1053:. In 1908, Merriam remarked that it was difficult to reconstruct the interrelationships of ichthyosaurs with confidence. However, he considered that all well-known Triassic ichthyosaurs at the time were too specialized to have been ancestral to the later species, pointing to the anatomy of the ribs in particular. Therefore, he proposed an early split between the Triassic ichthyosaurs and the post-Triassic ichthyosaurs. In the 1920s, von Huene proposed a classification scheme where ichthyosaurs were divided into two different groups, the latipinnates and longipinnates, which split from each other in the Triassic and both persisted into the Cretaceous. These divisions were based primarily on the structure of the forelimb, though McGowan argued in 1972 that the two groups could be differentiated by skull proportions as well. Under this classification scheme, mixosaurids were classified as early latipinnates, with von Huene believing them to be the direct ancestors of
5532:
1625:-shaped like the earliest ichthyopterygians. Mixosaurids are among the smaller ichthyosaurs, with a total length of under 1 metre (3.3 ft) in the smallest species, making them among the smallest of ichthyosaurs. While typically around 2 metres (6.6 ft) long at maximum, fragmentary fossils suggest that some mixosaurids could have grown as long as 5 metres (16 ft), though the poor quality of preservation makes these larger sizes contentious. Mixosaurids are very specialized ichthyosaurs, and possess many distinctive features.
540:
1061:
often their features differed markedly or the mixosaurids were more specialized than their supposed descendants. Consequently, he named a new monotypic order for the mixosaurids, Mixosauroidea, and instead argued that the post-Triassic latipinnates evolved from the longipinnate line. Despite initially supporting the dichotomy, McGowan would go even further than
Appleby in overturning the latipinnate-longipinnate classification, considering that the differences separating the two groups were too ambiguous to be valid.
4801:
1084:
1031:
5538:
120:
4812:
144:
1634:
1727:
4818:
5526:
4291:
4807:
4285:
4297:
1816:(the bodies of the vertebrae). Neural spine height changes throughout the vertebral column, reaching their greatest height at the caudal peak, the point where the slope of the neural spines changes from backswept to anticlined. The tail also is bent slightly downward at this point, though much less markedly than in the parvipelvians and their relatives. The
1824:, both their front and back faces being concave, and are also tall, being at least roughly twice as tall as long, if not even taller. This height to length ratio of the centra increases at the caudal peak, as does absolute height, typically. In the trunk region, the broad centra are weakly polygonal, while those towards the end of the tail are very narrow.
422:, as the former had since been determined to not be diagnostic. The definition was changed again in 2017, this time by Moon. As the evolutionary relationships his analyses found would have resulted in many traditional mixosaurids falling outside of the group, he redefined it as being all ichthyosaurs more closely related to
1841:
1136:. Further phylogenetic analyses were conducted since, often drawing from the analysis of Motani and that of Maisch and Matzke. In 2016, Ji and colleagues found mixosaurids to be more derived than cymbospondylids based on their analysis. However, in 2017, Moon recovered the mixosaurids as more basal. Additionally,
1827:
In the neck and the vicinity of the hips, there are two separate facets on each side of the vertebrae for the articulation of the ribs. The ribs in these regions are correspondingly, bicephalous, having forked heads. Elsewhere in the vertebral column, however, there is only a single articular surface
1131:
In 2008, Maisch and colleagues noted that toretocnemids shared multiple features with mixosaurids, and suggested that the two groups might be closely related, rather than the toretocnemids having branched off later. As they did not run an analysis to test this hypothesis, however, they considered it
1060:
The classification of ichthyosaurs into latipinnates and longipinnates persisted for many decades. However, in 1979, Appleby reassessed mixosaurid anatomy, and found it to be very specialized. These specializations did not suggest to him that mixosaurids were ancestral to the later latipinnates;
1742:
contact the supratemporals, which are large in mixosaurids, as typical in
Ichthyosauria. The postorbitals are blocked from the supratemporal fenestrae, however, a condition typical for ichthyosaurians. In addition to the supratemporals, mixosaurids possess two other pairs of cheek bones, the
1099:
In 1999 and 2000, multiple major phylogenetic analyses of
Ichthyopterygia were published. These studies all agreed upon a general framework, with three nested groups: the early "basal grade", followed by an intermediate grade, followed in turn by the derived, "fish-shaped" ichthyosaurs.
1068:. Based on these results, Mazin argued that heterodonty was the ancestral conidition in ichthyopterygians. Nicholls and colleagues in 1999 placed mixosaurids in Ichthyosauria, arguing based on tooth and shoulder girdle anatomy that they were the sister taxon of a group composed of
1919:, are flat and abbreviated, and unlike the carpals also have shafts, with the exception of those on the leading and trailing edges of the fin, whose outer-facing edges are often straight. Mixosaurids typically have five digits in their forelimbs, though some specimens of
1970:
below them, however, some mixosaurids have only four per limb. Nevertheless, there are always five digits, which contain an increased number of bones. The front edges of the phalanges on the leading edge of the limb are notched in some mixosaurids, but flat in others.
1784:, and among the most variable portions of mixosaurid anatomy, making it important for differentiating between species. Thin, pointed teeth line the front part of mixosaurid jaws. These teeth bear thin, weak ridges extending from the tooth's base to its point on their
1755:
and it is possible that this is an artifact of preservation. The regions behind the orbits have concave lower edges; these concavities are prominent in mixosaurids with broad postorbital regions but very reduced in those with narrow postorbital regions. On the
518:
has also been proposed to be a mixosaurid, however, the very fragmentary nature of its remains make its relationships unclear, and it has also been proposed to be related to various other ichthyopterygians. Additionally, a specimen potentially belonging to the
1995:
and set far forwards on the body, where the trunk was deepest. The caudal peak supported the triangular upper lobe of the tail fin, similar in structure to that of the dorsal fin, with supporting fibers below the outer layer of skin. The tail fin of
1612:
Thanks to a large number of good specimens, mixosaurid anatomy is well understood. Mixosaurids show a variety of adaptations for life in the water, with their limbs modified into fins and their deep, streamlined bodies. Mixosaurids were not as
1883:. The front margin of the humerus is drawn out into a plate-like flange. The only prominent ridge on the surface of the bone is the deltopectroal crest, which is separated from the humeral head by a notch. The bones below the humerus (the
1764:
are situated close together, enclosing only a very narrow space between them. The lower jaws of mixosaurids are long and thin, though more resistant to crushing than the crania. Some mixosaurids have prominent coronoid processes, like
1930:
Compared to the earliest ichthyopterygians, the mixosaurid pelvis is small, though it is still large compared to the extremely reduced pelves of post-Triassic ichthyosaurs. Historically, it was suggested that the upper hip bones, the
1907:) and five bones in the lower row (distal carpals). Distal to the pisiform, many mixosaurids also have an additional, second pisiform. Of the distal carpals, the first is the largest, and is at least as large as the fifth
1796:. Other mixosaurids have back teeth that differ more from those in front, possessing broad crushing teeth in the lower jaw, if not also the upper. These teeth are sometimes compressed from side to side, however, in
393:
that he named in the same publication. The name
Mixosauria has been used for a larger group containing Mixosauridae, but also as an equivalent term for Mixosauridae, resulting in Mixosauria being regarded as a
1867:
are expanded into rounded, fan-like shapes as well, though the region in front of the shoulder joint is distinctively longer than the region behind the shoulder joint. Situated between the collarbones is the
1644:
Mixosaurids have large skulls, making up roughly one fourth to one fifth of the animal's total length. The front region of the mixosaurid skull is drawn out into a long, thin snout, with lengthened
1140:
was found to be a more derived member of
Ichthyosauria than the mixosaurids. Moon also noted that the "intermediate grade" ichthyosaurs could be divided into two subgroups, with mixosaurids and
1128:
of
Mixosauridae. Due to its fragmentary nature, however, both Motani and Sander considered the relationships of this genus provisional, with Sander instead considering it a shastasaurid.
2291:
1828:
for each rib, and the ribs are single-headed. Long, thin, and longitudinally grooved ribs with flattened tips are present in the trunk. The underside of the trunk sported gracile
1045:
In his 1887 description, Baur recognized mixosaurids as a "primitive" group of ichthyosaurs. In 1904, Boulenger considered
Ichthyosauria as splittable into three divisions, with
1872:, which is roughly triangular. While the edges of the bone may be bowed inwards, the overall shape is markedly different from the T-shaped interclavicles of other ichthyosaurs.
1947:, the former the larger of the two, often significantly so. Each pubic bone typically bears a small opening called an obturator foramen, though it is occasionally lacking in
1064:
The first cladogram of
Ichthyopterygia was published by Mazin in 1981, in which mixosaurids were found to fall outside Ichthyosauria, though in a more derived position than
1958:
Mixosaurid hindlimbs are rather small, with their length being under two thirds that of the forelimbs, a condition also seen convergently in later ichthyosaurs. The flat
1723:
when viewed from above. The parietals bear a ridge towards their posterior end, and the processes stemming from their rear fork are short, as seen in later ichthyosaurs.
1691:. The anterior terraces are massive depressions on the skull, typical of Triassic ichthyopterygians. In mixosaurids, however, they are unusually expansive, involving the
1891:
behind) are also abbreviated in length. Both the front and back sides of the radius are bowed inwards, while the ulna's rear edge is unnotched, with the exception of
1112:. Thus, mixosaurids were found to be members of Ichthyosauria. The first of these analyses was done by Motani in 1999, who found mixosaurids to be more derived than
1116:
but less so than the true shastasaurs. The phylogenetic analysis run by Sander and Maisch and Matzke the next year instead found mixosaurids to be more basal than
1820:, pairs of interlocking projections, are strongly developed in the neck region, but are reduced further back in the trunk, if not totally lacking. The centra are
1863:, where the edge before the shoulder joint is straight. The portion of the scapula involved in the shoulder joint is small and offset from the blade. Mixosaurid
3829:
414:, which was applied to its equivalent group Mixosauridae by Maisch and Matzke in 2000. This definition was emended by Ji and colleagues in 2016 by replacing
5531:
558:
was generally regarded as the only valid genus of mixosaurids, and this system of classification continued to be used into the 21st century. However,
2601:
5642:
3474:
3095:
1132:
provisional. Maisch did not follow this hypothesis in his 2010 review, though he used the name
Mixosauria for a group containing mixosaurids and
3749:"Mixosaurier (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria) mit Quetschzähnen aus der Grenzbitumenzone (Mitteltrias) des Monte San Giorgio (Schweiz, Kanton Tessin)"
3034:"New Mixosauridae (Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic of the Augusta Mountains (Nevada, USA) and their implications for mixosaur taxonomy"
1108:
were found to belong to the basal grade, but mixosaurids were instead recovered in the intermediate grade, together with the shastasaurids and
1144:
part of the early grade, paraphyletic to the later grade which gave rise to the later ichthyosaurs. The relative positions of mixosaurids and
562:
was also sometimes treated as a separate genus, a position which later became widely accepted. In 1998, Maisch and Matzke named a new genus,
2702:
2643:
Jiang, D.Y.; Hao, W.C.; Maisch, M.W.; Matzke, A.T.; Sun, Y.L. (2005). "A basal mixosaurid ichthyosaur from the Middle
Triassic of China".
2112:
3771:
4800:
474:. Other mixosaurid species have been proposed in the past but subsequently had their validity questioned or rejected. These include
2551:
Roberts, A.J.; Engelschiøn, V.S.; Hurum, J.H. (2022). "First three-dimensional skull of the Middle Triassic mixosaurid ichthyosaur
1962:
of the hindlimb are quite short, much like those of the forelimb. The polygonal foot bones fit tightly together, with four distal
3822:
3302:"Die Ichthyosaurier (Reptilia) aus der Grenzbitumenzone (Mitteltrias) des Monte San Giorgio (Tessin, Schweiz) - neue Ergebnisse"
1672:, which can result in the skull being distorted during preservation. Within the orbits are rings of strong bony plates, called
843:
2825:
5537:
1501:
2896:
Li, 1999 (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Upper Triassic of China and the phylogenetic position of the Toretocnemidae"
2403:
Liu, J.; Motani, R.; Jiang, D.Y.; Hu, S.X.; Aitchison, J.C.; Rieppel, O.; Benton, M.J.; Zhang, Q.Y.; Zhou, C.Y. (2013).
618:. The following cladograms show two hypotheses for the evolutionary relationships between different mixosaurid species.
2197:(Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Triassic of British Columbia and its bearing on the interrelationships of mixosaurs"
1808:
Mixosaurids have approximately 50 vertebrae between their skull and hips. Mixosaurids have distinctively tall and thin
143:
4811:
3815:
5574:
1450:
1325:
4817:
539:
399:
2621:
5569:
5525:
2513:"A new species of mixosaurid ichthyosaur from the Middle Triassic of Luxi County, Yunnan Province, South China"
2074:
1660:, tooth-bearing bones of roughly triangular shape. The upper, or dorsal, processes of the maxillae contact the
1648:
in the upper jaw. At their hind ends, the premaxillae taper to points, and do not form much of the rims of the
1308:
975:
695:
3475:"Evolution of fish-shaped reptiles (Reptilia: Ichthyopterygia) in their physical environments and constraints"
1840:
1687:. In mixosaurids, these bones are reinforced and form a crest along the edges of the anterior terraces of the
2721:
1467:
867:
654:
3563:
Sander, P. M.; Griebeler, E. M.; Klein, N.; Juarbe, J. V.; Wintrich, T.; Revell, L. J.; Schmit, L. (2021).
2815:
598:
later during the same year, an assignment agreed upon by other authors. While most researchers accept only
5595:
4290:
4284:
2409:(Ichthyosauria: Mixosauridae) from South China, showing postcranial anatomy and peri-Tethyan distribution"
1716:
1688:
1518:
1423:
1342:
958:
908:
678:
129:
2000:
is not crescentic, as seen in later ichthyosaurs, with the upper and lower lobes having different sizes.
1927:
stemming from the pisiforms. Each digit in the mixosaurid forelimb can contain as many as ten phalanges.
5750:
5722:
5709:
5668:
5564:
3564:
2244:
1715:, from front to back. This crest can be quite tall in some species. The openings behind the orbits, the
1083:
2748:"Evolutionary trends in longipinnate ichthyosaurs, with particular reference to the skull and fore fin"
1652:, the openings which housed the nostrils. The external nares usually face towards the sides, though in
3711:
Kolb, C.; Sánchez-Villagra, M.R.; Scheyer, T.M. (2011). "The palaeohistology of the basal ichthyosaur
3438:
4638:
4560:
4508:
3786:
3489:
3388:
3254:
3205:
3154:
3045:
2652:
2420:
2354:
2127:
925:
778:
403:
4296:
3376:
2164:
2052:
1030:
4924:
4767:
3914:
3327:
2773:
1381:
119:
4781:
1821:
512:
is now understood to instead be a basal ichthyopterygian, not a mixosaurid. The very poorly-known
5037:
4456:
4341:
4091:
3976:
3963:
3926:
3838:
3693:
3595:
3545:
3223:
3170:
3061:
2869:
2725:
2668:
2625:
2582:
2490:
2438:
2370:
2314:
2216:
1788:. The back teeth are thicker than those in front, though their shape differs between species. In
1720:
471:
291:
243:
138:
5727:
5714:
1859:
are broad, semicurcular bones, with their blades resembling fans or axheads in shape, except in
5673:
5633:
4806:
3243:"Exceptional X-ray contrast: Radiography imaging of a Middle Triassic mixosaurid from Svalbard"
5655:
5355:
5230:
5195:
5151:
4676:
4056:
3587:
3415:
3282:
2821:
2143:
1915:, which is more like earlier ichthyopterygians. The bones of the fingers, the metacarpals and
1633:
884:
761:
737:
524:
384:
5660:
1751:, and supratemporals. Mixosaurids typically have small quadratojugals, though it is large in
5475:
5424:
5392:
5275:
5080:
4936:
4881:
4435:
4372:
3794:
3724:
3683:
3633:
3579:
3537:
3497:
3396:
3272:
3262:
3213:
3162:
3053:
2945:
2907:
2861:
2717:
2660:
2617:
2572:
2564:
2524:
2480:
2472:
2428:
2362:
2306:
2208:
2135:
1813:
1739:
1484:
1176:
3565:"Early giant reveals faster evolution of large body size in ichthyosaurs than in cetaceans"
3501:
1726:
5318:
5310:
5302:
5260:
5164:
5112:
5013:
4774:
4753:
4746:
4624:
4603:
4463:
4173:
4134:
4100:
4072:
4021:
3715:(Ichthyopterygia, Mixosauridae) from the Middle Triassic: Palaeobiological implications".
1852:
1680:
1669:
1661:
1549:
1241:
488:
280:
254:
3350:
2911:
2747:
3790:
3493:
3392:
3277:
3258:
3242:
3209:
3158:
3049:
2656:
2424:
2358:
2131:
5468:
5461:
5433:
5202:
5140:
5133:
5096:
5089:
5068:
4963:
4909:
4666:
4646:
4616:
4568:
4552:
4535:
4488:
4396:
4388:
4381:
4147:
3301:
1992:
1761:
1696:
1673:
1649:
1534:
1436:
1398:
1226:
1213:
520:
395:
5744:
5454:
5332:
5239:
5218:
5022:
4955:
4945:
4902:
4862:
4404:
4356:
4327:
4314:
4244:
4116:
4109:
4032:
4014:
3748:
3697:
3617:
3599:
3525:
3227:
3174:
3065:
3033:
2949:
2929:
2891:
2873:
2845:
2672:
2664:
2586:
2494:
2442:
2342:
2220:
2192:
1884:
1869:
1744:
1712:
1665:
1294:
1163:
508:, however, restudy has revealed that the two genera are significantly different, and
198:
77:
3549:
3057:
2729:
2629:
2374:
2343:"Phylogeny of the Ichthyopterygia incorporating recent discoveries from South China"
2318:
5413:
5406:
5385:
5370:
5325:
5295:
5180:
5126:
4999:
4736:
4684:
4584:
4576:
4544:
4501:
4421:
4202:
4195:
4155:
4123:
4065:
3798:
2850:(Reptilia: Ichthyopterygia) in the Asian peripheral area of the Panthalassic Ocean"
2139:
1936:
1932:
1817:
1809:
1785:
1708:
1679:
Like other members of Ichthyosauria, the upper rims of the orbits is formed by the
1618:
1188:
1125:
615:
2366:
2310:
2212:
3267:
5627:
5288:
5253:
5172:
4978:
4971:
4848:
4835:
4760:
4695:
4654:
4591:
4515:
4045:
4001:
3990:
3883:
2245:"Phylogeny, systematics, and origin of the Ichthyosauria – the state of the art"
1967:
1963:
1924:
1900:
1684:
347:
343:
315:
52:
5700:
5618:
3728:
1911:. The fourth distal carpal is also larger than the fifth metacarpal, except in
1899:
fitting firmly together, with four bones in the upper row (namely the radiale,
5482:
5440:
5347:
5340:
5246:
5187:
5054:
4895:
4869:
4631:
4477:
4470:
4222:
4213:
4162:
3899:
3868:
3637:
3166:
2890:
Maisch, M.W.; Jiang, D.Y.; Hao, W.C.; Sun, Y.L.; Sun, Z.Y.; Stöhr, H. (2008).
2865:
2341:
Ji, C.; Jiang, D. Y.; Motani, R.; Rieppel, O.; Hao, W. C.; Sun, Z. Y. (2016).
1988:
1940:
1908:
1781:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1645:
504:
389:
380:
275:
265:
211:
97:
62:
5377:
5362:
5210:
5029:
4182:
3583:
3218:
3189:
1959:
1952:
1916:
1829:
1777:
1748:
626:
331:
155:
102:
46:
3688:
3667:
3591:
3286:
2568:
2529:
2512:
2844:
Arkhangelsky, M.S.; Zverkov, N.G.; Zakharovd, Y.D.; Borisov, I.V. (2016).
17:
5694:
5612:
5399:
4523:
4348:
3862:
2778:
Wiman, 1929, un Ichthyopterygia primitif du Trias inférieur du Spitsberg"
1904:
1864:
1676:, which supported the eyeballs. The openings within the rings are large.
514:
351:
319:
175:
92:
87:
72:
67:
57:
39:
3400:
2934:(von Huene, 1916) and the composition and phylogeny of the Mixosauridae"
2577:
2476:
1939:
lacked attachment to spine. There are two pairs of lower hip bones, the
1080:. These two groups were placed in a suborder that was named Mixosauria.
5647:
5447:
4229:
3874:
3541:
2485:
2433:
2404:
1876:
1856:
1657:
1614:
498:
339:
185:
107:
82:
3351:"Triassic Ichthyosauria: With special reference to the American forms"
2930:"Observations on Triassic ichthyosaurs. Part VIII. A redescription of
1832:, or belly ribs, each of which have a small prong extending forwards.
1668:
from the borders of the external nares. Mixosaurids have round, large
3856:
3807:
3377:"Lines of phyletic and biological development of the Ichthyopterygia"
2463:(Ichthyosauria: Mixosauridae) from the Middle Triassic of Svalbard".
1944:
1896:
1757:
363:
359:
355:
165:
5589:
1038:. Historically, mixosaurids were frequently considered ancestral to
3416:"The distinction between longipinnate and latipinnate ichthyosaurs"
2459:Økland, I.H.; Delsett, L.L.; Roberts, A.J.; Hurum, J.H. (2018). "A
470:
is sometimes also considered valid, but has also been treated as a
1935:, articulated with the vertebral column, however, the hips of all
1839:
1725:
1664:
on both the inside and the outside of the skull, which blocks the
1632:
1082:
1029:
538:
335:
327:
323:
554:
The number of mixosaurid genera is controversial. Traditionally,
322:
period. Fossils of mixosaurs have been found all over the world:
3443:
and other long-snouted ichthyosaurs from the English Lower Lias"
2703:"A new mixosaurid Ichthyosaur from the Middle Triassic of China"
1983:
preserve smooth, scaleless skin. These specimens also show that
1888:
1656:
they instead are angled upwards. Behind the premaxillae are the
606:
as valid, in 2017, Moon cautioned that the standard concepts of
5593:
5553:
4833:
4312:
3961:
3849:
3811:
3309:
Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich
3241:
Engelschiøn, V.S.; Roberts, A.J.; With, R.; Hammer, Ø. (2023).
1120:. Additionally, Maisch and Matzke argued that the poorly-known
492:
was proposed, before the referred specimens were reassigned to
438:
There are six species of mixosaurids widely accepted as valid:
3772:"On the evolution and homologies of ichthyopterygian forefins"
1792:
these teeth are still fairly pointed, while they are blunt in
1622:
3666:
Renesto, S.; Dal Sasso, C.; Fogliazza, F.; Ragni, C. (2020).
3526:"Ichthyosauria: Their diversity, distribution, and phylogeny"
3032:
Schmitz, L.; Sander, P.M.; Storrs, G.W.; Rieppel, O. (2004).
318:, living between 247.2 and 235 million years ago, during the
2938:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen
2900:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen
1151:
621:
2622:
10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0983:TTSOMN]2.0.CO;2
3668:"New findings reveal that the Middle Triassic ichthyosaur
3190:"The cranial osteology of the Middle Triassic ichthyosaur
1951:. The ischia meet each other along the midline, forming a
1855:
in mixosaurids is typical of early ichthyopterygians. The
1769:, while this region of the jaw is flat in others, such as
2722:
10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[60:ANMIFT]2.0.CO;2
1049:
an early member of the group leading to the wide-finned
2701:
Jiang, D.Y.; Schmitz, L.; Hao, W.C.; Sun, Y.L. (2006).
2191:
Nicholls, E.L.; Brinkman, D.B.; Callaway, J.M. (1999).
2752:
Life Science Contributions of the Royal Ontario Museum
2292:"A new phylogeny of ichthyosaurs (Reptilia: Diapsida)"
1287:
Cladogram following the preferred tree of Moon, 2017.
825:
Cladogram following the preferred tree of Moon, 2017.
2165:"On the morphology and origin of the Ichthyopterygia"
2817:
Handbook of Paleoherpetology Part 8: Ichthyopterygia
5684:
5602:
5423:
5274:
5229:
5150:
5110:
5079:
5052:
5012:
4997:
4944:
4923:
4879:
4846:
4734:
4694:
4665:
4602:
4534:
4487:
4446:
4419:
4371:
4325:
4243:
4212:
4181:
4172:
4133:
4099:
4090:
4055:
4031:
4000:
3974:
3925:
3898:
3328:"A remarkable ichthyosaurian right anterior paddle"
3096:"The affinities of Liassic and later ichthyosaurs"
2814:McGowan, C.; Motani, R. (2003). Sues, H.D. (ed.).
2782:Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
1812:, whose height is much greater than that of the
1719:, are hidden beneath flanges extending from the
570:, and later maintained its distinctiveness from
402:Mixosauria as comprising all descendants of the
3332:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
582:is also sometimes treated as a separate genus,
3611:
3609:
3141:Motani, R. (1999). "The skull and taxonomy of
2511:Fang, Y.W.; Wolniewicz, A.S.; Liu, J. (2024).
1095:are related to other ichthyosaurs is uncertain
3823:
3622:from the Middle Triassic of the German Basin"
3482:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
3381:Bulletin of the Geological Society of America
3136:
2923:
2921:
2741:
2739:
1156:Cladogram following Ji and colleagues, 2016.
482:was traditionally seen a junior synonym, and
8:
3753:Schweizerische Paläontologische Abhandlungen
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
1703:, spanning across three pairs of bones, the
528:was initially misidentified as a species of
2405:"The first specimen of the Middle Triassic
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
5590:
5550:
5280:
5156:
5118:
5107:
5060:
5009:
5005:
4930:
4920:
4887:
4854:
4843:
4830:
4731:
4608:
4493:
4427:
4368:
4333:
4322:
4309:
4187:
4178:
4139:
4096:
4037:
4006:
3982:
3971:
3958:
3904:
3895:
3846:
3830:
3816:
3808:
118:
31:
3687:
3276:
3266:
3217:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2846:"On the first reliable find of the genus
2576:
2528:
2484:
2432:
1966:(ankle bones). Typically, there are five
594:, by Brinkmann in 1998, who sunk it into
590:was initially named as a separate genus,
3672:is the oldest amniote with a dorsal fin"
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3647:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2885:
2883:
2839:
2837:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2506:
2504:
2059:. Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie).
1637:Skull and front part of the skeleton of
502:was once considered a junior synonym of
3355:Memoirs of the University of California
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2008:
27:Extinct family of Triassic ichthyosaurs
3742:
3740:
3738:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3502:10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122707
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3370:
3368:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
2820:. Munich: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil.
2767:
2765:
2454:
2452:
2285:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1879:is short and wide, particularly so in
629:following Jiang and colleagues, 2006.
547:, sometimes assigned to its own genus
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2158:
2156:
1979:Exceptionally preserved specimens of
1895:. The wrist is composed of polygonal
7:
1991:, which was internally supported by
3616:Maisch, M.W.; Matzke, A.T. (2000).
3188:Maisch, M.W.; Matzke, M.T. (2001).
2928:Maisch, M.W.; Matzke, A.T. (2001).
2299:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
2057:Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde
2051:Maisch, M.W.; Matzke, A.T. (2000).
1734:, showing markedly heterodont teeth
1442:
1415:
1373:
1300:
1290:
1219:
1194:
1169:
1159:
950:
900:
859:
835:
828:
753:
729:
670:
646:
639:
632:
3779:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2710:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2610:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2347:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2120:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2113:"Phylogeny of the Ichthyopterygia"
2075:"†suborder Mixosauria Motani 1999"
25:
5536:
5530:
5524:
4816:
4810:
4805:
4799:
4295:
4289:
4283:
2912:10.1127/0077-7749/2008/0248-0257
2665:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2005.00481.x
1844:Forelimb and shoulder girdle of
142:
3420:Life Sciences Occasional Papers
844:Barracudasauroides panxianensis
3799:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011120
2140:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011160
1695:. These terraces flank a long
1091:. Exactly how mixosaurids and
1:
3676:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
3038:Palaeontographica Abteilung A
2557:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
2517:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
2367:10.1080/02724634.2015.1025956
2311:10.1080/14772019.2017.1394922
2201:Palaeontographica Abteilung A
1502:Qianichthyosaurus xingyiensis
3618:"The mixosaurid ichthyosaur
3530:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
3268:10.1371/journal.pone.0285939
2465:Norwegian Journal of Geology
133:showing soft tissue outline
3441:Leptopterygius tenuirostris
2892:"A well-preserved skull of
1026:Higher-level classification
127:Skeletal reconstruction of
5767:
3729:10.1016/j.crpv.2010.10.008
2950:10.1127/njgpa/220/2001/431
2604:Mixosaurus nordenskioeldii
1451:Besanosaurus leptorhynchus
1326:Thalattoarchon saurophagis
476:Mixosaurus nordenskioeldii
416:Mixosaurus nordenskioeldii
387:to contain the new genus,
379:Mixosauridae was named by
370:History and classification
5560:
5549:
5522:
5283:
5159:
5121:
5106:
5063:
5008:
4933:
4919:
4890:
4857:
4842:
4829:
4797:
4730:
4611:
4496:
4430:
4367:
4336:
4321:
4308:
4281:
4190:
4142:
4040:
4009:
3985:
3970:
3957:
3907:
3894:
3845:
3638:10.1080/00241160050150186
3326:Boulenger, G. A. (1904).
3167:10.1017/S0022336000040750
3058:10.1127/pala/270/2004/133
2866:10.1134/S0031030115060040
2602:"The taxonomic status of
1621:, but they were also not
1547:
1532:
1515:
1498:
1481:
1464:
1447:
1440:
1420:
1413:
1395:
1378:
1371:
1356:
1339:
1322:
1305:
1298:
1239:
1224:
1217:
1199:
1192:
1174:
1167:
972:
955:
948:
922:
905:
898:
881:
864:
857:
840:
833:
775:
758:
751:
734:
727:
692:
675:
668:
651:
644:
637:
462:. An additional species,
297:
290:
239:
234:
139:Scientific classification
137:
126:
117:
34:
2555:from Svalbard, Norway".
1309:Parvinatator wapitiensis
976:Mixosaurus kuhnschnyderi
696:Mixosaurus kuhnschnyderi
444:Mixosaurus kuhnschnyderi
398:of Mixosauridae. Motani
3584:10.1126/science.abf5787
3349:J. C., Merriam (1908).
3219:10.1111/1475-4983.00218
3147:Journal of Paleontology
2894:Qianichthyosaurus zhoui
2854:Paleontological Journal
2213:10.1127/pala/252/1998/1
2169:The American Naturalist
1738:Behind the orbits, the
1717:supratemporal fenestrae
1699:that extends along the
1689:supratemporal fenestrae
1468:Californosaurus perrini
868:Mixosaurus xindianensis
655:Mixosaurus panxianensis
545:Mixosaurus panxianensis
484:Mixosaurus maotianensis
468:Mixosaurus xindianensis
448:Mixosaurus panxianensis
260:Maisch and Matzke, 1998
3747:Brinkmann, W. (2004).
3717:Comptes Rendus Palevol
3689:10.4202/app.00731.2020
3670:Mixosaurus cornalianus
3375:von Huene, F. (1923).
3300:Brinkmann, W. (1998).
3094:Appleby, R.M. (1979).
2569:10.4202/app.00915.2021
2530:10.4202/app.01133.2024
1981:Mixosaurus cornalianus
1848:
1846:Mixosaurus cornalianus
1735:
1641:
1639:Mixosaurus cornalianus
1519:Wimanius odontopalatus
1424:Phantomosaurus neubigi
1343:Xinminosaurus catactes
1096:
1042:
959:Mixosaurus cornalianus
909:Contectopalatus atavus
679:Mixosaurus cornalianus
551:
486:, for which the genus
440:Mixosaurus cornalianus
428:Ichthyosaurus communis
424:Mixosaurus cornalianus
408:Mixosaurus cornalianus
375:Naming and definitions
314:was an early group of
130:Mixosaurus cornalianus
5723:Paleobiology Database
5710:Paleobiology Database
5669:Paleobiology Database
3524:Sander, P.M. (2000).
2243:Maisch, M.W. (2010).
2079:Paleobiology Database
1843:
1836:Appendicular skeleton
1729:
1636:
1617:-shaped as the later
1086:
1033:
542:
466:, was named in 2024.
4639:Guizhouichthyosaurus
4561:Guizhouichthyosaurus
4509:Guizhouichthyosaurus
3437:McGowan, C. (1989).
3414:McGowan, C. (1972).
3145:(Ichthyopterygia)".
2776:Grippia longirostris
2772:Mazin, J.M. (1981).
2746:McGowan, C. (1972).
2600:Schmitz, L. (2005).
1800:, they are bulbous.
1654:Phalarodon callawayi
926:Phalarodon callawayi
779:Phalarodon callawayi
464:Mixosaurus luxiensis
404:last common ancestor
4925:Temnodontosauroidea
3791:1999JVPal..19...28M
3770:Motani, R. (1999).
3494:2005AREPS..33..395M
3473:Motani, R. (2005).
3401:10.1130/GSAB-34-463
3393:1923GSAB...34..463V
3259:2023PLoSO..1885939E
3210:2001Palgy..44.1127M
3159:1999JPal...73..924M
3050:2004PalAA.270..133S
2657:2005Palgy..48..869J
2477:10.17850/njg98-2-06
2425:2013Palgy..56..849L
2359:2016JVPal..36E5956J
2290:Moon, B.C. (2017).
2132:1999JVPal..19..473M
2111:Motani, R. (1999).
2053:"The Ichthyosauria"
1851:The anatomy of the
1721:supratemporal bones
1382:Pessopteryx nisseri
1148:remain unresolved.
456:Phalardon callawayi
5555:Related categories
5038:Protoichthyosaurus
4457:Barracudasauroides
4342:Quasianosteosaurus
4092:Ichthyosauriformes
3977:Ichthyosauromorpha
3964:Ichthyosauromorpha
3927:Ichthyosauromorpha
3839:Ichthyosauromorpha
3578:(6575): eabf5787.
3542:10.1007/BF02987949
2434:10.1111/pala.12021
1849:
1804:Vertebrae and ribs
1736:
1642:
1097:
1043:
584:Barracudasauroides
552:
549:Barracudasauroides
472:species inquirenda
412:M. nordenskioeldii
385:family-level group
244:Barracudasauroides
5738:
5737:
5656:Open Tree of Life
5596:Taxon identifiers
5587:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5575:Triassic reptiles
5545:
5544:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5356:Kazakhstanosaurus
5270:
5269:
5231:Ophthalmosaurinae
5196:Myobradypterygius
5152:Ophthalmosauridae
5048:
5047:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4825:
4824:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4677:Qianichthyosaurus
4415:
4414:
4304:
4303:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4239:
4238:
4086:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4057:Parahupehsuchinae
3953:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3944:
2553:Phalarodon fraasi
2461:Phalarodon fraasi
2407:Phalarodon atavus
2193:"New material of
2163:Baur, G. (1887).
1740:postorbital bones
1732:Phalarodon fraasi
1604:
1603:
1596:
1595:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1559:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1013:
1005:
1004:
996:
995:
987:
986:
937:
936:
885:Phalarodon fraasi
817:
816:
808:
807:
799:
798:
790:
789:
762:Phalarodon fraasi
738:Phalarodon atavus
716:
715:
707:
706:
525:Qianichthyosaurus
480:Phalarodon fraasi
460:Phalarodon fraasi
452:Phalarodon atavus
430:for consistency.
420:Phalarodon fraasi
400:defined the clade
309:
308:
303:
284:
271:
261:
250:
230:
45:247.2–235.0
16:(Redirected from
5758:
5731:
5730:
5718:
5717:
5705:
5704:
5703:
5677:
5676:
5664:
5663:
5651:
5650:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5591:
5551:
5540:
5534:
5528:
5476:Simbirskiasaurus
5425:Platypterygiinae
5393:Pervushovisaurus
5281:
5276:Platypterygiidae
5157:
5119:
5108:
5081:Stenopterygiidae
5061:
5010:
5006:
4937:Temnodontosaurus
4931:
4921:
4888:
4882:Neoichthyosauria
4855:
4844:
4831:
4820:
4814:
4809:
4803:
4732:
4609:
4494:
4436:Cymbospondylidae
4428:
4373:Cymbospondylidae
4369:
4334:
4323:
4310:
4299:
4293:
4287:
4188:
4179:
4140:
4097:
4038:
4007:
3983:
3972:
3959:
3905:
3896:
3889:
3888:
3847:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3776:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3744:
3733:
3732:
3723:(5–6): 403–411.
3708:
3702:
3701:
3691:
3663:
3642:
3641:
3613:
3604:
3603:
3569:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3521:
3506:
3505:
3479:
3470:
3455:
3454:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3372:
3363:
3362:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3306:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3280:
3270:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3221:
3204:(6): 1127–1156.
3185:
3179:
3178:
3138:
3111:
3110:
3100:
3091:
3070:
3069:
3044:(4–6): 133–162.
3029:
2954:
2953:
2932:Phalarodon major
2925:
2916:
2915:
2887:
2878:
2877:
2841:
2832:
2831:
2811:
2790:
2789:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2743:
2734:
2733:
2707:
2698:
2677:
2676:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2548:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2456:
2447:
2446:
2436:
2400:
2379:
2378:
2338:
2323:
2322:
2296:
2287:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2240:
2225:
2224:
2188:
2177:
2176:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2142:. Archived from
2117:
2108:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2048:
1485:Phalarodon major
1443:
1416:
1374:
1301:
1291:
1220:
1195:
1177:Cymbospondylidae
1170:
1160:
1152:
951:
901:
860:
836:
829:
754:
730:
671:
647:
640:
633:
622:
592:Sangiorgiosaurus
588:M. kuhnschnyderi
586:. Additionally,
534:M. guanlingensis
496:, among others.
301:
279:
269:
259:
248:
228:
223:
210:
197:
147:
146:
122:
112:
49:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
5766:
5765:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5741:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5726:
5721:
5713:
5708:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5680:
5672:
5667:
5659:
5654:
5646:
5641:
5632:
5631:
5626:
5617:
5616:
5611:
5598:
5588:
5579:
5570:Marine reptiles
5556:
5541:
5488:
5419:
5319:Brachypterygius
5311:Athabascasaurus
5303:Arthropterygius
5266:
5261:Ophthalmosaurus
5225:
5165:Arthropterygius
5146:
5115:
5113:Ophthalmosauria
5102:
5075:
5057:
5044:
5014:Ichthyosauridae
5002:
4985:
4940:
4915:
4884:
4875:
4851:
4838:
4821:
4787:
4775:Svalbardosaurus
4754:Pachygonosaurus
4747:Barracudasaurus
4710:
4690:
4661:
4625:Californosaurus
4604:Euichthyosauria
4598:
4530:
4483:
4464:Contectopalatus
4442:
4424:
4411:
4363:
4330:
4317:
4300:
4259:
4235:
4208:
4174:Eoichthyosauria
4168:
4135:Ichthyopterygia
4129:
4101:Omphalosauridae
4078:
4073:Parahupehsuchus
4051:
4027:
4022:Nanchangosaurus
3996:
3979:
3966:
3941:
3921:
3890:
3852:
3851:
3841:
3836:
3806:
3774:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3746:
3745:
3736:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3665:
3664:
3645:
3620:Contectopalatus
3615:
3614:
3607:
3567:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3523:
3522:
3509:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3458:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3374:
3373:
3366:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3253:(5): e0285939.
3240:
3239:
3235:
3192:Contectopalatus
3187:
3186:
3182:
3140:
3139:
3114:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3073:
3031:
3030:
2957:
2927:
2926:
2919:
2889:
2888:
2881:
2843:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2813:
2812:
2793:
2771:
2770:
2763:
2745:
2744:
2737:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2680:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2550:
2549:
2538:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2458:
2457:
2450:
2402:
2401:
2382:
2353:(1): e1025956.
2340:
2339:
2326:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2263:
2252:Palaeodiversity
2247:
2242:
2241:
2228:
2190:
2189:
2180:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2146:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2050:
2049:
2010:
2006:
1993:collagen fibers
1977:
1875:The mixosaurid
1853:shoulder girdle
1838:
1806:
1762:pterygoid bones
1674:sclerotic rings
1631:
1610:
1605:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1550:Euichthyosauria
1282:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1242:Euichthyosauria
1028:
1023:
1015:
1006:
997:
988:
938:
820:
818:
809:
800:
791:
717:
708:
580:M. panxianensis
564:Contectopalatus
494:M. panxianensis
489:Barracudasaurus
436:
377:
372:
255:Contectopalatus
227:
221:
208:
195:
141:
113:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
44:
43:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5764:
5762:
5754:
5753:
5743:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5719:
5706:
5690:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5665:
5652:
5639:
5624:
5608:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5594:
5585:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5554:
5547:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5479:
5472:
5469:Plutoniosaurus
5465:
5462:Platypterygius
5458:
5451:
5444:
5437:
5434:Caypullisaurus
5429:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5410:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5382:
5374:
5367:
5359:
5352:
5344:
5337:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5307:
5299:
5292:
5284:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5257:
5250:
5243:
5235:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5215:
5207:
5203:Nannopterygius
5199:
5192:
5184:
5177:
5169:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5141:Macropterygius
5137:
5134:Delphinosaurus
5130:
5122:
5116:
5111:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5097:Stenopterygius
5093:
5090:Magnipterygius
5085:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5069:Chacaicosaurus
5064:
5058:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5034:
5026:
5018:
5016:
5003:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4975:
4968:
4964:Excalibosaurus
4960:
4951:
4949:
4942:
4941:
4934:
4928:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4910:Suevoleviathan
4906:
4899:
4891:
4885:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4866:
4858:
4852:
4847:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4827:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4750:
4742:
4740:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4700:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4681:
4672:
4670:
4667:Toretocnemidae
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4651:
4647:Mikadocephalus
4643:
4635:
4628:
4621:
4617:Auroroborealia
4612:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4588:
4581:
4573:
4569:Himalayasaurus
4565:
4557:
4553:Guanlingsaurus
4549:
4540:
4538:
4536:Shastasauridae
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4520:
4512:
4505:
4497:
4491:
4489:Merriamosauria
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4452:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4431:
4425:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4401:
4397:Thalattoarchon
4393:
4389:Phantomosaurus
4385:
4382:Cymbospondylus
4377:
4375:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4353:
4345:
4337:
4331:
4326:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4249:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4226:
4218:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4199:
4191:
4185:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4148:Isfjordosaurus
4143:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4105:
4103:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4069:
4061:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4018:
4010:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3986:
3980:
3975:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3931:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3908:
3902:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3850:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3812:
3805:
3804:
3762:
3734:
3703:
3682:(3): 511–522.
3643:
3605:
3555:
3507:
3456:
3429:
3406:
3387:(3): 463–468.
3364:
3341:
3318:
3292:
3233:
3180:
3153:(5): 924–935.
3112:
3071:
2955:
2944:(3): 431–447.
2917:
2906:(3): 257–266.
2879:
2833:
2826:
2791:
2761:
2735:
2678:
2651:(4): 869–882.
2635:
2616:(4): 983–985.
2592:
2536:
2523:(2): 263–280.
2500:
2471:(2): 267–288.
2448:
2419:(4): 849–866.
2380:
2324:
2261:
2226:
2178:
2152:
2149:on 2012-04-15.
2126:(3): 473–496.
2092:
2066:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1985:M. cornalianus
1976:
1973:
1949:M. cornalianus
1903:, ulnale, and
1837:
1834:
1805:
1802:
1790:M. cornalianus
1771:M. cornalianus
1745:quadratojugals
1697:sagittal crest
1650:external nares
1630:
1627:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1535:Shastasauridae
1531:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1437:Merriamosauria
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1399:Cymbospondylus
1394:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1227:Shastasauridae
1223:
1218:
1216:
1214:Merriamosauria
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1158:
1150:
1146:Cymbospondylus
1142:Cymbospondylus
1118:Cymbospondylus
1114:Cymbospondylus
1110:Cymbospondylus
1093:Cymbospondylus
1089:Cymbospondylus
1027:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
994:
993:
990:
989:
985:
984:
981:
980:
971:
968:
967:
964:
963:
954:
949:
947:
944:
943:
940:
939:
935:
934:
931:
930:
921:
918:
917:
914:
913:
904:
899:
897:
894:
893:
890:
889:
880:
877:
876:
873:
872:
863:
858:
856:
853:
852:
849:
848:
839:
834:
832:
827:
822:
815:
814:
811:
810:
806:
805:
802:
801:
797:
796:
793:
792:
788:
787:
784:
783:
774:
771:
770:
767:
766:
757:
752:
750:
747:
746:
743:
742:
733:
728:
726:
723:
722:
719:
718:
714:
713:
710:
709:
705:
704:
701:
700:
691:
688:
687:
684:
683:
674:
669:
667:
664:
663:
660:
659:
650:
645:
643:
638:
636:
631:
620:
435:
432:
396:junior synonym
376:
373:
371:
368:
307:
306:
305:
304:
295:
294:
288:
287:
286:
285:
272:
262:
251:
237:
236:
232:
231:
219:
215:
214:
206:
202:
201:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
135:
134:
124:
123:
115:
114:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
50:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5763:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5729:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5711:
5707:
5702:
5696:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5675:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5644:
5640:
5635:
5629:
5625:
5620:
5614:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5592:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5559:
5552:
5548:
5539:
5535:
5533:
5527:
5485:
5484:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5455:Maiaspondylus
5452:
5450:
5449:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5333:Cryopterygius
5330:
5328:
5327:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5273:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5240:Acamptonectes
5237:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5221:
5220:
5219:Thalassodraco
5216:
5213:
5212:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5117:
5114:
5109:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5071:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5051:
5040:
5039:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5023:Ichthyosaurus
5020:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4996:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4956:Eurhinosaurus
4953:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4946:Leptonectidae
4943:
4939:
4938:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4903:Hauffiopteryx
4900:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4863:Hudsonelpidia
4860:
4859:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4832:
4828:
4819:
4815:
4813:
4808:
4802:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4768:Sphaerodontes
4765:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4729:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4418:
4407:
4406:
4405:Xinminosaurus
4402:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4359:
4358:
4357:Xinminosaurus
4354:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4328:Ichthyosauria
4324:
4320:
4316:
4315:Ichthyosauria
4311:
4307:
4298:
4294:
4292:
4286:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4245:Ichthyosauria
4242:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4117:Omphalosaurus
4114:
4112:
4111:
4110:Cartorhynchus
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4033:Hupehsuchidae
4030:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4015:Eohupehsuchus
4012:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3828:
3826:
3821:
3819:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3763:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3671:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3453:(2): 409–427.
3452:
3448:
3447:Palaeontology
3444:
3442:
3433:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3410:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3319:
3315:(4): 165–177.
3314:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3237:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3198:Palaeontology
3195:
3194:from Germany"
3193:
3184:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3109:(4): 921–946.
3108:
3104:
3103:Palaeontology
3097:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2933:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2777:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2645:Palaeontology
2639:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2596:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2413:Palaeontology
2410:
2408:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2207:(1–3): 1–22.
2206:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2081:. Fossilworks
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1887:in front and
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1870:interclavicle
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1842:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1810:neural spines
1803:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1635:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1619:parvipelvians
1616:
1607:
1600:
1592:
1591:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1564:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1295:Ichthyosauria
1293:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1164:Ichthyosauria
1162:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1078:Omphalosaurus
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1055:Ichthyosaurus
1052:
1051:Ichthyosaurus
1048:
1041:
1040:Ichthyosaurus
1037:
1036:Ichthyosaurus
1032:
1025:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1001:
1000:
992:
991:
983:
982:
979:
978:
977:
970:
969:
966:
965:
962:
961:
960:
953:
952:
946:
945:
942:
941:
933:
932:
929:
928:
927:
920:
919:
916:
915:
912:
911:
910:
903:
902:
896:
895:
892:
891:
888:
887:
886:
879:
878:
875:
874:
871:
870:
869:
862:
861:
855:
854:
851:
850:
847:
846:
845:
838:
837:
831:
830:
826:
823:
821:
813:
812:
804:
803:
795:
794:
786:
785:
782:
781:
780:
773:
772:
769:
768:
765:
764:
763:
756:
755:
749:
748:
745:
744:
741:
740:
739:
732:
731:
725:
724:
721:
720:
712:
711:
703:
702:
699:
698:
697:
690:
689:
686:
685:
682:
681:
680:
673:
672:
666:
665:
662:
661:
658:
657:
656:
649:
648:
642:
641:
635:
634:
630:
628:
624:
623:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
550:
546:
541:
537:
535:
531:
527:
526:
522:
517:
516:
511:
507:
506:
501:
500:
495:
491:
490:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
433:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
391:
386:
383:in 1887 as a
382:
374:
369:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
299:
298:
296:
293:
289:
282:
278:
277:
273:
268:
267:
263:
257:
256:
252:
246:
245:
241:
240:
238:
233:
226:
220:
217:
216:
213:
207:
204:
203:
200:
199:Ichthyosauria
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
145:
140:
136:
132:
131:
125:
121:
116:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
48:
41:
33:
30:
19:
5751:Ichthyosaurs
5685:
5634:Mixosauridae
5604:Mixosauridae
5603:
5565:Ichthyosaurs
5529:
5481:
5474:
5467:
5460:
5453:
5446:
5439:
5432:
5414:Undorosaurus
5412:
5407:Sveltonectes
5405:
5398:
5391:
5386:Parrassaurus
5384:
5376:
5371:Muiscasaurus
5369:
5361:
5354:
5346:
5339:
5331:
5326:Catutosaurus
5324:
5317:
5309:
5301:
5296:Aegirosaurus
5294:
5287:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5238:
5217:
5209:
5201:
5194:
5186:
5181:Jabalisaurus
5179:
5171:
5163:
5139:
5132:
5127:Argovisaurus
5125:
5095:
5088:
5067:
5036:
5028:
5021:
5000:Thunnosauria
4977:
4970:
4962:
4954:
4935:
4908:
4901:
4894:
4868:
4861:
4804:
4782:Tibetosaurus
4780:
4773:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4745:
4737:Nomina dubia
4735:
4685:Toretocnemus
4683:
4675:
4653:
4645:
4637:
4630:
4623:
4615:
4590:
4585:Shastasaurus
4583:
4577:Ichthyotitan
4575:
4567:
4559:
4551:
4545:Besanosaurus
4543:
4522:
4514:
4507:
4502:Besanosaurus
4500:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4448:Mixosauridae
4447:
4434:
4422:Hueneosauria
4403:
4395:
4387:
4380:
4355:
4347:
4340:
4288:
4228:
4221:
4203:Utatsusaurus
4201:
4196:Parvinatator
4194:
4161:
4156:Chaohusaurus
4154:
4146:
4124:Sclerocormus
4122:
4115:
4108:
4071:
4066:Eretmorhipis
4064:
4044:
4020:
4013:
3989:
3879:
3785:(1): 28–41.
3782:
3778:
3765:
3756:
3752:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3632:(2): 71–74.
3629:
3625:
3619:
3575:
3571:
3558:
3533:
3529:
3485:
3481:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3432:
3423:
3419:
3409:
3384:
3380:
3358:
3354:
3344:
3335:
3331:
3321:
3312:
3308:
3295:
3250:
3246:
3236:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3183:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3106:
3102:
3041:
3037:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2860:(1): 78–86.
2857:
2853:
2847:
2816:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2755:
2751:
2716:(1): 60–69.
2713:
2709:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2595:
2578:10852/101253
2563:(1): 51–62.
2560:
2556:
2552:
2520:
2516:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2350:
2346:
2302:
2298:
2255:
2251:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2172:
2168:
2144:the original
2123:
2119:
2083:. Retrieved
2078:
2069:
2060:
2056:
1997:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1957:
1948:
1929:
1925:extra finger
1920:
1912:
1893:P. callawayi
1892:
1880:
1874:
1860:
1850:
1845:
1826:
1822:amphicoelous
1818:zygapophyses
1807:
1798:P. callawayi
1797:
1793:
1789:
1775:
1770:
1767:P. callawayi
1766:
1753:P. callawayi
1752:
1737:
1731:
1685:postfrontals
1678:
1653:
1643:
1638:
1611:
1598:
1548:
1533:
1517:
1516:
1500:
1499:
1483:
1482:
1466:
1465:
1449:
1448:
1422:
1421:
1397:
1396:
1380:
1379:
1359:Mixosauridae
1358:
1357:
1341:
1340:
1324:
1323:
1307:
1306:
1286:
1281:
1240:
1225:
1202:Mixosauridae
1201:
1200:
1189:Hueneosauria
1175:
1155:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1126:sister taxon
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1102:Utatsusaurus
1101:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1087:Skeleton of
1077:
1073:
1070:Utatsusaurus
1069:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1034:Skeleton of
1016:
974:
973:
957:
956:
924:
923:
907:
906:
883:
882:
866:
865:
842:
841:
824:
819:
777:
776:
760:
759:
736:
735:
694:
693:
677:
676:
653:
652:
625:
616:monophyletic
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
553:
548:
544:
543:Skeleton of
533:
529:
523:
521:toretocnemid
513:
509:
503:
497:
493:
487:
483:
479:
475:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
437:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
388:
378:
316:ichthyosaurs
312:Mixosauridae
311:
310:
302:Motani, 1999
274:
264:
253:
249:Maisch, 2010
242:
225:Mixosauridae
224:
205:Infraorder:
128:
35:Mixosauridae
29:
5628:Wikispecies
5289:Acuetzpalin
5254:Mollesaurus
5173:Gengasaurus
4979:Wahlisaurus
4972:Leptonectes
4849:Parvipelvia
4836:Parvipelvia
4761:Pessosaurus
4696:Parvipelvia
4655:Shonisaurus
4592:Shonisaurus
4516:Pessopteryx
4046:Hupehsuchus
4002:Hupehsuchia
3991:Baisesaurus
3884:Neodiapsida
3536:(1): 1–35.
3488:: 395–420.
2486:10852/71100
2305:(2): 1–27.
2085:17 December
1975:Soft tissue
1968:metatarsals
1941:pubic bones
1937:hueneosaurs
1901:intermedium
1776:Mixosaurid
1693:nasal bones
1681:prefrontals
1662:prefrontals
1646:premaxillae
1608:Description
614:may not be
478:, of which
434:Composition
348:Switzerland
344:Spitsbergen
300:Mixosauria
5686:Mixosauria
5483:Sisteronia
5441:Kyhytysuka
5348:Janusaurus
5341:Grendelius
5247:Baptanodon
5188:Janusaurus
5055:Baracromia
4896:Dearcmhara
4870:Macgowania
4705:see below↓
4632:Callawayia
4478:Phalarodon
4471:Mixosaurus
4254:see below↓
4223:Gulosaurus
4214:Grippiidae
4163:Thaisaurus
3936:see below↓
3915:Sauropsida
3900:Sauropsida
3873:Subclass:
3869:Sauropsida
3713:Mixosaurus
3338:: 424–426.
3143:Mixosaurus
2827:3899370074
2788:: 317–340.
2258:: 151–214.
2195:Phalarodon
2175:: 837–840.
2004:References
1998:Mixosaurus
1989:dorsal fin
1960:long bones
1921:Phalarodon
1909:metacarpal
1881:Mixosaurus
1782:heterodont
1749:squamosals
1701:skull roof
1047:Mixosaurus
612:Phalarodon
608:Mixosaurus
604:Phalarodon
600:Mixosaurus
596:Mixosaurus
576:Phalarodon
572:Mixosaurus
560:Phalarodon
556:Mixosaurus
530:Mixosaurus
505:Mixosaurus
390:Mixosaurus
381:Georg Baur
276:Phalarodon
270:Baur, 1887
266:Mixosaurus
229:Baur, 1887
212:Mixosauria
18:Mixosauria
5378:Palvennia
5363:Keilhauia
5211:Palvennia
5030:Malawania
4183:Grippidia
3855:Kingdom:
3698:222285117
3600:245444783
3228:131102650
3175:130661969
3066:245901166
2874:131808805
2673:130453790
2587:247862476
2495:132590633
2443:129315844
2221:246923904
1953:symphysis
1917:phalanges
1913:P. atavus
1865:coracoids
1861:P. atavus
1830:gastralia
1794:P. atavus
1778:dentition
1730:Skull of
1713:parietals
1666:lacrimals
627:Cladogram
568:P. atavus
332:Indonesia
162:Kingdom:
156:Eukaryota
5745:Category
5701:Q3702598
5695:Wikidata
5619:Q2543609
5613:Wikidata
5400:Sumpalla
4524:Wimanius
4349:Tholodus
3875:Diapsida
3863:Chordata
3861:Phylum:
3857:Animalia
3592:34941418
3550:85352593
3361:: 1–196.
3287:37256843
3278:10231774
3247:PLOS ONE
2848:Tholodus
2730:55171917
2630:84214133
2375:85621052
2319:90912678
2063:: 1–159.
1923:have an
1905:pisiform
1857:scapulae
1709:frontals
1658:maxillae
1138:Wimanius
1134:Wimanius
1124:was the
1122:Wimanius
515:Tholodus
352:Svalbard
320:Triassic
292:Synonyms
218:Family:
186:Reptilia
176:Chordata
172:Phylum:
166:Animalia
152:Domain:
40:Triassic
5661:4126884
5648:4818033
5448:Leninia
4230:Grippia
3867:Class:
3787:Bibcode
3759:: 1–84.
3626:Lethaia
3572:Science
3490:Bibcode
3389:Bibcode
3255:Bibcode
3206:Bibcode
3155:Bibcode
3046:Bibcode
2758:: 1–38.
2653:Bibcode
2421:Bibcode
2355:Bibcode
2128:Bibcode
1964:tarsals
1897:carpals
1877:humerus
1615:dolphin
1106:Grippia
1074:Grippia
1066:Grippia
510:Grippia
499:Grippia
340:Germany
281:Merriam
235:Genera
192:Order:
182:Class:
5728:307104
5715:263045
3696:
3598:
3590:
3548:
3426:: 1–8.
3285:
3275:
3226:
3173:
3064:
2872:
2824:
2728:
2671:
2628:
2585:
2493:
2441:
2373:
2317:
2219:
1987:had a
1945:ischia
1885:radius
1814:centra
1786:enamel
1760:, the
1758:palate
1711:, and
1705:nasals
1670:orbits
1599:
1076:, and
1017:
566:, for
458:, and
364:Nevada
362:, and
360:Alaska
356:Canada
283:, 1910
5674:38875
3880:Clade
3775:(PDF)
3694:S2CID
3596:S2CID
3568:(PDF)
3546:S2CID
3478:(PDF)
3305:(PDF)
3224:S2CID
3171:S2CID
3099:(PDF)
3062:S2CID
2870:S2CID
2726:S2CID
2706:(PDF)
2669:S2CID
2626:S2CID
2583:S2CID
2491:S2CID
2439:S2CID
2371:S2CID
2315:S2CID
2295:(PDF)
2248:(PDF)
2217:S2CID
2147:(PDF)
2116:(PDF)
1629:Skull
1402:spp.
426:than
418:with
336:Italy
328:Timor
324:China
5643:GBIF
3913:see
3588:PMID
3283:PMID
2822:ISBN
2087:2021
1943:and
1933:ilia
1889:ulna
1683:and
1104:and
610:and
602:and
574:and
410:and
53:PreꞒ
3795:doi
3757:124
3725:doi
3684:doi
3634:doi
3580:doi
3576:374
3538:doi
3498:doi
3397:doi
3313:143
3273:PMC
3263:doi
3214:doi
3163:doi
3054:doi
3042:270
2946:doi
2942:220
2908:doi
2904:248
2862:doi
2718:doi
2661:doi
2618:doi
2573:hdl
2565:doi
2525:doi
2481:hdl
2473:doi
2429:doi
2363:doi
2307:doi
2209:doi
2205:252
2136:doi
2061:298
1780:is
1623:eel
406:of
5747::
5725::
5712::
5697::
5671::
5658::
5645::
5630::
5615::
3882::
3793:.
3783:19
3781:.
3777:.
3755:.
3751:.
3737:^
3721:10
3719:.
3692:.
3680:65
3678:.
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3646:^
3630:33
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358:,
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222:†
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108:N
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68:S
63:O
58:Ꞓ
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