2691:
2680:
2661:
2669:
1884:, many rulings were given in a specific context but would be taken out of it, or a ruling was revisited, but the second ruling would not become popularly known. To correct this, Judah the Prince took up the redaction of the Mishnah. If a point was of no conflict, he kept its language; where there was conflict, he reordered the opinions and ruled, and he clarified where context was not given. The idea was not to use his discretion, but rather to examine the tradition as far back as he could, and only supplement as required.
2473:
155:
3141:), includes Albeck's extensive commentary on each Mishnah, as well as introductions to each tractate (Masekhet) and order (Seder). This commentary tends to focus on the meaning of the mishnayot themselves, with less reliance on the Gemara's interpretation and is, therefore, considered valuable as a tool for the study of Mishnah as an independent work. Especially important are the scholarly notes in the back of the commentary.
6463:
4558:
2143:
47:
4570:
6477:
3283:
2614:
of different versions being used for study. These differences are shown in divergent citations of individual
Mishnah passages in the Talmud Yerushalmi and the Talmud Bavli, and in variances of medieval manuscripts and early editions of the Mishnah. The best known examples of these differences is found in J.N.Epstein's Introduction to the Text of the Mishnah (1948).
4546:
3224:, a format specially designed so as to facilitate recital and memorization, published by Rabbi E. Dordek in 1992. The layout is such that an entire chapter and its structure is readily visible, with each Mishnah, in turn, displayed in its component parts using line breaks (click on above image to view); includes tables summarizing each tractate, and the
1765:
2118:", suggesting a still earlier collection; on the other hand, these references may simply mean his teachings in general. Another possibility is that Rabbi Akiva and Rabbi Meir established the divisions and order of subjects in the Mishnah, making them the authors of a school curriculum rather than of a book.
2736:
Mishnah study, independent of the Talmud, was a marginal phenomenon before the late 15th century. The few commentaries that had been published tended to be limited to the tractates not covered by the Talmud, while
Maimonides' commentary was written in Judeo-Arabic and thus inaccessible to many Jewish
2642:
Some scholars hold that many or most of the statements and events described in the
Mishnah and Talmud usually occurred more or less as described, and that they can be used as serious sources of historical study. In this view, historians do attempt to tease out later editorial additions leaving behind
2613:
Following Judah the Prince's redaction there remained a number of different versions of the
Mishnah in circulation. The Mishnah used in the Babylonian rabbinic community differing markedly from that used in the Palestinian one. Indeed within these rabbinic communities themselves there are indications
2437:
in many editions from 1823 until 1936: reprints of the vocalized
Livorno editions were published in Israel in 1913, 1962, 1968 and 1976. These editions show some textual variants by bracketing doubtful words and passages, though they do not attempt detailed textual criticism. The Livorno editions are
2067:
As Judah the Prince went through the tractates, the
Mishnah was set forth, but throughout his life some parts were updated as new information came to light. Because of the proliferation of earlier versions, it was deemed too hard to retract anything already released, and therefore a second version of
1934:
While most discussions in the
Mishnah concern the correct way to carry out laws recorded in the Torah, it usually presents its conclusions without explicitly linking them to any scriptural passage, though scriptural quotations do occur. For this reason it is arranged in order of topics rather than in
1811:
The term "Mishnah" is related to the verb "to teach, repeat", and to adjectives meaning "second". It is thus named for being both the one written authority (codex) secondary (only) to the Tanakh as a basis for the passing of judgment, a source and a tool for creating laws, and the first of many books
2609:
According to the
Encyclopaedia Judaica (Second Edition), it is accepted that Judah the Prince added, deleted, and rewrote his source material during the process of redacting the Mishnah between the ending of the second century and the beginning of the 3rd century CE. Modern authors who have provided
2006:
by God were recorded in the written Torah without additional Oral Law or explanation. As a result, Karaite Jews do not accept as binding the written collections of the oral tradition in the
Midrash or Talmud. The Karaites comprised a significant portion of the world Jewish population in the 10th and
2626:
Some scholars hold that there has been extensive editorial reshaping of the stories and statements within the
Mishnah (and later, in the Talmud.) Lacking outside confirming texts, they hold that we cannot confirm the origin or date of most statements and laws, and that we can say little for certain
2441:
As well as being printed on its own, the Mishnah is included in all editions of the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds. Each paragraph is printed on its own, and followed by the relevant Gemara discussion. However, that discussion itself often cites the Mishnah line by line. While the text printed in
3843:
Despite the many secular demands on his time, Rabbeinu Shmuel authored a number of books. The most famous is the Mevo HaTalmud, an introduction to the study of the Talmud which clarifies the language and structure which can be so confusing to beginners. In addition, the Mevo HaTalmud describes the
2617:
Epstein has also concluded that the period of the Amoraim was one of further deliberate changes to the text of the Mishnah, which he views as attempts to return the text to what was regarded as its original form. These lessened over time, as the text of the Mishnah became more and more regarded as
2601:
Both the Mishnah and Talmud contain little serious biographical studies of the people discussed therein, and the same tractate will conflate the points of view of many different people. Yet, sketchy biographies of the Mishnaic sages can often be constructed with historical detail from Talmudic and
1916:
as an exposition to the latter. The accumulated traditions of the Oral Law, expounded by scholars in each generation from Moses onward, is considered as the necessary basis for the interpretation, and often for the reading, of the Written Law. Jews sometimes refer to this as the Masorah (Hebrew:
3159:
and based on classical and contemporary works, has become popular in the late 20th century. The commentary is designed to make the Mishnah accessible to a wide readership. Each tractate is introduced with an overview of its contents, including historical and legal background material, and each
1868:
Jewish center in Jerusalem, Jewish social and legal norms were in upheaval. The Rabbis were faced with the new reality of Judaism without a Temple (to serve as the center of teaching and study) and Judea without autonomy. It is during this period that Rabbinic discourse began to be recorded in
2638:
Some scholars hold that the Mishnah and Talmud have been extensively shaped by later editorial redaction, but that it contains sources which we can identify and describe with some level of reliability. In this view, sources can be identified to some extent because each era of history and each
2621:
Many modern historical scholars have focused on the timing and the formation of the Mishnah. A vital question is whether it is composed of sources which date from its editor's lifetime, and to what extent is it composed of earlier, or later sources. Are Mishnaic disputes distinguishable along
2622:
theological or communal lines, and in what ways do different sections derive from different schools of thought within early Judaism? Can these early sources be identified, and if so, how? In response to these questions, modern scholars have adopted a number of different approaches.
2588:
in Jerusalem have collected major oral archives which hold extensive recordings of Jews chanting the Mishnah using a variety of melodies and many different kinds of pronunciation. These institutes are the Jewish Oral Traditions Research Center and the National Voice Archives (the
3127:) in 1930 was one of the first attempts to create a modern commentary on Mishnah. His decision to use the Vilna text (as opposed to a modern scholarly edition), and to write an introduction to every tractate describing its content and the relevant biblical material, influenced
2690:
2111:) that he was the author of an earlier collection. For this reason, the few passages that actually say "this is the view of Rabbi Meir" represent cases where the author intended to present Rabbi Meir's view as a "minority opinion" not representing the accepted law.
2216:; though there is sometimes a difference between the text of a whole paragraph printed at the beginning of a discussion (which may be edited to conform with the text of the Mishnah-only editions) and the line-by-line citations in the course of the discussion.
2809:("the Rash") was, apart from Maimonides, one of the few rabbis of the early medieval era to compose a Mishnah commentary on some tractates. It is printed in many editions of the Mishnah. It is interwoven with his commentary on major parts of the Tosefta.
2052:). This usually indicates that many sages taught so, or that Judah the Prince ruled so. The halakhic ruling usually follows that view. Sometimes, however, it appears to be the opinion of a single sage, and the view of the sages collectively (
1843:, with the oldest surviving material dating to the 6th to 7th centuries CE. Rabbis expounded on and debated the Tanakh without the benefit of written works (other than the Biblical books themselves), though some may have made private notes (
2581:, who made careful eclectic use of both medieval manuscripts and current oral traditions of pronunciation from Jewish communities all over the world. The Albeck edition includes an introduction by Yelon detailing his eclectic method.
2223:(Jerusalem 2014), warns against over-simplifying the picture by assuming that the Mishnah-only tradition is always the more authentic, or that it represents a "Palestinian" as against a "Babylonian" tradition. Manuscripts from the
1698:(the Romans would not have tolerated this overt nationalism). Similarly, there were then several decrees in place aimed at suppressing outward signs of national identity, including decrees against wearing tefillin and tzitzit; as
2125:(Epistle of Rabbi Sherira Gaon) is ambiguous on the point, although the Spanish recension leans to the theory that the Mishnah was written. However, the Talmud records that, in every study session, there was a person called the
2639:
distinct geographical region has its own unique feature, which one can trace and analyze. Thus, the questions above may be analyzed. See, for example, the works of Goodblatt, Lee Levine, David C. Kraemer and Robert Goldenberg.
1826:
Before the publication of the Mishnah, Jewish scholarship and judgement were predominantly oral, as according to the Talmud, it was not permitted to write them down. The earliest recorded oral law may have been of the
1799:
presented in the Torah and aims to cover all aspects of human living, serve as an example for future judgments, and, most important, demonstrate pragmatic exercise of the Biblical laws, which was much needed since the
2789:
in a number of undecided issues. Of particular significance are the various introductory sections – as well as the introduction to the work itself – these are widely quoted in other works on the Mishnah, and on the
2442:
paragraph form has generally been standardized to follow the Vilna edition, the text cited line by line in the Gemara often preserves important variants, which sometimes reflect the readings of older manuscripts.
2037:(which refers to the period after Judah's death). In addition to redacting the Mishnah, Judah and his court also ruled on which opinions should be followed, although the rulings do not always appear in the text.
3734:
was handed down by word of mouth during a long period. ... The first attempts to write down the traditional matter, there is reason to believe, date from the first half of the second post-Christian century.
1945:, by contrast, while presenting similar laws, does so in the form of a Biblical commentary and explicitly links its conclusions to details in the Biblical text. These Midrashim often predate the Mishnah.
4724: (archived June 25, 2003) – A program of two Mishnayot per day. Currently inactive, but archives contain the complete text of Kehati in English for Moed, Nashim, Nezikin, and about half of Kodashim.
2390:
The Literature of the Jewish People in the Period of the Second Temple and the Talmud, Volume 3 The Literature of the Sages: First Part: Oral Tora, Halakha, Mishna, Tosefta, Talmud, External Tractates.
2551:; there may also be tunes for Mishnaic passages in other parts of the liturgy, such as the passages in the daily prayers relating to sacrifices and incense and the paragraphs recited at the end of the
4741:
3219:
2121:
Authorities are divided on whether Rabbi Judah the Prince recorded the Mishnah in writing or established it as an oral text for memorisation. The most important early account of its composition, the
2570:.) Recordings have been made for Israeli national archives, and Frank Alvarez-Pereyre has published a book-length study of the Syrian tradition of Mishnah reading on the basis of these recordings.
4740:– Popular edition of Hebrew text (with vowels), used in many schools, formatted to encourage review and aid memory. Tables summarizing content. Mishna songs and recordings. Wiki article in Hebrew
1616:) states that there were either six hundred or seven hundred orders of the Mishnah. The Mishnah was divided into six thematic sections by its author, Judah HaNasi. There is also a tradition that
1624:
but 60 esoteric books. It is not known whether this is a reference to the Mishnah, but there is a case for saying that the Mishnah does consist of 60 tractates. (The current total is 63, but
4172:
Mordechai Meir, “Shisha Sidrei Ha-Mishna Menukadim U-mefurashim al Yedei Chaim Nachman Bialik: Kavim Le-mifalo Ha-nishkach shel Bialik,” Netuim 16 (5770), pp.191-208, available at:
2927:
3796:
2679:
2025:, of whom approximately 120 are known. The period during which the Mishnah was assembled spanned about 130 years, or five generations, in the first and second centuries CE.
2357:
only. Unlike all of the above mss., the vocalization and consonant text are probably by the same hand, which makes it the oldest vocalization of part of the Mishnah known.
2129:
appointed to recite the Mishnah passage under discussion. This may indicate that, even if the Mishnah was reduced to writing, it was not available on general distribution.
2029:
is credited with the final redaction and publication of the Mishnah, although there have been a few additions since his time: those passages that cite him or his grandson (
4708: (archived 10 October 2011) – One Mishnah per day. (Note: this study-cycle follows a different schedule than the regular one; contains extensive archives in English).
2725:" — often entails long, tangential discussions; and neither version of the Talmud covers the entire Mishnah (each covers about 50–70% of the text). As a result, numerous
4714:– MishnahYomit.com hosts a weekly publication complementing the learning of people studying the regular program. It include articles, review questions and learning aids.
5967:
1923:), roughly translated as tradition, though that word is often used in a narrower sense to mean traditions concerning the editing and reading of the Biblical text (see
6513:
6357:
4701:
2563:, but this is not reduced to a precise system like that for the Biblical books. (In some traditions this intonation is the same as or similar to that used for the
3790:
3238:. Its "Yad Avraham" commentary comprises supplementary explanations and notes, drawing on the Gemara and the other Mishnah commentaries and cross referencing the
3235:
5040:
2871:(15th century) wrote one of the most popular Mishnah commentaries. He draws on Maimonides' work but also offers Talmudical material (in effect a summary of the
785:
6317:
4218:
3746:
The theory that the destruction of the Temple and subsequent upheaval led to the committing of Oral Law into writing was first explained in the Epistle of
1686:
argued that it was unnecessary for "Judah the Prince" to discuss them as many of these laws were so well known. Margolies suggests that as the Mishnah was
874:
932:, which followed the order of the Bible. As a written compilation, the order of the Mishnah is by subject matter and includes a much broader selection of
4835:
3480:
2208:
Very roughly, there are two traditions of Mishnah text. One is found in manuscripts and printed editions of the Mishnah on its own, or as part of the
385:
4864:
3737:
Strack theorizes that the growth of a Christian canon (the New Testament) was a factor that influenced the Rabbis to record the oral law in writing.
2729:
on the Mishna have been written, typically intended to allow for the study of the work without requiring direct reference to (and facility for) the
2491:
1849:) for example of court decisions. The oral traditions were far from monolithic, and varied among various schools, the most famous of which were the
2879:. In addition to its role as a Mishnah commentary, this work is often used by students of Talmud as a review-text and is often referred to as "the
6363:
4640:(Hebrew) – Hebrew text of the Mishnah according to Maimonides' version (based on the manuscript of his Mishnah commentary in his own handwriting).
2530:(out loud). Jewish communities around the world preserved local melodies for chanting the Mishnah, and distinctive ways of pronouncing its words.
3160:
Mishnah is prefaced by a thematic introduction. The current version of this edition is printed with the Bartenura commentary as well as Kehati's.
5463:
4917:
1110:("Purities"), pertaining to the laws of purity and impurity, including the impurity of the dead, food purity, and bodily purity (12 tractates).
5458:
4290:
4030:
3461:
3379:
4670:– English text as translated in The William Davidson edition of the Koren Noé Talmud, with commentary by Rabbi Adin Even-Israel Steinsaltz.
2905:. The glosses are sometimes quite detailed and analytic. In many compact Mishnah printings, a condensed version of his commentary, titled
3349:) used in Roman law and Patristic literature. However, it is not always clear from the context if the reference is to the Mishnah or the
2490:
1122:
for these orders. In each order (with the exception of Zeraim), tractates are arranged from biggest (in number of chapters) to smallest.
6523:
5478:
5473:
4897:
282:
4628:
Learn the entire Mishnah online in Hebrew with English translation, and create Smart Mishnah Charts for Shloshim and Yahrzeit learning.
2312:
The Parma ms. is close to the Kaufmann ms. palaeographically but not textually. Text is closest to the Mishnah quotations given in the
6290:
5167:
3829:
3652:
3857:
6518:
5318:
5172:
4457:
4358:
4340:
3529:
2190:
1146:
778:
130:
3001:). Although Rabbi Lipschutz has faced some controversy in certain Hasidic circles, he was greatly respected by such sages as Rabbi
2286:
It is considered the best manuscript and forms the base text of all critical editions. Vocalization is by a different, later hand.
4176:
6528:
5227:
5135:
3573:
3521:
3301:
6392:
4432:
Shaye J.D. Cohen, "Patriarchs and Scholarchs", Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 48 (1981), pp. 57–87
5586:
4727:
1877:(530s BCE / 3230s AM – 70 CE/ 3830 AM) would be forgotten, so the justification was found to have these oral laws transcribed.
380:
375:
4717:
5268:
4828:
4755:– A program of learning two mishnayos every day. Site include Hebrew and English together with a link for audio for each day.
4079:
3234:'s "Elucidated Mishnah", a phrase-by-phrase translation and elucidation based on the Bertinoro - following the format of the
2400:
2168:
1714:
that discussed the basic laws of day to day living and it was therefore not necessary to focus on these laws in the Mishnah.
68:
2794:
in general. Perhaps the most famous is his introduction to the tenth chapter of tractate Sanhedrin where he enumerates the
6369:
5690:
3844:
development of the Mishnah and the Gemara and lists the Tannaim and Amoraim who were instrumental in preparing the Talmud.
2271:
1935:
the form of a Biblical commentary. (In a very few cases, there is no scriptural source at all and the law is described as
574:
6432:
2559:. Otherwise, there is often a customary intonation used in the study of Mishnah or Talmud, somewhat similar to an Arabic
2384:. The consonant text is dependent on early printed editions. The value of this ms. lies exclusively in the vocalization.
6300:
6295:
5483:
5468:
5232:
5187:
4932:
2326:
771:
6397:
6382:
5263:
5123:
4749:(Hebrew) – Host to Shiurim, and learning and review according to the Perek HaYomi in Mishna instituted by the Maharal.
2239:. The earliest extant material witness to rabbinic literature of any kind is dating to the 6th–7th centuries CE, see
1880:
Over time, different traditions of the Oral Law came into being, raising problems of interpretation. According to the
111:
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1861:
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83:
6508:
6351:
6245:
5896:
5790:
5498:
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4992:
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is developing Mishnah texts, commentaries, and translations. The project is currently available in four languages:
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3306:
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about their authorship. In this view, the questions above are impossible to answer. See, for example, the works of
2482:
2365:
1801:
913:
901:
2660:
2533:
Many medieval manuscripts of the Mishnah are vowelized, and some of these, especially some fragments found in the
2172:
2157:
57:
6467:
6407:
6305:
6285:
6155:
6080:
5940:
5807:
5493:
5453:
4821:
4254:
3645:
Shishah Sidre Mishnah = The Mishnah Elucidated: A phrase-by-phrase interpretive translation with basic commentary
2422:
333:
277:
1764:
6387:
6218:
5517:
5392:
4682:
4649:
2313:
2164:
1347:
599:
508:
90:
64:
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communities. Dedicated Mishnah study grew vastly in popularity beginning in the late 16th century, due to the
2668:
1752:, with the oldest surviving Talmudic manuscripts dating to the 8th century CE. Unlike the Hebrew Mishnah, the
1029:
means a single paragraph of the work, i.e. the smallest unit of structure, leading to the use of the plural, "
4046:
3477:
1952:, but just as practical advice, even at times for humor or as guidance for understanding historical debates.
922:" originally referred to a method of teaching by presenting topics in a systematic order, as contrasted with
6340:
6329:
5923:
5844:
5549:
5448:
5387:
5367:
5273:
5246:
4807:
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3697:
2933:
2041:
1124:
470:
370:
3821:
2000 Years of Jewish History: From the Destruction of the Second Bais Hamikdash Until the Twentieth Century
2777:) a comprehensive commentary on the Mishnah. It was written in Arabic using Hebrew letters (what is termed
6376:
6346:
5409:
3808:
Though as shown below, there is some disagreement about whether the Mishnah was originally put in writing.
2778:
2726:
1271:
1266:
1078:("Women"), concerning marriage and divorce, some forms of oaths and the laws of the nazirite (7 tractates)
687:
1694:, Judah could not have included discussion of Hanukkah, which commemorates the Jewish revolt against the
97:
6533:
6402:
6323:
6105:
5812:
5695:
5436:
5426:
5419:
5404:
5290:
4562:
4206:
3407:
3068:
2842:
2538:
1699:
1669:
1139:
1086:("Damages"), dealing with civil and criminal law, the functioning of the courts and oaths (10 tractates)
415:
4765:
4402:
1644:("Final Portal") are often regarded as subdivisions of one enormous tractate, titled simply Nezikin.)
881:
between the ending of the second century CE and the beginning of the third century in a time when the
6437:
6427:
5930:
4902:
3191:
2890:
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1909:
1874:
1629:
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890:
569:
490:
79:
6085:
6053:
5979:
5888:
5834:
5441:
5241:
4975:
4940:
4550:
3621:
3509:
3116:
2998:
2947:
2864:
2745:; it was aided by the spread of Bertinoro's accessible Hebrew Mishnah commentary around this time.
2648:
2541:
2296:
1352:
1327:
1322:
1301:
1251:
1095:
882:
859:
850:, or "to study and review", also "secondary") is the first written collection of the Jewish
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410:
146:
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Rabbinic commentary, debate and analysis on the Mishnah from the next four centuries, done in the
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6412:
6223:
5945:
5822:
5817:
5802:
5772:
5725:
5648:
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4987:
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4439:, ed. John G. Gammie and Leo G. Perdue (Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1990), pp. 417–23
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480:
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2227:, or citations in other works, may support either type of reading or other readings altogether.
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4399:
The Mishnah, a new integrated translation and commentary based on Rabbeinu Ovadiah M'Bartenurah
6201:
6132:
6014:
5999:
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4907:
4453:
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3658:
3648:
3597:
3525:
3488:
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2632:
2585:
2547:
Today, many communities have a special tune for the Mishnaic passage "Bammeh madliqin" in the
2498:
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2099:
The Talmud records a tradition that unattributed statements of the law represent the views of
1736:. The books which set out the Mishnah in its original structure, together with the associated
1691:
1357:
885:
and the passage of time raised the possibility that the details of the oral traditions of the
649:
523:
365:
4147:
4121:
3428:
2577:
vowelization, and often contain mistakes. The Albeck edition of the Mishnah was vocalized by
1652:
A number of important laws are not elaborated upon in the Mishnah. These include the laws of
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6267:
6235:
6196:
6167:
6150:
6100:
5901:
5710:
5643:
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5503:
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5197:
5128:
5045:
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4227:
4109:
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2847:
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2781:) and was one of the first commentaries of its kind. In it, Rambam condensed the associated
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1991:
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1850:
1796:
1749:
1679:
1500:
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1132:
809:
624:
554:
513:
435:
430:
221:
154:
4588:
4578:
4276:
The Oxford Annotated Mishnah: A New Translation of the Mishnah With Introductions and Notes
4021:
Skolnik, Fred; Berenbaum, Michael (2007). "The Traditional Interpretation of the Mishnah".
2450:
6177:
6172:
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5911:
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2989:. It is subdivided into two parts, one more general and the other more analytical, titled
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1961:
1941:
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1520:
1449:
1337:
1317:
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836:
717:
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559:
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259:
4527:
La Transmission Orale de la Mishna. Une methode d'analyse appliquee a la tradition d'Alep
3213:
1062:("Seeds"), dealing with prayer and blessings, tithes and agricultural laws (11 tractates)
5878:
6481:
6456:
6277:
6184:
6142:
6122:
6110:
6090:
6004:
5994:
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5935:
5906:
5873:
5839:
5749:
5673:
5663:
5601:
5399:
5347:
5258:
5253:
5015:
5010:
4945:
4874:
4646:– Hebrew text according to the Albeck edition (without vowels) with special formatting.
4613:
4173:
3880:
3288:
3240:
3088:
2822:
2818:
2806:
2644:
2574:
2506:
2302:
Palestine or Southern Italy, which in any case it reached soon after being written down
2034:
2007:
11th centuries CE, and remain extant, although they currently number in the thousands.
1965:
1924:
1723:
1710:
1673:
1398:
1393:
1362:
851:
695:
682:
644:
619:
594:
405:
246:
4788:
4371:. London, 1935-1952. Includes Mishnah-translations for those tractates without Gemara.
1050:– the "six orders"), although that term is more often used for the Talmud as a whole.
6497:
6250:
6095:
6022:
5829:
5763:
5736:
5685:
5633:
5606:
5581:
5571:
5332:
5278:
5212:
5192:
5182:
5177:
5150:
5096:
5025:
4970:
4368:
4346:
4328:
3995:
3968:
3317:
3311:
3245:
3209:
3156:
3152:
3134:
3128:
2921:
2501:, which describes how scholars of the Talmud create peace in the world. Performed by
2446:
2026:
1975:
1865:
870:
629:
564:
425:
420:
163:
104:
28:
3546:—the "Oral Law" forming basis of the Talmud; edited c. 220 C.E. by R. Judah HaNassi.
3148:
in 1945 (published in Montreal). Its vocalization is supposed to be of high quality.
1070:("Festival"), pertaining to the laws of the Sabbath and the Festivals (12 tractates)
6230:
6027:
5989:
5950:
5539:
5283:
5222:
5202:
5162:
5145:
5113:
5101:
5062:
4980:
4955:
3955:
3747:
3496:
3374:. Studia Judaica. Center for Israel studies. Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 231–237.
3244:
as applicable. The work also includes a general introduction to each tractate. The
3138:
2628:
2578:
2534:
2338:
A very careless copy, it is nonetheless useful where the Kaufmann text is corrupt.
2224:
2104:
1454:
751:
528:
3967:
This theory was held by David Zvi Hoffman, and is repeated in the introduction to
3216:
have half completed a 45 volume socio-historic commentary "Mishnat Eretz Yisrael".
1613:
1281:
4734: (archived 29 August 2018) – Custom learning and review programs for Mishnah.
4655:
3819:
3719:
3513:
2489:
2275:
1869:
writing. The possibility was felt that the details of the oral traditions of the
1730:, were eventually redacted and compiled as well. In themselves they are known as
987:
980:
974:
966:
6240:
5755:
5680:
5658:
5561:
5155:
5084:
5079:
5067:
5057:
4783:
4600:
4298:
3346:
3024:
3002:
2738:
2142:
2115:
2096:
actually refers to texts from earlier Sages upon which Rebbi based his Mishnah.
1913:
1784:
on the matter, and (ii) the judgment that was given by a notable rabbi based on
1637:
1561:
1459:
1444:
1424:
518:
327:
46:
4650:
Online Treasury of Talmudic Manuscripts, Jewish National and University Library
1808:. The Mishnah is thus a collection of existing traditions rather than new law.
6334:
6041:
5623:
5217:
4965:
4887:
4574:
4569:
4557:
3278:
3095:
2954:
2795:
2762:
2593:
at the Jewish National and University Library). See below for external links.
2527:
2518:
2454:
2418:
edition, which is the basis of the editions now used by the religious public.
2100:
1983:
1821:
1641:
1633:
1571:
1546:
1510:
1429:
1419:
862:, with the oldest surviving material dating to the 6th to 7th centuries BCE.
855:
708:
634:
32:
3662:
3372:
Talmuda de-Eretz Israel: archaeology and the rabbis in late antique Palestine
6255:
5720:
5611:
5522:
5140:
5074:
4643:
4383:
3776:
3231:
2868:
2856:
2414:. There have been many subsequent editions, including the late 19th century
1870:
1727:
1687:
1581:
886:
878:
5091:
4596:
4412:
2715:. However, the Talmud is not usually viewed as a commentary on the Mishnah
4637:
4545:
4095:
3472:, dissenting, places the Mishnah's compilation in 189 CE (see: H. Graetz,
2421:
Vocalized editions were published in Italy, culminating in the edition of
5974:
5916:
5861:
5856:
5527:
4667:
3203:
3131:, whose project was considered a continuation and expansion of Bialik's.
2838:. This relatively unknown commentary was first printed in Israel in 1955.
2791:
2754:
2567:
2564:
2030:
1994:
which maintain that the Talmud is an authoritative interpretation of the
1979:
1836:
1777:
1665:
1657:
1490:
1480:
1475:
1256:
1222:
1119:
1090:
1036:
Because of the division into six orders, the Mishnah is sometimes called
4777:
4614:
Complete Mishnah manuscript (15th century CE), Cambridge Digital Library
1795:
In this way, the Mishnah brings to everyday reality the practice of the
17:
6189:
6073:
6068:
6046:
5866:
5851:
5795:
5730:
5705:
5668:
5532:
5207:
5106:
5030:
4922:
4848:
4771:
4427:
Modern Scholarship in the Study of Torah: Contributions and Limitations
4409:
3322:
3296:
3199:
3145:
3006:
2902:
2799:
2603:
2556:
2434:
2415:
2016:
1999:
1970:
1928:
1832:
1828:
1789:
1785:
1708:
suggests that there existed ancient texts analogous to the present-day
1661:
1653:
1586:
1505:
1495:
1464:
1378:
1367:
1276:
1234:
1210:
1115:
1106:
1099:
1082:
1043:
933:
926:
730:
440:
347:
207:
194:
180:
4413:
full text of the Mishnah with various open-source English translations
2457:, which compares the base text used by Maimonides with the Napoli and
6260:
6127:
6063:
4232:
4207:"Translating Jewish Poland into Canadian Yiddish: Symcha Petrushka's
3909:
sages whose views are recorded in the Mishnah; from the Aramaic root
3350:
3120:
2897:
In the introduction Heller says that his aim is to add a supplement (
2872:
2782:
2742:
2721:
2560:
2502:
2426:
2411:
2213:
2069:
1987:
1948:
The Mishnah also quotes the Torah for principles not associated with
1745:
1741:
1732:
1625:
1621:
1609:
1591:
1541:
1536:
1525:
1485:
1439:
1403:
1342:
1198:
1174:
1074:
1058:
662:
226:
211:
3404:"Commentary on Tractate Avot with an Introduction (Shemona perakim)"
3403:
3124:
936:
subjects and discusses individual subjects more thoroughly than the
4813:
2741:
emphasis on Mishnah study and as a reaction against the methods of
2212:. The other is found in manuscripts and editions of the Babylonian
6211:
6206:
6160:
6115:
6036:
6031:
5295:
5050:
5020:
4784:
Download all 6 tractates of Mishnah for Free on TorahDownloads.com
4737:
3906:
2876:
2827:, providing a digest of the Talmudic-discussion and Rishonim there
2786:
2703:
2689:
2678:
2667:
2659:
2552:
2458:
2003:
1995:
1905:
1840:
1805:
1769:
1763:
1576:
1551:
1515:
673:
322:
302:
3624:[Yesod Hamishna Va'arichatah] (in Hebrew). pp. 25–28
3562:. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society. pp. 499–500.
2719:, because: the Talmud also has many other goals; its analysis — "
2497:
A traditional setting of the last passage of the first tractate,
1960:
Some Jews do not accept the codification of the oral law at all.
1792:, and spirit of the teaching ("Torah") that guided his decision.
6310:
4844:
4711:
2841:
A 12th-century Italian commentary of the Mishnah, made by Rabbi
2830:
An 11th-century CE commentary of the Mishnah, composed by Rabbi
2610:
examples of these changes include J.N. Epstein and S. Friedman.
2430:
1617:
1332:
1186:
1066:
4817:
3353:, which could be regarded as a "doubling" of the Torah reading.
1776:
The Mishnah teaches the oral traditions by example, presenting
1128:
4752:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4294:
2573:
Most vowelized editions of the Mishnah today reflect standard
2136:
1949:
40:
4473:(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), pp. 14–22.
3307:
List of tractates, chapters, mishnahs and pages in the Talmud
3261:
A notable literary work on the composition of the Mishnah is
2936:, a brief commentary on the entire Mishnah drawing from "the
1620:
the scribe dictated from memory not only the 24 books of the
4661:
2471:
2425:, publ. Venice 1737. The Altaras edition was republished in
1702:
was against Roman law, Judah would not have discussed this.
4658:– High resolution images of this important textual witness.
4631:
4625:
3858:"Why The Mishnah Is the Best Jewish Book You've Never Read"
3155:, which uses the Albeck text of the Mishnah, is written in
2643:
a possible historical text. See, for example, the works of
2526:
The Mishnah was and still is traditionally studied through
2021:
The rabbis who contributed to the Mishnah are known as the
827:
4804:
at the Hebrew University (catalogue not currently online).
4376:
The Mishnah, a new translation with commentary Yad Avraham
4274:
Shaye J. D. Cohen, Robert Goldenberg, Hayim Lapin (eds.),
3087:
by Rav Avrohom Abba Krenitz (the great grandfather of Rav
3005:, whom he frequently cites, and is widely accepted in the
2410:
The first printed edition of the Mishnah was published in
821:
4768:
on the Mishnah and Talmud in English – Produced in Israel
4150:[Rambam's introduction to the chapter "Chelek"].
4004:
The Traditions of Hebrew and Aramaic of the Jews of Yemen
818:
4685:[Mishna Study and Study Groups in Modern Times]
4466:(Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989), pp. 1–13 and 19–44
3198:. The commentary appears for the entire text except for
2103:(Sanhedrin 86a), which supports the theory (recorded by
4746:
2445:
The nearest approach to a critical edition is that of
1780:
being brought to judgment, usually along with (i) the
3647:. Brooklyn, NY: Mesorah Publications. pp. 3–16.
3491:
in his "Sefer HaKabbalah le-Ravad", or what was then
3452:
Skolnik, Fred; Berenbaum, Michael (2007). "Mishnah".
2438:
the basis of the Sephardic tradition for recitation.
1748:(to which the term "Talmud" normally refers) and the
824:
4451:'The Written' as the Vocation of Conceiving Jewishly
4174:
http://www.herzog.ac.il/vtc/tvunot/netuim16_meir.pdf
3558:
Eisenberg, Ronald L. (2004). "Rabbinic Literature".
2711:
The main work discussing the Mishnah is the Talmud,
6276:
6141:
6013:
5887:
5781:
5312:
5001:
4931:
4873:
4480:(Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1982), vol. 4, pp. 212–25
4070:. New York, NY: Hebrew Publishing Company. p.
815:
812:
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4124:[Introduction to the Mishnah Commentary].
4061:
4006:; ed. Yosef Tobi), Tel Aviv 2001, p. 183 (note 12)
1094:("Holy things"), regarding sacrificial rites, the
4810:– Recordings of Seder Zera'im in Syrian tradition
4487:(Jerusalem: Bialik Institute, 1988), pp. 8–9
1927:). The resulting Jewish law and custom is called
4435:Steven D. Fraade, "The Early Rabbinic Sage," in
3643:Scherman, Nosson; Zlotowitz, Meir, eds. (2016).
3314: – daily cycle of Mishna studying
2901:) to Bertinoro's commentary in the style of the
2712:
38:First major written collection of the Oral Torah
3750:and often repeated. See, for example, Grayzel,
3487:), and which date follows that penned by Rabbi
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
2453:of the Mishnah together with the commentary of
2393:Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum
4045:See for example § "Both Broad and Deep" under
4000:The Samaritan and Yemenite Tradition of Hebrew
31:, a much later book of Rabbinic literature by
4829:
3574:"Maimonides on the Six Orders of the Mishnah"
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3144:Symcha Petrushka's commentary was written in
2997:respectively (after two large pillars in the
2114:There are also references to the "Mishnah of
1964:, for example, recognises only the Tanakh as
1812:to complement the Tanakh in certain aspects.
1140:
779:
8:
4789:The "Master Torah" Mishnah Ba'al Peh Program
4437:The Sage in Israel and the Ancient Near East
4401:, Machon Yisrael Trust, available online at
3948:
3724:. Jewish Publication Society. pp. 11–12
3447:
3445:
2082:
2074:
2046:
1918:
1844:
1019:
1011:
1003:
995:
959:
953:
945:
924:
6318:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
4577:has original text related to this article:
4285:. The Judaica Press, Ltd., reprinted 2000 (
3985:(in Hebrew). Leshonenu 24. pp. 47–231.
2940:", reprinted 20 times since its publication
2664:Rambam's Mishnah Commentary in Judeo-Arabic
2171:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4998:
4836:
4822:
4814:
4691:JSIJ – Jewish Studies, an Internet Journal
4278:, New York, Oxford University Press, 2022.
4025:. Vol. 14 (2 ed.). p. 327.
3789:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3456:. Vol. 14 (2 ed.). p. 319.
3341:The same meaning is suggested by the term
1170:
1147:
1133:
1125:
786:
772:
726:
704:
669:
608:
583:
537:
454:
394:
354:
311:
291:
266:
235:
203:
176:
142:
4446:(Missoula, Montana: Scholars Press, 1978)
4231:
4105:
4103:
2191:Learn how and when to remove this message
386:Baraita on the Erection of the Tabernacle
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
4865:Index of Jewish history-related articles
4634:– Create a Shloshim Mishnah list online.
4219:TTR: traduction, terminologie, rédaction
4016:
4014:
4012:
2245:
6364:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
4774:– given by Rabbi Chaim Brown in English
4664:– English Translation & Commentary.
3370:Fine, Steven; Koller, Aaron J. (2014).
3334:
3123:with vocalization (partially available
2913:Other commentaries by early Acharonim:
2040:Most of the Mishnah is related without
843:, "study by repetition", from the verb
729:
707:
672:
661:
611:
586:
540:
457:
397:
357:
346:
314:
294:
269:
258:
238:
206:
179:
170:
145:
6514:Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish law
4058:See summary of per-tractate coverage:
3782:
3721:Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash
3252:) edition includes all these features.
3194:wrote a commentary on ethical issues,
2875:) largely following the commentary of
2821:'s commentary on most of the Mishnah,
2516:
2072:refers to these differing versions as
893:(516 BCE – 70 CE) would be forgotten.
3913:(תנא) equivalent for the Hebrew root
3163:The encyclopedic editions put out by
3045:(Rav Efrayim Yitzchok from Premishla)
2981:A (the) prominent commentary here is
2961:on parts of the Mishnah, and glosses
2815:(Rosh)'s commentary on some tractates
1982:. It rejects the codification of the
7:
4471:Judaism: The Evidence of the Mishnah
2651:, Avraham Goldberg and Dov Zlotnick.
2305:Script shows strong similarities to
2169:adding citations to reliable sources
1998:. Karaites maintain that all of the
1672:. These were later discussed in the
981:
943:The Mishnah consists of six orders (
69:adding citations to reliable sources
4675:Mishnah study and the daily Mishnah
4499:Mishnah Rishonah U'flugta D'tanna'e
3137:'s edition (1952–59) (vocalized by
3027:(glosses, rather than a commentary)
2774:
2057:
1990:and subsequent works of mainstream
1919:
1901:
1845:
964:), each containing 7–12 tractates (
960:
840:
283:Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai
6311:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
6291:American Jewish Historical Society
4780:in English produced in Los Angeles
4683:"לימוד משנה וחברות משנה בעת החדשה"
3718:Strack, Hermann Leberecht (1945).
3560:The JPS Guide to Jewish Traditions
2683:Title page of the Mishna with the
2395:, Ed. Shmuel Safrai, Brill, 1987,
1939:, "law to Moses from Sinai".) The
1025:). In this last context, the word
896:Most of the Mishnah is written in
25:
4796:Oral traditions and pronunciation
4387:
4255:Mishnat Eretz Yisrael on Berakhot
4047:Gemara: The Essence of the Talmud
3698:"The Exclusivity of the Oral Law"
2465:Oral traditions and pronunciation
1756:is written primarily in Aramaic.
1744:. Two Talmuds were compiled, the
985:; lit. "web"), 63 in total. Each
6475:
6462:
6461:
4632:Learn Mishna in Someone's Memory
4568:
4556:
4544:
3824:. Philipp Feldheim. p. 68.
3522:University of Pennsylvania Press
3476:, vol. 6, Philadelphia 1898, p.
3302:Jewish commentaries on the Bible
3281:
2855:Prominent commentaries by early
2517:Problems playing this file? See
2487:
2141:
2068:certain laws were released. The
1888:The Mishnah and the Hebrew Bible
1802:destruction of the Second Temple
808:
153:
45:
4478:The Traditions of Rabbi Ishmael
4195:(Jerusalem: Mossad Bialik,)1:9.
4191:Hanoch Albeck, 'Introduction',
3937:, Jerusalem 1971, p.16 (Hebrew)
3769:The Iggeres of Rav Sherira Gaon
3524:(published 2004). p. 333.
3345:("doubling" or "repetition" in
3059:(the commentary on the rest of
3020:Others from this time include:
2537:, are partially annotated with
858:. It is also the first work of
381:Baraita on the Thirty-two Rules
376:Baraita of the Forty-nine Rules
56:needs additional citations for
6383:Relations with other religions
4668:Mishnah (Hebrew & English)
4464:Making the Classics in Judaism
4351:The Mishnah: A New Translation
3754:, Penguin Books, 1984, p. 193.
3598:"The Mishnah | Reform Judaism"
2834:, President of the Academy in
2701:to note their summary of each
2449:. There is also an edition by
1904:) was given to Moses with the
1864:in 70 CE, with the end of the
1:
6370:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
4766:Rav Avraham Kosman – Slabodka
4656:Codex Kaufmann of the Mishnah
4444:The Sabbath-Law of Rabbi Meir
3771:. Jerusalem. pp. 28–29.
3518:Jewish Magic and Superstition
3013:is an important gloss on the
2272:Hungarian Academy of Sciences
1684:Hakdamah Le'mafteach Hatalmud
1636:(literally: "First Portal"),
575:Iggeret of Rabbi Sherira Gaon
6301:Leo Baeck Institute New York
6296:American Sephardi Federation
4492:Yesod Ha-Mishnah V'Arichatah
3983:Cantillation of the Oral Law
3933:calculated the date 189 CE.
3236:Schottenstein Edition Talmud
2796:thirteen fundamental beliefs
2461:editions and other sources.
2327:Cambridge University Library
2235:Complete manuscripts (mss.)
1835:discussion is structured as
988:
975:
967:
5124:Constantinopolitan Karaites
4802:The National Sound Archives
4353:. New Haven, reprint 1991 (
4096:Moses Maimonides commentary
3949:
3935:Seder Ha-Kabbalah Leharavad
3883:. Cambridge Digital Library
2505:Meyer Kanewsky in 1919 for
2083:
2075:
2047:
1718:Mishnah, Gemara, and Talmud
1118:"Z'MaN NaKaT" is a popular
1020:
1012:
1004:
996:
954:
946:
925:
748:Targum to the Five Megillot
6550:
6524:Hebrew-language literature
6352:National Library of Israel
4993:Zionism, race and genetics
4778:Rav Grossman on the Mishna
4591:(the largest collection),
4513:Mishna and Tosefta Studies
4205:Margolis, Rebecca (2009).
3946:According to the Epistle (
3901:The plural term (singular
3514:"Glossary of Hebrew Terms"
2893:wrote a commentary called
2851:is known to have survived)
2769:(The Book of the Lantern,
2366:National Library of Israel
2221:Mishna and Tosefta Studies
2014:
1819:
993:is divided into chapters (
914:List of Talmudic tractates
911:
26:
6450:
6306:Yeshiva University Museum
6286:Center for Jewish History
4855:
4110:Coffee with the Bartenura
4068:A Book of Jewish Concepts
4060:Birnbaum, Philip (1975).
3081:, by Rav Dov Ber Lifshitz
2423:David ben Solomon Altaras
2314:Leiden Palestinian Talmud
1240:
1228:
1216:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1168:
1161:שִׁשָּׁה סִדְרֵי מִשְׁנָה
1160:
847:
334:Mekhilta le-Sefer Devarim
278:Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael
6519:Hebrew words and phrases
4898:Ancient Israel and Judah
4506:Mavo le-nikud ha-Mishnah
4148:"הקדמת רמב"ם לפרק "חלק""
3765:Rabinowich, Nosson Dovid
3151:The commentary by Rabbi
2433:in 1797 and 1810 and in
2309:, securely dated to 1073
2307:Codex Hebr. Vaticanus 31
2123:Iggeret Rav Sherira Gaon
900:, but some parts are in
27:Not to be confused with
6529:Jewish texts in Aramaic
5274:North African Sephardim
5247:Jewish tribes of Arabia
4808:Tradition and Relevance
4525:Frank Alvarez-Pereyre,
4485:The Iron Pillar Mishnah
4094:See this discussion on
3981:Yeivin, Israel (1960).
3971:'s Mishnah translation.
3818:Schloss, Chaim (2002).
3119:'s commentary to Seder
2064:) is given separately.
1937:Halakha leMoshe miSinai
1628:was originally part of
1033:", for the whole work.
1009:) and then paragraphs (
471:Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer
371:Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva
328:Sifrei Zutta on Numbers
315:Numbers and Deuteronomy
6377:Holocaust Encyclopedia
6347:Jewish Virtual Library
4681:Ahrend, Aaron (2004).
4644:The Structured Mishnah
4620:Other electronic texts
4508:(Jerusalem 1964) (Heb)
4049:, myjewishlearning.com
3860:. myjewishlearning.com
3696:Dr. Shayna Sheinfeld.
2708:
2687:
2676:
2665:
2597:As a historical source
2584:Two institutes at the
2476:
2283:10th, possibly 11th C.
2080:("First Mishnah") and
1862:First Jewish–Roman War
1773:
1640:("Middle Portal") and
1155:The Six Orders of the
902:Jewish Western Aramaic
854:that are known as the
688:Targum Pseudo-Jonathan
6324:Encyclopaedia Judaica
6106:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
5291:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
5041:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
4608:Digitised manuscripts
4023:Encyclopaedia Judaica
3752:A History of the Jews
3602:www.reformjudaism.org
3512:(13 February 2004) .
3454:Encyclopaedia Judaica
3408:World Digital Library
3157:Modern Israeli Hebrew
3069:Gershon Henoch Leiner
2924:; early 17th century)
2843:Isaac ben Melchizedek
2707:alongside its Mishnah
2693:
2682:
2671:
2663:
2475:
2219:Robert Brody, in his
1767:
1700:conversion to Judaism
1670:conversion to Judaism
416:Pesikta de-Rav Kahana
303:Sifra (Torat Kohanim)
4903:Second Temple period
4791:by Rabbi Meir Pogrow
4553:at Wikimedia Commons
4497:David Tzvi Hoffman,
4382:, since the 1990s. (
4380:Mesorah Publications
4269:English translations
4193:Shisha Sidre Mishnah
4122:"הקדמה לפירוש המשנה"
3622:"יסוד המשנה ועריכתה"
3510:Trachtenberg, Joshua
3192:Yehuda Leib Ginsburg
3169:Beis Medrosho Govoah
3071:, the Radziner Rebbe
2934:R. Elisha en Avraham
2932:(Amsterdam 1697) by
2907:Ikar Tosefot Yom Tov
2891:Yomtov Lipman Heller
2749:List of commentaries
2631:, Baruch M. Bokser,
2549:Friday night service
2165:improve this section
1875:Second Temple period
1053:The six orders are:
891:Second Temple period
757:Targum to Chronicles
570:Shir ha-Shirim Zutta
491:Shir HaShirim Rabbah
65:improve this article
6341:Jewish Encyclopedia
6086:Hekhalot literature
5897:Religious movements
5432:Judeo-Tripolitanian
4585:Open Mishna Project
4490:Reuvain Margolies,
4429:Jason Aronson, Inc.
4425:Shalom Carmy (Ed.)
3474:History of the Jews
3257:Cultural references
3212:, Chana Safrai and
3117:Hayim Nahman Bialik
2999:Temple in Jerusalem
2948:Immanuel Hai Ricchi
2873:Talmudic discussion
2865:Obadiah ben Abraham
2765:(Rambam) published
2727:commentaries-proper
2697:students using the
2649:David Weiss Halivni
2635:, Steven D. Fraade.
2297:Biblioteca Palatina
2000:divine commandments
1986:in the Mishnah and
1760:Content and purpose
883:persecution of Jews
860:rabbinic literature
486:Ecclesiastes Rabbah
476:Tanna Devei Eliyahu
466:Avot de-Rabbi Natan
411:Lamentations Rabbah
171:Talmudic literature
147:Rabbinic literature
6482:Judaism portal
6418:Jews and Halloween
6413:Jews and Christmas
5803:Rabbinic authority
5555:Judaeo-Piedmontese
4988:Xueta Christianity
4893:Origins of Judaism
4860:Outline of Judaism
4539:Wikimedia projects
4442:Robert Goldenberg
4179:2022-06-27 at the
3578:My Jewish Learning
3483:2022-11-02 at the
3165:Mishnat Rav Aharon
2832:Nathan ben Abraham
2785:, and offered his
2783:Talmudical debates
2709:
2688:
2677:
2666:
2477:
2252:Formal designation
2090:David Zvi Hoffmann
2088:("Last Mishnah").
2033:), and the end of
1896:, the Oral Torah (
1839:commentary on the
1774:
1706:David Zvi Hoffmann
1668:, and the laws of
1102:(11 tractates) and
496:Deuteronomy Rabbah
481:Alphabet of Sirach
446:Megillat Antiochus
6509:3rd-century texts
6491:
6490:
6457:extinct languages
6358:YIVO Encyclopedia
6133:Hebrew literature
6101:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
5941:Reconstructionist
5619:Judaeo-Portuguese
5308:
5307:
5264:Eastern Sephardim
4908:Synagogal Judaism
4561:Works related to
4549:Media related to
4408:Various editors.
4393:Yoseph Milstein,
4374:Various editors.
4291:978-0-910818-00-1
4281:Philip Blackman.
4032:978-0-02-865942-8
3931:Abraham ben David
3676:Babylonian Talmud
3489:Abraham ben David
3463:978-0-02-865942-8
3381:978-1-61451-485-5
3039:Mishnah Acharonah
2675:Mishna commentary
2633:Shaye J. D. Cohen
2586:Hebrew University
2492:
2483:Amar Rabbi Elazar
2388:
2387:
2329:ms. Add. 470 (II)
2201:
2200:
2193:
2084:Mishnah Acharonah
1746:Babylonian Talmud
1692:Bar Kokhba revolt
1664:, the holiday of
1610:Babylonian Talmud
1605:
1604:
1600:
1599:
796:
795:
763:
762:
725:
724:
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702:
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650:Smaller midrashim
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524:Baraita of Samuel
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366:Seder Olam Rabbah
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16:(Redirected from
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6479:
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6465:
6464:
5597:Judeo-Golpaygani
5198:Palestinian Jews
5173:Alexandrian Jews
5129:Crimean Karaites
5046:Unterlander Jews
4999:
4913:Rabbinic Judaism
4838:
4831:
4824:
4815:
4698:
4688:
4572:
4560:
4548:
4529:: Jerusalem 1990
4515:(Jerusalem 2014)
4449:John W McGinley
4420:Historical study
4335:. Oxford, 1933 (
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4233:10.7202/044829ar
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3268:As a Driven Leaf
3263:Milton Steinberg
3031:Mishnah Rishonah
2987:Israel Lipschitz
2950:(Amsterdam 1731)
2895:Tosefet Yom Tov.
2813:Asher ben Jehiel
2776:
2753:Commentaries by
2494:
2493:
2474:
2406:Printed editions
2322:Cambridge / Lowe
2276:Kaufmann ms. A50
2246:
2210:Jerusalem Talmud
2204:Textual variants
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1992:Rabbinic Judaism
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1894:Rabbinic Judaism
1851:House of Shammai
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1797:613 Commandments
1750:Jerusalem Talmud
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5484:Lishanid Noshan
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5036:Oberlander Jews
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4732:Wayback Machine
4728:Daf Yomi Review
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3196:Musar HaMishnah
3171:, Lakewood) on
3015:Tiferet Yisrael
2983:Tiferet Yisrael
2967:Chidushei HaGra
2918:Melechet Shlomo
2824:Beit HaBechirah
2751:
2685:Tosefet Yom Tov
2658:
2618:authoritative.
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2133:Mishnah studies
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2002:handed down to
1962:Karaite Judaism
1958:
1942:Midrash halakha
1890:
1855:House of Hillel
1831:form, in which
1824:
1818:
1762:
1740:, are known as
1720:
1696:Seleucid Empire
1674:minor tractates
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852:oral traditions
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739:Targum Tehillim
718:Targum Jonathan
692:Fragment Targum
640:Midrash HaGadol
560:Midrash Hashkem
504:Pesikta Rabbati
348:Aggadic Midrash
247:Minor Tractates
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6111:Sefer Yetzirah
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6081:Kabbalah texts
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4534:External links
4532:
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4517:
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4511:Robert Brody,
4509:
4504:Hanokh Yalon,
4502:
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4483:Dov Zlotnick,
4481:
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4469:Jacob Neusner
4467:
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4226:(2): 183–209.
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3767:, ed. (1988).
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3207:
3188:
3161:
3149:
3142:
3132:
3112:20th century:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3092:
3089:Malkiel Kotler
3082:
3072:
3049:Sidrei Tohorot
3046:
3028:
3018:
3011:Tiferet Yaakov
2977:19th century:
2975:
2974:
2959:Shenot Eliyahu
2951:
2941:
2925:
2911:
2910:
2909:, is featured.
2888:
2853:
2852:
2839:
2828:
2819:Menachem Meiri
2816:
2810:
2807:Samson of Sens
2803:
2767:Kitab as-Siraj
2750:
2747:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2645:Saul Lieberman
2640:
2636:
2598:
2595:
2514:
2507:Edison Records
2496:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2407:
2404:
2386:
2385:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2300:
2299:ms. Parm. 3173
2294:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:Period written
2256:
2253:
2250:
2232:
2229:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2149:
2147:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2107:in his famous
2092:suggests that
2035:tractate Sotah
2015:Main article:
2012:
2009:
1957:
1954:
1925:Masoretic Text
1889:
1886:
1820:Main article:
1817:
1814:
1768:Mishna study,
1761:
1758:
1724:Land of Israel
1719:
1716:
1711:Shulchan Aruch
1649:
1646:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1129:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1087:
1079:
1071:
1063:
1048:Shisha Sedarim
909:
906:
794:
793:
791:
790:
783:
776:
768:
765:
764:
761:
760:
759:
758:
755:
749:
746:
743:
742:Targum Mishlei
740:
734:
733:
723:
722:
721:
720:
712:
711:
701:
700:
699:
698:
696:Targum Neofiti
693:
690:
685:
683:Targum Onkelos
677:
676:
666:
665:
659:
658:
655:
654:
653:
652:
647:
645:Numbers Rabbah
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
620:Yalkut Shimoni
614:
613:
605:
604:
603:
602:
600:Sefer haYashar
597:
595:Midrash Tadshe
589:
588:
580:
579:
578:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
549:
543:
542:
534:
533:
532:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
509:Midrash Shmuel
506:
501:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
460:
459:
451:
450:
449:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
406:Genesis Rabbah
400:
399:
391:
390:
389:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
360:
359:
351:
350:
344:
343:
340:
339:
338:
337:
330:
325:
317:
316:
308:
307:
306:
305:
297:
296:
288:
287:
286:
285:
280:
272:
271:
263:
262:
256:
255:
252:
251:
250:
249:
241:
240:
232:
231:
230:
229:
224:
216:
215:
200:
199:
198:
197:
192:
184:
183:
173:
172:
168:
167:
160:Talmud Readers
158:
150:
149:
139:
138:
53:
51:
44:
37:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6546:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6484:
6483:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6454:
6449:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6408:Protestantism
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6389:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6378:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6359:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6342:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6325:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6279:
6275:
6269:
6266:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6220:
6217:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6186:
6183:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6096:Sefer HaBahir
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6082:
6079:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6055:
6052:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6033:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6023:Sifrei Kodesh
6021:
6020:
6018:
6016:
6012:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5925:
5922:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5886:
5880:
5879:Who is a Jew?
5877:
5875:
5872:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5808:Chosen people
5806:
5804:
5801:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5780:
5774:
5771:
5765:
5764:Scots-Yiddish
5762:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5743:
5739:
5738:
5737:Klezmer-loshn
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5607:Judeo-Shirazi
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5582:Judeo-Persian
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5572:Judeo-Marathi
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5550:Judeo-Italian
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5405:Judeo-Amazigh
5403:
5401:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5315:
5311:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5289:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5240:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5228:Hadhrami Jews
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5193:Mountain Jews
5191:
5189:
5188:Egyptian Jews
5186:
5184:
5183:Bukharan Jews
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5056:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4971:Lists of Jews
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4839:
4834:
4832:
4827:
4825:
4820:
4819:
4816:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4719:
4718:Kehati Mishna
4716:
4713:
4712:Mishnah Yomit
4710:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4696:
4693:(in Hebrew).
4692:
4684:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4583:Wikisource's
4582:
4580:
4576:
4573: Hebrew
4571:
4567:
4565:at Wikisource
4564:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4524:
4523:
4519:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4476:Gary Porton,
4475:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4459:
4458:0-595-40488-X
4455:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4414:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4359:0-300-05022-4
4356:
4352:
4348:
4347:Jacob Neusner
4345:
4342:
4341:0-19-815402-X
4338:
4334:
4330:
4329:Herbert Danby
4327:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4263:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4234:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4212:
4210:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4169:
4166:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4034:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3996:Shelomo Morag
3992:
3989:
3984:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3969:Herbert Danby
3964:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3951:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:(שנה), as in
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3898:
3895:
3882:
3875:
3872:
3859:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3833:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3814:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3735:
3723:
3722:
3714:
3711:
3699:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3636:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3590:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3561:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3545:
3533:
3531:9780812218626
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3409:
3405:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3318:Mishneh Torah
3316:
3313:
3312:Mishnah Yomis
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3279:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3246:Modern Hebrew
3243:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3221:Mishnah Sdura
3218:
3215:
3211:
3210:Shmuel Safrai
3208:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3153:Pinhas Kehati
3150:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3135:Hanoch Albeck
3133:
3130:
3129:Hanoch Albeck
3126:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2963:Eliyaho Rabba
2960:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2922:Solomon Adeni
2919:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2850:
2849:
2848:Seder Zera'im
2844:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2797:
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2780:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2699:Mishnah Sdura
2696:
2692:
2686:
2681:
2674:
2670:
2662:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2522:
2520:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2484:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2447:Hanoch Albeck
2443:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2373:
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2367:
2364:
2361:
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2356:
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2350:
2347:
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2342:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2255:Place written
2254:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2192:
2184:
2181:February 2008
2174:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2150:This section
2148:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2027:Judah ha-Nasi
2024:
2018:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1976:religious law
1973:
1972:
1967:
1966:authoritative
1963:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1892:According to
1887:
1885:
1883:
1882:Mevo Hatalmud
1878:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1866:Second Temple
1863:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1766:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1747:
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1735:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1645:
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1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1593:
1590:
1588:
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1570:
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1565:
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1548:
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1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
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1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1348:Rosh Hashanah
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1287:Ma'aser Sheni
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1236:
1233:
1224:
1221:
1212:
1209:
1200:
1197:
1188:
1185:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1158:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1008:
1006:
1000:
998:
992:
990:
979:
977:
971:
969:
958:
956:
950:
948:
941:
939:
935:
931:
929:
928:
921:
915:
907:
905:
903:
899:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
871:Judah ha-Nasi
868:
863:
861:
857:
853:
846:
838:
832:
805:
801:
789:
784:
782:
777:
775:
770:
769:
767:
766:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
737:
736:
735:
732:
728:
719:
716:
715:
714:
713:
710:
706:
697:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
679:
678:
675:
671:
668:
667:
664:
660:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
630:Midrash Jonah
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
616:
615:
610:
601:
598:
596:
593:
592:
591:
590:
585:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
565:Exodus Rabbah
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
550:
547:
546:
545:
544:
539:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:Devarim Zutta
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
463:
462:
461:
456:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
426:Midrash Iyyob
424:
422:
421:Esther Rabbah
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
403:
402:
401:
396:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
362:
361:
356:
353:
352:
349:
345:
335:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
320:
319:
318:
313:
304:
301:
300:
299:
298:
293:
284:
281:
279:
276:
275:
274:
273:
268:
265:
264:
261:
257:
248:
245:
244:
243:
242:
237:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
218:
217:
213:
209:
205:
196:
193:
191:
188:
187:
186:
185:
182:
178:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:Adolf Behrman
161:
156:
152:
151:
148:
144:
135:
132:
124:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82: –
81:
77:
76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
34:
30:
29:Mishneh Torah
19:
6534:Jewish texts
6473:
6466:
6452:
6375:
6368:
6356:
6339:
6322:
6156:perspectives
6058:
5990:Samaritanism
5951:Neo-Hasidism
5931:Conservative
5845:Names of God
5754:
5735:
5545:Judaeo-Greek
5540:Judeo-Gascon
5479:Lishán Didán
5474:Lishana Deni
5442:Judeo-Yemeni
5410:Judeo-Arabic
5284:Meshuchrarim
5203:Persian Jews
5136:Kurdish Jews
5114:Kaifeng Jews
5063:Beta Abraham
5026:Galitzianers
4981:Antisemitism
4956:Israeli Jews
4941:Assimilation
4772:Mishna Audio
4747:Perek HaYomi
4742:Mishna Sdura
4702:Mishna Yomit
4694:
4690:
4638:Mechon Mamre
4584:
4526:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4426:
4403:eMishnah.com
4398:
4394:
4378:. New York:
4375:
4350:
4332:
4282:
4275:
4249:
4237:. Retrieved
4223:
4217:
4208:
4200:
4192:
4187:
4168:
4156:. Retrieved
4151:
4142:
4130:. Retrieved
4125:
4116:
4090:
4067:
4054:
4041:
4022:
4003:
3999:
3991:
3982:
3976:
3963:
3956:Sherira Gaon
3947:
3942:
3934:
3926:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3902:
3897:
3885:. Retrieved
3874:
3862:. Retrieved
3851:
3842:
3835:. Retrieved
3820:
3813:
3804:
3768:
3759:
3751:
3748:Sherira Gaon
3742:
3733:
3726:. Retrieved
3720:
3713:
3701:. Retrieved
3691:
3683:
3679:
3671:
3644:
3638:
3626:. Retrieved
3616:
3605:. Retrieved
3601:
3592:
3581:. Retrieved
3577:
3568:
3559:
3553:
3543:
3542:
3535:. Retrieved
3517:
3504:
3497:Seleucid era
3492:
3473:
3453:
3432:. Retrieved
3423:
3411:. Retrieved
3402:Maimonides.
3371:
3342:
3337:
3266:
3260:
3249:
3239:
3225:
3220:
3214:Ze'ev Safrai
3195:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3139:Hanoch Yelon
3111:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3085:Ahavat Eitan
3084:
3078:
3075:Gulot Iliyot
3074:
3067:is lost) by
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3014:
3010:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2976:
2971:Meoros HaGra
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2943:
2937:
2928:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2880:
2854:
2846:
2836:Eretz Israel
2835:
2823:
2779:Judeo-Arabic
2766:
2752:
2735:
2730:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2672:
2656:Commentaries
2629:Louis Jacobs
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2590:
2583:
2579:Hanoch Yelon
2572:
2546:
2542:cantillation
2532:
2525:
2444:
2440:
2429:in 1777, in
2420:
2409:
2392:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2362:Yemenite ms.
2354:
2348:North Africa
2321:
2306:
2291:
2266:
2261:Description
2236:
2234:
2225:Cairo Geniza
2220:
2218:
2207:
2187:
2178:
2163:Please help
2151:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2113:
2108:
2105:Sherira Gaon
2098:
2093:
2081:
2073:
2066:
2061:
2045:
2039:
2022:
2020:
1969:
1959:
1947:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1902:תורה שבעל-פה
1891:
1881:
1879:
1859:
1846:מגילות סתרים
1825:
1810:
1794:
1781:
1778:actual cases
1775:
1753:
1737:
1731:
1721:
1709:
1704:
1683:
1678:
1651:
1607:
1455:Avodah Zarah
1156:
1113:
1105:
1100:dietary laws
1089:
1081:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1010:
1002:
994:
986:
973:
965:
952:
944:
942:
937:
923:
919:
917:
895:
875:Beit Shearim
873:probably in
864:
844:
803:
799:
797:
752:Targum Sheni
745:Targum Iyyov
587:1000–1200 CE
529:Targum Sheni
189:
159:
127:
121:October 2022
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
6398:Catholicism
5980:Hellenistic
5818:Eschatology
5756:Lachoudisch
5681:Lotegorisch
5659:Lachoudisch
5649:Koiné Greek
5562:Judeo-Latin
5499:Palestinian
5393:Palestinian
5242:Mustaʿravim
5168:Afghan Jews
5156:Berber Jews
5080:Bene Israel
5068:Falash Mura
5058:Beta Israel
4976:Persecution
4918:Middle Ages
4738:MishnaSdura
4626:Mishnah.org
4405:(archived).
4333:The Mishnah
4299:HebrewBooks
4154:(in Hebrew)
4128:(in Hebrew)
4063:"Tractates"
3864:February 2,
3837:February 1,
3703:February 2,
3495:500 of the
3347:Koine Greek
3228:commentary.
3025:Akiva Eiger
3009:world. The
3003:Akiva Eiger
2787:conclusions
2775:كتاب السراج
2739:kabbalistic
2713:as outlined
2555:service on
2451:Yosef Qafiḥ
2368:quarto 1336
2231:Manuscripts
2116:Rabbi Akiva
2042:attribution
1914:Mount Horeb
1910:Mount Sinai
1638:Bava Metzia
1425:Bava Metzia
1363:Mo'ed Katan
1017:, singular
1001:, singular
972:, singular
951:, singular
551:Eichah Zuta
541:900–1000 CE
519:Ruth Rabbah
6498:Categories
6393:Anabaptism
6335:Jew (word)
6202:Leadership
6015:Literature
6000:Secularism
5946:Humanistic
5813:Conversion
5783:Philosophy
5624:Judeo-Urdu
5388:Babylonian
5233:Saada Jews
5218:Adeni Jews
5011:Ashkenazim
4966:Samaritans
4933:Population
4888:Israelites
4652:in Hebrew.
4601:Portuguese
4575:Wikisource
4520:Recitation
4386:mentioned
4293:). Online
4283:Mishnayoth
4264:References
4152:Daat.ac.il
4126:Daat.ac.il
4081:088482876X
3905:) for the
3607:2023-12-29
3583:2023-12-29
3343:Deuterosis
3226:Kav veNaki
3096:Chazon Ish
2955:Vilna Gaon
2929:Kav veNaki
2883:" or "the
2763:Maimonides
2575:Ashkenazic
2528:recitation
2519:media help
2455:Maimonides
2401:9004275134
2374:17–18th C.
2351:12–13th C.
2335:14–15th C.
2332:Sepharadic
2249:Usual name
2101:Rabbi Meir
2011:Authorship
1984:Oral Torah
1860:After the
1837:exegetical
1822:Oral Torah
1690:after the
1642:Bava Batra
1634:Bava Kamma
1614:Hagiga 14a
1572:Makhshirin
1430:Bava Batra
1420:Bava Kamma
1237:(Purities)
1189:(Festival)
1098:, and the
918:The term "
912:See also:
908:Six orders
856:Oral Torah
635:Ein Yaakov
458:650–900 CE
398:400–600 CE
91:newspapers
33:Maimonides
6455:indicate
6403:Mormonism
6388:Christian
6268:Symbolism
6256:Synagogue
6236:Mythology
6197:Education
6168:Astronomy
6151:Astrology
5968:relations
5773:Zarphatic
5721:Galitzish
5523:Yeshivish
5400:Catalanic
5363:Samaritan
5338:Ashkenazi
5319:Diasporic
5314:Languages
5259:Sephardim
5254:Romaniote
5141:Krymchaks
5075:Desi Jews
4951:Buddhists
4384:ArtScroll
4253:See e.g.
4239:9 October
4209:Mishnayes
4158:9 October
4132:9 October
3887:8 October
3881:"Mishnah"
3785:cite book
3728:9 October
3663:872378784
3628:9 October
3429:"Mishnah"
3413:9 October
3265:'s novel
3232:ArtScroll
2985:by Rabbi
2944:Hon Ashir
2938:Bartenura
2881:Bartenura
2869:Bertinoro
2857:Acharonim
2761:In 1168,
2673:Bartenura
2606:sources.
2604:Midrashic
2591:Phonoteca
2152:does not
1956:Rejection
1873:from the
1871:Pharisees
1829:midrashic
1728:Babylonia
1648:Omissions
1630:Sanhedrin
1582:Tevul Yom
1435:Sanhedrin
1409:Kiddushin
1282:Ma'aserot
1229:קָדָשִׁים
1217:נְזִיקִין
1213:(Damages)
1031:Mishnayot
1013:mishnayot
968:masechtot
889:from the
887:Pharisees
879:Sepphoris
754:to Esther
548:Ruth Zuta
358:Tannaitic
295:Leviticus
181:Tannaitic
80:"Mishnah"
6468:Category
6438:Hinduism
6428:Buddhism
6330:Genetics
6246:Politics
6219:Marriage
6178:Holidays
6173:Calendar
6054:Rabbinic
6030:/Hebrew
5975:Haymanot
5902:Orthodox
5889:Branches
5862:Kabbalah
5857:Haskalah
5835:Holiness
5711:dialects
5691:Shassagh
5654:Krymchak
5634:Kayliñña
5528:Yinglish
5504:Galilean
5494:Talmudic
5489:Biblical
5464:Betanure
5383:Biblical
5378:Mishnaic
5373:Medieval
5358:Tiberian
5353:Yemenite
5343:Sephardi
5279:Paradesi
5223:Ḥabbanim
5213:Teimanim
5178:Baghdadi
5151:Maghrebi
5119:Karaites
5097:Gruzínim
5085:Kochinim
5003:Diaspora
4961:Karaites
4946:Atheists
4883:Timeline
4662:eMishnah
4319:Kodashim
4177:Archived
3907:Rabbinic
3777:20044324
3481:Archived
3275:See also
3204:Kodashim
3037:and the
2792:Oral law
2755:Rishonim
2568:Haggadah
2565:Passover
2539:Tiberian
2499:Berakhot
2274:Library
2267:Kaufmann
2062:hachamim
2031:Judah II
1980:theology
1974:(Jewish
1853:and the
1833:halakhic
1816:Oral law
1688:redacted
1666:Hanukkah
1658:tefillin
1562:Mikva'ot
1491:Bekhorot
1481:Menachot
1476:Zevachim
1445:Shevu'ot
1358:Megillah
1328:Shekalim
1302:Bikkurim
1272:Shevi'it
1267:Kil'ayim
1252:Berakhot
1243:)
1241:טָהֳרוֹת
1231:)
1225:(Holies)
1223:Kodashim
1219:)
1207:)
1195:)
1183:)
1181:זְרָעִים
1163:)
1120:mnemonic
1091:Kodashim
989:masechet
976:masechet
934:halakhic
867:redacted
841:מִשְׁנָה
18:Mishnaic
6504:Mishnah
6453:Italics
6278:Studies
6224:Divorce
6190:Kashrut
6185:Cuisine
6143:Culture
6074:Midrash
6069:Tosefta
6059:Mishnah
6047:Ketuvim
6042:Nevi'im
6005:Schisms
5995:Science
5985:Karaite
5956:Renewal
5917:Litvaks
5912:Hasidic
5867:Sefirot
5852:Halakha
5823:Messiah
5796:Mitzvah
5791:Beliefs
5745:Western
5731:Poylish
5726:Litvish
5716:Eastern
5706:Yiddish
5701:Shuadit
5686:Qwareña
5674:Tetuani
5669:Haketia
5644:Knaanic
5639:Kivruli
5587:Bukhori
5533:Heblish
5469:Hulaulá
5459:Barzani
5415:Yahudic
5348:Mizrahi
5208:Urfalim
5163:Mizrahi
5107:Neofiti
5102:Italkim
5031:Lita'im
4923:Zionism
4875:History
4849:Judaism
4730:at the
4720:at the
4704:at the
4593:English
4563:Mishnah
4551:Mishnah
4410:Sefaria
4367:(ed.).
4323:Tehorot
4315:Nezikin
4072:373-374
3950:Iggeret
3919:Mishnah
3680:Temurah
3537:Mar 14,
3434:16 July
3323:Tosefta
3297:Baraita
3200:Tohorot
3185:Yadayim
3181:Challah
3177:Sheviit
3146:Yiddish
3105:Tohorot
3079:Mikvaot
3063:and on
3061:Tohorot
3043:Tohorot
3007:Yeshiva
2903:Tosafot
2899:tosefet
2800:Judaism
2557:Shabbat
2544:marks.
2535:Genizah
2435:Livorno
2382:Toharot
2378:Nezikin
2355:Toharot
2343:Parma B
2173:removed
2158:sources
2109:Iggeret
2023:Tannaim
2017:Tannaim
1971:Halakha
1929:halakha
1790:mitzvot
1786:halakha
1742:Talmuds
1726:and in
1662:mezuzot
1654:tzitzit
1587:Yadayim
1557:Tohorot
1547:Nega'im
1511:Me'ilah
1506:Keritot
1501:Temurah
1496:Arakhin
1465:Horayot
1389:Nedarim
1384:Ketubot
1379:Yevamot
1368:Hagigah
1353:Ta'anit
1323:Pesahim
1313:Shabbat
1292:Challah
1277:Terumot
1235:Tohorot
1211:Nezikin
1205:נָשִׁים
1201:(Women)
1177:(Seeds)
1157:Mishnah
1116:acronym
1107:Tohorot
1083:Nezikin
1044:acronym
1027:mishnah
1021:mishnah
997:peraqim
947:sedarim
938:Midrash
927:Midrash
920:Mishnah
802:or the
800:Mishnah
731:Ketuvim
709:Nevi'im
441:Tanhuma
208:Amoraic
195:Tosefta
190:Mishnah
105:scholar
6261:Hazzan
6251:Prayer
6128:Siddur
6064:Talmud
6028:Tanakh
5963:Neolog
5936:Reform
5924:Modern
5907:Haredi
5830:Ethics
5696:Shassi
5664:Ladino
5629:Karaim
5612:Juhuri
5454:Targum
5368:Signed
5333:Modern
5328:Hebrew
5296:Xuetes
5092:Dönmeh
5051:Yekkes
4597:French
4589:Hebrew
4494:(Heb.)
4456:
4357:
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4303:Zeraim
4289:
4078:
4029:
3915:shanah
3828:
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3661:
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3544:Mishna
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3460:
3378:
3351:Targum
3250:Ryzman
3190:Rabbi
3183:, and
3121:Zeraim
3101:Zeraim
3065:Eduyot
3057:Oholot
3035:Zeraim
3023:Rabbi
2991:Yachin
2863:Rabbi
2845:(only
2805:Rabbi
2771:Arabic
2743:pilpul
2731:Gemara
2722:Gemara
2717:per se
2695:Gemara
2561:mawwal
2503:Cantor
2427:Mantua
2412:Naples
2399:
2237:bolded
2214:Talmud
2070:Talmud
2054:Hebrew
1988:Talmud
1978:) and
1898:Hebrew
1782:debate
1754:Gemara
1738:Gemara
1733:Gemara
1632:, and
1626:Makkot
1622:Tanakh
1592:Uktzim
1567:Niddah
1542:Oholot
1537:Keilim
1526:Kinnim
1521:Middot
1486:Hullin
1450:Eduyot
1440:Makkot
1404:Gittin
1343:Beitza
1338:Sukkah
1318:Eruvin
1199:Nashim
1193:מוֹעֵד
1175:Zeraim
1096:Temple
1075:Nashim
1059:Zeraim
845:shanah
837:Hebrew
804:Mishna
663:Targum
270:Exodus
212:Gemara
107:
100:
93:
86:
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6433:Islam
6241:Names
6231:Music
6212:Rebbe
6207:Rabbi
6161:Monen
6116:Zohar
6037:Torah
6032:Bible
5146:Lemba
5021:Chuts
4687:(PDF)
4501:(Heb)
4395:et al
4388:above
4214:(PDF)
3954:) of
3911:tanna
3903:tanna
3682:14b;
3329:Notes
3053:Kelim
2877:Rashi
2704:sugya
2553:Musaf
2459:Vilna
2416:Vilna
2371:Yemen
2292:Parma
2127:tanna
2058:חכמים
2004:Moses
1996:Torah
1920:מסורה
1906:Torah
1841:Torah
1806:70 CE
1770:Pinsk
1577:Zavim
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1516:Tamid
1399:Sotah
1394:Nazir
1297:Orlah
1262:Demai
1257:Pe'ah
1005:pereq
955:seder
674:Torah
612:Later
323:Sifre
239:Later
112:JSTOR
98:books
4847:and
4845:Jews
4599:and
4579:משנה
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4337:ISBN
4307:Moed
4287:ISBN
4241:2018
4160:2018
4134:2018
4076:ISBN
4027:ISBN
3889:2018
3866:2019
3839:2019
3826:ISBN
3797:html
3791:link
3773:OCLC
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3705:2019
3686:60a.
3659:OCLC
3649:ISBN
3630:2018
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