbrodnie w majestacie prawa 1944–1956" – Kraków, 2 lutego 2006"
896:
was divided into Sections, each responsible for a different but specific function
2355:
2279:
561:, special services and Internal security organs both civilian (UB) and military (
2556:
1634:
1290:
799:
769:
672:
deported to Siberia and various labor camps in the Soviet Union reached 50,000.
534:
483:
438:
On 31 December 1944, the PKWN was joined by several members of the London-based
2789:
958:
2750:
2390:
1826:
Prawnicy czasu bezprawia: sędziowie i prokuratorzy wojskowi w Polsce,1944-1956
1610:
1443:
836:, who was at the time a leading politician and high-ranking military officer.
601:
182:
2356:
Tajny Front Zimnej Wojny: Uciekinierzy z polskich służb specjalnych 1956–1964
916:
Protection of legal political parties from outside (underground) penetration.
1678:
933:
or UB in January 1945. On September 6, 1945, from the existing structure of
873:
803:
644:
487:
339:
322:
51:
Coat of Arms of Polish People's Republic used by the UB as its official logo
549:
was evident in the early years of the Polish People's Republic. The Soviet
394:
313:. The main goal of the Department of Security was the swift eradication of
2961:
6th Oliwa Radioelectronic Reconnaissance Regiment ″Admiral Arendt Dickman″
1277:
728:
2632:
1694:
861:
419:
668:
and other communist sources, in 1945 alone the number of members of the
3034:
2861:
1564:
814:
1001:. Department 10 conducted surveillance of high-ranking members of the
346:
in 1947. The headquarters were located on Koszykowa Street in central
2820:
2323:
1592:
1318:
802:. The next day, American military authorities transported Światło to
614:
579:
347:
153:
474:– was one of the largest and most powerful institutions in post-war
904:
Fighting German espionage and Nazi underground remaining in Poland.
856:
738:
545:
Political penetration and military control over the country by the
529:
of the Citizens Militia (Ochotnicza Rezerwa Milicji Obywatelskiej,
321:, as well as the persecution of former underground soldiers of the
2686:
2579:
2541:
1339:
843:
784:
717:
446:(later chased out of the country). PKWN was then transformed into
393:
238:
1309:, or GUBP), which were stationed at the local militia precincts (
617:, where they were tortured and thrown into jail after the staged
2967:
Military Unit NIL "Brigadier General August Emil Fieldorf «Nil»"
2768:
2594:
1701:
643:. From January 1945 (or, July 22), the surviving members of the
571:
567:
530:
526:
223:
2793:
2499:
1289:
had regional offices. There was one, or more UB office in each
406:
In July 1944, behind the Soviet front line, a brand new Polish
2668:
2614:
591:
587:
2984:
Ministry of Public Security - Department of Security (MBP-UB)
2399:
The Third Secret, Behind the Assacination Attempt on the Pope
1332:, were its special services' formations so large in numbers.
1293:, each of them called the Voivode Office of Public Security (
1235:– deputies: Joachim Getzel (1949), Jefim Artymowicz (1952/54)
613:
underground resistance leaders, secretly transported them to
2185:
puppet government they had set up formally disbanded the AK.
1961:
Aparat Bezpieczenstwa w Polsce. Kadra kierownicza. 1944–1956
1541:
1412:
478:. It was responsible for internal and foreign intelligence,
435:. It was a precursor of the Polish communist secret police.
1376:
The Committee for Public Security took responsibility for
1130:– headed by Col. Józef Czaplicki (b. Izydor Kurc, 1950/53)
980:
Counteraction of hostile penetration and church influences
1404:, who was the incumbent Minister of Interior until 1964.
664:) and secret assassinations. According to depositions by
2857:
Bureau of Criminal Intelligence and Information (BWiIK)
1534:
In Warsaw, most of the killings were carried out at the
1966:
The Security Service in Poland. Directorate. 1944–1956)
704:
who remained opposed to communism, were executed after
486:), supervision of the local governments, maintaining a
2955:
2nd Przasnysz Radioelectronic Reconnaissance Regiment
2432:(The Book of Spies), Wydawnictwo Magnum, Warsaw, 2000
1344:
Stamp of the Committee for Public Security, 1954–1956
373:
301:
The initial UB was headed by Public Security General
1281:
Ministry of Public Security field organization, 1953
1174:– headed by Col. Witold (Lewin) Sieniewicz (1950/54)
3007:
2976:
2900:
2830:
2759:
2741:
2718:
2695:
2677:
2659:
2641:
2623:
2570:
1241:– headed by Lt. Col. Władyslaw (Spychaj) Sobczyński
751:
First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party
206:
195:
171:
163:
149:
141:
122:
103:
89:
70:
65:
3047:Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army
2867:Central Investigations Bureau of the Police (CBŚP)
2151:
1400:or SB) on 28 November 1956. The order was made by
1009:Ministry of Public Security roster (1951 and 1953)
678:Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army
563:Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army
521:, KBW), 57,000 officers in the Citizens' Militia (
2886:General Inspector of Financial Information (GIIF)
2873:Operations and Investigations Directorate of the
2595:People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD)
2490:Dirty Games: the Last Special Services Operations
2320:Half a Century of the History of Poland 1939–1989
2018:Aparat Bezpieczenstwa w Polsce. Kadra kierownicza
456:Rząd Tymczasowy Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej or RTRP
2383:, Agencja Wydawnicza CB, Warsaw, 1996 (English:
1873:(in Polish). Warsaw: Kluszczynski. p. 217.
368:; in English "Ubeks" and singular "Ubek/Esbek" (
2605:People's Commissariat for State Security (NKGB)
1950:
1948:
1946:
1426:Józef Bik (vel Jozef Bukar, vel Jozef Gawerski)
1195:– headed by Mjr. Zdzisław Szymczak (1945-48/53)
860:Office of Public Security regional location in
631:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1946)
597:The first Russian chief advisor to the MPB was
2930:National Centre for Cyberspace Security (NCBC)
2010:
2008:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
331:) and later anti-communist organizations like
2805:
2511:
2359:, Oficyna Wydawnicza RYTM, 2004, 1st edition
1458:Mieczysław Mietkowski (b. Mojżesz Bobrowicki)
1247:– headed by Lt./Lt. Col. Szymon Ela Tenenbaum
1164:– headed by Col. Stanisław Pizło (1946-47/51)
541:Soviet infiltration and political repressions
8:
2482:Brudne gry: ostatnie akcje Służb Specjalnych
2450:Jusupović, Adrian; Leśkiewicz, Rafa (2013).
2395:Trzecia Tajemnica: Kulisy zamachu na Papieża
2154:Spy wars: moles, mysteries, and deadly games
1148:Religious political and social organizations
448:Provisional Government of Republic of Poland
363:
326:
293:
283:
36:
30:
1359:Komitet do Spraw Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego
1295:Wojewódzki Urząd Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego
997:was established, renamed in 1951 simply as
317:structures and socio-political base of the
3116:Defunct law enforcement agencies of Poland
2913:Military Counterintelligence Service (SKW)
2812:
2798:
2790:
2518:
2504:
2496:
1823:Szwagrzyk, Krzysztof (December 10, 2005).
1313:), with 3 UBP security officers on staff.
1303:Powiatowy Urząd Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego
1201:– headed by Col. Mikołaj Orechwa (1944/54)
57:
3020:Second Department of Polish General Staff
2751:Department of State Security (Securitate)
2600:Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB)
2444:: Za kulisami bezpieki i partii 1940–1955
2145:
2143:
2135:Since Stalin, a photo history of our time
1796:Nowak, Jerzy Robert (December 10, 2001).
1754:Piotrowski, Tadeusz (December 10, 1998).
716:among others), or deported to the Soviet
2633:Directorate of State Security (Sigurimi)
2590:Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU)
2492:). Warsaw: Agencja Wydawnicza CB (1998).
2195:
2193:
1299:Miejski Urząd Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego
1276:
1012:
855:
737:
727:
278:. From 1945 to 1954 it was known as the
27:Secret police agency of Communist Poland
1746:
1530:Notable people killed by the MBP and UB
1336:1954 reorganization and formation of SB
1307:Gminny Urząd Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego
941:commanded by Aleksander Wolski-Dyszko,
680:(GZI WP) engaged in acts recognized by
460:Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego
412:Polish Committee of National Liberation
260:Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego
38:Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego
18:Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego
2769:Department of National Security (OZNA)
2100:
2090:
1852:
1842:
937:emerged three additional departments:
29:
2774:Directorate for State Security (UDBA)
2552:Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc
2377:Akcje Specjalne: Od Bieruta do Ochaba
2119:God's Playground: 1795 to the present
1898:God's Playground: A History of Poland
7:
3111:Defunct Polish intelligence agencies
3061:National Centre for Cryptology (NCK)
2728:Ministry of Public Security (UB/MBP)
1993:from the original on January 4, 2012
1205:Department for Government Protection
416:Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego
288:, UB), and from 1956 to 1990 as the
3121:Cold War military history of Poland
3106:Law enforcement in communist states
3057:Military Information Services (WSI)
2908:Military Intelligence Service (SWW)
2838:Central Anticorruption Bureau (CBA)
2687:Ministry for State Security (Stasi)
1207:– headed by Col. Faustym Grzybowski
968:Technical operations and technology
913:Protection of the national economy.
848:Ministry office in Warsaw (current
610:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
3126:Eastern Bloc intelligence agencies
3030:Polish Agency of Trade Information
3015:Polish Military Organisation (POW)
2924:12th Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Base
2853:National Police Headquarters (KGP)
2615:Committee for State Security (KGB)
2470:External links and further reading
2316:Pół wieku dziejów Polski 1939–1989
2202:Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia
2067:Korpus Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego
519:Korpus Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego
25:
2994:Office for State Protection (UOP)
2936:Military Gendarmerie Headquarters
2860:Corresponding departments of the
2779:Counterintelligence Service (KOS)
2651:Committee for State Security (DS)
2585:State Political Directorate (GPU)
2416:Institute of National Remembrance
2026:Institute of National Remembrance
1974:Institute of National Remembrance
1255:Observation of suspicious element
1213:– headed by Col. Czesław Radzicki
1005:and people associated with them.
907:Fighting reactionary underground.
780:, were asked to consult with the
498:). In July 1947, the UB absorbed
96:Resort Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego
3091:1954 disestablishments in Poland
2843:Foreign Intelligence Agency (AW)
2710:Ministry of Internal Affairs III
2705:State Protection Authority (ÁVH)
2610:Ministry of State Security (MGB)
2580:Extraordinary Commission (Cheka)
2272:"Stalinism in Poland: 1945-1956"
2221:By Tadeusz Piotrowski. Page 131.
1435:Józef Czaplicki (b. Izydor Kurc)
1418:Antoni Alster (b. Nachum Alster)
1365:, and the Ministry of Interior (
1267:) – headed by Col. Zygmunt Okręt
1109:Operative Technology and records
510:of Ministry of Public Security.
390:Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)
45:
3101:Government ministries of Poland
3052:Internal Military Service (WSW)
1386:Główny Zarząd Informacji Wojska
1382:Main Directorate of Information
1367:Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnętrznych
972:Fighting underground resistance
418:, PKWN). It was established in
246:, a car commonly used by the UB
3081:Ministries established in 1945
2848:Internal Security Agency (ABW)
1829:. Instytut Pamięci Narodowej.
1219:– headed by Col. Feliks Suczek
1:
3086:1945 establishments in Poland
2999:Internal Revenue Intelligence
2881:Tax and Customs Service (SCS)
2070:. Bellona. pp. 111–112.
1904:, 1982 and several reprints.
1548:1951 Mokotów Prison execution
1245:Bureau of Budget and Finances
1140:– headed by Col. Józef Kratko
785:Ministry for State Security's
772:. Światło, deputy head of UB
625:The Stalinist reign of terror
537:used for special operations.
2934:Criminal Directorate of the
1489:(b. Natan Grunspan – Kikiel)
1452:Julian Konar (b. Jakub Kohn)
1408:Notable MBP and UB personnel
1217:Department of Communications
1178:Department of Investigations
1003:Polish United Workers' Party
910:Fighting political banditry.
878:Polish United Workers' Party
834:Minister of National Defence
819:Polish United Workers' Party
494:set up by the NKVD (such as
200:National Security Commission
2862:Voivodeship Police Commands
2326:: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
2204:, Volume 2, Bernard A. Cook
1330:People's Republic of Poland
1287:Ministry of Public Security
1239:Bureau of foreign passports
888:. It was headed by General
768:on an important mission to
608:of Internal Affairs of the
476:People's Republic of Poland
252:Ministry of Public Security
31:Ministry of Public Security
3147:
2875:Border Guard Headquarters
2245:Instytut Pamięci Narodowej
2150:Tennent H. Bagley (2007).
1871:Kronika Komunizmu w Polsce
1509:(b. Fajga Mindla Danielak)
1188:Josef Goldberg) (1945/47)
1026:of Public Security – Gen.
662:Public execution in Dębica
628:
440:Polish government in exile
387:
2537:
2398:
2384:
2024:. Vol. III. Warsaw:
2015:Paweł Piotrowski (2008).
1902:Columbia University Press
1839:– via Google Books.
1812:– via Google Books.
1786:. Retrieved June 3, 2012.
1770:– via Google Books.
1324:. According to professor
757:, asked Politburo member
698:anti-communist resistance
137:, criminal investigations
109:7 December 1954
56:
44:
35:
3096:Polish People's Republic
2941:Reconnaissance Group of
2891:State Protection Service
776:, together with Colonel
670:Polish Underground State
551:Northern Group of Forces
502:of General Staff of the
402:, issued on 22 July 1944
333:Freedom and Independence
319:Polish Underground State
276:Polish People's Republic
274:agency operating in the
158:Polish People's Republic
76:1 January 1945
3042:Border Protection Corps
1972:. Vol. I. Warsaw:
1503:(born Izak Fleischfarb)
1351:Polish Council of State
1211:Department of Transport
1193:Department for Training
686:crimes against humanity
515:Internal Security Corps
410:was formed, called the
167:10,000 employees (1945)
2298:www.doomedsoldiers.com
1477:Julian Polan-Haraschin
1345:
1282:
1018:
900:in the following way:
865:
853:
746:
735:
582:; and, in later years
455:
408:provisional government
403:
364:
327:
294:
284:
259:
247:
244:Citroën Traction Avant
37:
2989:Security Service (SB)
2824:intelligence agencies
2733:Security Service (SB)
2486:Tajna Historia Polski
2381:Tajna Historia Polski
2379:, (part of a series:
2251:on September 30, 2012
2200:Civil war in Poland.
2160:Yale University Press
1398:Służba Bezpieczeństwa
1363:Władysław Dworakowski
1361:or KDSBP), headed by
1343:
1280:
1138:Protection of economy
1035:Mieczysław Mietkowski
1016:
976:Protection of economy
886:anti-state activities
859:
847:
741:
731:
658:Mokotów Prison murder
629:Further information:
444:Stanisław Mikołajczyk
397:
295:Służba Bezpieczeństwa
242:
2669:State Security (StB)
2270:Bates, John (2000).
1690:Stanisław Sojczyński
1682:Zygmunt Szendzielarz
1626:Emil August Fieldorf
1518:Stanisław Zarakowski
1507:Helena Wolińska-Brus
1493:Stanisław Radkiewicz
1355:Council of Ministers
1090:Counter-intelligence
1028:Stanisław Radkiewicz
989:was established for
690:crimes against peace
654:makeshift executions
619:Trial of the Sixteen
559:Counter-intelligence
504:Polish People's Army
480:counter-intelligence
466:UB tasks and numbers
433:Stanisław Radkiewicz
303:Stanisław Radkiewicz
285:Urząd Bezpieczeństwa
187:Polish People's Army
179:Stanisław Radkiewicz
2918:Polish IMINT Centre
2562:Inner German border
2064:Władysław Tkaczew.
2045:on October 29, 2013
1956:Krzysztof Szwagrzyk
1900:. Vol 2. New York:
1728:Milicja Obywatelska
1614:Hieronim Dekutowski
1483:(b. Józef Goldberg)
1455:Grzegorz Korczyński
1394:Milicja Obywatelska
1369:or MSW), headed by
1199:Department of Staff
850:Ministry of Justice
535:paramilitary police
523:Milicja Obywatelska
492:concentration camps
472:Ministry of Defence
131:counterintelligence
32:
2436:Zbigniew Błażyński
2351:Leszek Pawlikowicz
2312:Andrzej Paczkowski
2219:Poland's holocaust
1784:DoomedSoldiers.com
1723:Montelupich prison
1667:Feliks Selmanowicz
1662:Danuta Siedzikówna
1596:Mieczysław Kawalec
1346:
1326:Andrzej Paczkowski
1283:
1233:Bureau for control
1128:Fighting "bandits"
1094:Stefan Antosiewicz
1019:
866:
854:
791:about eliminating
763:Lieutenant Colonel
749:In November 1953,
747:
736:
606:People's Commissar
527:Volunteer Reserves
404:
305:and supervised by
248:
3068:
3067:
2943:3rd Ship Flotilla
2787:
2786:
2461:978-83-7629-457-5
2403:Sensacje XX Wieku
2366:978-83-7399-074-6
2333:978-83-01-14487-6
2173:978-0-300-12198-8
2035:978-83-60464-80-9
1880:978-83-7447-087-2
1802:. Wydawn. Maron.
1734:Zgoda labour camp
1713:
1712:
1623:Brigadier General
1602:Franciszek Błażej
1560:Łukasz Ciepliński
1526:
1525:
1470:Zgoda labour camp
1388:), which ran the
1225:– headed by Col.
1180:– headed by Col.
1150:– headed by Col.
1111:– headed by Col.
1092:– headed by Col.
1078:Mieczysław Moczar
1059:Wacław Lewikowski
985:In June 1948 the
964:Counter-espionage
882:counter-espionage
830:Marian Spychalski
826:Władysław Gomułka
811:Radio Free Europe
692:. The so-called "
682:international law
621:. None survived.
496:Zgoda labour camp
462:) or MBP and UB.
371:
344:Operation Vistula
272:counter-espionage
237:
236:
16:(Redirected from
3138:
3008:Defunct military
2814:
2807:
2800:
2791:
2529:agencies in the
2520:
2513:
2506:
2497:
2480:Henryk Piecuch,
2465:
2400:
2386:
2338:
2337:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2278:. Archived from
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2247:. Archived from
2237:
2231:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2197:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2157:
2147:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2121:By Norman Davies
2115:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2044:
2038:. Archived from
2023:
2012:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1992:
1971:
1952:
1921:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1840:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1793:
1787:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1751:
1675:
1631:Bolesław Kontrym
1542:
1513:Piotr Smietanski
1413:
1285:All over Poland
1265:Central archives
947:Julia Brystygier
650:Augustów roundup
376:
369:
367:
360:Security Service
330:
311:Polish Politburo
297:
290:Security Service
287:
172:Agency executive
116:
114:
90:Preceding agency
83:
81:
61:
49:
40:
33:
21:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3003:
2972:
2896:
2826:
2818:
2788:
2783:
2755:
2737:
2714:
2691:
2673:
2655:
2637:
2619:
2566:
2533:
2524:
2472:
2462:
2449:
2430:Księga Szpiegów
2367:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2334:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2198:
2191:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2116:
2112:
2099:
2089:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2028:. p. 392.
2021:
2014:
2013:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1976:. p. 604.
1969:
1954:
1953:
1924:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1851:
1841:
1837:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1719:
1714:
1669:
1641:Cavalry Captain
1574:Adam Lazarowicz
1532:
1527:
1497:Leon Rubinstein
1487:Roman Romkowski
1468:, commander of
1430:Julia Brystiger
1410:
1402:Władysław Wicha
1390:Military Police
1371:Władysław Wicha
1338:
1275:
1273:UB in the field
1270:
1152:Julia Brystiger
1113:Leon Rubinstein
1071:Roman Romkowski
1047:Konrad Świetlik
1011:
925:Investigations.
890:Roman Romkowski
842:
755:Bolesław Bierut
726:
706:kangaroo trials
694:Cursed soldiers
641:criminal nature
637:
635:Cursed soldiers
627:
543:
468:
392:
386:
374:
280:Security Office
233:
191:
183:Generał dywizji
135:border security
112:
110:
99:
79:
77:
66:Agency overview
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3144:
3142:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3073:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2794:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2661:Czechoslovakia
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2478:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2460:
2447:
2433:
2419:
2405:
2388:
2373:Henryk Piecuch
2370:
2365:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2303:
2285:
2282:on 2005-12-19.
2276:arts.gla.ac.uk
2262:
2232:
2210:
2189:
2172:
2139:
2127:
2110:
2076:
2056:
2034:
2004:
1982:
1958:, ed. (2005).
1922:
1886:
1879:
1862:
1835:
1815:
1808:
1788:
1773:
1766:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1698:Józef Franczak
1692:
1684:
1676:
1664:
1659:
1649:1st Lieutenant
1646:
1644:Witold Pilecki
1638:
1628:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1590:
1584:
1576:
1570:
1562:
1551:
1550:
1540:
1536:Mokotów Prison
1531:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1481:Józef Różański
1478:
1475:
1472:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1446:(b. Adam Umer)
1441:
1436:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1337:
1334:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1258:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1223:Special Bureau
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1186:
1185:
1182:Józef Różański
1175:
1168:Department VII
1165:
1155:
1141:
1131:
1124:Department III
1121:
1102:
1082:
1081:
1076:Deputy – Gen.
1074:
1069:Deputy – Gen.
1067:
1055:
1045:Deputy – Col.
1043:
1033:Deputy – Gen.
1031:
1020:
1010:
1007:
999:Department Ten
995:Special Bureau
927:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
898:self-described
841:
838:
725:
722:
652:), as well as
626:
623:
542:
539:
508:Department VII
467:
464:
400:PKWN Manifesto
385:
382:
352:Mokotów Prison
315:anti-communist
235:
234:
232:
231:
226:
221:
216:
210:
208:
207:Child agencies
204:
203:
197:
193:
192:
190:
189:
175:
173:
169:
168:
165:
161:
160:
151:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
124:
120:
119:
118:
117:
105:
101:
100:
98:
97:
93:
91:
87:
86:
85:
84:
72:
68:
67:
63:
62:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3143:
3132:
3131:Secret police
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3025:Cipher Bureau
3023:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:Defunct civil
2975:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2815:
2810:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2527:Secret police
2521:
2516:
2514:
2509:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2446:, Warsaw 2003
2445:
2443:
2442:Józef Światło
2437:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2422:Normam Polmar
2420:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2263:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2228:0-7864-2913-5
2225:
2222:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2094:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2060:
2057:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2019:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1989:
1985:
1983:83-89078-94-5
1979:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1918:0-231-05351-7
1915:
1911:
1910:0-231-05353-3
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1894:Norman Davies
1890:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1872:
1866:
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1846:
1838:
1836:9788388385650
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1809:9788391591819
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1800:
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1769:
1767:9780786403714
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1760:. McFarland.
1759:
1758:
1750:
1747:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
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1716:
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1703:
1700:shot dead by
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1677:
1673:
1668:
1665:
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1656:Szare Szeregi
1653:
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1508:
1505:
1502:
1501:Józef Światło
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1466:Salomon Morel
1464:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
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1439:Anatol Fejgin
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1234:
1231:
1228:
1227:Anatol Fejgin
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1190:
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1183:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1158:Department VI
1156:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1134:Department IV
1132:
1129:
1125:
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1119:
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1114:
1110:
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1105:Department II
1103:
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987:Secret Office
983:
981:
978:(Dep 4), and
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
960:
956:
952:
951:Department VI
948:
945:commanded by
944:
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939:Department IV
936:
935:Department II
932:
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835:
832:, the future
831:
827:
822:
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807:
805:
801:
796:
794:
793:Wanda Brońska
790:
786:
783:
779:
778:Anatol Fejgin
775:
774:Department 10
771:
767:
766:Józef Światło
764:
760:
756:
752:
744:
743:Józef Światło
740:
734:
730:
723:
721:
719:
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711:
710:Wolińska-Brus
707:
703:
699:
695:
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683:
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673:
671:
667:
666:Józef Światło
663:
659:
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632:
624:
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611:
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599:Major General
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442:, among them
441:
436:
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396:
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383:
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366:
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329:
328:Armia Krajowa
324:
320:
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312:
308:
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286:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:secret police
261:
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196:Parent agency
194:
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184:
181:(1944–1954),
180:
177:
176:
174:
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166:
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132:
128:
127:Secret police
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95:
94:
92:
88:
75:
74:
73:
69:
64:
60:
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48:
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39:
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2983:
2727:
2679:East Germany
2572:Soviet Union
2547:Iron Curtain
2531:Eastern Bloc
2489:
2485:
2481:
2451:
2439:
2429:
2426:Thomas Allen
2407:
2402:
2401:), publ. in
2394:
2380:
2376:
2354:
2345:Bibliography
2319:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2280:the original
2275:
2265:
2253:. Retrieved
2249:the original
2235:
2218:
2213:
2207:(in English)
2201:
2184:
2177:. Retrieved
2153:
2134:
2130:
2124:(in English)
2118:
2113:
2081:. Retrieved
2066:
2059:
2047:. Retrieved
2040:the original
2017:
1995:. Retrieved
1965:
1960:
1897:
1889:
1870:
1865:
1825:
1818:
1798:
1791:
1783:
1776:
1756:
1749:
1707:
1652:Jan Rodowicz
1588:Józef Batory
1582:Józef Rzepka
1568:Karol Chmiel
1533:
1474:Henryk Pałka
1422:Jakub Berman
1397:
1385:
1378:intelligence
1375:
1366:
1358:
1347:
1322:headquarters
1315:
1306:
1302:
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1294:
1286:
1284:
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1244:
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1232:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1187:
1177:
1172:Intelligence
1171:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1144:Department V
1143:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1123:
1120:(1947-49/51)
1115:
1108:
1104:
1101:(1944-48/54)
1096:
1089:
1086:Department I
1085:
1061:
1049:
1037:
998:
994:
990:
986:
984:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
957:
950:
943:Department V
942:
938:
934:
930:
928:
922:Observation.
897:
894:Department I
893:
885:
881:
870:Jakub Berman
867:
840:Organization
823:
808:
797:
789:Erich Mielke
773:
761:to send MBP
759:Jakub Berman
748:
733:Jakub Berman
674:
638:
596:
555:Intelligence
547:Soviet Union
544:
518:
512:
507:
499:
469:
459:
437:
428:
424:Nazi Germany
415:
405:
356:
337:
307:Jakub Berman
300:
289:
279:
268:intelligence
251:
249:
150:Headquarters
142:Jurisdiction
2557:Berlin Wall
2162:. pp.
2101:|work=
1853:|work=
1799:Zbrodnie UB
1670: [
1635:Cichociemni
1449:Julian Kole
1432:(née Prajs)
1291:voivodeship
955:Teodor Duda
800:West Berlin
782:East German
770:East Berlin
708:(staged by
484:wiretapping
370:pronounced:
262:), was the
3075:Categories
2945:(gOR 3.FO)
2877:(ZOŚ KGSG)
2761:Yugoslavia
2397:(English:
2391:Nigel West
2077:8311109400
1741:References
1444:Adam Humer
953:headed by
714:Zarakowski
602:Ivan Serov
500:Section II
388:See also:
113:1954-12-07
80:1945-01-01
2951:(CRiWWRE)
2938:(ZK KGŻW)
2926:(12.BBSP)
2103:ignored (
2093:cite book
1855:ignored (
1845:cite book
1679:Commander
1229:(1950/53)
1073:(1946/49)
1066:(1949/52)
1057:Deputy –
1054:(1948/54)
1042:(1944/54)
1030:(1944/54)
982:(Dep 5).
974:(Dep 3),
970:(Dep 2),
966:(Dep 1),
876:from the
874:Stalinist
804:Frankfurt
724:Defection
696:" of the
645:Home Army
488:militsiya
340:Stalinism
323:Home Army
164:Employees
104:Dissolved
2969:(JW NIL)
2963:(6.ORel)
2957:(2.ORel)
2901:Military
2643:Bulgaria
2484:(seria:
2314:(2000).
1988:Archived
1717:See also
1695:Corporal
1600:Captain
1586:Captain
1353:and the
1261:Bureau B
1251:Bureau A
1024:Minister
991:Internal
919:Prisons.
864:, Poland
862:Szczecin
720:system.
3035:Estezet
2743:Romania
2697:Hungary
2625:Albania
2322:].
2255:June 1,
2179:May 24,
2083:June 4,
2049:May 31,
1997:June 3,
1704:in 1963
1579:Captain
1565:Colonel
1162:Prisons
815:torture
429:Resorty
384:History
335:(WiN).
309:of the
298:, SB).
185:of the
111: (
78: (
2821:Polish
2720:Poland
2458:
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1916:
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1877:
1833:
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1764:
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1593:Comdr.
1572:Major
1319:Warsaw
1154:(1954)
1080:(1948)
949:, and
787:chief
656:(see:
615:Moscow
580:SMERSH
452:Polish
348:Warsaw
256:Polish
154:Warsaw
145:Poland
71:Formed
2920:(ORO)
2893:(SOP)
2831:Civil
2542:Gulag
2440:Mówi
2318:[
2043:(PDF)
2022:(PDF)
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1687:Capt.
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1557:Major
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533:), a
420:Chełm
377:-beck
365:Ubecy
2456:ISBN
2361:ISBN
2328:ISBN
2257:2011
2224:ISBN
2181:2011
2168:ISBN
2105:help
2085:2012
2072:ISBN
2051:2012
2030:ISBN
1999:2012
1978:ISBN
1914:ISBN
1912:and
1906:ISBN
1875:ISBN
1857:help
1831:ISBN
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1730:(MO)
1702:ZOMO
1117:(pl)
1098:(pl)
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