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Additionally, study participants described the physical act of initiating treatment as substantiation of problematic drinking. Others attempted to avoid treatment and subsequent stigmatization by adjusting drinking behaviors to what they believed to be less maladaptive. Modifications included limiting excessive drinking to non-school or workdays, avoiding alcohol consumption before 5PM, or limiting use to weekends. stigmatization of individuals who abuse alcohol has been linked to increased levels of depression, increased levels of anxiety, decreased levels of self-esteem, and poor sleeping habits. While negative thoughts and views around the subject of alcohol abuse can keep those struggling with this issue from seeking the treatment they need, there have been several things that have been found to reduce this stigma. Social support can be an effective tool for counteracting the harmful effects of stigma and shame on those struggling with alcohol abuse. Social support can help push those struggling with alcohol abuse to overcome the negative connotation associated with their struggle and finally seek the treatment that they need.
768:
826:
genesis and maintenance of the disease involves the mind, body, society and culture. A common anthropological approach to understanding alcoholism is one which relates to a social factor, and this is cross-cultural studies. The description and analysis of the degree of possibilities in drinking and its results among various populations indeed constitutes one of anthropology's major contributions to the field of alcohol studies. Understanding interactions between factors and evaluating ideas regarding how alcohol usage correlates to other cultural elements requires a number of cross-cultural comparisons. Anthropologists have analyzed a large global sample of cultures examining the association between particular traits for each which relate to the cultural components of alcoholism, these include significant measures which emphasize the social system, reliance and anxiety and strength as physical and social measures. These are the primary drivers of consuming alcohol affecting individuals on a psychosocial level.
835:
of alcohol use disorder. Research suggests that people who score highly on individualism, a trait commonly fostered by the culture, report a lower rate of alcohol abuse and alcohol related disorders so much so that the association was negative, however a higher average consumption of alcohol per week. It is implied that individuals will drink more in a given setting, or on average because they are less receptive towards negative social attitudes surrounding excessive consumption. This however acts on another component, by where individualism protects from maladaptive consumption by lowering the need to drink socially. The final axis by which individualism protects from abusive consumption is that it promotes higher degrees of individualization and achievement values which promote personally suited rewards, this allow the individual to be more cognizant of potential alcohol abuse, and therefore protect from damaging mentalities in those who already identify as drinkers.
927:
674:
philtrum, microcephaly, and other facial dysmorphic features. Surviving infants may also have structural heart defects, heart-lung fistulas, skeletal abnormalities, impaired renal development, short stature, and various cognitive disabilities. Prenatal alcohol exposure is associated with lasting deleterious effects on the endocrine, reproductive, and immune systems. Prenatal alcohol exposure is also associated with increased incidence of disease, cancer, and behavioral issues during adulthood There is no safe quantity or time period for alcohol use during pregnancy and complete abstinence is recommended. Therefore, the biological implications of alcohol abuse are also further reaching than just the physical issues experienced by the consumer.
707:
the risks of alcohol abuse. Easy accessibility, social influence, and positive and negative reinforcement contribute to continued use. Another influencing factor among adolescents and college students are the perceptions of social norms for drinking; people will often drink more to keep up with their peers, as they believe their peers drink more than they actually do. They might also expect to drink more given the context (e.g. sporting event, house party, etc.). This perception of norms results in higher alcohol consumption than is normal. Alcohol abuse is also associated with acculturation, because social and cultural factors such as an ethnic group's norms and attitudes can influence alcohol abuse.
687:
drug and alcohol abuse in adolescents. Alcohol use in adolescence is consistently associated with loss of grey matter volume, aberrant white matter development, and poor white matter integrity. A dose-dependent relationship among adolescent alcohol users is also consistently found for declines in various areas of cognition including executive function, visuospatial learning, impulsivity, working memory, attention, and language abilities. In the US, about 38% of adolescents aged 15–19 drink with 19% being classified as binge drinkers. Adolescents who drink are more likely to display symptoms of
651:
271:
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1030:: Naltrexone is a prescribed opioid receptor antagonist which reduces both the cravings and the rewarding effects associated with alcohol consumption. Because patients may experience an overall reduction of alcohol consumption (reduced drinks per day, extended time between drinking days), it may allow some patients to moderate their alcohol use. As Naltrexone will precipitate withdrawal in patients with opioid dependence, patients should be detoxified from opioids.
1221:
1198:
562:. Alcohol abuse is also associated with incidence of personality disorders, affective disorders, and emotional dysregulation. Binge drinking is associated with individuals reporting fair to poor health compared to non-binge drinking individuals and which may progressively worsen over time. Alcohol also causes impairment in critical thinking, ability to handle stress, and attention. Alcoholism can cause significant impairment in
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716:
alcohol use disorder in individuals with major depressive disorder was 30% across 35 US epidemiological studies. Despite this evidence, debate exists among how the relationship exists between alcohol use disorder and mood and anxiety disorders. That is, the role of alcohol use disorder as casual in depression and anxiety and alcohol use disorder as resultant have been established within the literature.
1189:
experienced multiple types of childhood maltreatment regardless of parental alcohol abuse, putting them at a greater risk for alcohol use disorders. Genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of alcohol use disorders, depending on age. The influence of genetic risk factors in developing alcohol use disorders increase with age ranging from 28% in adolescence and 58% in adults.
50:
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vomiting). Further, the severity of the reaction is dependent on the amount of alcohol consumed. Because of this physical discomfort, Disulfiram functions as a psychological deterrent and can be effective for highly motivated, abstinent patients under supervised settings. Notably, due its distressing effects with continued alcohol consumption, medication adherence can be difficult.
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hormone levels were not demonstrated in females undergoing pubertal development. It is hypothesized that sex steroid hormones, such as testosterone and estradiol, are stimulating areas in the male brain that function to promote sensation-seeking and status-seeking behaviors and result in increased alcohol usage.
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College/university students who are heavy binge drinkers (three or more times in the past two weeks) are 19 times more likely to be diagnosed with alcohol dependence, and 13 times more likely to be diagnosed with alcohol abuse compared to non-heavy episodic drinkers, though the direction of causality
706:
The causes of alcohol abuse are complex and multi-faceted. Alcohol abuse is related to economic and biological origins and is associated with adverse health consequences. Peer pressure influences individuals to abuse alcohol; however, most of the influence of peers is due to inaccurate perceptions of
825:
Alcohol is the most recreationally used drug internationally, throughout history it has played a variety of roles, from medicine to a mood enhancer. Alcoholism and alcohol abuse however have undergone rigorous examination as a disease which has pervasive physiological and biosocial implications. The
741:
levels in male teenagers undergoing pubertal development was linked to increased alcohol consumption. It has been suggested that sex hormones promote alcohol consumption behaviors in teens by stimulating areas in the male adolescent brain associated with reward processing. The same associations with
686:
invoke significant physical, social, emotional, and cognitive changes. Increases in risk-taking, impulsivity, reward sensitivity, and social behavior lead to the emergence of alcohol use. New research is shedding light on pre-existing neurobiological markers that are predictive for the initiation of
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such as neglect, physical, and/or sexual abuse, as well as having parents with alcohol abuse problems, increases the likelihood of that child developing alcohol use disorders later in life. According to Shin, Edwards, Heeren, & Amodeo (2009), underage drinking is more prevalent among teens that
953:
According to
European law, individuals who are suffering from alcohol abuse or other related problems cannot be given a driver's license, or if in possession of a license cannot get it renewed. This is a way to prevent individuals driving under the influence of alcohol, but does not prevent alcohol
838:
Alcohol use disorder also has a variety of biosocial implications, such as the physiologically effects of a detox, how the detox period interacts with ones social life and how these interactions can make overcoming addiction a complex, difficult process. Alcohol use disorder can lead to a number of
834:
Individualistic cultures such as the United States or
Australia are amongst some of the highest consumers of alcohol in the whole world, however this rate of consumption does not necessarily coincide with the rate of abuse as countries like Russia which are highly collectivist see the highest rates
732:
Until recently, the underlying mechanisms mediating the link between pubertal maturation and increased alcohol use in adolescence was poorly understood. Now research has suggested that sex steroid hormone levels may play a role in this interaction. When controlling for age, it was demonstrated that
637:
Alcohol use disorder has a significant association with suicide and violence. Though many people with
Alcohol use disorder may take alcohol to ease their mental suffering, an increased intake of alcohol may serve to further exacerbate psychological issues. This could lead to an increase in suicidal
1251:
Alcohol abuse is associated with many accidents, fights, and offences, including criminal. Alcohol is responsible in the world for 2.6 million deaths and results in disability in approximately 115.9 million people. Approximately 40 percent of the 115.9 million people disabled through alcohol abuse
957:
An individual's need for alcohol can depend on their family's alcohol use history. For instance, if it is discovered that their family history with alcohol has a strong pattern, there might be a need for education to be set in place to reduce the likelihood of reoccurrence (Powers, 2007). However,
728:
Gender differences may affect drinking patterns and the risk for developing alcohol use disorders. Sensation-seeking behaviors have been previously shown to be associated with advanced pubertal maturation, as well as the company of deviant peers. Early pubertal maturation, as indicated by advanced
661:
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can pose significant risk facts, as it can harm the developing fetus. The umbilical cord is a direct pathway for the mother's blood alcohol to reach the infant, which can result in miscarriage, and a number of lasting physical and cognitive impairments that can
347:
worldwide, and alcoholic liver disease is the main alcohol-related chronic medical illness. Millions of people of all ages, from adolescents to the elderly, engage in unhealthy drinking. In the United States, excessive alcohol use costs more than $ 249 billion annually. There are many factors that
1288:
In South Africa, where HIV infection is epidemic, alcohol abusers expose themselves to an increased risk of this infection due to displaying more sexually risky behaviour after drinking. This kind of behaviour includes not using protection, taking part in transactional sex, and/or having multiple
978:
A major barrier to seeking treatment for those struggling with alcohol abuse is the stigma associated with alcohol abuse itself. Those who struggle with alcohol abuse are less likely to utilize substance (or alcohol) abuse treatment services when they perceived higher stigma with alcohol abuse.
974:
Men's issues with alcohol are shockingly common, yet societal norms often downplay the severity of this problem. Prevailing cultural images of men as stoic figures who can handle their alcohol perpetuate the dangerous myth that excessive drinking is a sign of strength. However, the reality is far
944:
Preventing or reducing the harm has been called for via increased taxation of alcohol, stricter regulation of alcohol advertising, and the provision of brief
Interventions. Brief Interventions for alcohol abuse reduce the incidence of unsafe sex, sexual violence, unplanned pregnancy, and, likely,
758:
Nevertheless, it is important to note that alcohol use disorder entails a biopsychosocial component and genetics alone may not necessarily be causal in alcohol use disorder. There are numerous contributing risk factors which add to the complexity of alcohol including age, environment, psychiatric
719:
The numbing effects afforded by alcohol and other substances can serve as a coping strategy for traumatized people otherwise are unable to dissociate themselves from trauma. However, the altered or intoxicated state of the abused person prevents the full consciousness necessary for healing. Often
715:
Alcohol consumption is often used as a temporary reprieve from states of severe anxiety, stress, or depression. Among individuals with mood disorders and anxiety disorders, the prevalence of a comorbid alcohol use disorder was significant. One study suggests that the median lifetime prevalence of
1014:
Available as short-term or long-term. Residential treatment offers 24-hour rehabilitation and care. Patients receive supervised and structured therapy focusing on how to manage their alcohol use disorder in a day to day living situation, learning how to interact with the world without the use of
754:
Several research studies suggest significant genetic contributions to alcohol use disorder. According to some adoption research, biological influences were strongly related to outcomes of adoptees. Among adoptees, a stronger correlation was found between alcohol use disorder and their biological
745:
Additionally, the enzyme TTTAn aromatase, which functions in the male brain to convert testosterone to estradiols, has been linked to addictive and reward-seeking behaviors. Therefore, the increased activity of the enzyme may be influencing male adolescent alcohol-usage behaviors during pubertal
697:
greatly increases the risk of developing an alcohol use disorder in adulthood due to changes to neurocircuitry in the vulnerable adolescent brain. Younger ages of initial consumption among males in recent studies has shown to be associated with increased rates of alcohol abuse within the general
1152:
factors also influence age of onset of alcohol abuse and risk of alcoholism. For example, about 40 percent of those who begin drinking alcohol before age 15 develop alcohol dependence in later life, whereas only 10 percent of those who did not begin drinking until 20 years or older developed an
1047:
Disulfiram is a prescribed medication which acts as an
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase inhibitor, resulting in the accumulation of acetaldehyde. When Alcohol is consumed following Disulfiram, acetaldehyde builds up leading to unpleasant physiological effects (tachycardia, flushing, headache, nausea, and
821:
The brain goes through dynamic changes during adolescence as a result of advancing pubertal maturation, and alcohol can damage long- and short-term growth processes in teenagers. The rewarding effects of alcohol are attributed to dopamine, serotonin, GABA, endocannabinoids, serotonin and opioid
673:
is a pattern of physical abnormalities and impairments of mental development seen among children of alcoholic mothers. Fetal alcohol syndrome is the most common preventable cause of intellectual disability in the United States. Symptoms include a thin upper lip, short palpebral fissures, smooth
966:
Several research studies suggest that stigmatization of substance use disorder is partially rooted in the belief that addiction is not a chronic illness but rather a conscious decision indicative of poor self-control or lacking restraint. Necessarily, public and internalized stigma surrounding
611:
A smaller volume of consumed alcohol has a greater impact on the older adult than it does on a younger individual. As a result, the
American Geriatrics Society recommends for an older adult with no known risk factors less than one drink a day or fewer than two drinks per occasion regardless of
1997:
Hashibe, Mia; Brennan, Paul; Chuang, Shu-chun; Boccia, Stefania; Castellsague, Xavier; Chen, Chu; Curado, Maria Paula; Dal Maso, Luigino; Daudt, Alexander W.; Fabianova, Eleonora; Fernandez, Leticia; Wünsch-Filho, Victor; Franceschi, Silvia; Hayes, Richard B.; Herrero, Rolando (2009-02-01).
1038:: Though the mechanism of action is unclear, it is thought that Acamprosate modulates glutamate transmission. By modifying transmission along GABA and glutamine pathways, patients may experience decreased rewarding effects associated with alcohol intake and decreased withdrawal cravings.
755:
parents than their adoptive parents. Other research adds that while multiple genes may be potentially implicated, alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2; mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase), have been chiefly associated with excess alcohol consumption.
967:
alcoholism can have widespread effects. In an epidemiological survey of individuals with reported alcohol use disorder, the desire to both initiate and complete treatment were severely impacted by the stigma of substance use disorder. Participants conveyed fears pertaining to
1319:£3 billion per year. The cost to employers is 6.4 billion pounds sterling per year. These figures do not include the crime and social problems associated with alcohol misuse. The number of women regularly drinking alcohol has almost caught up with men. According to the
1103:
MET is a version of MI that focuses specifically on patients struggling with alcohol and/or substance use. It is organized based on interventions designed changing patterns of alcohol consumption summarized as FRAMES: Feedback, Responsibility, Advice, Menu, Empathy,
598:
deficits, and ability to understand humor. Adolescent binge drinkers are most sensitive to damaging neurocognitive functions especially executive functions and memory. People who abuse alcohol are less likely to survive critical illness with a higher risk for having
918:(AUDIT) is considered the most accurate alcohol screening tool for identifying potential alcohol misuse, including dependence. It was developed by the World Health Organisation, designed initially for use in primary healthcare settings with supporting guidance.
746:
development. The underlying mechanisms for female alcohol consumption and abuse is still under examination, but is believed to be largely influenced by morphological, rather than hormonal, changes during puberty as well as the presence of deviant peer groups.
1057:
Topiramate is an anticonvulsant approved for the management of epileptic seizures and used off label in the treatment of alcohol use disorder. It modulates GABA neurotransmission, and inhibits glutamate receptors, reducing cravings for alcohol and alcohol
949:
transmission. Information and education on social norms and the harms associated with alcohol abuse delivered via the internet or face-to-face has not been found to result in any meaningful benefit in changing harmful drinking behaviours in young people.
1084:
Patient and therapist set an agenda, review homework, and challenge cognitive distortions. The patients learn how their feelings and behavior are influenced by their thoughts. It can help patients manage the urge to drink using a problem-solving based
958:
studies have established that those with alcohol abuse tend to have family members who try to provide help. On many of these occasions, the family members would try to help the individual to change or to help improve the individual's lifestyle.
767:
5637:
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Alcohol abuse is said to be most common in people aged between 15 and 24 years, according to
Moreira 2009. However, this particular study of 7275 college students in England collected no comparative data from other age groups or countries.
729:
morphological and hormonal development, has been linked to increased alcohol usage in both male and female individuals. Additionally, when controlling for age, this association between advanced development and alcohol use still held true.
1067:
Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant approved for the management of epileptic seizures and neuropathic pain and used off label in the treatment of alcohol use disorder. It modulates GABA synthesis, reducing cravings for alcohol and alcohol
5397:
Rosenberg, Molly; Pettifor, Audrey; Van Rie, Annelies; Thirumurthy, Harsha; Emch, Michael; Miller, William C.; Gómez-Olivé, F. Xavier; Twine, Rhian; Hughes, James P.; Laeyendecker, Oliver; Selin, Amanda; Kahn, Kathleen (2015-05-08).
2660:
Pompili, Maurizio; Serafini, Gianluca; Innamorati, Marco; Dominici, Giovanni; Ferracuti, Stefano; Kotzalidis, Giorgio D.; Serra, Giulia; Girardi, Paolo; Janiri, Luigi; Tatarelli, Roberto; Sher, Leo; Lester, David (March 29, 2010).
3680:
Lenz B, Heberlein A, Bayerlein K, Frieling H, Kornhuber J, Bleich S, Hillemacher T (September 2011). "The TTTAn aromatase (CYP19A1) polymorphism is associated with compulsive craving of male patients during alcohol withdrawal".
348:
play a role in causing someone to have an alcohol use disorder: genetic vulnerabilities, neurobiological precursors, psychiatric conditions, trauma, social influence, environmental factors, and even parental drinking habits.
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from this stereotype, as men face unique challenges contributing to their struggles with alcohol, such as societal expectations, workplace pressures, and traditional notions of masculinity that discourage vulnerability.
603:
and increased risk of death during hospitalization. Cessation of alcohol use after dependence is formed may lead to alcohol withdrawal disorder and associated sequela including seizures, insomnia, anxiety, cravings, and
441:. Signs of alcohol abuse are related to alcohol's effects on organ systems. However, while these findings are often present, they are not necessary to make a diagnosis of alcohol abuse. Alcohol use disorder causes acute
1272:
According to studies of present and former alcoholic drinkers in Canada, 20% of them are aware that their drinking has negatively impacted their lives in various vital areas including finances, work and relationships.
4300:"Prevalence of 12-Month Alcohol Use, High-Risk Drinking, and DSM-IV Alcohol Use Disorder in the United States, 2001-2002 to 2012-2013: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions"
1164:
remains unclear. Occasional binge drinkers (one or two times in the past two weeks), were found to be four times more likely to be diagnosed with alcohol abuse or dependence compared to non-heavy episodic drinkers.
1180:
identifies several factors influencing adolescent alcohol use, such as risk-taking, expectancies, sensitivity and tolerance, personality and psychiatric comorbidity, hereditary factors, and environmental aspects.
2469:
Wilson SR, Fink A, Verghese S, Beck JC, Nguyen K, Lavori P (March 2007). "Adding an alcohol-related risk score to an existing categorical risk classification for older adults: sensitivity to group differences".
432:
Individuals with an alcohol use disorder will often complain of difficulty with interpersonal relationships, problems at work or school, and legal problems. Additionally, people may complain of irritability and
448:
Alcohol is hepatotoxic and chronic use leads to elevated liver enzyme levels in the bloodstream (classically the aspartate aminotransferase level is at least twice as high as the alanine transaminase level),
1256:. Adolescents who abuse alcohol are 17 times more likely to commit suicide than adolescents who don't drink. Additionally, alcohol abuse increases the risk of individuals either experiencing or perpetrating
839:
physical issues and may even create a mental health condition, leading to a double classification for the alcoholic. The stress, the social perceptions of these issues may reinforce abusive drinking habits.
1112:: Mindfulness-based intervention programs (that encourage people to be aware of their own experiences in the present moment and of emotions that arise from thoughts) can reduce the consumption of alcohol.
1008:
Allows patients who require regular supervision and need further detoxification to attend frequent therapy. While services are outpatient, sessions may occur up to 5 days per week and up to 8hrs per day.
1756:
1300:. In the case of girls, the alcopops, which disguise the taste of alcohol, were responsible for two thirds of the increase. The introduction of alcopops to Sweden was a result of Sweden joining the
996:
Patients may live at home while in treatment and schedule therapy as needed. This allows patients the ability to work, attend school, and attend to activities of daily living as they normally would.
1148:
Alcohol abuse during adolescence, especially early adolescence (i.e. before age 15), may lead to long-term changes in the brain which leaves them at increased risk of alcoholism in later years;
4265:
624:
4799:
Grant BF, Dawson DA (1997). "Age at onset of alcohol use and its association with DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: results from the
National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey".
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414:
to describe a spectrum of drinking behaviors that encompass risky drinking, alcohol abuse, and alcohol dependence (similar meaning to alcohol use disorder but not a term used in DSM).
4640:
Gregory C, Chorny Y, McLeod SL, Mohindra R (August 2022). "First-line
Medications for the Outpatient Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder: A Systematic Review of Perceived Barriers".
3342:
Nepomuceno TC, de Moura JA, e Silva LC, Costa AP (December 2017). "Alcohol and violent behavior among football spectators: An empirical assessment of
Brazilian's criminalization".
504:, is a major risk factor for head and neck cancer. 72% of head and neck cancer cases are caused by using both alcohol and tobacco. This rises to 89% when looking specifically at
445:
which leads to inebriation, euphoria, impulsivity, sedation and poor judgment. Chronic alcohol use may lead to dependence, reckless behavior, anxiety, irritability, and insomnia.
1177:
7127:
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3002:
Martin CA, Kelly TH, Rayens MK, Brogli BR, Brenzel A, Smith WJ, Omar HA (December 2002). "Sensation seeking, puberty, and nicotine, alcohol, and marijuana use in adolescence".
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loss. The developing adolescent brain is at increased risk of brain damage and other long-lasting alterations to the brain. Adolescents with an alcohol use disorder damage the
317:, ranging from the consumption of more than 2 drinks per day on average for men, or more than 1 drink per day on average for women, to binge drinking or alcohol use disorder.
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453:, and liver failure. Cirrhosis leads to an inability to process hormones and toxins and increased estrogen levels. The skin of a patient with alcoholic cirrhosis can feature
5371:
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1280:
cost about 3.7 billion euro in 2007. The last cost analysis of the financial burden of alcohol-related harm was carried out in 2014 and amounted to around €2.35 billion.
4056:
Administration (US), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services; Alcoholism (US), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and; General (US), Office of the Surgeon (2007).
2000:"Interaction between Tobacco and Alcohol Use and the Risk of Head and Neck Cancer: Pooled Analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium"
6813:
6375:
2306:
1757:"Recommendation: Unhealthy Alcohol Use in Adolescents and Adults: Screening and Behavioral Counseling Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce"
1296:, sweet and pleasantly flavoured alcoholic drinks, was responsible for half of the increase in alcohol abuse in 15- and 16-year-olds, according to one survey in
5717:
1156:
Alcohol use disorders often cause a wide range of cognitive impairments that result in significant impairment of the affected individual. If alcohol-induced
1153:
alcohol problem in later life. It is not entirely clear whether this association is causal, and some researchers have been known to disagree with this view.
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Focuses on strengthening personal motivations for change. Patients discuss the need to alter their behavior and the reasons underlying their desire to do so.
411:
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including disruptive behavior in school, violating social norms or the rights of others, aggression, learning disabilities, and other social impairments.
7016:
6586:
6568:
5918:
4277:
915:
275:
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4683:
Chiesa A, Serretti A (April 2014). "Are mindfulness-based interventions effective for substance use disorders? A systematic review of the evidence".
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5959:
427:
1232:. The reason given is: A lot of the references are out of date (for countries other than USA) and could incorporate new statistics and information.
6556:
6075:
4401:""I Don't Feel Like I Have a Problem Because I Can Still Go To Work and Function": Problem Recognition Among Persons With Substance Use Disorders"
2055:
Fitzpatrick LE, Jackson M, Crowe SF (2008). "The relationship between alcoholic cerebellar degeneration and cognitive and emotional functioning".
7950:
4452:
1732:
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Continued alcohol use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of alcohol
7474:
6539:
5381:
4089:
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de Water E, Braams BR, Crone EA, Peper JS (February 2013). "Pubertal maturation and sex steroids are related to alcohol use in adolescents".
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2559:
1448:
1428:
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5400:"The Relationship between Alcohol Outlets, HIV Risk Behavior, and HSV-2 Infection among South African Young Women: A Cross-Sectional Study"
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as a maladaptive pattern of drinking. For its diagnosis, at least one of the following criteria had to be fulfilled in the last 12 months:
3295:"They drink how much and where? Normative perceptions by drinking contexts and their association to college students' alcohol consumption"
339:
and injury, representing 5.1% of the total global burden of disease and injury, measured in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). After
399:, alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence were defined as distinct disorders from 1994 to 2013. The DSM-5 combined those two disorders into
7113:
6773:
6698:
5010:
1999:
1475:"Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016"
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619:
7981:
7828:
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6671:
6497:
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1176:
Causes of alcohol abuse are complex and are likely the combination of many factors, from coping with stress to childhood development.
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7056:
7036:
6479:
5302:
4155:
4113:
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Alfonso-Loeches S, Guerri C (2011). "Molecular and behavioral aspects of the actions of alcohol on the adult and developing brain".
2714:"Healing the community to heal the individual: literature review of aboriginal community-based alcohol and substance abuse programs"
442:
133:
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Griswold MG, Fullman N, Hawley C, Arian N, Zimsen SR, Tymeson HD, et al. (GBD 2016 Alcohol Collaborators) (September 2018).
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796:
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512:
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has occurred a period of abstinence for on average a year is required for the cognitive deficits of alcohol abuse to reverse.
384:
Binge drinking is a pattern of alcohol consumption that brings blood alcohol concentration ≥ 0.08%, usually corresponding to:
7934:
7589:
7183:
6311:
6129:
5933:
5239:
Groves SA, Stanley BH, Sher L (2007). "Ethnicity and the relationship between adolescent alcohol use and suicidal behavior".
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1395:
590:. The social skills that can be impaired by alcohol abuse include impairments in perceiving facial emotions, difficulty with
71:
67:
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Stavro K, Pelletier J, Potvin S (March 2013). "Widespread and sustained cognitive deficits in alcoholism: a meta-analysis".
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Costello EJ, Sung M, Worthman C, Angold A (April 2007). "Pubertal maturation and the development of alcohol use and abuse".
1348:. In addition, people of minority groups are affected by alcohol-related problems disproportionately, with the exception of
114:
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criteria, all except the one referring to alcohol-related legal problems are included in the alcohol use disorder criteria.
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86:
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Appenzeller BM, Schneider S, Yegles M, Maul A, Wennig R (December 2005). "Drugs and chronic alcohol abuse in drivers".
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van Holst RJ, Schilt T (March 2011). "Drug-related decrease in neuropsychological functions of abstinent drug users".
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93:
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343:, alcohol accounts for a higher burden of disease than any other drug. Alcohol use is a major cause of preventable
4728:"Mindfulness training targets neurocognitive mechanisms of addiction at the attention-appraisal-emotion interface"
3818:"Alcohol-induced one-carbon metabolism impairment promotes dysfunction of DNA base excision repair in adult brain"
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60:
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5878:
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1375:
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257:
2350:
Michaud PA (February 2007). "" [Alcohol misuse in adolescents – a challenge for general practitioners].
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Allows patients who do not require regular supervision to attend weekly therapy and is less intensive than PHPs.
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100:
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2790:"Toxic and Teratogenic Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on Fetal Development, Adolescence, and Adulthood"
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5159:"Stable genetic effects on symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence from adolescence into early adulthood"
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Babor TF, Aguirre-Molina M, Marlatt GA, Clayton R (1999). "Managing alcohol problems and risky drinking".
1336:. Also, people under the influence of alcohol commit a large portion of various violent crimes, including
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Recurrent use of alcohol resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home
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4184:"Causal links between binge drinking patterns, unsafe sex and HIV in South Africa: its time to intervene"
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5069:"Relationship between Multiple Forms of Maltreatment by a Parent or Guardian and Adolescent Alcohol Use"
1396:"Alcohol & Substance Misuse | Workplace Health Strategies by Condition | Workplace Health Promotion"
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are disabled due to alcohol-related neuropsychiatric disorders. Alcohol abuse is highly associated with
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provides informative, in-depth training on alcohol and drug abuse prevention to sailors and supervisors.
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behavior. Alcohol has been implicated in up to 80 percent of suicides and 60 percent of violent acts
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Risky drinking (also called hazardous drinking) is defined by drinking above the recommended limits:
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Globally, excessive alcohol consumption is the seventh leading risk factor for both death and the
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3587:"Pubertal timing and substance use: the effects of gender, parental monitoring and deviant peers"
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Gormley, Mark; Creaney, Grant; Schache, Andrew; Ingarfield, Kate; Conway, David I. (2022-11-11).
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1676:"Understanding Alcohol Use Disorder | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)"
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1260:. Alcohol availability and consumption rates and alcohol rates are positively associated with
37:"Excessive drinking" redirects here. For excessive consumption of water and other liquids, see
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5011:"Parental alcohol use disorders and alcohol use and disorders in offspring: a community study"
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Grant BF, Chou SP, Saha TD, Pickering RP, Kerridge BT, Ruan WJ, et al. (September 2017).
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4453:"Stigma and social support in substance abuse: Implications for mental health and well-being"
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Lewis MA, Litt DM, Blayney JA, Lostutter TW, Granato H, Kilmer JR, Lee CM (September 2011).
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2189:"Differential sensitivity of prefrontal cortex and hippocampus to alcohol-induced toxicity"
1590:"Alcohol Facts and Statistics | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)"
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3919:. Office of Substance Abuse, Maine Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from
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1942:"Reviewing the epidemiology of head and neck cancer: definitions, trends and risk factors"
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Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence – from domestic abuse to political terror
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2285:[Adolescent binge drinking: neurocognitive consequences and gender differences]
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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both the alcohol misuse and psychological problems need to be treated at the same time.
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1709:"Drinking Levels Defined | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)"
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5207:"Global status report on alcohol and health and treatment of substance use disorders"
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Fowler AK, Thompson J, Chen L, Dagda M, Dertien J, Dossou KS, et al. (2014).
2015:
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The OECD estimates that the annual damage is now between 9.6 and 12 billion euros.
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in 2024, the annual cost of alcohol harm to society in England is £27.44 billion.
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Healthy Youth! Alcohol & Drug Abuse – U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
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3236:"Social norms information for alcohol misuse in university and college students"
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units per week or greater than 3 standard drinks on a single occasion in women
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4552:"Disulfiram efficacy in the treatment of alcohol dependence: a meta-analysis"
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Hendriks HF (March 2020). "Alcohol and Human Health: What Is the Evidence?".
1352:. According to criminologist Hung-En Sung "alcohol is the most widely abused
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4778:"Early Age At First Drink May Modify Tween/Teen Risk For Alcohol Dependence"
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Among pregnant women, alcohol use disorder can result in a condition called
655:
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Alcohol use disorder can result in brain damage which causes impairments in
450:
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units per week or greater than 4 standard drinks on a single occasion in men
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Romanus G (December 2000). "Alcopops in Sweden--a supply side initiative".
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and its excessive use causes an increased risk of various cancers, such as
403:
with mild, moderate, and severe sub-classifications of severity. The term "
30:
For chronic alcohol abuse that results in significant health problems, see
4830:
4059:
Appendix B: DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic Criteria for Alcohol Abuse and Dependence
4009:"The influence of individualism and drinking identity on alcohol problems"
3215:
2774:
2679:
2406:
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Dufour MC, Archer L, Gordis E (February 1992). "Alcohol and the elderly".
1559:
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5110:"A developmental perspective on alcohol and youths 16 to 20 years of age"
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Foxcroft DR, Moreira MT, Almeida Santimano NM, Smith LA (December 2015).
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Parts of this article (those related to "By Country" section) need to be
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3502:"Puberty, hormones, and sex differences in alcohol abuse and dependence"
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Alcoholism. (2013). Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition, 1-2.
1423:(Fifth ed.). American Psychiatric Association. 2013. p. 490.
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Recurrent alcohol use in situations in which it is physically hazardous
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478:
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Relationship difficulties, legal problems, problems at work or school,
4968:"Adverse childhood experiences and personal alcohol abuse as an adult"
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4343:
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1264:, through specifics differ between particular countries and cultures.
7734:
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5626:
5611:
2950:
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4108:(5th ed.). Washington: American psychiatric association. 2013.
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3039:"Adolescence and Drug Use Vulnerability: Findings from Neuroimaging"
3418:
Castillo-Carniglia A, Keyes KM, Hasin DS, Cerdá M (December 2019).
7066:
6974:
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Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
1843:
Birková A, Hubková B, Čižmárová B, Bolerázska B (September 2021).
1196:
925:
879:
649:
325:
242:
4352:"Stigma and treatment for alcohol disorders in the United States"
2667:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
4509:. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)
971:
and discrimination, job loss, and potential legal consequences.
7109:
5699:
1620:"Advances in the science and treatment of alcohol use disorder"
5009:, Höfler M, Pfister H, Isensee B, Wittchen HU (January 2002).
3920:
1214:
43:
4507:
Incorporating Alcohol Pharmacotherapies Into Medical Practice
1845:"Current View on the Mechanisms of Alcohol-Mediated Toxicity"
1733:"Alcohol Use Disorder: A Comparison Between DSM–IV and DSM–5"
1445:"Alcohol Use Disorder: A Comparison Between DSM–IV and DSM–5"
4106:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5
3585:
Westling E, Andrews JA, Hampson SE, Peterson M (June 2008).
2952:"Effect of alcohol use on the adolescent brain and behavior"
1421:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5
775:
Excessive alcohol use causes neuroinflammation and leads to
4966:
Dube SR, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Edwards VJ, Croft JB (2002).
547:
with chronic use associated with increased risk of cancer.
473:. The derangements of the endocrine system may lead to the
380:
any drinking in pregnant women or persons < 21 years old
2551:
Psychiatric and mental health nursing: the craft of caring
654:
A label on alcoholic drinks promoting zero alcohol during
511:
Chronic alcohol use is also associated with malnutrition,
771:
Effects of alcohol use on volume of various brain regions
6503:
Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States
3632:
3630:
2420:
Moos RH, Schutte KK, Brennan PL, Moos BS (August 2009).
324:, but it has been merged with alcohol dependence in the
5241:
International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health
3869:"DNA damage and neurotoxicity of chronic alcohol abuse"
3545:
3543:
3089:
McArdle P (June 2008). "Alcohol abuse in adolescents".
4937:"Diagnostic Criteria for Alcohol Abuse and Dependence"
4550:
Skinner MD, Lahmek P, Pham H, Aubin HJ (2014-02-10).
4399:
Rogers SM, Pinedo M, Villatoro AP, Zemore SE (2019).
878:
The alcohol abuse diagnosis is no longer used in the
477:. The inability to process toxic metabolites such as
437:. Alcohol use disorder is also an important cause of
5756:
Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States
5679:, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
5589:
5502:"Lower abdominal pain in women after binge drinking"
4013:
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
3966:
Sudhinaraset M, Wigglesworth C, Takeuchi DT (2016).
1618:
Witkiewitz K, Litten RZ, Leggio L (September 2019).
795:. Chronic alcohol exposure can result in increased
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6427:
List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita
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4726:Garland EL, Froeliger B, Howard MO (January 2014).
4529:"Acamprosate (Campral) for Treatment of Alcoholism"
4130:"AUDIT – Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test"
3420:"Psychiatric comorbidities in alcohol use disorder"
282:" found that alcohol scored highest overall and in
249:
232:
204:
182:
170:
151:
74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3867:Kruman II, Henderson GI, Bergeson SE (July 2012).
3468:
6432:Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States
5837:Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism
3943:"Global status report on alcohol and health 2018"
3730:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology
2133:
2131:
2129:
1201:"After Whisky Driving Risky." Safety roadsign in
391:≥ 4 standard drinks on a single occasion in women
320:Alcohol abuse was a psychiatric diagnosis in the
7673:Acute intoxication from hallucinogens (bad trip)
4177:
4175:
3775:Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences
3229:
3227:
3225:
2004:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
1178:The US Department of Health & Human Services
570:effects of alcohol on the brain, especially the
6814:Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility
5067:Shin SH, Edwards E, Heeren T, Amodeo M (2009).
3344:International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice
3084:
3082:
1468:
1466:
578:is responsible for cognitive functions such as
388:≥ 5 standard drinks on a single occasion in men
4007:Foster DW, Yeung N, Quist MC (December 2014).
2997:
2995:
2712:Jiwa A, Kelly L, Pierre-Hansen N (July 2008).
1344:. They also commit a large portion of acts of
7121:
5711:
4609:Winslow BT, Onysko M, Hebert M (March 2016).
4501:Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (2009).
4446:
4444:
3130:
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8:
6376:International Women's Collaboration Brew Day
1899:Annual Review of Food Science and Technology
1613:
1611:
1609:
412:United States Preventive Services Task Force
407:" is no longer a diagnosis in medical care.
7678:Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
5373:Public Health: Social and Behavioral Health
3240:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2794:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2352:Therapeutische Umschau. Revue Therapeutique
1849:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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7017:Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933
6587:List of countries with alcohol prohibition
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5696:
5590:
3037:Squeglia LM, Cservenka A (February 2017).
2876:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2472:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
882:(released in 2013), it is now part of the
807:cell death. Alcohol metabolism generates
500:. Using alcohol, especially together with
157:
148:
5919:Short-term effects of alcohol consumption
5683:Alcohol and Crime: Data from 2002 to 2008
5525:
5441:
5423:
5289:. American Cancer Society. pp. 1–2.
5182:
5133:
5084:
4869:
4812:
4753:
4743:
4585:
4575:
4451:Birtel MD, Wood L, Kempa NJ (June 2017).
4424:
4375:
4323:
4132:. Alcohol Learning Centre. 28 June 2010.
4032:
3983:
3892:
3843:
3833:
3749:
3610:
3443:
3394:
3318:
3269:
3259:
3197:
3160:
3062:
2975:
2815:
2805:
2729:
2688:
2678:
2445:
2222:
2212:
2163:
2031:
1973:
1870:
1860:
1651:
1498:
916:Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
2956:Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior
1805:Aichmüller C, Soyka M (April 2015). "".
866:Recurrent alcohol-related legal problems
766:
428:Long-term effects of alcohol consumption
269:
7808:Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal)
6557:Legal drinking age in the United States
5287:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology
4188:International Journal of STD & AIDS
3299:Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs
1387:
759:comorbidities and other substance use.
7951:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
4788:from the original on 13 February 2010.
4611:"Medications for Alcohol Use Disorder"
3043:Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences
2755:Applied Research in Mental Retardation
2138:Courtney KE, Polich J (January 2009).
2057:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
27:Substance abuse of alcoholic beverages
7475:Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions
6540:List of dry communities by U.S. state
5285:Sung HE (2016). "Alcohol and Crime".
5280:
5278:
4182:Chersich MF, Rees HV (January 2010).
4062:. Office of the Surgeon General (US).
3724:Edenberg HJ, Foroud T (August 2013).
2945:
2943:
2663:"Suicidal Behavior and Alcohol Abuse"
2281:Amrani L, De Backer L, Dom G (2013).
1892:
1890:
1838:
1836:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
899:Alcohol use disorder § Diagnosis
662:persist throughout the child's life.
7:
6053:List of methanol poisoning incidents
5351:from the original on 7 December 2014
5295:10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosa039.pub2
5220:from the original on August 16, 2024
2619:American Journal of Health Promotion
1372:program for alcohol abuse prevention
72:adding citations to reliable sources
6774:Alcohol consumption recommendations
6699:Temperance and Good Citizenship Day
4266:"Alcohol and Drug Abuse Prevention"
3822:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1548:The New England Journal of Medicine
910:Alcohol dependence § Screening
895:Alcohol dependence § Diagnosis
481:in alcoholic cirrhosis may lead to
7982:Anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse
7611:Synthetic cannabinoid use disorder
6498:Alcohol packaging warning messages
6110:Alcohol use among college students
5772:Drunk driving in the United States
5073:The American Journal on Addictions
4136:from the original on 17 March 2012
1911:10.1146/annurev-food-032519-051827
799:in the brain, as well as reduced
25:
7531:Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder
7057:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
7037:Index of alcohol-related articles
6480:Administrative License Suspension
3873:Experimental Biology and Medicine
2896:"Drinking alcohol while pregnant"
1761:uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org
852:Alcohol abuse was defined in the
543:. Alcohol is also an established
443:central nervous system depression
410:Alcohol misuse is a term used by
7584:Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome
7090:
7089:
6491:Alcoholic beverage control state
6287:Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate
5542:from the original on 2009-07-26.
5479:10.1046/j.1360-0443.95.12s4.12.x
4907:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00418.x
4527:Hunter K, Ochoa R (2006-08-15).
4356:American Journal of Epidemiology
4316:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.2161
4082:10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349
3603:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.11.002
3591:The Journal of Adolescent Health
3564:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.009
3135:Nixon K, McClain JA (May 2010).
3091:Archives of Disease in Childhood
3016:10.1097/00004583-200212000-00022
2568:from the original on 27 May 2013
2527:10.7748/ns2010.04.24.33.51.c7718
2484:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01072.x
2438:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02604.x
2312:from the original on 2016-03-06.
2260:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02157.x
1819:10.53738/REVMED.2015.11.471.0927
1451:from the original on 18 May 2015
1219:
1099:Motivational Enhancement Therapy
1006:Partial Hospitalization Program:
695:Alcohol abuse during adolescence
280:multi-criteria decision analysis
48:
7541:Caffeine-induced sleep disorder
7433:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
6100:Alcohol in association football
4947:from the original on 2011-08-17
4243:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.07.023
2594:. A.D.A.M., Inc. Archived from
2069:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.08.004
1332:, many people are arrested for
488:Alcohol is also an established
475:enlargement of the male breasts
278:study "Drug Harms in the UK: a
166:"The Drunkard's Progress", 1846
59:needs additional citations for
7935:Sudden sniffing death syndrome
7590:Intravenous marijuana syndrome
7184:Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome
6312:List of deaths through alcohol
6130:Epidemiology of binge drinking
5934:Subjective response to alcohol
5325:. 3 April 2012. Archived from
4472:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.097
4231:Forensic Science International
3695:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.02.010
3506:Neurotoxicology and Teratology
3252:10.1002/14651858.CD006748.pub4
2872:"Alcohol Use During Pregnancy"
2588:"Alcoholism and alcohol abuse"
640:in Native American communities
1:
7762:Opioid-induced endocrinopathy
6797:Sweat alcohol content monitor
5832:Alcoholism in rural Australia
5566:Christopher M. Finan (2017).
4984:10.1016/S0306-4603(01)00204-0
4862:10.1016/j.alcohol.2009.09.034
4823:10.1016/S0899-3289(97)90009-2
4642:Journal of Addiction Medicine
4417:10.1080/10826084.2019.1630441
3436:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30222-6
3379:"Alcohol abuse and ethnicity"
3377:Vélez-McEvoy M (April 2005).
3141:Current Opinion in Psychiatry
2839:Vorvick L (August 15, 2011).
2399:10.1016/S0749-0690(18)30502-0
2387:Clinics in Geriatric Medicine
2016:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0347
1491:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2
682:Adolescence and the onset of
7975:Anabolic-androgenic steroids
7502:(alcohol use disorder (AUD))
7444:Positional alcohol nystagmus
7409:Alcohol-related brain damage
6720:Adult Children of Alcoholics
6508:Drunk driving law by country
5924:Long-term effects of alcohol
5842:Disease theory of alcoholism
5827:Alcoholism in family systems
5817:Alcohol and Native Americans
5686:Bureau of Justice Statistics
5425:10.1371/journal.pone.0125510
4697:10.3109/10826084.2013.770027
4654:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000918
4577:10.1371/journal.pone.0087366
4276:(5): 349–358. Archived from
3787:10.3109/10408363.2011.580567
3153:10.1097/YCO.0b013e32833864fe
3055:10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.12.005
2767:10.1016/0270-3092(82)90018-2
2291:Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie
2214:10.1371/journal.pone.0106945
1321:Institute of Alcohol Studies
1080:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
7839:Benzodiazepine use disorder
7768:Opioid-induced constipation
7756:Opioid-induced hyperalgesia
7450:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
7414:Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
7203:Substance-related disorders
7168:Substance-induced psychosis
7140:substance-related disorders
6447:International whisk(e)y day
5761:Driving under the influence
5568:Drunks: An American History
5518:10.1136/bmj.39247.454005.BE
5370:Maddock, Jay (2012-05-16).
4943:(30 PH 359). October 1995.
4503:"Chapter 4—Oral Naltrexone"
3651:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.11.018
3552:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
3356:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2017.05.001
2548:Barker P (7 October 2003).
2112:10.2174/1874473711104010042
1193:Societal and economic costs
887:
513:Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
8031:
7536:Caffeine-induced psychosis
7467:Respiratory tract diseases
7452:(WKS, Korsakoff psychosis)
7249:Combined drug intoxication
6963:Christian views on alcohol
6569:List of alcohol laws of US
5847:High-functioning alcoholic
5253:10.1515/IJAMH.2007.19.1.19
4801:Journal of Substance Abuse
4685:Substance Use & Misuse
4405:Substance Use & Misuse
3396:10.1177/216507990505300402
3208:10.1037/0033-2909.120.1.83
2364:10.1024/0040-5930.64.2.121
2100:Current Drug Abuse Reviews
1208:
937:
907:
892:
620:Excessive citations inline
421:
355:
309:encompasses a spectrum of
36:
29:
7845:Benzodiazepine dependence
7829:Benzodiazepine withdrawal
7639:Prenatal cocaine exposure
7302:Gastrointestinal diseases
7085:
6862:Alcoholic spirits measure
6847:Low-alcoholic malt drinks
6528:Ignition interlock device
6417:Drunken monkey hypothesis
6250:Routes of administration
5879:Alcohol congener analysis
5822:Alcoholism in adolescence
5376:. BoD – Books on Demand.
5214:World Health Organization
5175:10.1007/s10519-011-9488-8
5086:10.1080/10550490902786959
5027:10.1017/S0033291701004883
4615:American Family Physician
4533:American Family Physician
4025:10.1007/s11469-014-9505-2
3726:"Genetics and alcoholism"
3526:10.1016/j.ntt.2006.10.013
3311:10.15288/jsad.2011.72.844
2968:10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172906
2718:Canadian Family Physician
2631:10.4278/0890-1171-14.2.98
1958:10.1038/s41415-022-5166-x
1376:Drunken monkey hypothesis
1311:Alcohol misuse costs the
1090:Motivational Interviewing
592:perceiving vocal emotions
258:motivational interviewing
165:
156:
7404:Alcoholic polyneuropathy
7368:Alcohol-related dementia
7286:Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
7239:Polysubstance dependence
7212:Psychological dependence
4745:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00173
4200:10.1258/ijsa.2000.009432
3917:"Find Out More, Do More"
3742:10.1038/nrgastro.2013.86
3683:Psychoneuroendocrinology
3500:Witt ED (October 2007).
3475:. Basic Books. pp.
2920:Douglas M (2013-10-16).
2841:"Fetal alcohol syndrome"
1304:and adopting the entire
1278:alcohol abuse in Ireland
517:alcoholic cardiomyopathy
7824:Benzodiazepine overdose
7456:Wernicke encephalopathy
7310:Alcoholic liver disease
7278:Cardiovascular diseases
7042:Alcohol and spaceflight
6784:Alcohol server training
6657:Managed alcohol program
6235:Binge drinking devices
5929:Pharmacology of ethanol
5126:10.1542/peds.2007-2243D
4732:Frontiers in Psychiatry
3885:10.1258/ebm.2012.011421
3835:10.1074/jbc.M112.401497
3103:10.1136/adc.2007.115840
2325:Juvenile Justice Digest
1370:United States Air Force
1356:in the United States".
1317:National Health Service
1073:Therapy Based Treatment
886:diagnosis. Of the four
816:reactive oxygen species
625:considered for deletion
574:area of the brain. The
554:such as impairments to
211:Alcoholic liver disease
7910:Amphetamine dependence
7871:Barbiturate dependence
7702:Green Tobacco Sickness
7600:Amotivational syndrome
7480:Alcoholic lung disease
7420:Alcoholic hallucinosis
7399:Alcoholic hallucinosis
7347:Alcoholic ketoacidosis
7291:Alcohol flush reaction
7159:Substance intoxication
6647:Alcohol rehabilitation
6615:Alcohol detoxification
6518:Field sobriety testing
6403:Health effects of wine
6371:International Beer Day
6135:Holiday heart syndrome
5120:(Suppl 4): S290–S310.
5015:Psychological Medicine
3424:The Lancet. Psychiatry
3186:Psychological Bulletin
2144:Psychological Bulletin
1946:British Dental Journal
1644:10.1126/sciadv.aax4043
1354:psychoactive substance
1206:
935:
772:
671:Fetal alcohol syndrome
667:fetal alcohol syndrome
658:
483:hepatic encephalopathy
303:
254:Contingency management
7605:Cannabis use disorder
7328:Auto-brewery syndrome
6899:Disulfiram-like drugs
6439:Ritual use of alcohol
6408:Wine and food pairing
6393:Apéritif and digestif
6044:Adulterated moonshine
5891:Blood alcohol content
5853:Seeing pink elephants
4784:. 21 September 2009.
4156:"Supporting guidance"
4076:. Vol. 1. 2000.
3639:Hormones and Behavior
2923:Constructive Drinking
2680:10.3390/ijerph7041392
2521:(33): 51–7, quiz 58.
1807:Revue Médicale Suisse
1560:10.1056/nejmra1715733
1211:Alcohol-related crime
1200:
1000:Intensive Outpatient:
938:Further information:
929:
770:
653:
560:visuospatial function
552:executive functioning
273:
7861:Barbiturate overdose
7634:Cocaine intoxication
7374:Alcohol intoxication
7216:Substance dependence
6968:Alcohol in the Bible
6955:Religion and alcohol
6921:General anaesthetics
6714:Alcoholics Anonymous
6672:List of mixed drinks
6125:Alcohol intoxication
6040:Adulterated alcohol
5323:Alcoholism in Canada
3558:(Suppl 1): S50–S59.
2851:on 20 September 2012
2807:10.3390/ijms22168785
2331:(2): 7. 2007-01-31.
1862:10.3390/ijms22189686
1485:(10152): 1015–1035.
1334:drinking and driving
1292:The introduction of
1123:Alcoholics Anonymous
884:alcohol use disorder
588:oxidative DNA damage
498:head and neck cancer
401:alcohol use disorder
330:alcohol use disorder
296:Environmental damage
262:Alcoholics Anonymous
68:improve this article
7894:Stimulant psychosis
7779:Opioid use disorder
7723:Nicotine dependence
7713:Nicotine withdrawal
7556:Caffeine dependence
7316:Alcoholic hepatitis
7208:Physical dependence
7179:Neonatal withdrawal
7047:Gateway drug effect
6833:Low-alcohol drinks
6662:Non-alcoholic drink
6597:Temperance movement
6579:Alcohol prohibition
6302:Gilbert Paul Jordan
6292:Dionysian Mysteries
6076:on college campuses
6071:Alcohol advertising
5789:Public intoxication
5677:Rethinking Drinking
5473:(12s4): S609–S619.
5416:2015PLoSO..1025510R
5341:"Alcohol and costs"
5319:"Send Us a Message"
4972:Addictive Behaviors
4568:2014PLoSO...987366S
4460:Psychiatry Research
3828:(52): 43533–43542.
3518:2007NTxT...29...81W
2724:(7): 1000–1000.e7.
2205:2014PLoSO...9j6945F
1636:2019SciA....5.4043W
1276:Problems caused by
1117:Peer Support Groups
830:Cultural influences
463:acute liver failure
7708:Nicotine poisoning
7650:Cocaine dependence
7579:Cannabis arteritis
7439:Korsakoff syndrome
7339:Endocrine diseases
6879:Addiction medicine
6822:Get Your Sexy Back
6762:Alcohol limitation
6738:Sober living house
6704:Twelve-step groups
6637:Brief intervention
6630:Open-container law
6592:Neo-prohibitionism
6552:Legal drinking age
6358:Alcoholic beverage
6259:Alcohol inhalation
6174:Drinking in public
6152:Blackout Wednesday
6010:Beverage-specific
5727:Alcohol and health
4782:Medical News Today
4368:10.1093/aje/kwq304
4270:Psychiatric Annals
4264:Powers RA (2007).
2870:CDC (2023-10-03).
2598:on 3 December 2012
2554:. London: Arnold.
1306:European Union law
1254:adolescent suicide
1207:
1186:child maltreatment
1184:Studies show that
936:
932:United States Navy
773:
750:Genetic Influences
659:
424:Alcohol and health
418:Signs and symptoms
304:
292:Family adversities
264:meeting attendance
7997:
7996:
7751:Opioid withdrawal
7514:
7513:
7488:
7487:
7103:
7102:
7025:
7024:
6975:Islam and alcohol
6909:Calcium carbimide
6779:Alcohol education
6667:List of cocktails
6642:Designated driver
6620:Alcohol-free zone
6523:Hip flask defence
6457:
6456:
6398:Hangover remedies
6342:Whiskey Rebellion
6332:Six o'clock swill
6120:Austrian syndrome
6059:Surrogate alcohol
6049:Denatured alcohol
6021:Red wine headache
5667:
5666:
5512:(7627): 992–993.
5383:978-953-51-0620-3
5329:on 29 March 2012.
5216:. June 25, 2024.
5163:Behavior Genetics
4895:Addiction Biology
4411:(13): 2108–2116.
4362:(12): 1364–1372.
4091:978-0-89042-334-9
3923:on March 10, 2013
3486:978-0-465-08730-3
3467:Herman J (1997).
3430:(12): 1068–1080.
3010:(12): 1495–1502.
2933:978-1-134-55778-3
2561:978-0-340-81026-2
2323:"Alcohol Abuse".
1554:(13): 1251–1261.
1447:. November 2013.
1430:978-0-89042-557-2
1289:sexual partners.
1249:
1248:
940:Alcohol education
789:prefrontal cortex
576:prefrontal cortex
572:prefrontal cortex
337:burden of disease
268:
267:
234:Diagnostic method
146:Medical condition
144:
143:
136:
118:
18:Misuse of alcohol
16:(Redirected from
8022:
7941:Toluene toxicity
7425:Delirium tremens
7321:Zieve's syndrome
7274:
7267:
7130:
7123:
7116:
7107:
7093:
7092:
6892:Chlordiazepoxide
6842:Low-alcohol beer
6486:Alcohol monopoly
6468:
6388:Drinking culture
6381:Women in brewing
6264:Vodka eyeballing
6231:Passive drinking
5742:
5720:
5713:
5706:
5697:
5591:
5581:
5570:. Beacon Press.
5553:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5529:
5497:
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5490:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5445:
5427:
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5230:
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5147:
5137:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5088:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5045:. Archived from
5002:
4996:
4995:
4963:
4957:
4956:
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4933:
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4890:
4884:
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4673:
4648:(4): e210–e218.
4637:
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4261:
4255:
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4220:
4219:
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4169:
4167:
4161:. Archived from
4160:
4152:
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4145:
4143:
4141:
4126:
4120:
4119:
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4096:
4095:
4070:
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4046:
4036:
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3987:
3972:Alcohol Research
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3913:
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3807:
3806:
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3764:
3763:
3753:
3721:
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3689:(8): 1261–1264.
3677:
3671:
3670:
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3246:(12): CD006748.
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2907:
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2883:
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2858:
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2847:. Archived from
2836:
2830:
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2809:
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2779:
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2750:
2744:
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2673:(4): 1392–1431.
2657:
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2608:
2607:
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2515:Nursing Standard
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2449:
2432:(8): 1293–1302.
2417:
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2243:
2237:
2236:
2226:
2216:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2167:
2156:10.1037/a0014414
2135:
2124:
2123:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2035:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1977:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1894:
1885:
1884:
1874:
1864:
1840:
1831:
1830:
1813:(471): 927–930.
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1705:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1655:
1624:Science Advances
1615:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1502:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1392:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1133:12 step programs
969:social rejection
779:disruptions and
689:conduct disorder
628:
606:delirium tremens
506:laryngeal cancer
461:, and — in
366:greater than 14
239:Clinical history
161:
149:
139:
132:
128:
125:
119:
117:
76:
52:
44:
21:
8030:
8029:
8025:
8024:
8023:
8021:
8020:
8019:
8015:Substance abuse
8000:
7999:
7998:
7993:
7962:
7923:
7916:
7877:
7795:
7786:
7746:Opioid overdose
7729:
7685:
7656:
7617:
7562:
7510:
7484:
7461:
7390:
7383:
7360:system diseases
7359:
7352:
7333:
7296:
7256:
7228:
7222:
7199:Substance abuse
7142:
7134:
7104:
7099:
7081:
7062:Self-medication
7021:
6979:
6949:
6887:Benzodiazepines
6873:
6757:
6743:Sobering center
6728:Sober companion
6709:Al-Anon/Alateen
6601:
6573:
6463:
6453:
6346:
6275:
6215:In vino veritas
6209:Hair of the dog
6027:
5943:Adverse effects
5938:
5907:
5857:
5803:
5747:
5746:Alcohol-related
5737:
5729:
5724:
5672:dassa.sa.gov.au
5668:
5663:
5662:
5602:
5588:
5578:
5565:
5562:
5560:Further reading
5557:
5556:
5551:
5547:
5499:
5498:
5494:
5464:
5463:
5459:
5410:(5): e0125510.
5396:
5395:
5391:
5384:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5354:
5352:
5347:. 30 May 2011.
5339:
5338:
5334:
5317:
5316:
5312:
5305:
5284:
5283:
5276:
5238:
5237:
5233:
5223:
5221:
5209:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5066:
5065:
5061:
5052:
5050:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4950:
4948:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4814:10.1.1.473.9819
4798:
4797:
4793:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4512:
4510:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4455:
4450:
4449:
4442:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4349:
4348:
4341:
4304:JAMA Psychiatry
4297:
4296:
4292:
4283:
4281:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4181:
4180:
4173:
4165:
4158:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4139:
4137:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4092:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3951:
3949:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3926:
3924:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3636:
3635:
3628:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3549:
3548:
3541:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3233:
3232:
3223:
3199:10.1.1.529.4342
3183:
3182:
3178:
3134:
3133:
3126:
3088:
3087:
3080:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2949:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2905:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2880:
2878:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2601:
2599:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2562:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2137:
2136:
2127:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2054:
2053:
2049:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1781:"Alcohol Alert"
1779:
1778:
1774:
1765:
1763:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1741:
1739:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1717:
1715:
1707:
1706:
1693:
1684:
1682:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1630:(9): eaax4043.
1617:
1616:
1607:
1598:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1531:
1529:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1454:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1405:
1403:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1362:
1350:Asian Americans
1270:
1258:sexual violence
1245:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1195:
1170:
1146:
1119:
1075:
1022:
1020:Pharmacotherapy
990:
985:
964:
942:
924:
912:
906:
901:
876:
850:
845:
832:
765:
752:
726:
713:
704:
680:
648:
635:
613:
584:impulse control
459:palmar erythema
455:spider angiomas
439:chronic fatigue
430:
422:Main articles:
420:
375:standard drinks
373:greater than 7
368:standard drinks
360:
354:
315:substance abuse
198:chronic fatigue
147:
140:
129:
123:
120:
83:"Alcohol abuse"
77:
75:
65:
53:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8028:
8026:
8018:
8017:
8012:
8002:
8001:
7995:
7994:
7992:
7991:
7986:
7985:
7984:
7970:
7968:
7964:
7963:
7961:
7960:
7959:
7958:
7956:Inhalant abuse
7953:
7945:
7944:
7943:
7938:
7928:
7926:
7918:
7917:
7915:
7914:
7913:
7912:
7898:
7897:
7896:
7887:
7885:
7879:
7878:
7876:
7875:
7874:
7873:
7865:
7864:
7863:
7849:
7848:
7847:
7842:
7833:
7832:
7831:
7826:
7816:benzodiazepine
7812:
7811:
7810:
7801:
7799:
7788:
7787:
7785:
7784:
7783:
7782:
7773:
7772:
7771:
7765:
7759:
7753:
7748:
7739:
7737:
7731:
7730:
7728:
7727:
7726:
7725:
7717:
7716:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7695:
7693:
7687:
7686:
7684:
7683:
7682:
7681:
7675:
7666:
7664:
7658:
7657:
7655:
7654:
7653:
7652:
7644:
7643:
7642:
7636:
7627:
7625:
7619:
7618:
7616:
7615:
7614:
7613:
7608:
7602:
7594:
7593:
7592:
7587:
7581:
7572:
7570:
7564:
7563:
7561:
7560:
7559:
7558:
7550:
7549:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7524:
7522:
7516:
7515:
7512:
7511:
7509:
7508:
7506:Binge drinking
7503:
7496:
7494:
7490:
7489:
7486:
7485:
7483:
7482:
7477:
7471:
7469:
7463:
7462:
7460:
7459:
7453:
7447:
7441:
7436:
7430:
7429:
7428:
7422:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7395:
7393:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7364:
7362:
7354:
7353:
7351:
7350:
7343:
7341:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7331:
7325:
7324:
7323:
7318:
7306:
7304:
7298:
7297:
7295:
7294:
7288:
7282:
7280:
7271:
7264:
7258:
7257:
7255:
7254:
7253:
7252:
7243:
7242:
7241:
7232:
7230:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7220:
7219:
7218:
7205:
7191:
7190:
7189:
7188:
7187:
7181:
7170:
7165:
7150:
7148:
7144:
7143:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7125:
7118:
7110:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7097:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7080:
7079:
7077:French paradox
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7033:
7031:
7027:
7026:
7023:
7022:
7020:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6987:
6985:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6977:
6972:
6971:
6970:
6959:
6957:
6951:
6950:
6948:
6947:
6946:
6945:
6940:
6933:Sulfonic acids
6930:
6929:
6928:
6918:
6917:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6883:
6881:
6875:
6874:
6872:
6871:
6870:
6869:
6867:Standard drink
6864:
6856:
6855:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6831:
6829:Liquor license
6826:
6825:
6824:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6800:
6799:
6794:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6765:
6763:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6724:
6723:
6717:
6711:
6701:
6696:
6694:Temperance bar
6691:
6686:
6685:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6627:
6617:
6611:
6609:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6583:
6581:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6559:
6549:
6544:
6543:
6542:
6532:
6531:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6494:
6493:
6483:
6476:
6474:
6465:
6459:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6449:
6441:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6413:
6412:
6411:
6410:
6400:
6395:
6385:
6384:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6360:
6354:
6352:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6283:
6281:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6273:
6268:
6267:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6248:
6247:
6246:
6241:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6170:
6169:
6164:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6143:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6115:Binge drinking
6112:
6107:
6105:Alcohol powder
6102:
6097:
6095:Alcohol myopia
6092:
6091:
6090:
6080:
6079:
6078:
6068:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6056:
6046:
6037:
6035:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6017:
6008:
6003:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5903:Wine chemistry
5900:
5895:
5894:
5893:
5883:
5882:
5881:
5871:
5869:Beer chemistry
5865:
5863:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5855:
5850:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5813:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5775:
5774:
5764:
5758:
5752:
5750:
5739:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5723:
5722:
5715:
5708:
5700:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5680:
5674:
5665:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5649:
5634:
5619:
5603:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5594:Classification
5587:
5586:External links
5584:
5583:
5582:
5577:978-0807001790
5576:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5545:
5492:
5457:
5389:
5382:
5362:
5332:
5310:
5303:
5274:
5231:
5198:
5149:
5100:
5079:(3): 226–234.
5059:
4997:
4978:(5): 713–725.
4958:
4928:
4901:(2): 203–213.
4885:
4836:
4791:
4769:
4718:
4691:(5): 492–512.
4675:
4632:
4621:(6): 457–465.
4601:
4542:
4519:
4493:
4440:
4391:
4339:
4310:(9): 911–923.
4290:
4256:
4237:(2–3): 83–90.
4221:
4171:
4168:on 2006-05-02.
4147:
4121:
4114:
4097:
4090:
4065:
4048:
4019:(6): 747–758.
3999:
3958:
3934:
3908:
3879:(7): 740–747.
3859:
3808:
3765:
3736:(8): 487–494.
3716:
3672:
3645:(2): 392–397.
3626:
3597:(6): 555–563.
3577:
3539:
3492:
3485:
3459:
3410:
3389:(4): 152–155.
3369:
3334:
3305:(5): 844–853.
3285:
3221:
3176:
3147:(3): 227–232.
3124:
3097:(6): 524–527.
3078:
3029:
2991:
2939:
2932:
2912:
2887:
2862:
2831:
2780:
2761:(3): 241–263.
2745:
2704:
2652:
2609:
2579:
2560:
2540:
2505:
2478:(3): 445–450.
2461:
2412:
2393:(1): 127–141.
2377:
2358:(2): 121–126.
2342:
2315:
2297:(9): 677–689.
2273:
2254:(5): 726–735.
2238:
2199:(9): e106945.
2179:
2150:(1): 142–156.
2125:
2090:
2063:(3): 466–485.
2047:
2010:(2): 541–550.
1989:
1952:(9): 780–786.
1932:
1886:
1832:
1797:
1772:
1748:
1724:
1691:
1667:
1605:
1581:
1538:
1514:
1462:
1436:
1429:
1412:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1361:
1358:
1313:United Kingdom
1302:European Union
1269:
1266:
1262:violent crimes
1247:
1246:
1227:
1225:
1218:
1194:
1191:
1169:
1166:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1138:SMART Recovery
1135:
1130:
1125:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1095:
1086:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1049:
1039:
1031:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1009:
1003:
997:
989:
988:Rehabilitation
986:
984:
981:
963:
960:
954:abuse per se.
923:
920:
905:
902:
875:
872:
871:
870:
867:
864:
861:
849:
846:
844:
841:
831:
828:
803:and increased
793:temporal lobes
764:
761:
751:
748:
725:
722:
712:
711:Mental illness
709:
703:
700:
679:
676:
647:
644:
634:
631:
596:theory of mind
580:working memory
556:working memory
419:
416:
393:
392:
389:
382:
381:
378:
371:
358:Binge drinking
356:Main article:
353:
350:
300:Community harm
266:
265:
251:
247:
246:
236:
230:
229:
208:
202:
201:
186:
180:
179:
174:
168:
167:
163:
162:
154:
153:
145:
142:
141:
56:
54:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8027:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8010:Alcohol abuse
8008:
8007:
8005:
7990:
7987:
7983:
7980:
7979:
7977:
7976:
7972:
7971:
7969:
7965:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7948:
7946:
7942:
7939:
7936:
7933:
7932:
7930:
7929:
7927:
7925:
7919:
7911:
7908:
7907:
7905:
7903:
7899:
7895:
7892:
7891:
7889:
7888:
7886:
7884:
7880:
7872:
7869:
7868:
7866:
7862:
7859:
7858:
7856:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7843:
7840:
7837:
7836:
7834:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7821:
7819:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7802:
7800:
7798:
7793:
7789:
7780:
7777:
7776:
7774:
7769:
7766:
7763:
7760:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7743:
7741:
7740:
7738:
7736:
7732:
7724:
7721:
7720:
7718:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7703:
7700:
7699:
7697:
7696:
7694:
7692:
7688:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7670:
7668:
7667:
7665:
7663:
7659:
7651:
7648:
7647:
7645:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7624:
7620:
7612:
7609:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7597:
7595:
7591:
7588:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7573:
7571:
7569:
7565:
7557:
7554:
7553:
7551:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7528:
7526:
7525:
7523:
7521:
7517:
7507:
7504:
7501:
7498:
7497:
7495:
7491:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7472:
7470:
7468:
7464:
7457:
7454:
7451:
7448:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7434:
7431:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7392:
7386:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7369:
7366:
7365:
7363:
7361:
7355:
7348:
7345:
7344:
7342:
7340:
7336:
7329:
7326:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7307:
7305:
7303:
7299:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7283:
7281:
7279:
7275:
7272:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7259:
7250:
7247:
7246:
7244:
7240:
7237:
7236:
7234:
7233:
7231:
7229:substance use
7225:
7217:
7213:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7200:
7197:
7196:
7195:
7192:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7163:Drug overdose
7160:
7157:
7156:
7155:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7145:
7141:
7138:
7131:
7126:
7124:
7119:
7117:
7112:
7111:
7108:
7096:
7088:
7087:
7084:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7052:Mood disorder
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7034:
7032:
7028:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6982:
6976:
6973:
6969:
6966:
6965:
6964:
6961:
6960:
6958:
6956:
6952:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6935:
6934:
6931:
6927:
6926:Nitrous oxide
6924:
6923:
6922:
6919:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6901:
6900:
6897:
6893:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6880:
6876:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6837:Fermented tea
6835:
6834:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6823:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6789:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6760:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6733:Sober curious
6731:
6729:
6726:
6721:
6718:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6664:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6608:
6604:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6580:
6576:
6570:
6567:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6541:
6538:
6537:
6536:
6533:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6487:
6484:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6473:
6469:
6466:
6460:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6433:
6430:
6429:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6422:Ladies' night
6420:
6418:
6415:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6389:
6386:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6349:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6322:Rum Rebellion
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6278:
6272:
6269:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6254:Alcohol enema
6252:
6251:
6249:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6216:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6204:Flaming drink
6202:
6200:
6199:Dutch courage
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6184:Drunk walking
6182:
6180:
6179:Drunk dialing
6177:
6175:
6172:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6158:
6157:Drinking game
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6081:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6066:Alcohol abuse
6064:
6060:
6057:
6054:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6033:Social issues
6030:
6022:
6018:
6016:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5971:
5970:breast cancer
5968:
5967:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5941:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5910:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5898:Fusel alcohol
5896:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5887:
5884:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5860:
5854:
5851:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5768:
5767:Drunk driving
5765:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5743:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5721:
5716:
5714:
5709:
5707:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5681:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5659:
5655:
5654:
5650:
5648:
5644:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5618:
5614:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5596:
5592:
5585:
5579:
5573:
5569:
5564:
5563:
5559:
5549:
5546:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5496:
5493:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5461:
5458:
5453:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5393:
5390:
5385:
5379:
5375:
5374:
5366:
5363:
5350:
5346:
5345:AlcoholAction
5342:
5336:
5333:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5314:
5311:
5306:
5304:9781405165518
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5235:
5232:
5219:
5215:
5208:
5202:
5199:
5194:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5153:
5150:
5145:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5104:
5101:
5096:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5063:
5060:
5049:on 2022-03-14
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5007:Merikangas KR
5001:
4998:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4962:
4959:
4946:
4942:
4941:Alcohol Alert
4938:
4932:
4929:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4889:
4886:
4881:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4840:
4837:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4795:
4792:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4773:
4770:
4765:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4722:
4719:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4679:
4676:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4636:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4605:
4602:
4597:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4562:(2): e87366.
4561:
4557:
4553:
4546:
4543:
4539:(4): 645–646.
4538:
4534:
4530:
4523:
4520:
4508:
4504:
4497:
4494:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4436:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4335:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4294:
4291:
4280:on 2013-11-05
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4260:
4257:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4225:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4164:
4157:
4151:
4148:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4117:
4115:9780890425558
4111:
4107:
4101:
4098:
4093:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4066:
4061:
4060:
4052:
4049:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4003:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3959:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3863:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3812:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3676:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3581:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3472:
3463:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3383:AAOHN Journal
3380:
3373:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3192:(1): 83–112.
3191:
3187:
3180:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2926:. Routledge.
2925:
2924:
2916:
2913:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2863:
2850:
2846:
2845:PubMed Health
2842:
2835:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2625:(2): 98–103.
2624:
2620:
2613:
2610:
2597:
2593:
2592:PubMed Health
2589:
2583:
2580:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2544:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2465:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2381:
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1737:niaaa.nih.gov
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1713:niaaa.nih.gov
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1680:niaaa.nih.gov
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1594:niaaa.nih.gov
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1330:United States
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1199:
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1159:
1158:neurotoxicity
1154:
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1134:
1131:
1129:
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1120:
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1104:Self-Efficacy
1102:
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1007:
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962:Social stigma
961:
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948:
941:
933:
928:
921:
919:
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911:
903:
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888:alcohol abuse
885:
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569:
566:, due to the
565:
564:social skills
561:
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548:
546:
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538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
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494:breast cancer
491:
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345:liver disease
342:
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307:Alcohol abuse
301:
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284:Economic cost
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206:Complications
203:
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173:
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164:
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152:Alcohol abuse
150:
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135:
127:
124:December 2022
116:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85: –
84:
80:
79:Find sources:
73:
69:
63:
62:
57:This article
55:
51:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
7973:
7900:
7851:
7814:
7662:Hallucinogen
7389:Neurological
7137:Psychoactive
7012:Gin Act 1751
7002:Bratt System
6995:
6991:
6858:Measurement
6792:Breathalyzer
6562:Shoulder tap
6214:
6088:Beer goggles
6065:
5651:
5636:
5621:
5606:
5567:
5548:
5509:
5505:
5495:
5470:
5466:
5460:
5407:
5403:
5392:
5372:
5365:
5353:. Retrieved
5344:
5335:
5327:the original
5322:
5313:
5286:
5247:(1): 19–25.
5244:
5240:
5234:
5222:. Retrieved
5213:
5201:
5169:(1): 40–56.
5166:
5162:
5152:
5117:
5113:
5103:
5076:
5072:
5062:
5051:. Retrieved
5047:the original
5021:(1): 63–78.
5018:
5014:
5000:
4975:
4971:
4961:
4949:. Retrieved
4940:
4931:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4856:(1): 67–80.
4853:
4849:
4839:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4772:
4738:(173): 173.
4735:
4731:
4721:
4688:
4684:
4678:
4645:
4641:
4635:
4618:
4614:
4604:
4559:
4555:
4545:
4536:
4532:
4522:
4511:. Retrieved
4506:
4496:
4463:
4459:
4408:
4404:
4394:
4359:
4355:
4307:
4303:
4293:
4282:. Retrieved
4278:the original
4273:
4269:
4259:
4234:
4230:
4224:
4191:
4187:
4163:the original
4150:
4138:. Retrieved
4124:
4105:
4100:
4073:
4068:
4058:
4051:
4016:
4012:
4002:
3978:(1): 35–45.
3975:
3971:
3961:
3950:. Retrieved
3946:
3937:
3927:December 27,
3925:. Retrieved
3921:the original
3911:
3876:
3872:
3862:
3825:
3821:
3811:
3781:(1): 19–47.
3778:
3774:
3768:
3733:
3729:
3719:
3686:
3682:
3675:
3642:
3638:
3594:
3590:
3580:
3555:
3551:
3512:(1): 81–95.
3509:
3505:
3495:
3470:
3462:
3427:
3423:
3413:
3386:
3382:
3372:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3302:
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3243:
3239:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3144:
3140:
3094:
3090:
3046:
3042:
3032:
3007:
3003:
2959:
2955:
2922:
2915:
2904:. Retrieved
2902:. 2020-12-02
2899:
2890:
2879:. Retrieved
2875:
2865:
2853:. Retrieved
2849:the original
2844:
2834:
2800:(16): 8785.
2797:
2793:
2783:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2721:
2717:
2707:
2670:
2666:
2655:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2600:. Retrieved
2596:the original
2591:
2582:
2570:. Retrieved
2550:
2543:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2294:
2293:(in Dutch).
2290:
2276:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2147:
2143:
2106:(1): 42–56.
2103:
2099:
2093:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2007:
2003:
1992:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1902:
1898:
1855:(18): 9686.
1852:
1848:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1788:. Retrieved
1784:
1775:
1764:. Retrieved
1760:
1751:
1740:. Retrieved
1736:
1727:
1716:. Retrieved
1712:
1683:. Retrieved
1679:
1670:
1627:
1623:
1597:. Retrieved
1593:
1584:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1530:. Retrieved
1526:
1517:
1482:
1478:
1453:. Retrieved
1439:
1420:
1415:
1404:. Retrieved
1402:. 2021-05-12
1399:
1390:
1327:
1310:
1291:
1287:
1275:
1271:
1250:
1237:
1229:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1168:Epidemiology
1162:
1155:
1147:
1107:
1097:
1088:
1078:
1061:
1051:
1041:
1033:
1025:
1012:Residential:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
977:
973:
965:
956:
952:
943:
913:
877:
851:
837:
833:
824:
820:
812:acetaldehyde
781:white matter
774:
757:
753:
744:
739:testosterone
731:
727:
718:
714:
705:
702:Risk factors
698:population.
693:
681:
664:
660:
636:
618:
610:
549:
533:pancreatitis
521:hypertension
510:
487:
447:
431:
409:
394:
383:
361:
334:
319:
306:
305:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
215:Pancreatitis
194:irritability
130:
121:
111:
104:
97:
90:
78:
66:Please help
61:verification
58:
7902:amphetamine
7853:barbiturate
6992:Beer Street
6943:Homotaurine
6938:Acamprosate
6809:Dry January
6788:Monitoring
6689:Teetotalism
6682:Malt drinks
6472:Alcohol law
6244:Yard of ale
6189:Drunkorexia
6001:intolerance
5794:Rum-running
4807:: 103–110.
3049:: 164–170.
2572:17 December
1338:child abuse
1240:August 2024
1109:Mindfulness
1035:Acamprosate
1015:substances.
994:Outpatient:
785:hippocampal
678:Adolescence
529:arrhythmias
352:Definitions
8004:Categories
7883:Stimulants
7546:Caffeinism
7500:Alcoholism
7173:Withdrawal
7072:Town drunk
6904:Disulfiram
6852:Small beer
6818:Campaigns
6652:Drunk tank
6625:Dry campus
6535:Dry county
6317:Rum ration
6297:Dipsomania
6226:Pantsdrunk
6019:Red wine:
5809:Alcoholism
5799:Wine fraud
5355:1 December
5224:August 16,
5114:Pediatrics
5053:2019-07-01
4513:2023-11-15
4284:2013-11-05
4194:(1): 2–7.
3952:2022-09-12
3261:10284/8115
2962:: 172906.
2906:2023-11-02
2881:2023-11-02
2602:3 December
1790:10 January
1766:2023-11-02
1742:2023-11-02
1718:2023-01-27
1685:2021-05-01
1599:2023-01-27
1532:2023-01-27
1406:2023-11-02
1382:References
1268:By country
1209:See also:
1063:Gabapentin
1053:Topiramate
1043:Disulfiram
1027:Naltrexone
922:Prevention
908:See also:
893:See also:
822:peptides.
801:DNA repair
797:DNA damage
763:Mechanisms
568:neurotoxic
545:carcinogen
537:depression
490:carcinogen
405:alcoholism
177:Psychiatry
94:newspapers
39:Polydipsia
32:Alcoholism
7989:Chocolate
7391:disorders
7007:Dry state
6914:Cyanamide
6748:Sobrietol
6547:Last call
6513:DWI court
6366:Beer mile
6337:Speakeasy
6307:Gin Craze
6239:Beer bong
6194:Dry drunk
6167:Pregaming
6015:Potomania
5997:Tolerance
5987:Pregnancy
5862:Chemistry
5784:Nip joint
5779:Moonshine
5467:Addiction
5434:1932-6203
4923:205401192
4809:CiteSeerX
4670:237628274
4488:207453622
3364:1756-0616
3350:: 34–44.
3194:CiteSeerX
2426:Addiction
2337:0094-2413
2248:Addiction
2024:1055-9965
1966:0007-0610
1927:214645440
1523:"Alcohol"
1144:Prognosis
1085:approach.
983:Treatment
904:Screening
843:Diagnosis
809:genotoxic
735:estradiol
733:elevated
656:pregnancy
646:Pregnancy
623:is being
451:cirrhosis
313:-related
274:The 2010
250:Treatment
172:Specialty
7922:Volatile
7797:hypnotic
7792:Sedative
7691:Nicotine
7568:Cannabis
7520:Caffeine
7379:Hangover
7227:Combined
7095:Category
6996:Gin Lane
6753:Quit lit
6677:Spritzer
6607:Sobriety
6462:Alcohol
6443:Whiskey
6271:Sconcing
6221:Nightcap
6147:Blackout
5977:Cortisol
5874:Congener
5540:Archived
5536:17991983
5487:11218355
5452:25954812
5404:PLOS ONE
5349:Archived
5269:23339243
5261:17458320
5218:Archived
5193:21818662
5144:18381495
5095:19340641
5035:11883731
5005:Lieb R,
4992:12201379
4945:Archived
4915:22264351
4880:20113875
4786:Archived
4764:24454293
4713:34990668
4705:23461667
4662:34561352
4627:26977830
4596:24520330
4556:PLOS ONE
4480:28237758
4435:31232135
4386:21044992
4334:28793133
4251:16226145
4208:20029060
4134:Archived
4043:25525420
3994:27159810
3903:22829701
3854:23118224
3803:26880669
3795:21657944
3760:23712313
3711:29572849
3703:21414724
3659:23229027
3621:18486864
3572:17275214
3534:17174531
3454:31630984
3405:15853289
3329:21906511
3280:26711838
3171:20224404
3119:25568964
3111:18305075
3073:28111629
3024:12447037
2986:32179028
2826:34445488
2740:18625824
2699:20617037
2639:10724728
2566:Archived
2535:20461924
2500:22634737
2492:17341250
2456:19438836
2372:17245680
2307:Archived
2303:24046246
2268:18412750
2233:25188266
2193:PLOS ONE
2174:19210057
2120:21466500
2085:19875939
2077:17919727
2042:19190158
1984:36369568
1919:32209032
1905:: 1–21.
1881:34575850
1827:26072600
1662:31579824
1576:52842989
1568:30257164
1509:30146330
1449:Archived
1360:See also
1342:homicide
1294:alcopops
805:neuronal
633:Violence
616:template
541:dementia
467:jaundice
465: —
435:insomnia
245:criteria
190:insomnia
184:Symptoms
7967:Related
7924:solvent
7735:Opioids
7623:Cocaine
7416:(AWS):
7358:Nervous
7312:(ALD):
7262:Alcohol
7147:General
7030:Related
6984:History
6769:0-0-1-3
6464:control
6351:General
6327:Shebeen
6280:History
5950:Anxiety
5912:Effects
5886:Ethanol
5735:Alcohol
5658:D000437
5527:2072017
5506:The BMJ
5443:4425652
5412:Bibcode
5184:3253297
5135:2765460
5043:2251288
4871:2818103
4850:Alcohol
4831:9494942
4755:3887509
4587:3919718
4564:Bibcode
4466:: 1–8.
4426:7032932
4377:2998202
4325:5710229
4216:3100905
4034:4267053
3985:4872611
3947:who.int
3894:3685494
3845:3527940
3751:4056340
3667:5031450
3612:2435092
3514:Bibcode
3445:7006178
3320:3174028
3271:8750744
3216:8711018
3162:3149806
3064:5241101
2977:7183385
2855:9 April
2817:8395909
2775:7149705
2731:2464791
2690:2872355
2647:3267149
2447:2714873
2407:1576571
2224:4154772
2201:Bibcode
2165:2748736
2033:3051410
1975:9652141
1872:8472195
1653:6760932
1632:Bibcode
1527:who.int
1500:6148333
1400:cdc.gov
1366:0-0-1-3
1346:suicide
1328:In the
1230:updated
1205:, India
1150:genetic
1128:Al-Anon
724:Puberty
684:puberty
629:
612:gender.
502:tobacco
479:ammonia
471:ascites
395:In the
341:tobacco
311:alcohol
223:chronic
108:scholar
7978:: SUD
7937:(SSDS)
7680:(HPPD)
7435:(FASD)
7186:(PAWS)
6804:FRAMES
6013:Beer:
6006:Weight
5982:Memory
5965:Cancer
5748:crimes
5574:
5534:
5524:
5485:
5450:
5440:
5432:
5380:
5301:
5267:
5259:
5191:
5181:
5142:
5132:
5093:
5041:
5033:
4990:
4921:
4913:
4878:
4868:
4829:
4811:
4762:
4752:
4711:
4703:
4668:
4660:
4625:
4594:
4584:
4486:
4478:
4433:
4423:
4384:
4374:
4332:
4322:
4249:
4214:
4206:
4140:3 June
4112:
4088:
4041:
4031:
3992:
3982:
3901:
3891:
3852:
3842:
3801:
3793:
3758:
3748:
3709:
3701:
3665:
3657:
3619:
3609:
3570:
3532:
3483:
3452:
3442:
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