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1841:Β«8. ΠΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π , Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π²ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² (ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ) Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ² ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ (Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°), Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π²ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ (Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²) Π² ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ, Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ.Β»
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531:. The subsidiary was originally envisioned as an executive agency to command all Soviet space activities, but in practice it functioned more as a marketing and coordinating body. Glavkosmos became the prime authority for implementing cooperative agreements with foreign bodies, with activities including commercial utilization of Soviet systems and approving foreign cosmonauts to fly aboard Soviet spacecraft.
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competitors, which had their programs run under single coordinating agencies, the executive architecture of the Soviet space program was multi-centered; several internally competing design bureaus, technical councils, ministry staffs, and expert commissions all held more influence over the program
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Many subsidiaries of the
Ministry of General Machine-Building served as primary organizations in the management of the Soviet space program; the ministry controlled roughly 1200 factories and employed between 1 million and 1.5 million people at its peak. However, contrary to its
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reform movement of the late 1980s, Glavkosmos began offering commercial services for global customers, aiming primarily at competing with United States launchers. Its first commercial offering was presented at the Space
Commerce '88 trade show in
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as well as design details such that the KVD-1 could be built indigenously in India. Russia backed out of the agreement in 1993 after the United States objected to the deal and imposed sanctions on the grounds that the deal was a violation of the
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1860:. Β«Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π³ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ "Π ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡ" ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π , Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π²ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²Π°.Β»
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was therefore a new development. The
Ministry of General Machine-Building was dissolved on 14 November 1991. The Russian Space Agency was formed as its successor on 25 February 1992 by a decree of President
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713:" award was approved on 1 September 1955 by order no. 134 and awarded until 1957. The "Best Innovator" award was given out in the 1970s, and the "Best Inventor" award was offered until 1991.
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The
Ministry of General Machine-Building had five ministers during its existence, one having been from its first incarnation and the remaining four from its second incarnation:
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Volf, D. Evolution of the Apollo-Soyuz Test
Project: The Effects of the βThirdβ on the Interplay Between Cooperation and Competition. Minerva 59, 399β418 (2021).
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were subordinated to the ministry. The ministry was dissolved on 10 May 1957 and its functions were transferred, possibly for purposes of secrecy.
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354:, who had held the post of Minister of Agricultural Engineering from June 1946 to March 1951, was appointed Minister of General Machine-Building.
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Rzymanek, Jerzy (1988). Elsztein, PaweΕ (ed.). "Oferta handlowa GΕawkosmosu – ZSRR" [Glavkosmos' commercial offer – USSR].
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343:. The ministry was the first in the Soviet Union to specifically focus on rocketry. Major General of the Engineering and Artillery Service
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1896:"25 ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°Π»Ρ 1992 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, Π² Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ β Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ (Π ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡ)"
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missile was produced simultaneously at four enterprises within the ministry. In 1977, the ministry received its own trade union.
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The final project of the ministry before its liquidation was a 1991 US$ 120 million agreement between
Glavkosmos and
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than political leadership. The creation of a central agency after the reorganization of the Soviet Union into the
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from 1955 to 1957 and from 1965 to 1991. The ministry supervised the research, development, and production of
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was the general designer of rocket technology. The ministry was put in charge of space technology as well as
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began deployment in
October 1987; its development had started in January 1969 with an order from Afanasyev.
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During its existence, the
Ministry of General Machine-Building offered three awards. The "Excellence in
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sent a memo to the chairperson of the
Military-Industrial Commission, recommending negotiations with
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1382:Π Π½Π΅ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΠΠΠΠΠ‘Π‘ ΠΎΠ±Π²ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²: ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠ°
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to develop reusable spacecraft was managed jointly by the
Ministry of General Machine-Building and
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The Ministry of General Machine-Building was reestablished on 2 March 1965, as a successor to the
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satellites. Other offerings included the sales of Okean-O1 satellites or the use of space on the
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The first rendition of the Ministry of General Machine-Building was created by a decree of the
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1598:(in Polish). Vol. 5, no. 159. Polskie Towarzystwo Astronautyczne. p. 12, 14.
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951:"2 Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»Ρ 1955 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Β«ΠΠ± ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π Β»"
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On 26 February 1985, the Ministry of General Machine-Building issued an order that formed
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system began at the ministry in 1976. The ministry contributed to the construction of the
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844:(1926β1981 (printed version) ed.). Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya. December 1973.
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launchers for between US$ 12 million and US$ 18 million. Glavkosmos also featured
1191:"Π£ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ΄ ΠΡΡΠ΅Π²"
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458:. These negotiations were approved the next month and eventually led to the 1975
400:(known as NITI-40 until 1966). Many of these were headed by academicians such as
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1570:"Glavcosmos (Russian Federation), CIVIL SPACE ORGANISATIONS - NATIONAL AGENCIES"
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for microgravity experiments on the Foton satellites in 1989, 1990, and 1991.
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space station. During the conference several contracts were signed, including
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1948:"Rogozin: Russia to Consolidate Space Sector into Open Joint Stock Company"
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1971:ΠΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈ: Π³ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, Ρ
ΠΎΠ»Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ
975:ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°: ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»Ρ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ
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The first Soviet organization dedicated to rocket technology was the
388:, except solid-fueled missiles; these instead were developed by the
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Challenge To Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945β1974
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on Proton, a contract with Payload Systems Inc. for experiments in
2093:"Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1964-1991"
2067:"Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1917-1964"
1216:"ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡ Π§Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ"
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with a payload of up to 20 tons to Low Earth orbit or 2 tons to
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1019:ΠΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΊ ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΠ»ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²: Β«ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½Π° ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡΒ»
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for payloads of up to 4 tons to Low Earth orbit; a family of
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and spacecraft. An organization with a similar purpose, the
1788:"ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»Ρ β ΡΡΠΎ Β«Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΒ»"
686:, who previously had worked with designing Mars landers at
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for three satellite launches for undisclosed customers, an
583:
rockets with the successfully completed launches of Indian
2017:"ΠΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ"
2516:
Machine Building for Animal Husbandry and Fodder Products
1763:"ΠΡΠ²ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ΠΠ»Π΅Π³ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²"
1266:
2042:"ΠΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ"
999:ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΠ»ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²: Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π ΠΠ Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ
339:
on 2 April 1955, with the active participation of the
1106:
Into the Cosmos: Space Exploration and Soviet Culture
328:, the responsibility of which was transferred to the
2702:
Construction in the Far East and Transbaikal Regions
1302:"Ministry of General Machine-building of USSR (MOM)"
470:
missile system, which began deployment in 1985. The
450:
In April 1970, Minister of General Machine-Building
392:, which from 1966 was under the jurisdiction of the
2870:
Ministry of General Machine-Building (Soviet Union)
2725:
2717:
Construction in the Urals and West Siberian Regions
2689:
2321:
Construction of Road Building and Communal Machines
2200:
2152:
216:
206:
192:
184:
174:
158:
119:
105:
66:
61:
2481:Instrument-Making, Automation and Control Systems
398:Research Institute of Machine-Building Technology
308:, which became the prototypes of missiles in the
234:Research Institute of Machine-Building Technology
2707:Construction in the Northern and Western Regions
2160:President and Vice President of the Soviet Union
559:for between US$ 25 million and US$ 30 million;
1079:"ΠΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ ΠΡΡΡ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ ΠΠΠ’Π£ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π°"
863:
861:
2130:
1832:Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΡ 13 ΠΈΡΠ»Ρ 2015 Π³. N 215-Π€Π
1736:Subramanian, T. S. (28 April β 11 May 2001).
1461:"Π£ΡΠΏΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π»ΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΠΠ Π Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ° Π‘Π¨Π?"
915:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
895:
893:
876:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
25:
8:
2521:Machine Building for Light and Food Industry
2236:Automobile and Agricultural Machine Building
1921:Harvey, Brian (2007). "The design bureaus".
1103:Andrews, James T.; Siddiqi, Asif A. (2011).
1051:"ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡ Β«ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Β»"
19:
1405:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
2656:Timber, Paper and Wood Processing Industry
2476:Installation and Special Construction Work
2137:
2123:
2115:
647:engines for use as the third stage of the
330:Peopleβs Commissariat of Aviation Industry
304:. The laboratory researched and developed
43:
2596:Oil Processing and Petrochemical Industry
2461:Heavy and Transport Machines Construction
1992:"ΠΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ"
567:rockets in configurations for Low Earth,
2812:Standards and Product Quality Management
2146:All-Union Government of the Soviet Union
1923:The Rebirth of the Russian Space Program
1657:Subramanian, T. S. (March 17β31, 2001).
1241:"ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ (ΠΠΠ’)"
917:, NASA History Div. pp. 6β14, 892.
786:People's Commissariat of Mortar Armament
2890:1965 establishments in the Soviet Union
2880:1955 establishments in the Soviet Union
2531:Machinery for Stock Raising and Feeding
2526:Machine Tool and Tool Building Industry
2311:Construction of Petrochemical Machinery
1711:"The long road to cryogenic technology"
1159:
1157:
1039:Π€ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΠ²Π³Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²
830:
798:
697:In 2013, when the Russian space sector
649:Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
341:Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union
254:ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π
27:ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π
16:Government ministry of the Soviet Union
1851:ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ "Π ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡ"
1287:from the original on 13 February 2017.
1165:"General Machinebuilding - Background"
1137:"Π§Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ"
547:, with a payload of up to 100 tons to
390:Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology
326:Reactive Scientific Research Institute
322:Group for the Study of Reactive Motion
18:
2551:Medical and Microbiologiacal Industry
2226:Installation and Special Construction
1486:"History - Milestones of development"
1296:
1294:
1073:
1071:
643:, which included the transfer of two
112:State Committee on Defense Technology
7:
2712:Construction in the Southern Regions
2506:Land Reclamation and Water Resources
2366:Electrical Power and Electrification
2306:Construction of Oil and Gas Industry
1902:from the original on 20 October 2020
1327:ΠΡΡΡ, Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡΡΡ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π· Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ.
246:Ministry of General Machine-Building
199:Minister of General Machine-Building
20:Ministry of General Machine-Building
2697:Construction in the Eastern Regions
2256:Chemical and Oil Machinery Building
1925:(1st ed.). Germany: Springer.
1308:from the original on 2 October 2023
1171:from the original on 3 October 2023
811:Rossiyskoye kosmicheskoye agentstvo
777:Ministry of Medium Machine Building
386:intercontinental ballistic missiles
2671:Tractors and Agricultural Machines
2536:Manufacture of Communication Media
1109:. University of Pittsburgh Press.
868:Chertok, Boris (31 January 2005).
337:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
14:
2875:Space program of the Soviet Union
2216:Agricultural Products Procurement
654:Missile Technology Control Regime
316:, which became the prototypes of
2286:Communication Equipment Industry
807:Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ
34:
2661:Tool and Tool Building Industry
2048:from the original on 2016-07-01
2023:from the original on 2016-07-01
1998:from the original on 2016-07-01
1769:from the original on 2016-06-10
1686:. justthe80.com. Archived from
1518:from the original on 2016-03-09
1512:"ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Β«ΠΠ»Π°Π²ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΒ»"
1353:from the original on 2016-05-24
1222:from the original on 2016-08-07
1197:from the original on 2016-05-07
1143:from the original on 2016-06-10
1057:from the original on 2016-06-17
957:from the original on 2016-06-10
931:from the original on 2006-10-08
766:(17 July 1989 β 24 August 1991)
439:. The ministry reported to the
380:was made Deputy Minister while
2895:Ministries established in 1965
2885:Ministries established in 1955
2301:Construction of Heavy Industry
1709:Raj, N Gopal (21 April 2011).
1420:Π‘ Β«Π’ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈΒ» Π²ΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ
1267:"ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π€ΠΠ£Π Β«ΠΠΠ Β«Π’Π΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΒ»"
753:(26 March 1988 β 17 July 1989)
747:(8 April 1983 β 26 March 1988)
510:combat railway missile complex
472:combat railway missile complex
441:Military-Industrial Commission
211:Military-Industrial Commission
1:
2566:Mineral Fertilizer Production
2326:Construction of Tool-Machines
2296:Construction of Fuel Industry
1684:"Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS)"
741:(2 March 1965 β 8 April 1983)
628:Ministry of Aviation Industry
2316:Construction of Power Plants
2261:Cellulose and Paper Industry
1946:Messier, Doug (2013-08-30).
1871:"Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ N 215-Π€Π"
735:(2 April 1955 β 10 May 1957)
394:Ministry of Defense Industry
2246:Building Materials Industry
900:Siddiqi, Asif Azam (2000).
726:Pyotr Nikolaevich Goremykin
345:Pyotr Nikolaevich Goremykin
2911:
2406:Foreign Economic Relations
492:on a mobile launcher at a
2844:Timber and Paper Industry
2601:Power and Electrification
2376:Electrotechnical Industry
1542:. Springer. p. 277.
1442:. ΠΠ, 14 September 2007.
841:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
814:
806:
779:, the Soviet ministry of
314:liquid-propellant rockets
42:
33:
26:
24:
2772:Labour and Social Issues
2451:Housing and Architecture
2431:General Machine-Building
2381:Environmental Protection
1856:26 December 2022 at the
1837:26 December 2022 at the
1643:13 November 2015 at the
1637:Β«ΠΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ» ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΒ»
1619:. Π Π, 14 November 2008.
1574:Jane's Information Group
1247:. 7 June 2011. p. 4
878:. pp. 9β10, 164β165
837:Gas-Dynamic Laboratory,
310:Katyusha rocket launcher
306:solid-propellant rockets
2606:Pulp and Paper Industry
2556:Medium Machine-Building
2541:Meat and Dairy Industry
2471:Industrial Construction
613:protein crystallization
369:on Defense Technology.
298:Gas Dynamics Laboratory
2849:Transport Construction
2807:Science and Technology
2676:Transport Construction
2581:Nuclear Power Industry
2576:Non-Ferrous Metallurgy
2456:Heavy Machine Building
2361:Electrical Engineering
1536:Harvey, Brian (2001).
569:geostationary transfer
524:
501:
371:Leonid Ivanovich Gusev
266:government ministry of
142:; 32 years ago
128:; 67 years ago
89:; 59 years ago
75:; 69 years ago
2641:Technical Cultivation
2421:Fruits and Vegetables
1738:"The cryogenic quest"
1426:4 August 2016 at the
874:(Volume 1 ed.).
711:Socialist Competition
699:was being reorganized
507:
487:
462:mission. Work on the
300:, founded in 1921 by
140:14 November 1991
2839:Television and Radio
2591:Oil and Gas Industry
2371:Electronics Industry
2221:Agriculture and Food
2172:Presidential Council
1818:28 June 2016 at the
1812:ΠΠΎΠ»Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π±Π΅Π· ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°
1690:on February 23, 2014
1271:Π€ΠΠ£Π Β«ΠΠΠ Β«Π’Π΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΒ»
1245:ΠΠ°Π·Π΅ΡΠ° "ΠΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ"
1025:16 July 2019 at the
607:for a launch of the
286:Soviet space program
193:Minister responsible
166:Russian Space Agency
2690:Regional ministries
2099:on 28 November 2017
2073:on 28 November 2017
1977:2 June 2016 at the
1446:31 May 2016 at the
1388:31 May 2016 at the
1005:2 June 2016 at the
985:30 May 2016 at the
813:, or RKA (Russian:
705:Departmental awards
557:geostationary orbit
188:1,000,000β1,500,000
21:
2802:State of Emergency
2757:Defense Technology
2737:Building Materials
2681:Urban Construction
2391:Ferrous Metallurgy
2177:Federation Council
1623:5 May 2016 at the
1332:9 May 2016 at the
871:Rockets and People
675:Russian Federation
525:
502:
494:Victory Day parade
302:Nikolai Tikhomirov
274:ballistic missiles
159:Superseding agency
2857:
2856:
2416:Forestry Industry
2251:Chemical Industry
2241:Aviation Industry
1932:978-0-387-71354-0
1116:978-0-8229-7746-9
422:Mikhail Ryazansky
382:Vladimir Chelomey
260:), also known as
242:
241:
87:2 March 1965
73:2 April 1955
2902:
2782:People's Control
2727:State Committees
2646:Textile Industry
2546:Medical Industry
2511:Machine Building
2486:Internal Affairs
2466:Higher Education
2401:Fishing Industry
2346:Defense Industry
2187:Security Council
2139:
2132:
2125:
2116:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2095:. Archived from
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2069:. Archived from
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2013:
2007:
2006:
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1988:
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1937:
1936:
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1911:
1909:
1907:
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1873:. Archived from
1867:
1861:
1848:
1842:
1829:
1823:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1790:. Archived from
1784:
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1775:
1774:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1733:
1727:
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1717:. Chennai, India
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1659:"The GSLV Quest"
1654:
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1501:
1499:
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1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1463:. Archived from
1457:
1451:
1440:Π Π°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π₯Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²
1437:
1431:
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1091:
1090:
1081:. Archived from
1075:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1047:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1016:
1010:
996:
990:
972:
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911:Washington, D.C.
908:
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865:
856:
855:
835:
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808:
803:
781:nuclear industry
765:
751:Vitaly Doguzhiev
739:Sergey Afanasyev
734:
521:Saint Petersburg
518:
480:
452:Sergey Afanasyev
430:
414:Nikolay Pilyugin
410:Valentin Glushko
379:
353:
150:
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143:
136:
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126:10 May 1957
106:Preceding agency
97:
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83:
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2909:
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2900:
2899:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2730:and commissions
2729:
2721:
2685:
2651:Timber Industry
2621:Rubber Industry
2561:Merchant Marine
2386:Foreign Affairs
2204:
2196:
2148:
2143:
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2100:
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2015:
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1989:
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1979:Wayback Machine
1969:
1965:
1956:
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1645:Wayback Machine
1639:, ΠΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ.
1635:
1631:
1625:Wayback Machine
1617:Π‘Π±ΠΈΡΡΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ
1615:
1611:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1579:
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1539:Russia in space
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822:
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804:
800:
795:
773:
759:
728:
719:
707:
595:satellites and
549:Low Earth orbit
512:
474:
437:Viktor Litvinov
424:
418:Vladimir Barmin
373:
367:State Committee
347:
294:
278:launch vehicles
238:
202:
170:
154:
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98:(reestablished)
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62:Agency overview
48:
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5:
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2742:Cinematography
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1412:
1409:on 2010-11-29.
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706:
703:
573:Molniya orbits
519:on display in
406:Mikhail Yangel
402:Sergei Korolev
356:Design bureaus
318:Soviet rockets
293:
290:
262:Minobshchemash
240:
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2767:Fuel Industry
2765:
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2762:Flight Safety
2760:
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2271:Coal Industry
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2182:State Council
2180:
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2018:
2012:
2009:
1997:
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1987:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1953:
1952:Parabolic Arc
1949:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1877:on 2022-12-26
1876:
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1813:
1808:
1805:
1794:on 2016-06-01
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1549:1-85233-203-4
1545:
1541:
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1517:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1467:on 2015-01-23
1466:
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1347:"Π ΠΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ·Π΅"
1342:
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1280:5-7111-0298-2
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1085:on 2017-05-10
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920:
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851:9780028800004
847:
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787:
784:
782:
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763:
758:
757:Oleg Shushkin
755:
752:
749:
746:
745:Oleg Baklanov
743:
740:
737:
732:
727:
724:
723:
722:
716:
714:
712:
704:
702:
700:
695:
693:
689:
688:NPO Lavochkin
685:
681:
680:Boris Yeltsin
676:
671:
667:
663:
657:
655:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
634:
629:
625:
624:Buran program
620:
618:
617:Kayser-Threde
614:
610:
606:
602:
601:down payments
598:
594:
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586:
582:
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566:
562:
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496:rehearsal in
495:
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486:
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478:
473:
469:
465:
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448:
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442:
438:
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433:Viktor Makeev
428:
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368:
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151:(permanently)
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86:
72:
71:
69:
65:
60:
57:
53:
52:
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41:
37:
32:
23:
2747:Construction
2626:Shipbuilding
2586:Oil Industry
2430:
2426:Gas Industry
2291:Construction
2101:. Retrieved
2097:the original
2087:
2075:. Retrieved
2071:the original
2061:
2050:. Retrieved
2036:
2025:. Retrieved
2011:
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1986:
1966:
1955:. Retrieved
1951:
1941:
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1916:
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1890:
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1865:
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1792:the original
1782:
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1688:the original
1678:
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1662:
1652:
1632:
1612:
1596:Astronautyka
1595:
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1578:. Retrieved
1564:
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1538:
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1465:the original
1455:
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1355:. Retrieved
1341:
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1261:
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1083:the original
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801:
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696:
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638:
632:
621:
533:
526:
490:RT-2PM Topol
468:RT-2PM Topol
460:ApolloβSoyuz
449:
364:
334:
295:
270:Soviet Union
261:
257:
253:
245:
243:
179:Soviet Union
175:Jurisdiction
54:at the 1989
50:
2631:State Farms
2103:28 November
2077:28 November
1747:13 December
1721:12 December
1668:12 December
1251:18 December
760: [
729: [
684:Yuri Koptev
615:on Mir and
536:perestroika
534:During the
513: [
475: [
425: [
374: [
348: [
276:as well as
137:(initially)
84:(initially)
2864:Categories
2834:Statistics
2797:Metallurgy
2792:Publishing
2571:Metallurgy
2202:Ministries
2052:2016-05-03
2027:2016-05-03
2002:2016-05-03
1957:2013-08-31
1881:2022-12-26
1798:2016-04-29
1773:2016-05-15
1694:January 7,
1580:2009-05-10
1555:2009-05-10
1522:2016-05-15
1490:Glavkosmos
1471:2016-04-29
1357:2016-05-15
1226:2016-05-03
1201:2016-05-03
1147:2016-05-15
1122:2016-01-19
1089:2016-05-03
1061:2016-05-15
961:2016-05-03
825:References
575:; and the
529:Glavkosmos
445:R-12 Dvina
282:satellites
229:Glavkosmos
147:1991-11-14
133:1957-05-10
94:1965-03-02
80:1955-04-02
2777:Logistics
2356:Education
2153:All-Union
1906:10 August
1742:Frontline
1715:The Hindu
1663:Frontline
1604:0004-623X
1403:"Glonass"
805:Russian:
717:Ministers
692:Roscosmos
585:Aryabhata
561:Tsyklon-3
332:in 1944.
185:Employees
120:Dissolved
2827:Chairmen
2616:Railways
2411:Forestry
2276:Commerce
2231:Armament
2192:Premiers
2046:Archived
2021:Archived
1996:Archived
1975:Archived
1900:Archived
1854:Archived
1835:Archived
1816:Archived
1767:Archived
1641:Archived
1621:Archived
1516:Archived
1496:24 March
1444:Archived
1424:Archived
1386:Archived
1351:Archived
1330:Archived
1306:Archived
1285:Archived
1220:Archived
1195:Archived
1169:Archived
1141:Archived
1055:Archived
1023:Archived
1003:Archived
983:Archived
955:Archived
929:Archived
771:See also
666:European
662:American
609:Aussat-2
589:Bhaskara
541:Montreux
358:such as
264:, was a
2752:Defense
2496:Justice
2436:Geology
2396:Finance
2351:Economy
2341:Defense
2336:Culture
1973:, Π ΠΠ.
1001:, Π ΠΠ.
670:Chinese
545:Energia
464:GLONASS
292:History
284:in the
250:Russian
145: (
131: (
92: (
78: (
2787:Prices
2446:Health
2331:Cotton
1929:
1602:
1576:. 2008
1546:
1492:. 2020
1312:31 May
1277:
1175:31 May
1113:
935:22 May
921:
882:29 May
848:
668:, and
605:option
581:Kosmos
577:Vostok
571:, and
553:Proton
523:, 2007
500:, 2008
498:Moscow
435:, and
67:Formed
907:(PDF)
793:Notes
764:]
733:]
645:KVD-1
633:Buran
593:Foton
565:Soyuz
517:]
479:]
429:]
378:]
360:OKB-1
352:]
224:OKB-1
51:Buran
2207:list
2165:list
2105:2017
2079:2017
1927:ISBN
1908:2020
1749:2013
1723:2013
1696:2014
1670:2013
1600:ISSN
1544:ISBN
1498:2021
1314:2024
1275:ISBN
1253:2017
1177:2024
1111:ISBN
937:2022
919:ISBN
884:2022
846:ISBN
641:ISRO
622:The
587:and
508:The
456:NASA
280:and
268:the
244:The
979:ΠΠΈΠ€
815:Π ΠΠ
597:Mir
488:An
258:MOM
2866::
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2019:.
1994:.
1950:.
1898:.
1765:.
1740:.
1713:.
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1572:.
1514:.
1488:.
1422:.
1384:.
1349:.
1304:.
1293:^
1283:.
1273:.
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762:ru
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