66:
226:, one chromosome can be lost. In 45,X/46,XY, most or all of the Y chromosome is lost in one of the newly created cells. All the cells then made from this cell will lack the Y chromosome. All the cells created from the cells that have not lost the Y chromosome will be XY. The 46,XY cells will continue to multiply at the same time as the 45,X cells multiply. The embryo, then the fetus, and then eventually the baby will have what is known as a 45,X/46,XY constitution.
284:
135:, with a significant number of individuals showing genital abnormalities or mixed sex characteristics. A significantly higher than average number of other developmental abnormalities are also found in individuals with X0/XY mosaicism. Psychomotor development is normal.
260:), maternal age or abnormal ultrasounds, while others will be diagnosed postnatal due to external genital malformation. It is not uncommon for patients to be diagnosed later in life due to short stature or delayed puberty, or a combination of both.
170:
There is a range of chromosomal anomalies within 45,X/46,XY where the variations are very complex, and the actual result in living individuals is often not a simple picture. Most patients with this karyotype are known to have abnormal gonadal
815:
800:
904:
1324:
249:
has significant clinical implications due to known effects on growth, hormonal balance, gonadal development and histology. 45,X/46,XY is diagnosed by examining the chromosomes in a blood sample.
2613:
897:
108:
at birth, with an estimated incidence rate of about 1 in 15,000 live births. Mosaic loss of the Y chromosome in previously non-mosaic men grows increasingly common with age.
2107:
1282:
229:
There are many chromosomal variations that cause the 45,X/46,XY karyotype, including malformation (isodicentricism) of the Y chromosomes, deletions of Y chromosome or
890:
359:
2676:
2661:
1851:
2514:
198:
may be asymmetrical, too. Because of the presence of dysgenetic gonadal tissue and Y chromosome material, there is a high risk of the development of a
2440:
2603:
2626:
2100:
1275:
2638:
1139:
1155:
760:
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2476:
1964:
2643:
2093:
1268:
2370:
1954:
882:
702:
2618:
2307:
2292:
1537:
1936:
1879:
1469:
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2342:
2116:
1930:
1869:
1807:
1235:
1424:
1453:
2753:
2540:
2425:
2415:
1873:
1865:
1821:
1513:
1388:
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925:
396:"45,X/46,XY Mosaicism: Phenotypic Characteristics, Growth, and Reproductive Function—A Retrospective Longitudinal Study"
2608:
2550:
2064:
2052:
1432:
1319:
1086:
1509:
1505:
167:. The most common presentation of 45,X/46,XY karyotype is phenotypically normal male, next being genital ambiguity.
2509:
2157:
1811:
1063:
913:
256:
testing. Many patients are diagnosed prenatally due to fetal factors (increased nuchal fold, or abnormal levels of
51:
1574:
2190:
2147:
1978:
1940:
1739:
1214:
234:
230:
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2137:
1428:
917:
830:
319:
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2598:
2524:
2315:
2208:
1994:
1986:
1972:
1958:
1916:
1837:
1549:
530:"True hermaphroditism and mixed gonadal dysgenesis in young children: a clinicopathologic study of 10 cases"
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2142:
1440:
1291:
1107:
870:
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2162:
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1117:
1081:
699:
233:
of Y chromosome segments. Such rearrangements of the Y chromosome can lead to partial expression of the
2048:
2044:
948:
723:
Donahoe PK, Crawford JD, Hendren WH (1979). "Mixed gonadal dysgenesis, pathogenesis, and management".
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105:
65:
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1968:
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1415:
819:
210:
In a normal situation, all the cells in an individual will have 46 chromosomes, with one being an
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2072:
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2020:
2015:
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324:
152:
757:
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841:
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682:
638:
589:
551:
510:
466:
417:
329:
191:
97:
77:
46:
271:
cannot predict any phenotypic outcomes, often making prenatal genetic counselling difficult.
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59:
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2332:
2200:
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1628:
1021:
764:
706:
572:
Hsu LY (January 1989). "Prenatal diagnosis of 45,X/46,XY mosaicism--a review and update".
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219:
156:
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252:
The age of diagnosis varies depending on manifestations of disease prompting reason for
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435:
Zhou W, Machiela MJ, Freedman ND, Rothman N, Malats N, Dagnall C, et al. (2016).
283:
179:
levels have been described in both male and female patients, as well as low levels of
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617:"The phenotype of 45,X/46,XY mosaicism: an analysis of 92 prenatally diagnosed cases"
489:"The phenotype of 45,X/46,XY mosaicism: An analysis of 92 prenatally diagnosed cases"
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55:
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is commonly associated with short stature. Psychomotor development is normal.
93:
2494:
2382:
2222:
1686:
1642:
1334:
1329:
1209:
677:
660:
437:"Mosaic loss of chromosome Y is associated with common variation near TCL1A"
246:
184:
172:
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160:
148:
124:
116:
1260:
686:
555:
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1752:
1748:
1620:
1299:
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412:
395:
218:
or with two Xs. However, sometimes during the early copying processes of
90:
792:
1855:
1638:
1311:
1194:
111:
The clinical manifestations are highly variable, ranging from partial
2272:
1031:
988:
804:
452:
267:
however, it was determined that the proportion of 45,X cells in the
1944:
1883:
1859:
1789:
1073:
528:
Kim KR, Kwon Y, Joung JY, Kim KS, Ayala AG, Ro JY (October 2002).
163:
may be ambiguous, male or female, regardless of the extent of the
132:
128:
120:
1990:
1982:
1926:
1912:
1887:
1815:
1785:
1775:
2089:
1264:
886:
1771:
278:
237:
which may lead to abnormal genitals and testosterone levels.
190:
As the gonads may not be symmetrical, the development of the
175:
and heights considerably below their genetic potential. High
89:, is a mutation of sex development in humans associated with
661:"45,X/46,XY mosaicism: a cause of short stature in males"
263:
45,X/46,XY mosaicism can be detected prenatally through
394:
Johansen, Marie
Lindhart; et al. (1 August 2012).
294:
400:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
151:) of this condition are highly variable, ranging from
143:
Conditions can be distinguished histologically and by
119:
at birth, to patients with completely male or female
782:
2685:
2654:
2581:
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2485:
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2381:
2341:
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2248:
2199:
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2008:
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1830:
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1039:
1030:
987:
939:
932:
856:
786:
45:
37:
32:
360:"45,X/46,XY including Y chromosome rearrangements"
920:congenital anomalies of the genitalia, including
487:Chang, H. J.; Clark, R. D.; Bachman, H. (1990).
659:Efthymiadou A, Stefanou EG, Chrysis D (2012).
159:females and phenotypically normal males. The
2101:
2030:46,XX testicular disorders of sex development
1276:
898:
771:Vol. 104 No. 2 August 1, 1999. pp. 304 -308
8:
482:
480:
354:
352:
350:
2677:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation
2662:Birth control movement in the United States
1852:Acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation
2515:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
2108:
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2086:
1757:
1744:
1616:
1304:
1283:
1269:
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1172:
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936:
905:
891:
883:
783:
64:
29:
676:
632:
545:
504:
460:
411:
758:45,X/46,XY Mosaicism: Report of 27 Cases
654:
652:
346:
1140:Congenital absence of the vas deferens
567:
565:
389:
387:
385:
383:
7:
1965:Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor
700:45,X/46,XY mixed gonadal dysgenesis
147:. The observable characteristics (
1156:Persistent MĂĽllerian duct syndrome
621:American Journal of Human Genetics
493:American Journal of Human Genetics
25:
2371:self-report sexual risk behaviors
547:10.1097/01.MP.0000027623.23885.0D
183:in male patients. Dosage loss of
2441:Precocious puberty and pregnancy
1538:22q11.2 distal deletion syndrome
615:Chang, H J; et al. (1990).
282:
2561:Sexually transmitted infections
1937:Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
1880:Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia
1808:Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma
1470:Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome
2117:Sexual and reproductive health
1236:Progestin-induced virilization
1:
1660:Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY)
1425:1q21.1 copy number variations
737:10.1016/S0022-3468(79)80486-8
245:Identification of 45,X/46,XY
123:. Most individuals with this
2541:Disorders of sex development
1866:Acute promyelocytic leukemia
1822:Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
1514:17q12 microdeletion syndrome
1389:22q11.2 duplication syndrome
1367:16p11.2 duplication syndrome
2749:Sex chromosome aneuploidies
2551:Reproductive system disease
1433:1q21.1 duplication syndrome
1320:1q21.1 duplication syndrome
1087:Unilateral ovarian agenesis
2770:
2510:Obstetrics and gynaecology
1064:Sertoli cell-only syndrome
52:Obstetrics and gynaecology
2426:Pregnant patients' rights
2191:Pre-conception counseling
2148:Abortion-rights movements
1979:Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma
1714:XYYYY syndrome (49,XYYYY)
1680:XXXXY syndrome (49,XXXXY)
1675:XXXYY syndrome (49,XXXYY)
1215:Penoscrotal transposition
2312:Gamete Cryopreservation
2158:Circumcision controversy
2138:Compulsory sterilization
1454:Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome
1429:1q21.1 deletion syndrome
1292:Chromosome abnormalities
1113:Mixed gonadal dysgenesis
320:Sex chromosome anomalies
87:mixed gonadal dysgenesis
18:Mixed gonadal dysgenesis
2672:Social hygiene movement
2525:Transgender health care
1838:Philadelphia chromosome
1709:XYYY syndrome (48,XYYY)
1670:XXXY syndrome (48,XXXY)
1665:XXYY syndrome (48,XXYY)
1550:22q13 deletion syndrome
1325:2q31.1 microduplication
678:10.14310/horm.2002.1384
161:phenotypical expression
127:have apparently normal
2500:Genitourinary medicine
2303:In vitro fertilization
2258:Hormonal contraception
2143:Contraceptive security
1697:Pentasomy X (49,XXXXX)
1629:Turner syndrome (45,X)
1510:Smith–Magenis syndrome
1506:Miller–Dieker syndrome
1441:1p36 deletion syndrome
1108:Ovotesticular syndrome
291:This section is empty.
131:, and a minority have
104:. It is a fairly rare
2163:Intersex human rights
1704:XYY syndrome (47,XYY)
1692:Tetrasomy X (48,XXXX)
1575:Prader–Willi syndrome
1241:Pseudohermaphroditism
1118:XY gonadal dysgenesis
1082:XX gonadal dysgenesis
586:10.1002/pd.1970090106
2721:tax on childlessness
2477:Genital modification
2401:Unintended pregnancy
2133:Reproductive Justice
1796:Mantle cell lymphoma
1466:Cri du chat syndrome
1246:True hermaphroditism
941:Uterine malformation
413:10.1210/jc.2012-1388
106:chromosomal disorder
33:45,X/46,XY mosaicism
2754:Intersex variations
2421:Pregnancy from rape
2278:Intrauterine device
1782:Follicular lymphoma
2667:History of condoms
2556:Sexual dysfunction
2462:Sexual orientation
2416:Options counseling
2263:Male contraception
2186:Genetic counseling
2021:Uniparental disomy
2016:Fragile X syndrome
1951:Myxoid liposarcoma
1803:t(11 CCND1:14 IGH)
1687:Trisomy X (47,XXX)
1565:genomic imprinting
1345:Distal trisomy 10q
1002:Vaginal hypoplasia
959:Unicornuate uterus
949:MĂĽllerian agenesis
857:External resources
763:2019-12-16 at the
705:2017-04-17 at the
406:(8): E1540–E1549.
325:Gonadal dysgenesis
153:gonadal dysgenesis
139:Signs and symptoms
2736:
2735:
2436:Teenage pregnancy
2153:Genital integrity
2083:
2082:
2035:Marker chromosome
2004:
2003:
1897:
1896:
1734:
1733:
1601:
1600:
1571:Angelman syndrome
1526:DiGeorge syndrome
1494:Jacobsen syndrome
1482:Williams syndrome
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1164:
1163:
1126:
1125:
1017:Cloacal exstrophy
1007:Imperforate hymen
969:Bicornuate uterus
954:Cervical agenesis
880:
879:
665:Hormones (Athens)
330:Mosaic (genetics)
311:
310:
73:
72:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2761:
2698:Two-child policy
2693:One-child policy
2573:Gender dysphoria
2110:
2103:
2096:
2087:
2026:XX male syndrome
1923:Synovial sarcoma
1800:Multiple myeloma
1768:Burkitt lymphoma
1758:
1745:
1648:other karyotypes
1617:
1399:Cat-eye syndrome
1305:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1262:
1173:
1103:Gonadal agenesis
1037:
1012:Vaginal adenosis
964:Uterus didelphys
937:
907:
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893:
884:
784:
772:
755:
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748:
725:J. Pediatr. Surg
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293:You can help by
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133:female genitalia
81:, also known as
69:
68:
60:medical genetics
30:
21:
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2763:
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2760:
2759:
2758:
2739:
2738:
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2681:
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2623:United Kingdom
2577:
2529:
2520:Sexual medicine
2481:
2457:Gender identity
2445:
2391:Maternal health
2377:
2337:
2333:fertility fraud
2294:
2287:
2244:
2195:
2169:
2119:
2114:
2084:
2079:
2040:Ring chromosome
2000:
1893:
1826:
1730:
1646:
1633:
1597:
1410:
1309:
1294:
1289:
1259:
1250:
1219:
1160:
1144:
1122:
1091:
1068:
1026:
1022:Vaginal atresia
983:
928:
911:
881:
876:
875:
852:
851:
795:
781:
776:
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765:Wayback Machine
756:
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707:Wayback Machine
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453:10.1038/ng.3545
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335:Turner syndrome
316:
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243:
220:DNA replication
208:
141:
83:X0/XY mosaicism
63:
41:45,X0/46,XY MGD
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2639:teen pregnancy
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2188:
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2171:
2170:
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2165:
2160:
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2135:
2129:
2127:
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2120:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2105:
2098:
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2081:
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2075:
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2023:
2018:
2012:
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1740:Translocations
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1396:
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1357:
1350:Patau syndrome
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1179:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1049:Cryptorchidism
1045:
1043:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
997:Vaginal septum
993:
991:
985:
984:
982:
981:
979:Arcuate uterus
976:
974:Uterine septum
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
945:
943:
934:
930:
929:
912:
910:
909:
902:
895:
887:
878:
877:
874:
873:
861:
860:
858:
854:
853:
850:
849:
838:
827:
812:
796:
791:
790:
788:
787:Classification
780:
779:External links
777:
774:
773:
750:
731:(3): 287–300.
715:
713:; August 2015.
692:
648:
627:(1): 156–167.
607:
561:
540:(10): 1013–9.
520:
499:(1): 156–167.
476:
427:
379:
367:rarechromo.org
345:
344:
342:
339:
338:
337:
332:
327:
322:
315:
312:
309:
308:
289:
287:
276:
273:
269:amniotic fluid
242:
239:
231:translocations
207:
204:
200:gonadoblastoma
192:MĂĽllerian duct
140:
137:
129:male genitalia
115:and ambiguous
91:sex chromosome
71:
70:
49:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2766:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2716:child benefit
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2645:
2644:birth control
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2634:United States
2632:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2431:Prenatal care
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2283:Sterilization
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2250:Contraception
2247:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2218:Birth spacing
2216:
2214:
2213:childlessness
2210:
2209:Childfreeness
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2181:Sex education
2179:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2007:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1909:Ewing sarcoma
1907:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1593:Proximal 18q-
1590:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1377:Down syndrome
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1308:Duplications,
1306:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1231:Clitoromegaly
1229:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1054:Polyorchidism
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
992:
990:
986:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
946:
944:
942:
938:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
908:
903:
901:
896:
894:
889:
888:
885:
872:
868:
867:
863:
862:
859:
855:
848:
844:
843:
839:
837:
833:
832:
828:
826:
822:
821:
817:
813:
811:
807:
806:
802:
798:
797:
794:
789:
785:
778:
770:
766:
762:
759:
754:
751:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
719:
716:
712:
708:
704:
701:
696:
693:
688:
684:
679:
674:
670:
666:
662:
655:
653:
649:
644:
640:
635:
630:
626:
622:
618:
611:
608:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
574:Prenat. Diagn
568:
566:
562:
557:
553:
548:
543:
539:
535:
531:
524:
521:
516:
512:
507:
502:
498:
494:
490:
483:
481:
477:
472:
468:
463:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
431:
428:
423:
419:
414:
409:
405:
401:
397:
390:
388:
386:
384:
380:
368:
361:
355:
353:
351:
347:
340:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
313:
305:
296:
292:
288:
285:
281:
280:
274:
272:
270:
266:
265:amniocentesis
261:
259:
255:
250:
248:
240:
238:
236:
232:
227:
225:
224:cell division
221:
217:
213:
205:
203:
201:
197:
196:Wolffian duct
193:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
168:
166:
162:
158:
155:in males, to
154:
150:
146:
138:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:
67:
61:
57:
56:endocrinology
53:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
2728:Abortion law
2711:bachelor tax
2361:vulvovaginal
2295:reproduction
1720:
1563:
1437:TAR syndrome
1340:Tetrasomy 9p
1132:Vas deferens
1112:
864:
840:
829:
814:
799:
768:
753:
728:
724:
718:
710:
695:
671:(4): 501–4.
668:
664:
624:
620:
610:
580:(1): 31–48.
577:
573:
537:
533:
523:
496:
492:
447:(5): 563–8.
444:
440:
430:
403:
399:
370:. Retrieved
366:
299:
295:adding to it
290:
262:
251:
244:
228:
209:
189:
181:testosterone
177:gonadotropin
169:
142:
113:virilisation
110:
102:Y chromosome
86:
82:
75:
74:
2614:Philippines
2546:Infertility
2505:Gynaecology
2472:Transgender
2240:Sperm theft
2233:foster care
1726:46,XX/46,XY
1643:tetrasomies
1589:Distal 18q-
1185:Hypospadias
534:Mod. Pathol
302:August 2017
254:cytogenetic
157:Turner-like
145:karyotyping
76:45,X/46,XY
38:Other names
2743:Categories
2706:baby bonus
2702:Financial
2582:By country
2406:childbirth
2396:Obstetrics
2328:Sperm bank
1721:45,X/46,XY
1621:Monosomies
1394:Trisomy 22
1372:Trisomy 18
1362:Trisomy 16
1310:including
1200:Micropenis
1190:Epispadias
1059:Monorchism
842:DiseasesDB
769:Pediatrics
341:References
275:Management
214:and one a
94:aneuploidy
2619:Singapore
2534:Disorders
2495:Andrology
2383:Pregnancy
2367:Research
2223:Parenting
2174:Education
1639:Trisomies
1416:Deletions
1335:Trisomy 9
1330:Trisomy 8
1312:trisomies
1300:Autosomal
1210:Diphallia
441:Nat Genet
247:karyotype
241:Diagnosis
185:SHOX gene
173:histology
165:mosaicism
149:phenotype
125:karyotype
117:genitalia
98:mosaicism
78:mosaicism
47:Specialty
2609:Pakistan
2487:Medicine
2467:Intersex
2450:Identity
2411:Abortion
2293:Assisted
2268:Safe sex
2228:adoption
2201:Planning
1761:Lymphoid
1753:lymphoma
1749:Leukemia
1205:Aphallia
1169:External
1041:Testicle
933:Internal
922:intersex
866:Orphanet
761:Archived
711:Orfa.net
703:Archived
687:23422775
602:20193032
556:12379746
471:27064253
422:22605431
314:See also
235:SRY gene
2655:History
2604:Ireland
2356:Women's
1989:) t (1
1856:RUNX1T1
1831:Myeloid
1652:mosaics
1195:Chordee
836:D006060
643:2294747
634:1683543
594:2664755
515:2294747
506:1683543
462:4848121
372:15 July
100:of the
2686:Policy
2566:clinic
2343:Health
2273:Condom
2125:Rights
1941:COL1A1
1613:linked
1032:Gonads
989:Vagina
914:Female
745:480090
743:
685:
641:
631:
600:
592:
554:
513:
503:
469:
459:
420:
206:Causes
121:gonads
62:
2594:India
2589:China
2351:Men's
2321:Sperm
2009:Other
1995:FOXO1
1993:; 13
1987:FOXO1
1985:; 13
1971:; 22
1967:t(11
1957:; 16
1955:DDIT3
1953:t(12
1945:PDGFB
1939:t(17
1915:; 22
1911:t(11
1902:Other
1884:RBM15
1868:t(15
1860:RUNX1
1844:; 22
1784:t(14
1224:Other
1177:Penis
1149:Other
1096:Other
1074:Ovary
847:29266
825:758.6
810:Q96.3
598:S2CID
363:(PDF)
258:serum
2627:teen
2599:Iran
2308:ICSI
1991:PAX7
1983:PAX3
1981:t(2
1943:;22
1929:;18
1925:t(x
1913:FLI1
1888:MKL1
1886:;22
1882:t(1
1874:RARA
1872:,17
1858:;21
1854:t(8
1840:t(9
1816:NPM1
1810:t(2
1790:BCL2
1788:;18
1774:;14
1770:t(8
924:and
918:male
916:and
871:1772
831:MeSH
820:9-CM
741:PMID
683:PMID
639:PMID
590:PMID
552:PMID
511:PMID
467:PMID
418:PMID
374:2024
222:and
194:and
96:and
85:and
2316:Egg
1973:EWS
1969:WT1
1959:FUS
1931:SSX
1927:SYT
1917:EWS
1870:PML
1846:BCR
1842:ABL
1814:;5
1812:ALK
1786:IGH
1776:IGH
1772:MYC
926:DSD
816:ICD
801:ICD
733:doi
673:doi
629:PMC
582:doi
542:doi
501:PMC
457:PMC
449:doi
408:doi
297:.
2745::
2073:22
2071:,
2069:21
2067:;
2065:20
2063:;
2061:18
2059:;
2057:15
2055:;
2053:14
2051:;
2047:;
1579:15
1555:22
1543:22
1531:22
1519:17
1499:11
1443:)
1404:22
1382:21
1355:13
869::
845::
834::
823::
808::
805:10
767:.
739:.
729:14
727:.
709:.
681:.
669:11
667:.
663:.
651:^
637:.
625:46
623:.
619:.
596:.
588:.
576:.
564:^
550:.
538:15
536:.
532:.
509:.
497:46
495:.
491:.
479:^
465:.
455:.
445:48
443:.
439:.
416:.
404:97
402:.
398:.
382:^
365:.
349:^
202:.
58:,
54:,
2211:/
2109:e
2102:t
2095:v
2049:9
2045:6
2028:/
1997:)
1975:)
1961:)
1947:)
1933:)
1919:)
1890:)
1876:)
1862:)
1848:)
1818:)
1798:/
1792:)
1778:)
1751:/
1650:/
1645:,
1641:/
1611:Y
1609:/
1607:X
1591:/
1581:)
1577:(
1573:/
1512:/
1508:/
1487:7
1475:5
1468:/
1459:4
1447:1
1439:/
1435:/
1431:/
1427:/
1423:(
1284:e
1277:t
1270:v
906:e
899:t
892:v
818:-
803:-
793:D
747:.
735::
689:.
675::
645:.
604:.
584::
578:9
558:.
544::
517:.
473:.
451::
424:.
410::
376:.
304:)
300:(
216:Y
212:X
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
